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Code - Aster: Operator DEFI - MATERIAU

This document describes the DEFI_MATERIAU operator in Code_Aster which is used to define the parameters or physical characteristics of a material. The operator allows defining parameters for various fields including mechanics, thermics, metallurgy, hydration/drying of concrete, fluids for acoustics, thermo-hydro-mechanics, and soil mechanics. The same material can be defined with several physical series of parameters. The operator produces a data structure of the materialssubtype.

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183 views

Code - Aster: Operator DEFI - MATERIAU

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Titre : Opérateur DEFI_MATERIAU Date : 03/11/2021 Page : 1/207
Responsable : GEOFFROY Dominique Clé : U4.43.01 Révision :
804f09df3716

Operator DEFI_MATERIAU

1 Goal
To define itS parameters or characteristics physics of a material, who will be used with the expression
of the laws as behavior, or parameters associated with tiredness, the damage, or the simplified
methods.

parameters physics currently admitted by this operator concern the following fields: Mechanics and
Thermics linear or not, Metallurgical for the modeling of steels, Hydration and Drying for the
concretes, Fluid for acoustics, Thermo-Hydro-mechanics for the modeling of the porous
environments saturated with thermomechanical coupled and Soil mechanics.

If necessary, the same material can be defined at the time of a call to DEFI_MATERIAU with several
physical series of parameters, in the following fields: rubber band, thermics,…

Product a structure of data of the type to subdue.

Contents
1 Goal...................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 General syntax..................................................................................................................................... 6
3 Caracteristic rubber bands generated................................................................................................. 11
3.1 Keywords factor ELAS, ELAS_FO ............................................................................................... 11
3.2 Keyword ELAS_VISCO................................................................................................................ 14
3.3 Keyword factor ELAS_FLUI......................................................................................................... 15
3.4 Keyword factor CABLE................................................................................................................ 16
3.5 Keywords factor ELAS_ORTH, ELAS_ORTH_FO, ELAS_VISCO_ORTH.................................. 16
3.6 Keywords factor ELAS_ISTR, ELAS_ISTR_FO, ELAS_VISCO_ISTR ........................................ 21
3.7 Keyword factor ELAS_COQUE , ELAS_COQUE_FO ................................................................. 24
3.8 Keyword factor ELAS_MEMBRANE............................................................................................ 26
3.9 Keyword factor ELAS_HYPER.................................................................................................... 27
3.10 Keyword factor ELAS_2NDG..................................................................................................... 29
3.11 Keyword factor ELAS_GLRC..................................................................................................... 29
3.12 Keyword factor ELAS_DHRC..................................................................................................... 30
3.13 Keywords factor VISC_ELAS..................................................................................................... 31
3.14 Keyword factor CZM_ELAS....................................................................................................... 31
4 Mechanical behaviors nonlinear generals.......................................................................................... 33
4.1 Keyword factor TRACTION.......................................................................................................... 33
4.2 Keywords factor ECRO_LINE, ECRO_LINE_FO ......................................................................... 33
4.3 Keywords factor ECRO_NL......................................................................................................... 34
4.4 Keywords factor PRAGER, PRAGER_FO ................................................................................... 35
4.5 Keywords factor ECRO_PUIS, ECRO_PUIS_FO ........................................................................ 35
4.6 Keywords factor CIN1_CHAB, CIN1_CHAB_FO ......................................................................... 36
4.7 Keywords factor CIN2_CHAB, CIN2_CHAB_FO ......................................................................... 37
4.8 Keywords factors VISCOCHAB, VISCOCHAB_FO ..................................................................... 39
4.9 Keywords factor MEMO_ECRO ................................................................................................... 41
4.10 Keywords factor CIN2_NRAD.................................................................................................... 42
4.11 Keywords factor TAHERI, TAHERI_FO ...................................................................................... 42
4.12 Keywords factors MONO_*........................................................................................................ 43
4.13 Keywords factor LEMAITRE, LEMAITRE_FO ........................................................................... 47
4.14 Keywords factor NORTON, NORTON_FO................................................................................ 48
4.15 Keyword factor VISC_SINH....................................................................................................... 49
4.16 Keyword LEMA_SEUIL.............................................................................................................. 49
4.17 Keyword factor VISC_IRRA_LOG ............................................................................................. 50
4.18 Keyword factor GRAN_IRRA_LOG ........................................................................................... 51
4.19 Keywords factor IRRAD3M........................................................................................................ 52
4.20 Keywords factors ECRO_COOK, ECRO_COOK_FO ................................................................ 53

5 Behaviors related to the damage and the rupture.............................................................................. 55

5.1 Keywords factor ROUSSELIER, ROUSSELIER_FO ................................................................... 55
5.2 Keyword factor GTN.................................................................................................................... 57
5.3 Keywords VENDOCHAB / VENDOCHAB_FO ............................................................................. 59
5.4 Keywords VISC_ENDO / VISC_ENDO_FO ................................................................................. 61
5.5 WordSkeyS HAYHURST and HAYHURST_FO........................................................................... 61
5.6 Keyword factor RUPT_FRAG, RUPT_FRAG_FO ....................................................................... 63
5.7 Keyword factor NON_LOCAL...................................................................................................... 64
5.8 Keyword factor CZM_LAB_MIX................................................................................................... 65
5.9 Keyword factor RUPT_DUCT...................................................................................................... 66
5.10 Keyword factor RANKINE .......................................................................................................... 68
5.11 Keyword factor JOINT_MECA_RUPT ........................................................................................ 68
5.12 Keyword factor JOINT_MECA_FROT ....................................................................................... 70
5.13 Keyword factor CORR_ACIER.................................................................................................. 72
5.14 Keyword factor ENDO_HETEROGENE .................................................................................... 73
5.15 Keyword factor RUPT_FM......................................................................................................... 73
6 CaracteristicS thermics...................................................................................................................... 74
6.1 Keywords factor THER, THER_FO.............................................................................................. 74
6.2 Keyword factor THER_ORTH...................................................................................................... 74
6.3 Keyword factor THER_NL............................................................................................................ 76
6.4 Keywords factor THER_COQUE, THER_COQUE_FO ................................................................ 76
6.5 Keyword factor THER_NL_ORTH................................................................................................ 78
7 CaracteristicS specific to the concretes............................................................................................. 80
7.1 Keyword factor THER_HYDR...................................................................................................... 80
7.2 Keyword factor SECH_GRANGER.............................................................................................. 80
7.3 Keyword factor SECH_MENSI ..................................................................................................... 81
7.4 Keyword factor SECH_BAZANT .................................................................................................. 82
7.5 Keyword factor SECH_NAPPE.................................................................................................... 83
7.6 Keyword factor PINTO_MENEGOTTO........................................................................................ 83
7.7 Keywords factor BPEL_BETON, BPEL_ACIER........................................................................... 86
7.8 Keywords factor ETCC_BETON, ETCC_ACIER......................................................................... 88
7.9 Keyword factor CONCRETE_DOUBLE_DP................................................................................ 89
7.10 Keyword factor BETON_GRANGER, V_BETON_GRANGER ................................................... 91
7.11 Keyword factor MAZARS, MAZARS_FO ................................................................................... 93
7.12 Keyword BETON_UMLV............................................................................................................ 95
7.13 Keyword factor BETON_ECRO_LINE....................................................................................... 97
7.14 Keyword factor ENDO_ORTH_BETON..................................................................................... 97
7.15 Keywords factor ENDO_SCALAIRE/ENDO_SCALAIRE_FO .................................................... 98
7.16 Keyword factor ENDO_FISS_EXP/ENDO_FISS_EXP_FO ..................................................... 100
7.17 Keyword factor GLRC_DM....................................................................................................... 101

