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Antibiotics Resistance

This document summarizes information about antibiotic resistance. It begins by defining antibiotic resistance as bacteria developing the ability to defeat drugs designed to kill them. This can make infections harder to treat and increase risk of disease spread. The document then discusses several causes of resistance, including bacteria developing abilities to stop drug effects, pump drugs out of cells, or mutate so drugs no longer work. It provides examples of resistance mechanisms like cell wall changes or enzyme production. The document concludes by offering recommendations to prevent further resistance, such as only taking antibiotics as needed and prescribed.

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63 views8 pages

Antibiotics Resistance

This document summarizes information about antibiotic resistance. It begins by defining antibiotic resistance as bacteria developing the ability to defeat drugs designed to kill them. This can make infections harder to treat and increase risk of disease spread. The document then discusses several causes of resistance, including bacteria developing abilities to stop drug effects, pump drugs out of cells, or mutate so drugs no longer work. It provides examples of resistance mechanisms like cell wall changes or enzyme production. The document concludes by offering recommendations to prevent further resistance, such as only taking antibiotics as needed and prescribed.

Uploaded by

boredtarteel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ANTIBIOTICS

RESISTANCE
by
Tarteel A. zarzoor
Safa k. qahtan
Zainab Y. Khadhim
Areej B. Owaid
Zahara H. Rahy
zainab M. Gazzai

supervisor :
MSc. Mohammed M. Al-khuzaie
Concept 2
Antibiotics resistance happens when germs like
bacteria and fungi develop the ability to fight or

what
defeat the drugs designed to kill them , by change
over time and no longer respond to medicines (germs
keep growing and not killed )
, which leads to:

does it 1- making infections harder to treat.


2- increasing the risk of disease.

mean ?
3- spread, severe illness and death.

Also Resistant infections can be difficult, and


sometimes impossible (to treat).
What causes antibiotic resistance?
Since Antibiotic resistance can happen when bacteria are treated
with an antibiotic. The medicine kills most of these germs. But a small
group may survive. This might happen in a number of ways.
The germs may:

01 Develop an ability to stop the medicine’s effect.

02 Develop an ability to pump the medicine out of the cell.

03 Change (mutate) so that the medicine no longer works.


resistance mechanisms
Germs restrict access by changing the entryways orlimiting the 1 defense strategies
01
number of entryways
E.g : Gram-negative bacteria have an outeralayer (membrane) that
restrict the
protects them from theirenvironment. These bacteria can use access of
thismembrane to selectively keep antibiotic drugs fromentering.
the anti.
Germs get rid of antibiotics using pumps in theiracell walls to remove 2
antibiotic drugs that enter thecell.
02 E.g : Some Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriacan produce pumps to get rid get rid of
of several differentimportant antibiotic drugs, including fluoroquinolones,
beta-lactams, chloramphenicol,and trimethoprim. 3 the anti
Change or
Germs change or destroy the antibiotics withenzymes, proteins
that break down the drug. destroy the
03 E.g : Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria produceenzymes called
anti
carbapenemases, which breakdown carbapenem drugs and most 4
other betalactam drugs.
change the
Many antibiotic drugs are designed to single outand destroy specific parts
target for
(or targets) of abacterium. Germs change the antibiotic's target sonthe
5
04 drug can no longer fit and do its job.
the anti
E.g : Escherichia coli bacteria with the mcr-1gene can add a compound to bypass the
the outside of the cellwall so that the drug colistin cannot latch onto it.
effects of
Germs develop new cell processes that avoid the anti
usingthe antibiotic's target.
05 E.g : Some Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
canbypass the drug effects of trimethoprim.
Enterococcus It's Vancomycin-resistant

Enteroccocci are bacteria that are


normally present in the human body, such
as the intestines and female genital tract

VRE infections are resistant to the


antibiotic vancomycin and often occur in through the change of the
hospitals terminal dipeptide
.VRE infection can easily be spread from from d-Ala-d-Ala
personper son.
to d-Ala-d-Ser
Infection types may include meningitis,
urinary tractinfections, bloodstream
infections, surgical sites, and.catheter-
related infections
What can I do to prevent antibiotic resistance ?

. Don’t take an antibiotic for a virus.

. Don’t save an antibiotic for the next time you get sick

. Take antibiotics exactly as prescribed. Don’t skip doses

. Complete your full course of treatment even if you are feeling better.

. Never take an antibiotic prescribed for someone else.

. Only prescribing antibiotics that are needed

. Targeting the medicine as soon as possible to the specific bacteria involved

. Prescribing medicines for only as long as needed


Resource page
l Medical Reviewer: Diane Horowitz MD
ll Medical Reviewer: Daphne Pierce-Smith RN MSN
lll US food and drug administration
lV center of disease control and prevention
V Medical Reviewer: Raymond Turley Jr PA-C
Vl Oxford academic, George M. Eliopoulos

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