PRECIPITATION

1a. What is a flow rating curve? Explain its use. Sketch a typical rating curve.
b. Following velocities were recorded in a stream with a current meter.

Depth above bed (m): 0 1 2 3 4

Velocities (m/sec): 0 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8

Find the discharge per unit width of stream near the point of measurement. Depth of flow at the point
was 5m.

Solution
1a
A rating curve is a graph showing the water level elevation or stages of a stream channel at a certain cross-
section with the corresponding discharge at that section. The stage-discharge relationship can be used to
obtain an estimate of the discharge of a large flood where only high water mark is available. This is done by
the extension of stage-discharge curve.

•
•
•
Rating Curve
•
•
Stage (m) •

Discharge (m3/s)

Stage-Discharge Rating Curve

1b.

b=5m

Depth above bed (m): 0 1 2 3 4

Velocities (m/sec): 0 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8
∆ Q=bdv 0 2.5 7 12 18

Discharge per unit width of stream near the point of measurement is ∑ ∆ Q=37 . 5 cumec
2. The following data were collected for tow verticals in a stream at a gauging station. Compute the
discharge in the element strips by

i. the mid-section method ii. The mean-section method

Distance from one end Depth, d (m) Immersion of current meter below water surface (m)
of water surface (m) at 0.2d at 0.8d
rev sec rev sec
3 0.8 135 150 97 151
6 1.2 150 100 150 138

rev
Rating curve equation of the current meter; v=0.7 N +0.03 where N= , v =velocity (mlsec ).
sec

Solution
i. the mid-section method
v 0.2 d + v 0.8 d
The discharge in each strip ΔQ=(bd)V, where V is the average velocity in each strip. V = . width
2
of each strop, b=3m, mean depth of strip =d, and the total discharge, Q=∑ ∆ Q=4.7388 cumec as
computed in the table below.

Table1: Current meter gauging of River using mid section method

Distance from Depth Immersion of current meter below water surface Average velocity Discharge in strip
one end of d(m) Depth=xd Rev. time N=R/t in strip ΔQ=(bd)V
V=0.3N+0.03
water (x=0.2,0.8) R (sec) (rps) V (m/sec) b= 3m
surface(m) (m)

0.8 0.16 135 150 0.9 0.66 *0.569 1.3656

3
0.64 97 151 0.64 0.478
1.2 0.24 150 100 1.5 1.08 0.937 3.3732
6
0.96 150 138 1.09 0.793 Total Q=4.7388 cumec
0.66+0.478
¿ =0.569
2

ii. The mean-section method

V 1 +V 2
The discharge in each strip ∆ Q=bVd where V is the average velocity in each strip, V = and d is
2

the average depth in each strip, d= ( d +d2 )

1 2
. Width of each strop, b=3m, mean depth of strip =d, and the

total discharge, Q=∑ ∆ Q=2.6004 cumec as computed in the table below.

Table 2: Current meter gauging of river using mean-section method

Average depth (m) Average velocity in strip Discharge in strip
V(mlsec) ΔQ=(bd)V (b= 3m)
=0.8/2=0.4 =0.569/2=0.2845 0.3414
 =(0.8+1.2)/2=1 =(0.569+0.937)/2=0.753 2.259
Total Q=2.6004 cumec

3. The cross section (C/S) of a river is as follows:

Distance from BM (m) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Reduced level on C/S (m) 46.70 44.5 42.80 42.10 42.70 42.70 44.00 46.80
Longitudinal section (L/S) is as follows:
Distance (m) 1km upstream at bridge site 1km downstream
HFL along L/S(m) 45.10 44.50 43.89
Manning’s n may be assumed as 0.03
A bridge is proposed across the river. Calculate the high flood discharge at bridge site.

Solution
High flood discharge at bridge. From the graph See table below for computation C/S area and wetted
perimeter.

Area no Area Shape Area, A1 (m2) Wetted Perimeter, P1 (m)

1
1.
2
×10 ×1.7=8.5 √ 102 +1.72=10.14

1
2.
2
(1.7 +2.4)×10=20.5 √ 102 +0.72=10.02

1
3.
2
( 2.4+1.8 ) × 10=21 √ 102 +0.62=10.02

1.8×10=18 = 10
4.