7.18 Keyword factor DHRC.............................................................................................................. 102

7.19 Keyword factor BETON_REGLE_PR....................................................................................... 106
7.20 Keyword JOINT_BA................................................................................................................. 107
7.21 Keyword BETON_RAG............................................................................................................ 109
7.22 Keyword BETON_BURGER..................................................................................................... 111
7.23 Keyword FLUA_PORO_BETON.............................................................................................. 114
7.24 Keyword ENDO_PORO_BETON............................................................................................. 115
7.25 Keyword FLUA_ENDO_PORO ................................................................................................ 117
7.26 Keyword RGI_BETON.............................................................................................................. 119
7.27 Keyword factor ENDO_LOCA_EXP/ENDO_LOCA_EXP_FO .................................................. 123
8 Behaviors métallo-mecanic.............................................................................................................. 124
8.1 Keyword factor META_ACIER................................................................................................... 124
8.2 Keyword factor META_ZIRC...................................................................................................... 127
8.3 Keyword factor DURT_META..................................................................................................... 128
8.4 Keywords factor ELAS_META, ELAS_META_FO ...................................................................... 129
8.5 Keyword factor META_ECRO_LINE.......................................................................................... 132
8.6 Keyword factor META_TRACTION............................................................................................ 133
8.7 Keyword factor META_VISC_FO ............................................................................................... 133
8.8 Keyword factor META_PT.......................................................................................................... 135
8.9 Keyword factor META_RE......................................................................................................... 136
8.10 Keyword META_LEMA_ANI..................................................................................................... 137
9 Behaviors thermo-hydro-mechanics and of the grounds.................................................................. 141
9.1 Simple keyword COMP_THM.................................................................................................... 141
9.2 Keyword factor THM_INIT.......................................................................................................... 142
9.3 Keyword factor THM_LIQU........................................................................................................ 144
9.4 Keyword factor THM_GAZ......................................................................................................... 145
9.5 Keyword factor THM_VAPE_GAZ .............................................................................................. 145
9.6 Keyword factor THM_AIR_DISS ................................................................................................ 146
9.7 Keyword MOHR_COULOMB..................................................................................................... 153
9.8 Keyword CAM_CLAY................................................................................................................. 153
9.9 Keyword factor CJS................................................................................................................... 154
9.10 Keyword factor LAIGLE........................................................................................................... 157
9.11 Keyword factor LETK............................................................................................................... 159
9.12 Keyword factor DRUCK_PRAGER.......................................................................................... 162
9.13 Keyword factor VISC_DRUC_PRAG....................................................................................... 163
9.14 Keyword factor BARCELONA.................................................................................................. 165
9.15 Keyword factor HUJEUX.......................................................................................................... 166
9.16 Keyword factor HOEK_BROWN .............................................................................................. 168
9.17 Keyword factor GONF_ELAS.................................................................................................. 170
9.18 Keyword factor JOINT_BANDIS.............................................................................................. 171

9.19 Keyword factor THM_RUPT..................................................................................................... 171

9.20 Keyword factor Iwan................................................................................................................. 172
9.21 Keyword factor L KR................................................................................................................ 173
9.22 Keyword factor MohrCoulombAS ............................................................................................. 174
10 Behaviors specific to the elements 1D........................................................................................... 176
10.1 Keyword factor ECRO_ASYM_LINE (cf. [R5.03.09]) ............................................................... 176
11 Parameters for Comportements particular ...................................................................................... 177
11.1 Keyword factor LEMAITRE_IRRA ............................................................................................ 177
11.2 Keyword factor DIS_GRICRA.................................................................................................. 178
11.3 Keyword factor DIS_CONTACT............................................................................................... 180
11.4 Keyword factor DIS_CHOC_ENDO ......................................................................................... 181
11.5 Keyword factor DIS_ECRO_CINE ........................................................................................... 182
11.6 Keyword factor DIS_VISC........................................................................................................ 183
11.7 Keyword factor DIS_ECRO_TRAC.......................................................................................... 184
11.8 Keyword factor DIS_BILI_ELAS............................................................................................... 186
11.9 Keyword factor ASSE_CORN.................................................................................................. 187
11.10 Keyword factor WEAPON...................................................................................................... 188
11.11 Keyword factor RELAX_ACIER.............................................................................................. 189
11.12 Keyword factor CABLE_GAINE_FROT .................................................................................. 191
11.13 Keyword factor FONDA_SUPERFI ........................................................................................ 191
11.14 Keyword factor JONC_ENDO_PLAS..................................................................................... 193
12 Material fluid................................................................................................................................... 195
12.1 Keyword factor FLUID.............................................................................................................. 195
13 Data matériaux associated with postprocessings........................................................................... 196
13.1 Keyword factor TIREDNESS.................................................................................................... 196
13.2 Keyword factor DOMMA_LEMAITRE ...................................................................................... 197
13.3 Keyword factor CISA_PLAN_CRIT .......................................................................................... 198
13.4 Keyword factor WEIBULL, WEIBULL_FO ............................................................................... 200
13.5 Keywords factor RCCM, RCCM_FO ........................................................................................ 201
13.6 Keyword factor CRIT_RUPT.................................................................................................... 203
13.7 Keyword factor REST_ECRO .................................................................................................. 203
13.8 Keyword factor VERI_BORNE................................................................................................. 204
13.9 WordS-keys factorS POST_ROCHE and POST_ROCHE_FO ............................................... 204
14 Associated data materials with external behaviors ......................................................................... 206
14.1 Keywords factor MFRONT, MFRONT_FO ............................................................................... 206
14.2 Keywords factor UMAT, UMAT_FO.......................................................................................... 206
15 Simple keyword MATER................................................................................................................. 206

2 General syntax
my [to subdue] = DEFI_MATERIAU (
reuse = chechmate, [to subdue]
MATER = chechmate, [to subdue]

# Caracteristic Rubber bands Generated

# Caracteristic Mechanics Non Linéaires Généra

# Parameters dependent on the damage and the rupture

# Caracteristic ThermicsS
| / THER,
/ THER_FO,
| THER_ORTH,
| THER_NL,
| / THER_COQU,
/ THER_COQU_FO,

# Caracteristic specific to the concretes

# Caracteristic Thermo-Hydro-mechanics porous environments and of the grounds

| COMP_THM = /‘LIQU_SATU’,
/‘LIQU_GAZ’,
/‘GAS’,
/‘LIQU_GAZ_ATM’,
/‘LIQU_VAPE_GAZ’,
/‘LIQU_VAPE’,
/‘LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE’,
/‘LIQU_AD_GAZ’,
| THM_INIT,
| THM_LIQU,
| THM_GAZ,
| THM_VAPE_GAZ,
| THM_AIR_DISS,
| THM_DIFFU,
| MOHR_COULOMB,
Warning : The translation process used on this website is a "Machine Translation". It may be imprecise and inaccurate in whole or in part and is
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Copyright 2021 EDF R&D - Licensed under the terms of the GNU FDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)
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Titre : Opérateur DEFI_MATERIAU Date : 03/11/2021 Page : 9/207
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804f09df3716

| CAM_CLAY, # to see [§ 9.8]

# Parameters specific to the elements 1D

| ECRO_ASYM_LINE, # to see [§ 10.1]

