OBJECTIVES OFCUORSE

Sky is the limit for vision.

Vision and memory are close relatives.
Anything in the jurisdiction of vision can be memorized for a long period.
We may not remember what we hear for a long time,
but we can easily remember and even visualize what we have seen years ago.
So vision helps visualization and both help in memorizing an event or situation.

Video effects are far more effective, is now an established fact.

Every effort has been done in this lacture, to bring various planes, objects and
situations
in-front of observer, so that he/she can further visualize in proper direction
and reach to the correct solution, himself

Off-course this all will assist & give good results

only when one will practice all these methods and techniques
by drawing on sheets with his/her own hands, other wise not!

So observe each illustration carefully

note proper notes given everywhere
Go through the Tips given & solution steps carefully
Discuss your doubts with your teacher and make practice yourself.
Then success is yours !!
 SCALES
DIMENSIONS OF LARGE OBJECTS MUST BE REDUCED TO ACCOMMODATE
ON STANDARD SIZE DRAWING SHEET.THIS REDUCTION CREATES A SCALE
OF THAT REDUCTION RATIO, WHICH IS GENERALLY A FRACTION..
SUCH A SCALE IS CALLED REDUCING SCALE
AND
THAT RATIO IS CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR
SIMILARLY IN CASE OF TINY OBJECTS DIMENSIONS MUST BE INCREASED
FOR ABOVE PURPOSE. HENCE THIS SCALE IS CALLED ENLARGING SCALE.
HERE THE RATIO CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR IS MORE THAN UNITY.

USE FOLLOWING FORMULAS FOR THE CALCULATIONS IN THIS TOPIC.

FOR FULL SIZE SCALE

R.F.=1 OR ( 1:1 )
MEANS DRAWING
& OBJECT ARE OF
SAME SIZE.
Other RFs are described
as
1:10, 1:100,
1:1000, 1:1,00,000
 Chapter 2
Using Drawing Tools
& Applied Geometry
Preparation of
Tools
 Fastening Paper to Drafting Board
1. Place the paper close to the table’s left edge.

2. Move the paper until its lower edge place about

the top edge of T-square.
Fastening Paper to Drafting Board
3. Align the top edge of the paper with T-square blade.

4. Attach the paper’s corners with tape.

Fastening Paper to Drafting Board
5. Move T-square down to smooth the paper.

6. Attach the remaining paper’s corners with tape.

 Sharpening the Pencil
1. Remove the wood with penknife while expose a
lead about 8-10 mm.
2. Polish the lead into a conical shape with a
sandpaper.
3. Clean the lead with tissue paper.
 Preparing the Compass
1. Sharpen the lead with a sandpaper.

2. Adjust the needle and the lead so that the tip of

the needle extends slightly more than the lead.

needle lead
Using the Tools
 Function of the Tools

Tools Shape to be drawn

1. T-square
Straight line
2. Triangles

3. Compass
Arc, Circle
4. Circle template
 Using the Compass
1. Locate the center of the circle by two intersecting lines.

2. Adjust the distance between needle and lead to a distance

equal to radius of the circle.

3. Set the needle point at center.

 Using the Compass
4. Start circle. Apply enough pressure to the needle,
holding compass handle between thumb and index fingers.

5. Complete circle.
circle Revolve handle clockwise.
 Using a Circle Template
1. Draw two perpendicular lines that pass through center of
a circle to be drawn.
2. Place the template till all marking coincide with center lines.

3. Tracing the circle. (Hold the pencil normal to the paper.)

Given
Center of a circle to be drawn

Object line
Construction line
 Draw a Horizontal Line
1. Press the T-square head against the left edge of the table.

2. Smooth the blade to the right.

 Draw a Horizontal Line
3. Lean the pencil at an angle about 60o with the paper in the
direction of the line and slightly “toed in”.
4. Draw the line from left to right while rotating the pencil slowly.
 Draw a Vertical Line
1. Set T-square as before. Place any triangle on T-square edge.

2. Slide your left hand to hold both T-square and triangle in

position.
 Draw a Vertical Line
3. Lean the pencil to the triangle.
4. Draw the line upward while rotating the pencil slowly.
 Draw a line at 45o with horizontal
1. Place 45o triangle on the T-square edge and press them
firmly against the paper.

2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.