1
2
( 1.8+0.5 ) ×10=11.5 √ 102 +1.32=10.08
5.

1
2
×0.5 × 2=0.5 √ 22+ 0.52=2.06
6.
A=80 P=52 . 32
 A 80
Hydraulic mean radius, R= = =1.53 m
P 52.32

∆ h 45.10−43.89 1
Water surface slope, S= = =
L 2× 1000 1652

By manning’s formula, the velocity of flow

1 2/ 3 1/ 2 1
V= R S = ¿
n 0.03

Discharge at bridge site

Q= AV =80 ×1.09=87 .2 cumec
 WATER LOSSES
1a. Evaporation is less on a humid day, why?
b. The following were the monthly evaporation data in cm in certain year (Jan.-Dec) in the vicinity
of a lake:
15.7 14.1 16.9 24.0 27.5 21.4 15.7 16.2 16.2 20.5 15.7 15.4

The water spread area in the lake in the beginning of January was 3.2km2 and at the end of December was
2.6km2. calculate the loss of water in million m3 due to evaporation in that year. Assume a pan coefficient of
0.71.

Solution
Evaporation is on a humid day because higher the temperature and wind velocity, greater the evaporation
while greater the humidity and dissolved salts, smaller is the evaporation.

b. mean water spread area of lake

1
A ave= ( A + A + √ A 1 A 2 ) cone formaula
3 1 2
1
¿ ( 3.2+2.6+ √3.2 ×2.6 )
3
¿ 2.8948km2
Annual loss of water due to evaporation (adding up the monthly values) =219.3 cm
Annual volume of water lost due to evaporation
219.3
¿ ( 2.8948 ×10 ) ×
6
×0.71
100
6 3 3
¿ 4.51 ×10 m ∨4.51 M m

2a. Enumerate the various water losses.

b. What are the factors, which affect infiltration? Explain any one method of determining the
infiltration capacity of a soil surface.

Solution
Various water losses
i. Interception loss due to surface vegetation, i.e., held by plant leaves
ii. Evaporation
a. from water surface, i.e., reservoirs, lakes, ponds, river channels, etc.
 b. from soil surface, appreciably when the ground water table is very near the soil surface.
iii. Transpiration- from plant leaves.
iv. Evapotranspiration for consumptive use –from irrigated or cropped land.
v. Infiltration – into the soil at the ground surface.
vi. Watershed leakage – ground water movement from one basin to another or into the sea

b. Factors affecting infiltration

Factors affecting infiltration are;
 Intensity and duration of rainfall,
 Weather (temperature),
 Soil characteristics,
 Vegetal cover,
 Land use,
 Initial soil moisture content (initial wetness),
 Entrapped air and;
 Depth of the ground water table.

Method of determining the infiltration capacity of a soil surface.

Observation from infiltration pits and ponds: by noting the depression in the level of water in the pits and
ponds and deducting the loss due to evaporation, an idea about the infiltration rates in such soils can be
obtained.

3. The infiltration capacity of an area at different intervals of time is given below. Find an equation for
the in filtration capacity curve in the exponential form:
Time: (hr) 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Infiltration capacity (cm/hr): 10.4 5.6 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0

Solution
The precipitation and infiltration rates versus time are plotted as shown in graph. In the Hortons equation,
the Horton’s constant and infiltration rate f at any time t is given as
f o −f c −kt
k= f =f c +(f o−f c )e
Fc
Where k is a constant depending primarily upon soil and vegetation
f o is initial rate of infiltration capacity=10.4cm/hr
f c is final constant rate of infiltration at saturation=1 cm/hr
F c is shaded area in graph
t is time form beginning of the storm
e is base of the Napierian logarithm
 F-curve
12

10

8
Infitration rate

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time t

From the graph

1 cm 1
Scale: f sq. unit = ×10 min= cm
60 min 6

F c =20.15 sq .unit

¿ 20.15 ( 601 cmmin ×10 min)

¿ 3.358 cm
k=
10.4−1
3.358
cm/hr ( )
−1
k =2.8 h r
The Horton’s equation is
− kt −2.8 t
f =f c + ( f o−f c ) e =1+ (10.4−1 ) e
9.4
∴ f =1+ 2.8 t is the equation for the infiltration capacity curve (f-curve) for the basin, where f is in cm/hr
e
and t in hr.