# Parameters for Comportements particular

| LEMAITRE_IRRA, # to see [§ 11.1]
| DIS_GRICRA, # to see [§ 11.2]
| DIS_CONTACT, # to see [§ 11.3]
| DIS_CHOC_ENDO, # to see [§ 11.4]
| DIS_ECRO_CINE, # to see [§ 11.5]
| DIS_VISC, # to see [§ 11.6]
| DIS_ECRO_TRAC, # to see [§ 11.7]
| DIS_BILI_ELAS, # to see[§ 11.8]
| ASSE_CORN, # to see [§ 11.9]
| WEAPON, # to see [§
11.10]
| RELAX_ACIER # to see [§
11.11 ]
| CABLE_ GAINE_FROT # to see [§
11.12 ]
| FONDA_SUPERFI, # to see [§ 11.13]
| JONC_ENDO_PLAS, # to see [§ 11.14]
# Caracteristic Comportement fluid
| FLUID, # to see [§ 12.1]
# Data Materials associated with postprocessings
| TIREDNESS, # to see [§ 13.1]
| DOMMA_LEMAITRE, # to see [§ 13.2]
| CISA_PLAN_CRIT, # to see [§ 13.3]
| / WEIBULL, # to see [§ 13.4]
/ WEIBULL_FO,
| / RCCM, # to see [§ 13.5]
/ RCCM_FO,
| CRIT_RUPT, # to see [§ 13.6]
| REST_ECRO, # to see [§ 13.7]
| VERI_BORNE, # to see [§ 13.8]
# Data Materials associated with external behaviors
| / MFRONT, # to see [§ 14.1]
/ MFRONT_FO,
| / UMAT, # to see [§ 14.2]
/ UMAT_FO,
)
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Remarks :
The order DEFI_MATERIAU is D-entering but each series of parameters Caracteristic of behavior
remain single. One does not allow to replace oneE series of parameters of behavior already
presentE in material, but only to enrich the concept.

For most behaviors of material, it is possible to define constant characteristics or many

characteristics depending on one or more variables of orders (see the orders AFFE_MATERIAU
and AFFE_VARC) in the form of a function, of a tablecloth or a formula. The parameters time
(‘INST‘), plastic deformation (’EPSI‘) and curvilinear X-coordinate (’ABSC’) can be used in very
particular cases, the behaviors being able to depend on these parameters explicitly specify it in
their description.

3 Caracteristic rubber bands generated

3.1 Keywords factor ELAS, ELAS_FO
Definition of the constant linear elastic characteristics or functions.

3.1.1 Syntax
|/ ELAS = _F ( ♦ E = yg, [R]
♦ NAKED = naked, [R]
◊ RHO = rho, [R]
◊ ALPHA = dil , [R]
◊ AMOR_ALPHA = a_alpha, [R]
◊ AMOR_BETA = a_beta, [R]
◊ AMOR_HYST = eta [R]
◊ LONG_CARA = will lcara , [R]
◊ COEF_AMOR = /coeam, [R]
/ 1.0, [DEFECT]
)
/ ELAS_FO = _F ( ♦ E = yg,
[function]
♦ NAKED
= naked, [function]
◊ RHO = rho
, [function]
◊ ALPHA =
dil , [function]
◊ AMOR_ALPHA = a_alpha,
[function]
◊ AMOR_BETA = a_beta,
[function]
◊ AMOR_HYST = eta,
[function]
◊ TEMP_DEF_ALPHA = Tdef,
[R]
◊ PRECISION = / eps,
[R]

/ 1.0, [DEFECT]
◊ K_DESSIC = / K,
[R]

/ 0.0, [DEFECT]
◊ B_ENDOGE = / E,
[R]

/ 0.0, [DEFECT]
◊ FONC_DESORP = F
[function]
)

Most functions can depend on the variables of orders (see [U4.43.03]) or other parameters like time
(‘INST’ or geometry ‘X’, ‘Y’, ‘Z’)
‘TEMP’, ‘HYDR', ‘SECH', ‘NEUT1', ‘NEUT2', ‘X’, ‘Y’, ‘Z’, …
Caution! For the geometry, there are two cases:
• Direct variables ‘X’ , ‘Y’ , ‘Z’ who function only in some typical cases;
• The variable of order ‘GEOM’ who is more general;
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3.1.2 Operands E/NU

E = yg
Young modulus. It is checked that E≥0 .
NAKED = naked
Poisson's ratio. It is checked that −1.≤≤0.5 .

3.1.3 Operand RHO

RHO = rho
Density. No the checking of about size. Attention for modelings THM in statics, only the density
homogenized well informed in THM_DIFFU (cf section 9.6.5) will be taken into account. For modelings
THM in dynamics, this value must on the other hand be here indicated and be coherent with that
indicated in THM_DIFFU.
This keyword perhaps function only geometry via the variable of order ‘GEOM‘ .

3.1.4 Operands ALPHA/TEMP_DEF_ALPHA/PRECISION

ALPHA = alpha
Isotropic thermal dilation coefficient.
The thermal dilation coefficient is an average dilation coefficient which can depend on the temperature
T.
The values of the dilation coefficients are determined by tests of dilatometry which take place with the
room temperature ( 0 ° C or more generally 20° C ).

So one in general has the values of the dilation coefficient defined compared to 20° C (temperature
to which one supposes the worthless thermal deformation).

Certain studies require to take a temperature of reference different from the room temperature
(worthless thermal deformation for another temperature that the room temperature). It is then
necessary to carry out a change of reference mark in the calculation of the thermal deformation
[R4.08.01].

TEMP_DEF_ALPHA = Tdef [R]

It is the value of the temperature to which the values of the thermal dilation coefficient were given,
and were indicated under the keyword ALPHA.
This keyword becomes obligatory as soon as one informed ALPHA.

For the behaviors non-THM, the calculation of the thermal deformation is done by the formula
[R4.08.01]:
α ( T ) ( T −T def ) −α ( T ref )( T ref −T def )
e th ( T ) =α^ ( T ) ( T −T ref ) with α^ ( T )=
T −T ref
and

e th ( T ref )=0
Note:
It is not possible to use a formula nor a tablecloth for ALPHA, because as of modifications to
be taken into account described above. The parameter ALPHA can depend ONLY on the
temperature and provided that it is a function. The user, if it wishes to use a formula, owes
initially the tabuler using the order CALC_FONC_INTERP .

PRECISION = / prec
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/ 1. [DEFECT]

This keyword is used when the keyword TEMP_DEF_ALPHA is specified.

It is a reality which indicates with which precision a temperature T i (list of the temperatures being
used for the definition of  T i   i=1, N ) is close to the temperature of reference T ref .
This reality is used for calculation of the function α̂ ( T i ) . The mathematical formula allowing the
̂ ( T i ) is different according to whether T i ≠T ref or T i =T ref .
calculation of α

In THM, the calculation of the thermal deformation is different (see [R4.08.01]). The thermal
deformation is evaluated by the following formula:
th
e  T  =  T −T ini 
In particular, one does not use TEMP_DEF_ALPHA (but one must inform it) and ALPHA cannot be a
function, it is necessarily a constant. Moreover, the temperature of reference is given by
THM_INIT/TEMP (see §9.2).

3.1.5 Operands AMOR_ALPHA / AMOR_BETA / AMOR_HYST

AMOR_ALPHA = has_alpha
AMOR_BETA = a_beta
Coefficients  and  allowing to build a matrix of viscous damping proportional to rigidity and/or the
mass [C]=[K] [M] . One will refer to the documents of modeling of the mechanical
cushioning [U2.06.03] and [R5.05.04].

AMOR_HYST = eta
Coefficient  of damping hysteretic allowing to define the Young modulus complexes (viscoelastic
material) from which will be created complex matrix of rigidity allowing the calculation of the harmonic
answer [U2.06.03] and [R5.05.04].

NoticeS :
• The presence of the keywords AMOR_ALPHA and AMOR_BETA associated with a
zero value, can lead, in certain algorithms, with to assemble a matrix of damping and
generates additional cost of calculation thus.
• These keywords can depend on the geometry via the direct variables ‘X’, ‘Y’ and
‘Z’ but not of the variable of order ‘GEOM’.
3.1.6 Operands COEF_AMOR / LENGTH_CARA
For the justification of the use of these operands, one will refer to the documents of modeling of the
elements of absorbing border [R4.02.05].

