BMMI 1013

PRODUCT DRAFTING AND

SPECIFICATION
Solid Objects
• Sketching and Drawing are been used
as communication tool and also for
documentation in the form of 3-D.
• Points and lines are the basic elements
to construct any plane figures.
• The construction of plane figures such
as triangle, circle, polygon, etc., used in
plane geometry is called geometrical
constructions.

BMCN1512|Grafik Kejuruteraan 2
Geometrical Techniques
Geometrical Shapes
Construction of a Perpendicular Line (C) at the
end of Line (A-B)

R2
R2

R1

R1
R1

A B
Construction of a Perpendicular Line (A-B) Through a
particular Point (O)

R2 R2

R1
A B
D E
O
Construction of Line (C-D) which is parallel to Line AB

C D

R R

A B
P2 P1
Construction of Parallel Line, given a point (O)

C P3 O D

R2
R2
R1

R1
A B
P1 P2
To Bisect a Line AB

R R
A B

D
 To Bisect a given Angle

R2
xo
R2
A B

R1
To Divide two Lines (A-B and C-D) into Several Partitions

R1

R1

R1

A B
Construction of an Arc Tangent at Two Lines
D
• Lines CD and AB are
given.
R
• A parallel line with a
distance R is drawn
C at the two lines, in
order to find the
R centre of the circle.
A B
 Construction of an Arc Tangent at Two Lines
D
• From the parallel
lines, the centre of
the circle is
R
obtained, (E).
E
Tangent

C • Draw a circle with a

radius, R, at the
R R intersection, E.
A B
Tangent
Construction of a Circle with radius R that touch
the Line BC and Circle A
• Draw a new circle by
adding the radius
with a value by
A
RA + R
using the centre of
circle of A.
RA

• Draw a line which is

D R parallel to Line BC to
obtain a point D.
B C
Construction of a Circle with radius R that touch
the Line BC and Circle A
• Draw a circle R at
intersection point,
D.
A

Tangent

B C
Tangent
Construction of an Arc which is Tangent to two
given Circles (A and B)
• Circle A and B are
given.
RA +R
A • Draw a new circle
with radius RA + R at
RA the centre of circle A.
RA + R
• Draw a new circle
B with radius RB + R at
the centre of circle B.
RB
Construction of an Arc which is Tangent to two
given Circles (A and B)
• The intersection is
the centre of arc, C.

A
• Draw an arc R with
Tangent
R
C the centre of arc, C.

Tangent B
Construction of an Arc which inside is touching
the Circles A and B
• Circles A and B are
given.
RB

B
• Draw a circle with
RC - RB radii of RC-RA and
RA RC-RB.
A
C
• Get the intersection,
RC - RA
C.
Construction of an Arc which inside is touching
the Circles A and B

Tangent • Draw a circle at

point C with a radius
RC as shown.
RB

B
RC RC - RB
RA
A
C
RC - RA
 Ellipse Construction Technique
• There are two ways of drawing an ellipse

major axis minor axis

Centre Point
 1st Technique
• Draw a rectangle according to the length of the
major and minor axes.
• Divide the rectangle into 4 sections.
Major

Minor
 1st Technique
• Divide the Line AB into 5 parts and Line BC into 5
parts too.

A5 4 3 2 1 B 1’
2’
3’
4’
5’
C
 1st Technique
• Draw 5 lines started from point D passing through
the 5 parts (at Line AB) as shown.
• Repeat the same procedure using point E and Line
BC.

A5 4 3 2 1 B 1’
2’
3’
4’
5’
E C
 1st Technique
• Select all the intersection points that corresponding
to the numbers.
• Draw a continuous arc at all the intersection points.

A5 4 3 2 1 B 1’
2’
3’
4’
5’
E C
 1st Technique
• Repeat all the process at each of the sections to get
complete Ellipse.

A5 4 3 2 1 B 1’
2’
3’
4’
5’
E C
 2nd Technique
• Draw two circles according to the length of the major
and minor axes as shown.
 2nd Technique
• Using the 30° and 60 ° Set-Square, draw the Line
1,2,3 and 4 as shown.
 2nd Technique
• Vertically stretch the lines which touch the circle of
the major axis while horizontally stretch the lines
that touch the circle of the minor axis.
 2nd Technique
• Connect all the intersection points.
Dimensioning
 Dimension
• The main aim of drawing is to represent the correct size of the
object to be manufactured or constructed. It is, therefore,
necessary that the drawing must carry the proper dimensions and
other information of the various parts of the object.

• In order to complete a drawing, several general dimensions needed

to be included.

• General dimension is the linear dimensioning with:

– horizontal and vertical dimension
– circle and arc dimensioning in order to get the centre of circle and the
radius.
– dimensioning of an angle.
 Notation of Dimensioning

• Dimension Line
• Projection Line
• Arrow Head
• Dimension Figure
• Leader (pointer line)
• Text
• According to British BS308
 Linear Dimensioning
• Vertical, Horizontal and Angle Dimensions
Dimension Line

Centre of Circle
Dimensioning

Arrow Head

Vertical
Dimensioning

Angle
Horizontal Dimensioning
Projection/Extension Line Dimensioning
 The shape of the arrow head in open, close and point shape.

Construction of Projection Lines using HB

pencil with size of 0.3 mm
The Extension Lines has to be done first, in order to plot the
Dimension Line.
 Dimension System

Text on top of the Dimension Line

Text in-line with the Dimension Line (known as Aligned System)
(known as Unidirectional System)
 Guideline: Text has to be 1 mm
on top of Dimension Line

Guideline: Text construction for

height of 3 mm
The Extension Lines The height of the
needed to be text is about 3 mm
darkened/bolded
Length of the arrowhead is 3 times
the depth of the arrowhead

Dimension Lines have to be constructed using

a 2B pencil with size of 0.3 mm
 Linear Dimensioning
• Circle and Arc Dimensioning
Dimensioning the Diameter

Centre Lines Centre Mark

Dimensioning the Radius
 Angle Dimensioning
• Dimensioning the angle
Measure the angle by using a protractor

Draw the extension lines

Label the measured value with ° (degree)

 The Location According to Standard
• The dimensioning system must follow the British BS308

i. The size of the arrow is 3 mm

ii. The height of the text is 3 mm
iii. The extension/projection lines extends
the arrow as much as 1.5 mm
iv. The distance between the dimension
line and the object is 1.5 mm
v. The location of the dimension line is 15
mm from the object.
vi. The distance between the next
dimension lines is 10 mm
 Incorrect Dimensioning
The incorrect dimensioning labeled from(i) to (vi):-

i. The location of the dimension point is to far from

the object.

ii. The extension line crossing the dimension line.

iii. Extension line does not need to be broken when

crossing the object.

iv. The extension line is not drawn, the dimension line

is drawn at the centre mark.

v. Intersection between dimension line happen on

top of the object.

vi. The location of the dimensions are not gathered

together, so that it will be close by to each other.

vii. The location of the dimension line is too close to

the object.
• The Correct Dimensioning
 Exercise 2a
• Draw the figure below as well as the
dimensions.
 Exercise 2b
• Draw the figure below as well as the
dimensions.
Circle 1 – circle 2