4. The following are the data obtained in an infiltration test.

i. Make a plot of f-curve and establish an equation of the form develop by Horton.
ii. Plot the cumulative infiltration curve (i.e., cumulative infiltration Fp vs. time t) and obtain its
α
equation of the form F p=a t + b , where a , b and α are constant.
[Hint Plot F p (cm) vs. t (min), with t on x-axis, on log-log paper)

Elapsed time Reading to water surface

Min Before filling After filling
0 - 10
5 8.3 10
10 8.7 10
15 9.0 10
25 8.5 10
45 7.8 10
60 8.5 10
75 8.5 10
90 8.5 10
110 8.0 10
130 8.0 10

Solution
Cumulative
Elapsed
Infiltration rate
Infiltration f c =60 mm
d (cm/hr)
Time Before After Depth of
d F=∑ d mm
(min) filling filling Infiltration
f= ×60 f −f c mm/hr
d (cm) ∆t
0 - 10 0 fo 0 -
1.7
5 8.3 10 1.7 × 60=20.4 1.7 14.4
5
1.3
10 8.7 10 1.3 ×60=15.6 3.0 9.6
10−5
1.0
15 9.0 10 1.0 ×60=12.0 4.0 6.0
10−5
1.5
25 8.5 10 1.5 ×60=9.0 5.5 3.0
25−15
2.2
45 7.8 10 2.2 × 60=6.6 7.7 0.6
45−25
1.5
60 8.5 10 1.5 × 60=6.0=f c 9.2 0
60−45
75 8.5 10 1.5 6.0 10.7 0
90 8.5 10 1.5 6.0 12.2 0
110 8.0 10 2.0 6.0 14.2 0
130 8.0 10 2.0 6.0 16.2 0
 Natural graph Paper
35

30

25
Infiltration rate f (cm/hr)

20

15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time t (min)

i. (a) Plot on natural graph paper, t vs. f, is shown in figure above

The Horton’s equation is
− kt
f =f c + ( f o−f c ) e
f o=30.0 cm/hr , f c =6.0 cm/hr

F c is shaded area in graph

F c =0.6 sq .unit

¿ 0.6 ( 6050min
cm
×10 min )

¿ 5 cm
f o −f c 30−6
The Horton’s constant k =
Fc (=
5
cm /hr)
−1
k =4.8 h r
The Horton’s equation is
− kt −4.8 t
f =f c + ( f o−f c ) e =6+ ( 30−6 ) e
24
∴ f =6+ 4.8 t is the equation for the infiltration capacity curve (f-curve) for the basin, where f is in cm/hr
e
and t in hr.

b. cumulative infiltration curve

α
i. F p=a t + b, kostiakov
plot ‘t’ vs. F on log-log paper,
1 10 100 1000
 18

16

14

12
Cum. Infiltration F (min)

10

8 Cumulative Infiltration Curve

Linear (Cumulative Infiltration
6 Curve)

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time t (min)

log F=log ab +αlog t

y=c+ mx
F1 t1 α
=
F2 t2 ()
∴ α =0.7=slope ¿ the plot
When t=1 F =ab=0.342 ,¿ t h e plot
0.342
Try b=0.6 , a= =0.57
0.6
∴ F p=0.57 t 0.7 + 0.6

Hence the cumulative infiltration curve is plot above (i.e., cumulative infiltration F p vs. time t) and its
α 0 .7
equation of the form F p=a t + b is ∴ F p=0 .57 t +0 . 6

RAINFALL INTENSITY
1. Factors you consider in selecting a site for a rain-gauge station?
Solution
 Distance from the ocean
 Direction of the prevailing winds
 The mean annual temperature
 Altitude of the place
 Its topography.