COEF_AMOR = coeam
Coefficient intervening in the expression of the vector forced integrated along the absorbing border of
the finite elements field and which corresponds to viscous shock absorbers distributed along this
border:

∂ u3 ∂u '
t 0 =coeam(ρc P e +ρ c S )
∂t 3 ∂t
This term is affected with material constitutive of the element of absorbing border.

LONG_CARA = lcarhas
Coefficient corresponding to a characteristic dimension L . Associated with the coefficients of Lamé
 and  , this coefficient intervenes in the expression of the added term of vector forced integrated
along the absorbing border of the finite elements field, which corresponds to the rigidities distributed
along this border of the finite elements field:
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λ +2 μ μ
t 1= u 3 e3 + u'
L L
This term is affected with material constitutive of the element of absorbing border.

Note:
The absence of the keyword LENGTH _CARA causes which one does not affect of rigidity
added on the absorbing border.
3.1.7 Operands K_DESSIC / B_ENDOGE
K_DESSIC = K
Coefficient of withdrawal of desiccation.

K_ENDOGE = E
Endogenous coefficient of withdrawal.

These characteristics are used with the behaviors DU concrete (vto oir ref. [R7.01.12]).

3.1.8 Operand FONC_DESORP

FONC_DESORP = F
curve of sorption-desorption [R7.01.12] giving the hygroscopy h according to the water content C .

3.2 Keyword ELAS_VISCO

The keyword ELAS_VISCO allows to define isotropic viscoelastic materials for a given frequency. It is
simply the definition of an elastic material whose moduli of elasticity are complex.

3.2.1 Syntax
|/ ELAS = _F ( ♦ G = G,
[C]
♦ NAKED =
naked, [C]
◊ RHO =
rho , [R]
)

3.2.2 Operands G/NAKED

G = G
Module of complex shearing.

NAKED = naked
Poisson's ratio complex.

Note: In the command file it is necessary necessarily to inform complex numbers even if the
imaginary part is worthless, for example if naked is real, it makes inform ‘ complex (naked, 0) ’

3.2.3 Operand RHO

RHO = rho
Density. No the checking of about size.

3.3 Keyword factor ELAS_FLUI

The keyword ELAS_FLUI allows to define the equivalent density of a tubular structure with internal
and external fluid, by taking of account the effect of containment.

This operation lies within the scope of the study of the dynamic behavior of a configuration of standard
“the tube bundle under transverse flow”. The study of the behavior of the beam is brought back under
investigation single tube representative of the whole of the beam. Cf. [U4.35.02].

Equivalent density of the structure  eq is defined by:

1
2 [ i. i
eq = 2
 d 2t. d 2e −d 2i e . d 2e ]
d −d i 
e

2 .C m . d 2e
d 2eq=

i , e , t are respectively the density of the fluid, external fluid and structure.
d e , d i are respectively the external diameter and intern of the tube.
C m is a coefficient of added mass (which defines containment).

3.3.1 Syntax
| ELAS_FLUI = _F (
♦ RHO = rho,
[R]
♦ E = yg,
[R]
♦ NAKED = naked,
[R]
♦ PROF_RHO_F_INT = rhoi,
[function]
♦ PROF_RHO_F_EXT = rhoe,
[function]
♦ COEF_MASS_AJOU = fonc_cm
[function]
)

3.3.2 Operands RHO/E/NU

RHO = rho
Density of material.

E = yg
Young modulus.

NAKED = naked
Poisson's ratio.

3.3.3 Operands PROF_RHO_F_INT/PROFESSEUR_RHO_F_EXIT/COEF_MASS_AJOU

PROF_RHO_F_INT = rhoi
Concept of the type [function] defining the profile of density of the fluid interns along the tube. This
function is parameterized by the curvilinear X-coordinate.

PROF_RHO_F_EXT = rhoe

Concept of the type [function] defining the profile of density of the external fluid along the tube.
This function is parameterized by the curvilinear X-coordinate, ‘ABSC’.

COEF_MASS_AJOU = fonc_cm
Concept of the type [function] produced by the operator FONC_FLUI_STRU [U4.35.02].
This constant function, parameterized by the curvilinear X-coordinate, provides the value of the
coefficient of added mass C m .

3.4 Keyword factor CABLE

Definition of the elastic characteristic nonlinear, constant, for the cables: two different elastic
behaviours in traction and compression, defined by the Young moduli E and EC (module in
compression).
The standard characteristics of elastic material are to be informed under the keyword factor ELAS.

3.4.1 Syntax
| CABLE = _F (
◊ EC_SUR_E = /
ecse, [R]
/
1.D-4, [DEFECT]
)

3.4.2 Operands of elasticity

◊ EC_SUR_E = ecse
Report of the modules to compression and traction. If the module of compression is null, the total
linear system with displacements can become singular. It is the case when a node is connected only to
cables and that those all enter in compression.

3.5 Keywords factor ELAS_ORTH, ELAS_ORTH_FO, ELAS_VISCO_ORTH

Definition of the constant orthotropic elastic characteristics or functions of the temperature for the
isoparametric solid elements or the layers constitutive of a composite [R4.01.02]. It is possible to
define constant orthotropic viscoelastic characteristics (ELAS_VISCO_ORTH) at a given frequency, the
modules to be informed are then complex.

3.5.1 Syntax
| / ELAS_ORTH = _F (
♦ E_L = ygl ,
[R]
♦ E_T = ygt ,
[R]
◊ E_N = ygn ,
[R]
♦ G_LT = glt ,
[R]
◊ G_TN = gtn ,
[R]
◊ G_LN = gln ,
[R]
♦ NU_LT = nult,
[R]
◊ NU_TN = nutn,
[R]

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◊ NU_LN = nuln,
[R]
◊ ALPHA_L = / dil,
[R]
/
0.0, [DEFAUT]
◊ ALPHA_T = / known
as, [R]
/
0.0, [DEFECT]
◊ ALPHA_N = / DIN,
[R]
/
0.0, [DEFECT]
◊ RHO = / rho,
[R]
/
0.0, [DEFECT]
◊ XT = / trl,
[R]
/
1.0, [DEFECT]
◊ XC = / collar,
[R]
/
1.0, [DEFECT]
◊ YT = / trt,
[R]
/
1.0, [DEFECT]
◊ YC = / cot,
[R]
/
1.0, [DEFECT]
◊ S_LT = / cis,
[R]
/
1.0, [DEFECT]
◊ AMOR_ALPHA = a_alpha,
[R]
◊ AMOR_BETA = a_beta,
[R]
◊ AMOR_HYST = eta
[R]
)
/ ELAS_ORTH_FO =_F (
♦ E_L = ygl
, [function]
♦ E_T = ygt
, [function]
♦ E_N = ygn
, [function]
♦ G_LT = glt
, [function]
♦ G_TN = gtn
, [function]
♦ G_LN = gln
, [function]
♦ NU_LT =
nult, [function]
♦ NU_TN =
nutn, [function]
Warning : The translation process used on this website is a "Machine Translation". It may be imprecise and inaccurate in whole or in part and is
provided as a convenience.
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♦ NU_LN =
nuln, [function]
◊ ALPHA_L = dil
, [function]
◊ ALPHA_T =
known as , [function]
◊ ALPHA_N = DIN
, [function]
◊ RHO = rho,
[function]
◊ TEMP_DEF_ALPHA = Tdef,
[R]
◊ PRECISION = /eps,
[R]

/1. , [DEFECT]
◊ AMOR_ALPHA = a_alpha,
[function]
◊ AMOR_BETA = a_beta,
[function]
◊ AMOR_HYST = eta,
[function]
/ ELAS_VISCO_ORTH = _F (
♦ E_L = ygl ,
[C]
♦ E_T = ygt ,
[C]
◊ E_N = ygn ,
[C]
♦ G_LT = glt ,
[C]
◊ G_TN = gtn ,
[C]
◊ G_LN = gln ,
[C]
♦ NU_LT = nult,
[C]
◊ NU_TN = nutn,
[C]
◊ NU_LN = nuln,
[C]
◊ RHO = / rho,
[R]
/
0.0, [DEFECT]
)

3.5.2 Operands of elasticity

To define the reference mark of orthotropism L , T , N bound to the elements, the reader will refer:
• for the isoparametric solid elements with documentation [U4.42.01] AFFE_CARA_ELEM
keyword SOLID MASS,
• for the composite elements of hulls to documentation [U4.42.01] AFFE_CARA_ELEM keyword
HULL like with documentation [U4.42.03] DEFI_COMPOSITE keyword ORIENTATION.