 Draw a line at angle 30o and 60o
1. Place 30o-60o triangle on the T-square edge and press
them firmly against the paper.

2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.

 Draw the lines at 15o increment

0 deg.
15 deg. = 30 + 45 deg
30 deg.
45 deg. Already
demonstrated.
60 deg.
75 deg. = 30 + 45 deg
90 deg. Already
demonstrated.
 Draw the line passing through
two given points
1. Place the pencil tip at one of the points.

2. Place the triangle against the pencil tip.

3. Swing the triangle around the pencil tip

until its edge align with the second point.
4. Draw a line.
A
Given
B
A

B
Applied Geometry
 To Bisect a Line
1. Swing two arcs of any radius greater than half-length of
the line with the centers at the ends of the line.
2. Join the intersection points of the arcs with a line.

3. Locate the midpoint.

Given A

A r1
r1

B
B

(not to scale)
 To Bisect an Angle
1. Swing an arc of any radius whose centers at the vertex.

2. Swing the arcs of any radius from the intersection

points between the previous arc and the lines.
3. Draw the line.
A
(not to scale)

Given
A
B
r1 r2
B
r2
C C
To draw the line parallel to a given line
and passes through a given point
Given

C
+
To draw the line parallel to a given line
and passes through a given point
Given

C
+

Repeat
To draw the line parallel to a given line
with a specified distance
Given distance = r

r
To draw the line parallel to a given line
with a specified distance
Given distance = r

Repeat
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line at a given point
Revolve method

C
+
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line at a given point
Revolve method

C
+

Repeat
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line at a given point
Adjacent-sides method

C
+
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line at a given point
Adjacent-sides method

C
+

Repeat
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line at a given point
Using Compass

+
C
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line at a given point
Using Compass

r2
D
r2
A
r1

+
C
r2 > r 1
B

Repeat
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line from a point not on the line
Adjacent-sides method

C
+
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line from a point not on the line
Adjacent-sides method

C
+

Repeat
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line from a point not on the line
Using compass
C
+
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line from a point not on the line
Using compass
C
r2 +
D

r2

A
r1

Repeat
To draw a line making 15o with a given
line and pass through a given point.
Given

C
+
To draw a line making 15o with a given
line and pass through a given point.
Given

C
+
To draw a line making 30o with a given
line and pass through a given point.
Given

C
+
To draw a line making 75o with a given
line and pass through a given point.
Given

C
+
FILLET AND ROUND

Sharp corner Round

Fillet
Round
 FILLET AND ROUND

To draw the arc, we must find the location of the

center of that arc.

How do we find the center of the arc?

To draw an arc of given radius tangent
to two perpendicular lines
Given arc radius r

r
To draw an arc of given radius tangent
to two perpendicular lines
Given arc radius r
center of the arc

Starting point

1. Draw two straight

perpendicular lines
2.Take radius distance=4cm
3. Make center line Ending point
4. Draw curve
 To draw an arc of given radius tangent
to two lines
Given arc radius r

1. Draw to inclinec r
r
lines
2. Take radius of 2cm +
3. Make center point +
4. Draw tangent lines
parallel to the
pervious lines on
each curve
5. Where they cut each
is going to be center
of a curve
To draw an arc of given radius tangent
to two lines
Given arc radius r

T.P.1
T.P.2
To draw a line tangent to a circle at a
point on the circle
Given

C
To draw a line tangent to a circle from
a point outside the circle
Given
mark a tangent point

C
To draw a circle tangent to two circles I
Given C
+

+ +
C1 C2

Example
To draw a circle tangent to two circles I
Given Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R

+ +
C C2
1
To draw a circle tangent to two circles I
Given Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R

center of the arc R + R2

R + R1 C
R
R2
R1

+ +
C C2
1

Repeat
To draw a circle tangent to two circles II
Given Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R

+ +C
C1
2
To draw a circle tangent to two circles II
Given Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R

R
R2
R1
+ +C
C1
2

R – R1 C R – R2

Repeat
To draw a circle tangent to two circles III
Given Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R

R2
R1
C1 + +C2

R – R1

C R + R2
 To draw an approximate ellipse
Given Major and minor axes
 To draw an approximate ellipse
Given Major and minor axes

Repeat
How to Keep Your Drawing Clean

Do Don’t