2. For the basin shown in figure below, the normal annual rainfall depths recorded and the
isohyetals are given. Determine the optimum number of rain-guage stations to be established in the
basin if it is desired to limit the error in the mean value of rainfall to 10%. Indicate how you are going to
distribute the additional rain-guage stations required if any. What is the percentage accuracy of the
existing network in the estimation of the average depth of rainfall over the basin. The area between the
isohyetals are given below:
Zone I II III IV V VI Total
Area (Km2) 63 278 389 220 55 33 1038

®C
62cm
®E
20cm
®F
VI ®A 86cm
60cm

III ®B 100cm
92cm I
IV

II
®G III V
50cm
Isohyetal Map 68cm
®D
75cm 45cm

75cm 50cm 25cm

Solution
Station Normal annual Difference Difference Statistical parameters
rainfall, x (cm) ( x−x ) ( x−x ) x , σ ,C v
2

A 60 -1.9 3.61 x=
∑x
n
433
B 92 30.1 906.01 x= =61.9 cm
7
C 62 0.1 0.01 σ =√ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

E
45

20
-16.9

-41.9
285.61

1755.61
σ=
√ 3,568.14
7−1
=24.4

F 86 24.1 580.81
G 68 6.04 36.48
σ 24.4
n=7 ∑ x =433 ∑ ¿¿
C v= =
x 61.9
×100=39.4 %
Where x = Arithmetic Mean, σ = Standard Deviation, N = optimum number of rainguage stations to be
established in the basin, C v = Coefficient of variation of the rainfall of the existing rain gauge stations (say,
n), p= desired degree of percentage error in the estimate of the average depth of rainfall over the basin.

The optimum number of rain-gauge stations to limit the error in the mean value of rainfall to p=10%

( ) ( )
2 2
Cv 39.4
N== =16
p 10
∴ Additional rain-gauge stations to be established = N−n=16−7=9
The additional nine rain-gauge stations have to be distributed to the areas between in proportions to the
areas between the isohyetals as shown below.
Zone I II III IV V VI Total
2
Area (Km ) 63 278 389 220 55 33 1038
Area as decimal 0.06 0.27 0.37 0.21 0.05 0.03 1.00
N x Area in
Decimal ( N−16 ) 0.96 4.32 5.92 3.36 0.8 0.48
Rounded as 1 4 6 3 1 1 16
Rain-gauges existing - 3 2 1 1 - 7
Additional rain
Gauges 1 1 4 2 - 1 9

These additional rain-gauges have to be spatially distributed between the different isohyetals after
considering the relative distances between rain-gauges stations, their accessibility, personnel required for
making observations, discharge sites, etc.
The percentage error p I the estimation of average depth of rainfall in the existing network,
Cv
p= , putting N=n
√N
39.4
p= =14.9 %
√7
Or, the percentage accuracy = 85.1%

UNIT HYDROGRAPH
1. Suppose we have the observed hydrograph shown below. The time interval is 6 hours between
readings. The excess rainfall is also shown below.
Hour Excess Rainfall (Inches) Observed Direct Discharge (ft3/s).
1 0.5 5
2 1.2 35
3 0.9 90
4 203
5 816
6 1602
7 1378
8 480
9 275
10 158
11 65
12 47
13 50

n≤ M
Qn= ∑ R m U n−m+1
m =i

Where Q nis direct runoff, Rm is excess rainfall

U n−m +1 is unit hydrograph

There are 3 pulses of rainfall so M=3. There are 13 pulses of observed direct runoff so N=13. The total
number of unit hydrograph ordinates are N-M+1 = 13-3+1=11 ordinates. We have to solve 11 linear
equations.

The table below illustrate the matrix type approach

Q1=¿ R1 U 1 +0
Q2=¿ R2 U 1 +¿ R1 U 2 +0
Q3=¿ R3 U 1 +¿ R2 U 2 +¿ R1 U 3 +0
Q4 =¿ 0+¿ R3 U 2 +¿ R2 U 3 +¿ R1 U 4 +0
Q5=¿ 0 +0+ ¿ R3 U 3 +¿ R2 U 4 +¿ R1 U 5 +0
Q6=¿ 0 +0 +0 +¿ R3 U 4 +¿ R2 U 5 +¿ R1 U 6 +0
Q7=¿ 0 +0 +0 +0 +¿ R3 U 5 +¿ R2 U 6 +¿ R1 U 7 +0
Q8=¿ 0 +0 +0 +0 +0 + R3 U 6 +¿ R2 U 7 +¿ R1 U 8 +0
Q9=¿ 0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 + R3 U 7 +¿ R2 U 8 +¿ R1 U 9 +0
Q10=¿ 0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 + R3 U 8 +¿ R2 U 9 +¿ R1 U 10 +0
Q11 =¿ 0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 + R3 U 9 +¿ R2 U 10+ ¿ R1 U 11