E_L = ygl Longitudinal Young modulus.

E_T = ygt Transverse Young modulus.
E_N = ygn Normal Young modulus.
GL_T = glt Modulus of rigidity in the plan LT .
G_TN = gtn Modulus of rigidity in the plan TN .
G_LN = gln Modulus of rigidity in the plan LN .

Note:
For the hulls, the transverse moduli of rigidity are not obligatory; in this case, one calculates
in thin hull by assigning an infinite rigidity to transverse shearing (elements DST , DSQ and
Q4G ).

NU_LT = nult coefficient of Fish in the plan LT .

Important remarks:
nult is not equal to nutl . In fact, there is the relation:
ygt
nutl = . nult
ygl
nult must be interpreted in the following way:
if one exerts a traction according to the axis L causing a deformation according to this axis
L
equalizes with  L= , there is a deformation according to the axis T equalize with:
ygl
L
T =−nult. .
ygl
Various moduli of elasticity E_L, G_LN and NU_LN cannot be selected in an unspecified way:
physically, it is necessary always that a nonworthless deformation causes a strictly positive
deformation energy. That results in the fact that the matrix of Hooke must be definite positive.
The operator DEFI_MATERIAU calculate the eigenvalues of this matrix and emits an alarm if
this property is not checked.
For the models 2D, like the user did not choose yet its MODELING (D_PLAN, C_PLAN,…), one
checks the positivity of the matrix in the various cases.

NU_TN = nutn Poisson's ratio in the plan TN .

NU_LN = nuln Poisson's ratio in the plan LN .
The remark passed for NU_LT is to be applied to these the last two coefficients. There are thus the
relations:
ygn
nunt= . nutn
ygt
ygn
nunl= . nuln
ygt
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Note:
In the command file it is necessarily necessary to inform complex numbers even if the
imaginary part is worthless, for example if nult is real, it makes inform ‘ complex (naked lt , 0)
’

3.5.3 Case individual cubic elasticity

Cubic elasticity corresponds to a matrix of elasticity of the form:
y 1111 y 1122 y 1122
y 1122 y 1111 y 1122
y 1122 y 1122 y 1111
y 1212
y 1212
y 1212

Being given cubic symmetry, it remains to determine 3 coefficients:

E L= E N =E T =E ,G LT=GLN =G TN=G ,  LN = LT= LN =

To reproduce cubic elasticity with ELAS_ORTH, it is enough to calculate the coefficients of the
orthotropism such that the matrix of elasticity obtained is form above:

E 1− 2
y 1111=
1−3  2−2  3
E  1 
y 1122=
1−3  2−2  3
y 1212 =G LT=Gln =GTN
2 3
therefore, as long as 1−3  −2  ≠0 (i.e.  different from 0.5 ).

y1122  1 1−3 2−2 3

= what provides  = then E= y 1111
y1111 1− y 1− 2 
1 1111
y 1122
3.5.4 Operand RHO
RHO = rho
Density.

3.5.5 Operands ALPHA_L / ALPHA_T / ALPHA_N

ALPHA_L = dil
Thermal dilation coefficient average longitudinal.

ALPHA_T = known as
Thermal dilation coefficient average transverse.

ALPHA_N = DIN
Thermal dilation coefficient average normal.

3.5.6 Operands TEMP_DEF_ALPHA/PRECISION

One will refer to the paragraph [§3.1.4]. This keyword becomes obligatory as soon as one informed
ALPHA_L , or ALPHA_T or ALPHA_N.

3.5.7 Criteria of rupture

XT = trl
Criterion of rupture in traction in the longitudinal direction (first direction of orthotropism).

XC = collar
Criterion of rupture in compression in the longitudinal direction.

YT = trt
Criterion of rupture in traction in the transverse direction (second direction of orthotropism).

YC = cot
Criterion of rupture in compression in the transverse direction.

S_LT = cis
Criterion of rupture in shearing in the plan LT .

3.5.8 Operands AMOR_ALPHA / AMOR_BETA / AMOR_HYST

See § 3.1.5

Notice :
In the case of multi-layer hulls, (use of DEFI_COMPOSITE) these parameters are not taken into
account.

3.6 Keywords factor ELAS_ISTR, ELAS_ISTR_FO, ELAS_VISCO_ISTR

Definition of the constant elastic characteristics (ELAS_ISTR) or functions of the temperature in the
case of the transverse isotropy for the isoparametric solid elements (ELAS_ISTR_FO). It is possible to
define constant transverse isotropic characteristics viscoelastic (ELAS_VISCO_ISTR) at a given
frequency, the modules to be informed are then complex.
By taking again the same notations as for the orthotropism, the transverse isotropy means here that
isotropy is in the plan L , T and that the orthotropism is thus carried by the direction N [R4.01.02].
One can draw the attention of the reader to the fact that this convention differs from a usual
convention which indicates by “longitudinal direction” the direction of orthotropism of isotropic
transverse materials.

3.6.1 Syntax
| / ELAS_ISTR = _F (
♦ E_L =
ygl , [R]
♦ E_N =
ygn , [R]
♦ G_LN =
gln , [R]
♦ NU_LT =
nult, [R]
♦ NU_LN =
nuln, [R]

/ 0.0, [DEFECT]
◊ ALPHA_N =
/ DIN, [R]

/ 0.0, [DEFECT]
◊ RHO =
/ rho, [R]

/ 0.0, [DEFECT]
)
/ ELAS_ISTR_FO =_F (
♦ E_L =
ygl , [function]
♦ E_N =
ygn , [function]
♦ G_LN =
gln , [function]
♦ NU_LT =
nult, [function]
♦ NU_LN =
nuln, [function]
◊ ALPHA_L =
dil , [function]
◊ ALPHA_N =
DIN , [function]
◊ RHO =
rho, [function]
◊ TEMP_DEF_ALPHA =
Tdef, [R]
◊ PRECISION = /
eps, [R]

/ 1.0 [DEFECT]
/ ELAS_ VISCO_ ISTR = _F (
♦ E_L =
ygl , [C]
♦ E_N =
ygn , [C]
♦ G_LN =
gln , [C]
♦ NU_LT =
nult, [C]
♦ NU_LN =
nuln, [C]
◊ RHO =
/ rho, [R]

/ 0.0, [DEFECT]
)
3.6.2 Operands of elasticity
To define a reference mark L , T , N bound to the elements and defining the transverse isotropy of
material, this last being isotropic in the plan LT , the reader will refer to documentation [U4.42.01]
AFFE_CARA_ELEM keyword SOLID MASS.
Note:
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Directions L and T are arbitrary in the plan LT .

