Bio 10 Master Study Guide

Part 1

- Differentiate between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells;

Prokaryotic Cells:

-No Nucleus (Their DNA is bundled in the Nucleoid Region but is not contained inside a membrane
bound organelle)

-No Membrane Bound Organelles (Golgi Apparatus, Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria,
Vacuoles etc.)

-Usually Smaller than Eukaryotic Cells

-Archaea and Bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells:

-Contains Nucleus

-Has Membrane-Bound Organelles (Plant cells have a Large Central Vacuole and Chloroplast
Additionally.)

-Fungi, Animals, Plants, Protists

- List and know the functions of the organelles found in Eukaryotic cells;

-Cell Wall
-A thick border around Plant Cells made of Cellulose. It is fully permeable (anything can pass) and
serves to provide protection and structure for the cell.

-Chloroplast:

-Organelle in Plant Cells where photosynthesis takes place. The chloroplast also contains Chlorophyll,
which collect light for photosynthesis and give plants their green color.

-Vacuole:

-A storage site for water in the cell. In Animal Cells there are multiple small Vacuoles while in the
Plant Cell there is one central large Vacuole which also stores nutrients and waste.

-Cell Membrane:

-A boundary around the cell made of Lipids and Proteins. It is Selectively Permeable (Only some things
pass through) and every cell has it.

-Cytoplasm:

-A Clear Jelly-like fluid inside the cell which gives the cell its shape and holds the organelles in the cell.

-Lysosome:

-A specialized vacuole which stores digestive enzymes to break down wastes or old cell parts for
reuse.

-Mitochondria:

-The site for cellular respiration (Where sugar is converted into ATP).

-Ribosomes:

-Where protein synthesis occurs (they make proteins).

-Golgi Apparatus:

-Sorts materials and transports them via vesicles throughout the cell.

-Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough)

-Rough: Organelle which contains Ribosomes on its surface and helps prepare proteins.

-Smooth: Organelle without Ribosomes, it helps make Lipids and processes toxins.

-Nucleus:

-Control Center of the Cell where genetic material (DNA) is held.

-Nucleolus:

-Part of the Nucleus responsible for making Ribosomes.

-Nuclear Membrane:
-A double membrane that encloses the cell nucleus. It serves to separate the chromosomes from the
rest of the cell. It is also Semi-Permeable.

-Cytoskeleton:

-A network of protein filaments within some cells which helps it maintain its shape and is involved in
various forms of Cell movement.

- Compare and contrast plant and animal cells;

Plant Cells:

-Contains a Cell Wall and Cell Membrane

-Contains Chloroplast along with Mitochondria

-Does Photosynthesis

-Contains a large Central Vacuole

-Rectangular or Cubic in Shape

Animal Cells:

-Contains only a Cell Membrane

-Only contains Mitochondria

-Doesn’t do Photosynthesis

-Contains many small Vacuoles

-Round/Irregular Shape

- Label organelles in animal and plant cells;

- Distinguish between the different types of cell transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and
active transport;

-Passive Transport: A process which doesn’t require energy (ATP) to happen. It moves molecules from
a HIGH to LOW concentration.

-Diffusion: The movement of small particles across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.

-Osmosis: The Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable Membrane. Water diffuses through
a membrane from a High to Low Concentration.
-Facilitated Diffusion: The movement of larger molecules such as Glucose through the Cell Membrane.
These larger molecules must be helped so Proteins in the Cell Membrane form Channels for large
molecules to pass through. (This is still Passive Transport)

-Active Transport: Active Transport is the movement of Molecules from a LOW to HIGH Concentration.
Energy (ATP) is required here as the molecules are pumped against the concentration gradient. The
proteins which work as pumps are known as Protein Pumps. An example of a molecule which does
this is Carbon Dioxide.

Overall Diagram:
- Understand the meaning of “going along or down the concentration gradient” and “going against
concentration gradient”;

Concentration Gradient:

Moving Along the Concentration gradient Moving Against the Concentration Gradient

Going Along the Concentration Gradient: Moving along the concentration gradient is from High
Concentration to Low Concentration.

Going Against the Concentration Gradient: Moving Against the Concentration Gradient requires
energy and is from Low to high concentration.

- Distinguish between hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic environments;

Hypertonic Solutions: Hypertonic Solutions/ Environments contain a higher concentration of solutes
(such as salt) and lower concentration of water than other solutions. Therefore, when a Cell is placed
in a Hypertonic Solution the water will diffuse out of the cell, causing it to shrivel. This means the
water is following the Concentration gradient as it is going from a high concentration to a low
concentration.

Hypotonic Solution: Hypotonic Solutions/Environments contain a lower concentration of solutes and

higher concentration of water. Therefore, when placing a cell in a Hypotonic Solution the water will
diffuse into the cell causing it to explode.

Isotonic Solution: Isotonic Solutions/Environments contain the same concentration of solute as

another solution. When a cell is placed in an Isotonic Solution water leaves and enters the cell at the
same time, so the cell remains a healthy size.

- Explain what happens to cells – plant and animal – in the environments listed above;

Hypertonic Solution: The Cell will shrink.

Hypotonic Solution: An Animal Cell will swell and explode, meanwhile a Plant Cell will not explode
due to the Cell Wall, it will only swell.

Isotonic Solution: Cell will remain the same.

- Briefly describe the structure and properties of the cell membrane;

-The Cell Membrane is made up of a Phospholipid Bilayer. It contains four major Phospholipids which
are asymmetrically distributed between the two halves of the membrane bilayer.

-(From someone’s group) Phosphate groups attached to two lipids stacked in two layers.

-Semi-Permeable: The cell membrane is semi-permeable meaning only some molecules can enter.

-The Cell Membrane also contains transport proteins and protein pumps which help in cell
transportation.

- Explain the concept of homeostasis and why it is important for organisms to maintain it;

-Homeostasis is the tendency of an organism to resist change in order to maintain a stable internal
environment.

-Homeostasis is important because it means the body has a constant and optimal environment where
the enzymes, cells and more can perform their functions and cycles correctly.

- Distinguish between and identify negative and positive feedback;

-Negative Feedback Loop: A negative feedback loop occurs when the body attempts to return the
body to homeostasis after a change. For example, when body temperature decreases the body will
start shivering (contracting muscles) which brings back the temperature of the body to normal.

-Positive Feedback Loop: A positive feedback loop occurs when the body amplifies the change. For
example, when the body has a bacterial infection it will keep increases body temperature (giving you
a fever) to attempt to kill the bacteria. The immune system will keep sending the signal to increase
temperature as long as there are bacteria in the body.

-Essentially a positive feedback loop doesn’t bring back homeostasis while a negative one does.

- Explain what happens to our body considering the level of blood glucose
-When Blood Glucose is high: After eating something sugary the blood glucose level rises. To counter
this the beta cells in the pancreas, produce the hormone Insulin. This insulin tells the body’s cells to
intake glucose as well as the liver who then stores it as glycogen. This causes the blood glucose level
to return back to normal (homeostasis).

-When Blood Glucose is low: When blood glucose is low Alpha Cells in the pancreas create the
hormone Glucagon. Glucagon tells the liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose molecules which will
go into the blood stream. This causes the blood glucose level to rise and return to homeostasis.