5
5=¿ 0.5U 1 +0 , U 1= =10
0.5
35−12 23
35=1.2× 10+¿ 0.5 U 2 +0 , U 2= = =46
0.5 0.5
90−9−55.2
90=¿ 0.9 ×10+ ¿ 1.2× 46+¿ 0.5 ×U 3 +0 , U 3= =51.6
0.5
203−41.4−61.92
203=¿ 0.9 × 46+¿ 1.2 ×51.6+¿ 0.5 U 4 +0 , U 4= =199.4
0.5
 816−46.44−239.28
816=¿ 0.9×51.6+ ¿ 1.2 ×199.4+ ¿ 0.5U 5 +0 , U 5= =1060.6
0.5
1602−179.46−1272.72
1602=¿ 0.9 ×199.4 +¿ 1.2 ×1060.6+¿ 0.5 ×U 6 U 6 = =299.6
0.5
1378−954.54−359.52
1378=¿ 0.9 ×1060.6+ ¿ 1.2 ×299.6+¿ 0.5 U 7 +0 , U 7 = =127.9
0.5
480−267.64−153.48
480=¿ 0.9 ×299.6 +¿ 1.2 ×127.9+¿ 0.5 U 8 , U 8 = =117.8
0.5
275−115.11−141.36
275=0.9 ×127.9+¿ 1.2 ×117.8+ ¿ 0.5 U 9 , U 9 = =37.06
0.5
158−106.02−44.47
158=¿ 0.9 ×117.8+¿ 1.2 ×37.06+¿ 0.5 U 10, U 10= =15.02
0.5
50−33.35−13.82
50=¿ 0.9 ×37.06 +¿ 1.2 ×15.02+¿ 0.5U 11, U 11 = =5.66
0.5

So the resulting unit hydrograph is shown below in tabular and graphical form.

Time interval (1/2hr) Unit Hydrograph (cfs)

1 10
2 46
3 51.6
4 199.4
5 1060.6
6 299.6
7 127.9
8 117.8
9 37.06
10 15.02
11 5.66
The unit hydrograph is determined, now we will determine the direct runoff hydrograph for any rainfall
amount with any time distribution.

Time Interval (1/2) hr Rainfall (in) Unit Hydrograph

1 1.3 10
2 0.5 46
3 51.6
4 199.4
5 1060.6
6 299.6
7 127.9
8 117.8
9 37.06
10 15.02
 11 5.66

A new design hydrograph from the unit hydrograph by setting up a table to help solve the linear equation.

Time Interval Rainfall U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U 10 U 11

Direct Runoff (Q)
1 R1 R1 U 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
¿ Q1
2 R2 R2 U 1 +¿ R1 U 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ¿ Q2
3 0 R2 U 2 +¿ R1 U 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
¿ Q3
4 0 0 R2 U 3 +¿ R1 U 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ¿ Q4
5 0 0 0 R2 U 4 +¿ R1 U 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 ¿ Q5
6 0 0 0 0 R2 U 5 +¿ R1 U 6 0 0 0 0 0
¿ Q6
7 0 0 0 0 0 R2 U 6 +¿ R1 U 7 0 0 0 0 ¿ Q7
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 R2 U 7 +¿ R1 U 8 0 0 0 ¿ Q8
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R2 U 8 +¿ R1 U 9 0 0
¿ Q9
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R2 U 9 +¿ R1 U 10 0 ¿ Q10
11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R2 U 10+ ¿ R1 U 11
¿ Q11
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0+¿ R2 U 11 ¿ Q12

Unit Hydrograph
Rainfall 10 46 51.6 199.4 1060.6 299.6 127.9 117.8 37.06 15.02 5.66 Direct Runoff
(Q)
1 1.3 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
2 0.5 5 +¿ 59.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64.8
3 0 23 +¿ 67.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90.1
4 0 0 25.8 +¿ 259.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 285
5 0 0 0 99.7+¿ 1378.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1478.5
6 0 0 0 0 530.3 +¿ 389.5 0 0 0 0 0 919.8
7 0 0 0 0 0 149.8+¿ 166.3 0 0 0 0
316.1
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 +¿ 153.1 0 0 0 217.1
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58.9+¿ 48.2 0 0 107.1
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.5+¿ 19.5 0 38
11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.5+¿ 7.4 14.9
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.83 2.83