E_L = ygl
Young modulus in the plan LT .
E_N = ygn
Normal Young modulus.

GL_N = gln
Modulus of rigidity in the plan LN .
Note:
The modulus of rigidity in the plan LT is defined by the usual formula for isotropic materials:
E ygl
G= that is to say here glt = .
2  1  2  1nult 
NU_LT = nult
Poisson's ratio in the plan LT .
NU_LN = nuln
Poisson's ratio in the plan LN .
Important remarks:
nult =nutl since the material is isotropic in the plan LT , but nuln is not equal to nunl .
ygn
There is the relation: nunl= . nuln
ygl
nunl must be interpreted in the following way:
if one exerts a traction according to the axis N causing a deformation of traction according

to this axis equalizes with  N = N , there is a compression according to the axis L
ygn

equalize with: nunl . N .
ygn
Various moduli of elasticity E_L, G_LN and NU_LN cannot be selected in an unspecified way:
physically, it is necessary always that a nonworthless deformation causes a strictly positive
deformation energy. That results in the fact that the matrix of Hooke must be definite positive.
The operator DEFI_MATERIAU calculate the eigenvalues of this matrix and emits an alarm if
this property is not checked.
For the models 2D, like the user did not choose yet its MODELING (D_PLAN, C_PLAN,…), one
checks the positivity of the matrix in the various cases.

3.6.3 Operand RHO

RHO = rho
Density.

3.6.4 Operands ALPHA_L / ALPHA_N

ALPHA_L = dil
Thermal dilation coefficient average in the plan LT .
ALPHA_N = DIN
Thermal dilation coefficient average normal.

3.6.5 Operands TEMP_DEF_ALPHA/PRECISION

One will refer to the paragraph [§3.1.4]. This keyword becomes obligatory as soon as the keyword was
informed ALPHA_L or ALPHA_N.

3.7 Keyword factor ELAS_COQUE , ELAS_COQUE_FO

ELAS_COQUE allows the user to directly provide the coefficients of the matrix of elasticity (broken up
into membrane and inflection) of the orthotropic thin hulls in linear elasticity [R3.07.03].

3.7.1 Syntax
|/ ELAS_COQUE = _F (
/ ELAS_COQUE_FO = _F
◊ MEMB_L =
C1111 , [R] or [function]
◊ MEMB_LT = C1122 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ MEMB_T =
C2222 , [R] or [function]
◊ MEMB_G_LT = C1212 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ FLEX_L =
D1111 , [R] or [function]
◊ FLEX_LT = D1122 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ FLEX_T =
D2222 , [R] or [function]
◊ FLEX_G_LT = D1212 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ CISA_L = G11
, [R] or [function]
◊ CISA_T = G22
, [R] or [function]
◊ RHO = rho
, [R] or [function]
◊ ALPHA = alpha ,
[R] or [function]
◊ M_LLLL =
H1111 , [R] or [function]
◊ M_LLTT =
H1122 , [R] or [function]
◊ M_LLLT =
H1112 , [R] or [function]
◊ M_TTTT =
H2222 , [R] or [function]

Warning : The translation process used on this website is a "Machine Translation". It may be imprecise and inaccurate in whole or in part and is
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◊ M_TTLT =
H2212 , [R] or [function]
◊ M_LTLT =
H1212 , [R] or [function]
◊ F_LLLL =
A1111 , [R] or [function]
◊ F_LLTT =
A1122 , [R] or [function]
◊ F_LLLT =
A1112 , [R] or [function]
◊ F_TTTT =
A2222 , [R] or [function]
◊ F_TTLT =
A2212 , [R] or [function]
◊ F_LTLT =
A1212 , [R] or [function]
◊ MF_LLLL = B1111 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ MF_LLTT = B1122 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ MF_LLLT = B1112 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ MF_TTTT = B2222 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ MF_TTLT = B2212 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ MF_LTLT = B1212 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ MC_LLLZ = E1113 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ MC_LLTZ = E1123 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ MC_TTLZ = E2213 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ MC_TTTZ = E2223 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ MC_LTLZ = E1213 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ MC_LTTZ = E1223 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ FC_LLLZ = F1113 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ FC_LLTZ = F1123 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ FC_TTLZ = F2213 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ FC_TTTZ = F2223 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ FC_LTLZ = F1213 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ FC_LTTZ = F1223 ,
[R] or [function]
◊ C_LZLZ =
G1313 , [R] or [function]
◊ C_LZTZ =
G1323 [R] or [function]
◊ C_TZTZ =
G2323 , [R] or [function]
)

The matrix of behavior intervening in the matrix of rigidity in isotropic homogeneous elasticity is form:
Membrane: Inflection: Shearing:

1 ν 0

( )
1 ν 0
C=
Eh
1−ν 2 0 0
ν 1 0
1−ν
( )
2
D=
Eh
2
3

12 ( 1−ν ) 0 0
( ν 1

(
0
1−ν
2 ))
G=
5 Eh 1 0
12 ( 1+ν ) 0 1( )
For the orthotropic hulls whose moduli of elasticity are obtained by a method of homogenisation, it is
not possible in the case general to find a Young modulus equivalent Eeq , and an equivalent
thickness heq to find the preceding expressions.

The matrices of rigidity are thus given directly in the form:

Membrane: Inflection: Shearing:
C 1111 C 1122 0 D 1111 D 1122 0
(
C= C 1122
0
C 2222
0
0
C 1212 ) ( D= D1122 D 2222
0 0
0
D 1212 ) G= G 11
(0
0
G 22 )
On the other hand, one limits oneself to the cases where the thermal dilation coefficient is
homogeneous isotropic.
These coefficients are to be provided in the local reference mark of the element. It is defined under
the keyword HULL of AFFE_CARA_ELEM [U4.42.01].

Notice concerning the taking into account of transverse shearing following the models of
hulls:
If one wishes to use ELAS_COQUE for transverse shearing it is necessarily necessary to employ
modeling DST. If modeling is used DKT, transverse shearing will not be taken into account, some
are the values of G11 and G22 . The correspondence for an isotropic material is the following
one:
• The material ELAS_COQUE, modeling DST with CISA _*=5 /12×(Eh/( 1+ nu)) is
equivalent to material ELAS, modeling DST.
• The material ELAS_COQUE, modeling DST with CISA _*=5 /12×(Eh/(1+ nu))×N ,
where N is a great number (for example 105 ), is equivalent to material ELAS, modeling
DKT.
• The material ELAS_COQUE , modeling DKT is equivalent to material ELAS, modeling DKT.

The matrices of behavior connecting the efforts generalized to the deformations for the elements of
plate and fascinating account the terms of coupling are in the following way defined:

Membrane: Inflection: Shearing:

∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
H1111 H1122 H1112 A1111 A1122 A1112 B1111 B1122 B1112
HM = 0 H2222 H2212 HF = 0 A2222 A2212 HMF= 0 B2222 B2212
0 0 H1212 0 0 A1212 0 0 B1212

Membrane-shearing: Inflection-shearing: Shearing:

∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
E1113 E1123 F1113 F1123
HMC = E2213 E2223
E1213 E1223
HFC = F2213 F2223
F1213 F1223
HC = ∣ G1313 G1323
G1323 G2323 ∣
3.8 Keyword factor ELAS_MEMBRANE
ELAS_MEMBRANE allows the user to directly provide the coefficients of the matrix of elasticity of the
anisotropic membranes in linear elasticity.

