EES 101:

Earth Materials
and Processes

Dr. Vinee Srivastava

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Please Check announcements on Google
Classroom !

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1. I do not have e-books with me. However, I have
mentioned during class that the Library will
provide the necessary links or methods for
downloading or using the e-books. I request you
to get in touch with the library.

2. Eight groups will be made based on the roll

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Syllabus

An introduction to Earth Sciences:

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What is Earth Science?

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Earth science is the study of all aspects of our planet
Earth. It includes but not limited to –
1. Molten lava,
2. Icy mountain peaks,
3. Steep canyons and
4. Towering waterfalls of
the continents.
Also includes,
• The atmosphere
• The oceans.
• Solar system, galaxy, and universe.

Earth scientists seek to understand the beautiful

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https://earthhow.com/what-is-meteorology/ 9
https://earthhow.com/what-is-oceanography/ 10
https://earthhow.com/what-is-astronomy/
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EES101: Earth System and Processes

Geology
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Geology is the study of the origin, history, the structure of
the solid earth and its evolution.

https://www.slideshare.net/kimberella/what-is-geology-85741305
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https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas

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 Engineering geology
A broad discipline encompassing the construction of
buildings and dams, slope stability, mine and quarry
design, tunneling, roads, railways, coastal defenses
and many other aspects of the built environment.

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 18
 Environmental geology
The application of geological principles to mediating or
solving environmental problems of water and land in or
on which people, animals and plants live, that resulted
from human activities or natural processes.

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 19
 Paleontology
The study of
fossils, from
dinosaurs to
microorganisms.
How organisms are
preserved in the
rock record, and
their importance as
indicators of past
environmental
change?

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/paleontology/
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 20
Geochemistry
Explores the
chemical
composition of
rocks and fluids
and the chemical
processes
operating within
the Earth and on
its surface.

https://planetary-science.org/planetary-science-3/geochemistry/

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 21
 Geochronology
The study of
determining the age of
rocks, fossils and
sediments. Absolute
geochronology age is
quantified, whereas
relative geochronology
age is determined with
some reference.

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 22
Geomorphology / Surface
Processes
The scientific study of the
origin and evolution of features
formed by chemical and
physical processes on or close
to the Earth's surface.

Remote Sensing
The use of aerial sensor
technologies to detect and
classify objects on Earth by
means of imaging from satellites
or aircraft. This is useful in many
fields, from exploration for
resources to geological mapping
of the Earth or other planets or
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas
monitoring geological hazards.23
Geophysics
The study of the physics of the Earth, such as its internal structure,
earthquakes, gravity and geomagnetism. It can be deep (aiding
understanding of the Earth’s core) or shallow, helping to survey
archaeological sites. Geophysics is used to search for oil and
mineral deposits.

Seismology
The study of seismic waves
passing through the Earth from
earthquakes, explosions or
controlled sources, which can be
used to predict earthquake
hazards, map planetary interiors
or explore for resources.

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 24
Hydrogeology
The branch of geology concerned with underground
and surface water, its movement, behavior and quality.

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 25
Igneous Petrology
The study of igneous rocks that formed from magma or lava.

Metamorphic Petrology
How rocks are affected by heat and pressure to produce the
range of metamorphic rocks and minerals.

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 26
 Natural hazards
The features and effects of phenomena such as
earthquakes, landslides, floods, volcanoes etc. and
the importance of forecasting, resilience and
minimization of damage.

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 27
 Natural resources
The major sources of energy are oil, coal and natural
gas, but uranium and alternative sources such as
geothermal energy

https://www.dreamstime.com/illustration/natural-resources.html
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 28
Sedimentology
The study of sediments, how they accumulate,
how they become sedimentary rocks,
information they provide about past
environments and their significance to energy
and other resources.

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 29
Stratigraphy
The study of the order, nature and rates of change of
geological events and processes. This is related to geological
mapping of rocks exposed at the Earth's surface. Stratigraphy
helps to determine the ages and field relations of rocks to
construct geological maps and databases. 30
 Volcanology
The study of volcanoes, their location,
formation and prediction, types of eruptions,
and the sorts of rocks produced, plus
associated hazards/societal impact.

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 31
Structural geology
Concerned with rock movement and deformation
by folding and faulting, including the study of
plate tectonics. How rocks respond to stress,
both natural and man-made.

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geology-Career-Pathways/What-is-Geology/Subject-Areas 32
An introduction to Earth Sciences:
Disciplines of Earth Science and Geology;
Earth system science and its role in global
environmental management and
sustainability.

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