So the resulting unit and storm hydrograph is shown below in tabular and graphical form.
Time interval (1/2hr) Storm Hydrograph (cfs)
1 13
2 64.8
3 90.1
4 285
5 1478.5
6 919.8
7 316.1
8 217.1
9 107.1
10 38
11 14.9
12 2.83

The graph shows the unit hydrograph and the storm event totaling 1.8 inches. The area under the unit
hydrograph equals 1 inch of runoff and the area under the direct runoff hydrograph equals 1.8 inches of
runoff.
Unit Hydrograph Storm Hydrograph
1600

1400

1200

1000
Discharge (cfs)

800

600

400

200

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time Interval (30 Minutes)

Question 2
In a storm, the rainfall excess of 0.5cm, 0.7cm, 0.0cmcm and 0.8cm occurred in four successive hours. The
storm hydrograph but to this storm has the hourly ordinates (Q) as given below: 0.5, 44.5, 110.5, 85.5,
102.8, 94.0, 38.4, 18.6, 10.9, 5.3, 2.9, 0.5 (cumecs). If there is a constant base flow of 0.5 cumecs, find the
hourly ordinates of the unit hydrograph.

Solution
The hourly ordinates (O) of the direct runoff hydrograph are obtained by substracting the base flow from
the ordinates of the month hydrograph. The ordinates (O) are obtained as follows:
There are 4 pulses of rainfall so M=4. There are 10 pulses of observed direct runoff so N=10. The total
number of unit hydrograph ordinates are N-M+1 = 10-4+1=7 ordinates.

Time Interval Excess Rainfall (cm) Hourly ordinates

1. 0.5 44.0
2. 0.7 110.0
3. 0.0 85.0
4. 0.8 102.3
5. 93.5
6. 37.9
7. 18.1

Q1=¿ R1 R1 U 1+ ¿ 0 0 0 0 0 0
Q2=¿ R2 R2 U 1 +¿ R1 U 2 +¿ 0 0 0 0 0
Q3=¿ R3 R3 U 1 +¿ R2 U 2 +¿ R1 U 3 +¿ 0 0 0 0
Q4 =¿ R4 R4 U 1 +¿ R3 U 2 +¿ R2 U 3 +¿ R1 U 4 0 0 0
Q5=¿ 0 R4 U 2+¿ R3 U 3 +¿ R2 U 4 +¿ R1 U 5 0 0
Q6=¿ 0 0 R4 U 3 +¿ R3 U 4 +¿ R2 U 5 +¿ R1 U 6 0
Q7=¿ 0 0 0 R4 U 3 +¿ R3 U 5 +¿ R2 U 6 R1 U 7

44
44.0=¿ 0.5U 1 +0 , U 1= =88
0.5
110−61.6 23
110=0.7 × 88+¿ 0.5 U 2 +0 , U 2= = =96.8
0.5 0.5
85−67.78
85=¿ 0.0 ×88+ ¿ 0.7 × 96.8+¿ 0.5 ×U 3 +0 , U 3= =34.5
0.5
102.3−70.4−24.15
102.3=¿ 0.8 × 88+¿ 0.0 × 96.8+¿ 0.7 × 34.5+0.5 U 4 +0 , U 4= =15.5
0.5
93.5−77.44−10.85
93.5=¿ 0.8 × 96.8+¿ 0.0 ×34.5+ 0.7 ×15.5 0.5U 5 +0 , U 5= =10.42
0.5
37.9−27.6−7.294
37.9=¿ 0.8 ×34.5+ ¿ 0.0 ×15.5+ ¿ 0.7 × 10.42 0.5 ×U 6 U 6 = =6.0
0.5
18.1−12.4−4.2
18.1=¿ 0.8 ×15.5+ ¿ 0.0 ×10.42+ 0.7× 6 0.5 U 7 +0 , U 7 = =3
0.5
Time Interval hr Unit Hydrograph
0 0.0
1 88.0
2 96.8
3 34.5
4 15.5
5 10.4
6 6.0
7 3.0
8. 0.0

Unit Hydrograph
120

100
Discharge in cumecs

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time Interval in hr