3.8.1 Syntax
|/ ELAS_MEMBRANE = _F (
◊ RHO = rho
, [R]
◊ ALPHA = alpha ,
[R]
♦ M_LLLL =
H1111 , [R]
♦ M_LLTT =
H1122 , [R]
♦ M_LLLT =
H1112 , [R]
♦ M_TTTT =
H2222 , [R]
♦ M_TTLT =
H2212 , [R]
♦ M_LTLT =
H1212 , [R]
)
The membrane matrix of rigidity connecting the membrane constraints to the deformations for the
elements of membrane is in the following way defined:
H 1111 H 1122 H 1112
(
H M = H 1122 H 2222 H 2212
H 1112 H 2212 H 1212 )
These coefficients are to be provided in the local reference mark of the element, definite under the
keyword factor MEMBRANE order AFFE_CARA_ELEM [U4.42.01]. These coefficients have the dimension
of a force per meter. Let us recall that one uses following conventions of notation for the membrane
strains and stresses, and that the coefficients of the preceding matrix must be adapted consequently:
ε 11 σ 11
ε = ε 22
√ 2 ε 12 ( ) σ = σ 22
√ 2 σ 12 ( )
The user can also indicate an isotropic thermal dilation coefficient alpha and a mass by unit of area
rho.

3.9 Keyword factor ELAS_HYPER

Definition of the characteristics very-rubber bands of the type Signorini [R5.03.19]. Constraints of Piola
Kirchhoff S are connected to the deformations of Green-Lagrange by:

2 1
S= ∂ Ψ with: Ψ=C 10 ( I 1−3) +C 01( I 2−3 ) +C 20 ( I 1−3 ) + K ( J −1 )
2
and
∂E 2
2 4 1
− −
3 3 2
I 1= I c J , I 2= II c J , J= III c

where I c , II c and III c are the 3 invariants of tensor of right Cauchy-Green.

3.9.1 Syntax
| ELAS_HYPER= _F (
♦ C10 = c10,
[R]

3.9.2 Operands C01, C10 and C20

C01 = c01 , C10 = c10, C20 = c20
2
Three coefficients of the polynomial expression of the potential hyperelastic. The unit is it N /m .
•If C 01 and C20 are worthless, one obtains a material of the Néo-Hookéen type.
•If only C20 is null, one obtains a material of the Mooney-Rivlin type.
The material is elastic incompressible in small deformations if one takes C10 and C01 such as
6 ( C01+ C10) = E , where E is the Young modulus.

3.9.3 Operand NAKED and K

NAKED = naked
Poisson's ratio. It is checked that −1nu0.5 .

K = K
Module of compressibility.

These two parameters are excluded one and the other. They quantify the almost-compressibility of
material One uses the module of compressibility K provided by the user, if there exists. If not one
calculates K by:
6 ( C 01 +C 10 )
K= .
3 ( 1−2ν )
One can take nu near to 0.5 but never strictly equal (with the precision machine near). If nu is
too close to 0.5 , an error message invites the user to check his Poisson's ratio or its module of
compressibility. The larger the module of compressibility is, the more the material is incompressible.

3.9.4 Operand RHO

RHO = rho
Real constant density (one does not accept a concept of the type function). No the checking of
about size.

3.10 Keyword factor ELAS_2NDG

Definition of the isotropic linear elastic characteristics of the model second gradient suggested by
Mindlin and detailed in documentation [R5.04.03]. This behavior is mainly advised for modelings of
regularization “second gradient” (*_2DG) or “second gradient” of dilation (*_DIL).

3.10.1 Syntax
| / ELAS_2NDG = _F (
♦ A1 = a1 ,
[R]
◊ A2 = a2 ,
[R]
◊ A3 = a3 ,
[R]
◊ A4 = a4
, [R]
◊ A5 = a5
, [R]
)

3.10.2 Operands A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5

These parameters define characteristic materials of the law described in the document [R5.04.03].

3.11 Keyword factor ELAS_GLRC

Definition of the constant linear elastic characteristics of a plate homogenized for the laws GLRC_DM
and GLRC_DAMAGE.

3.11.1 Syntax
|/ ELAS_GLRC = _F ( ♦ E_M = EM,
[R]
♦ NU_M =
num, [R]
◊ E_F
= ef, [R]
◊ NU_F =
nuf, [R]
◊ BT1
= bt1, [R]
◊ BT2
= bt2, [R]
◊ RHO
= rho, [R]
◊ ALPHA =
dil , [R]
◊ AMOR_ALPHA =
a_alpha, [R]
◊ AMOR_BETA =
a_beta, [R]
◊ AMOR_HYST = eta
[R]
)

3.11.2 Operands E_M/NU_M/E_F/NU_F/BT1/BT2

E_M = EM
Young modulus of membrane. It is checked that E m ≥0 .

NU_M = num
Poisson's ratio of membrane. It is checked that −1.≤ν m≤0.5 .

E_F = ef
Young modulus of inflection. It is checked that E f ≥0 .

NU_F = nuf
Poisson's ratio of inflection. It is checked that −1.≤ f ≤0.5 .

BT1 = bt1 and BT2 = bt2

If the finite elements support the calculation of the efforts cutting-edges, these operands are used to
define the elastic matrix of rigidity of transverse shearing. The efforts cutting-edges V are connected
to the distortions γ by:

V= BT 1 0 .γ
0( BT 2 )
The other operands are identical to those of linear elasticity, cf § 3.1.

3.12 Keyword factor ELAS_DHRC

Definition of the constant linear elastic characteristics of a plate homogenized for the law DHRC.
3.12.1 Syntax
|/ ELAS_DHRC = _F ( ♦ A0 = a0,
[l_R]
◊ RHO =
rho, [R]
◊ ALPHA = dil
, [R]
◊ AMOR_ALPHA = a_alpha,
[R]
◊ AMOR_BETA = a_beta,
[R]
◊ AMOR_HYST = eta
[R]
)

3.12.2 Operands A0
A0 = a0

Components ( 21 supra-diagonal terms) of the symmetrical tensor of elasticity A 0 membrane-

inflection of the plate before damage, order 4 , in the reference mark of the reinforcements  x , y  ,
in notations of Voigt, identified by homogenisation: initially out of membrane, then in inflection (unit of
force per unit of length de for the terms of membrane, unit of force for the coupled terms membrane-
inflection, and unit of force time unit of length for the terms of inflection):

 
A0mm
xxxx A0mm
xxyy A0mm
xxxy A0mf
xxxx A0mf
xxyy A0mf
xxxy

A0mm A0mm A0mf 0mf 0mf

yyyy yyxy yyxx A yyyy A yyxy
0mm 0mf
Axyxy Axyxx A0mf
xyyy A0mf
xyxy

A0ff 0ff 0ff

xxxx A xxyy Axxxy
A0ff
yyyy A0ff
yyxy
0ff
Axyxy

The other operands are identical to those of linear elasticity, cf § 3.1.

3.13 Keywords factor VISC_ELAS

A mechanism of regularization by viscoelasticity is introduced into order STAT_NON_LINE via the
keyword REGU_VISC = ‘YES’. The model of corresponding Maxwell rests on two parameters, a
rigidity k (Pa) and a characteristic time τ (S). It is described in [R5.03.34].

3.13.1 Syntax
| VISC_ELAS = _F (
♦ K = k,
[R]
♦ TAU = τ ,
[R]
)

3.14 Keyword factor CZM_ELAS

This keyword factor makes it possible to specify the parameters of the law of interface rubber band
CZM_ELAS_MIX (see [R7.02.11]).

3.14.1 Syntax

| CZM_ELAS = _F (
◊ RIGI_NOR = /kN, [R]
/0.0, [DEFECT]
◊ RIGI_TAN = /kN, [R]
/0.0, [DEFECT]
◊ ADHE_NOR = /’ELAS’, [DEFECT]
/‘UNILATER’, [TXM]
/‘PERFECT’, [TXM]
◊ ADHE_TAN = /’ELAS’, [DEFECT]
/‘PERFECT’, [TXM]
♦ PENA_LAGR_ABSO = R, [R]
)

3.14.2 OperandS RIGI_NOR and RIGI_TAN

They is respectively rigidities normal and tangential to the interface.

3.14.3 Operand ADHE_NOR

This keyword makes it possible to characterize the normal behavior with the interface. The value by
default, ‘ELAS’, corresponds to an elastic answer; rigidity kN is then defined via RIGI_NOR. The
value ‘UNILATER’ return to a behavior of type contact (worthless interpenetration) in closing and
rubber band in opening (rigidity kN). Lastly, the value ‘PERFECT’ stipulate that the jump of normal
displacement is null, i.e. there is perfect adherence in the normal direction with the interface
(equivalent with an infinite normal rigidity).

3.14.4 Operand ADHE_TAN

This keyword makes it possible to characterize the tangent behavior with the interface. The value by
default, ‘ELAS’ , corresponds to an elastic answer; rigidity kt is then defined via RIGI_TAN . The
value ‘PERFECT’ stipulate that the jump of tangent displacement (slip) is null, i.e. there is perfect
adherence in the tangent direction with the interface (equivalent with an infinite tangential rigidity).

3.14.5 Operand PENA_LAGR_ABSO

This keyword (obligatory) makes it possible to inform the value of the coefficient of increase in
Lagrangian increased, cf. [R7.02.11]. Contrary to other models, it is not provided relatively to other
parameters (because they all can be worthless) but well in an absolute way. It has like dimension that
of a pressure per unit of length.

4 Mechanical behaviors nonlinear generals

In general, the definition of a nonlinear mechanical behavior requires on the one hand the definition of the
elastic properties and on the other hand those relating to the nonlinear aspect itself. In Code_Aster, these two
types of data are separately defined, except some exceptions.

4.1 Keyword factor TRACTION

Definition of a traction diagram (elastoplasticity of Von Mises with nonlinear isotropic work hardening
or nonlinear elasticity).

4.1.1 Syntax
| TRACTION = _F (
♦ SIGM = sigm_f,
[function]
)

4.1.2 Operand SIGM

SIGM = sigm_f
Curve  according to the total deflection  (it is checked that the concept function depends many
only parameters EPSI and possibly TEMP).

The ordinate of the first point defines the yield stress of material, it is thus imperative not to define of
point of worthless X-coordinate [R5.03.02].

If sigm_f depends on the two parameters EPSI and TEMP (this concept was then defined by
DEFI_NAPPE), one interpolates compared to the temperature to find the traction diagram at a
temperature θ data. It is highly recommended to refer to the document [R5.03.02] where the method
of interpolation is explained. It will be noted that, to avoid generating important errors of
approximation or to even obtain by extrapolation of bad traction diagrams, it is not to better use linear
prolongation in DEFI_NAPPE.

Note:
For multiphase materials, with metallurgical phases, the characteristics of work hardening are
defined by META_ECRO_LINE or META_TRACTION [R4.04.04].

4.2 Keywords factor ECRO_LINE, ECRO_LINE_FO

Definition of a linear curve of work hardening or a set of curves depending on the temperature.

4.2.1 Syntax
| /ECRO_LINE = _F (
♦ D_SIGM_EPSI = dsde [R]
♦ SY = sigmm [R]
◊ SIGM_LIM = sglim [R]
◊ EPSI_LIM = eplim [R]
)
/ECRO_LINE_FO = _F (
♦ D_SIGM_EPSI = dsde
[function]
♦ SY = sigm
[function]
)
The functions can depend on the variables of following orders: ‘TEMP’, ‘EPSI’, ‘HYDR’, ‘SECH’.
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4.2.2 Operands
♦ D_SIGM_EPSI = dsde (AND)
Slope of the traction diagram E T in plastic mode.

♦ SY = sigm
Elastic limit s y .

The curve of work hardening used in the

σ
models of behavior is then:
E
T
s y R ( p ) =s y + H . p
E E . ET
with H=
1 E−E T
0 It is thus necessary to respect:
ε ET < E
(see for example [R5.03.02]).

The Young modulus E is to be specified by the keywords ELAS or ELAS_FO.

◊ SIGM_LIM = sglim
Definition of the ultimate stress.

◊ EPSI_LIM = eplim
Definition of the limiting deformation.

Operands SIGM_LIM and ESPI_LIM allow to define the terminals in constraint and deformation of
the materials, which correspond to the limiting states of service and ultimate, classically used at the
time of study in civil engineer. These terminals are obligatory when the behavior is used
VMIS_CINE_GC (confer [U4.42.07] DEFI_MATER_GC). In the other cases they are not taken into
account.

4.3 Keywords factor ECRO_NL

Definition of a curve of work hardening nonlinear. This functionality is available for the laws of
behavior ‘VMIS_ISOT_NL‘,’VISC_ISOT_NL‘ and ‘GTN’.

4.3.1 Syntax
| ECRO_NL = _F (
♦ R0 = R0 [R]
◊ RH =/0.0 [DEFECT]
/ RH [R]
◊ R1 =/0.0 [DEFECT]
/ R1 [R]
◊ GAMMA_1 =/0.0 [DEFECT]
/ γ1 [R]
◊ R2 =/0.0 [DEFECT]
/ R2 [R]
◊ GAMMA_2 =/0.0 [DEFECT]
/ γ2 [R]

4.3.2 Operands
coefficients introduced in the preceding paragraph parameterize the curve of work hardening as
follows:

γm
R ( p ) =R0 +R H p+R1 ( 1−e−γ p ) +R 2 ( 1−e−γ p ) +R K ( p+ p 0 )
1 2

Terms parameterized by R1 , R2 and R K are optional. They are worthless by default. This
nonlinear function is sufficiently general to make it possible to readjust a good amount of
experimental answers (increasing).

4.4 Keywords factor PRAGER, PRAGER_FO

When the way of loading is not monotonous any more, work hardenings isotropic and kinematic are
not equivalent any more. In particular, one can expect to have simultaneously a kinematic share and
an isotropic share. If one seeks to precisely describe the effects of a cyclic loading, it is desirable to
adopt modelings sophisticated (but easy to use) such as the model of Taheri, for example, confer
[R5.03.05]. On the other hand, for less complex ways of loading, one can wish to include only one
linear kinematic work hardening, all nonthe linearities of work hardening being carried by the isotropic
term. That makes it possible to follow a traction diagram precisely, while representing nevertheless
phenomena such as the Bauschinger effect [R5.03.16].

The characteristics of work hardening are then given by a traction diagram and a constant, called of
Prager, for the term of kinematic work hardening linear. The keyword PRAGER allows to define the
constant of PRAGER, used in the models with mixed work hardening (kinematic linear compound with
isotropic) VMIS_ECMI_LINE or VMIS_ECMI_TRAC.

4.4.1 Syntax
| / PRAGER = _F (
♦ C = C,
[R]
)
/ PRAGER_FO = _F (
♦ C = C,
[function]
)

Identification of C is described in [R5.03.16].

4.5 Keywords factor ECRO_PUIS, ECRO_PUIS_FO

Parameters of plasticity with criterion of Von Mises and isotropic work hardening following a law
power.

4.5.1 Syntax
| / ECRO_PUIS =_F (
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♦ SY = sigy,
[R]
♦ A_PUIS = has,
[R]
♦ N_PUIS = N,
[R]
)
/ ECRO_PUIS_FO = _F (
♦ SY = sigy,
[function]
♦ A_PUIS = has,
[function]
♦ N_PUIS = N,
[function]
)

4.5.2 Operands
SY = sigthere Elastic limit
A_PUIS = has Coefficient of the law power
N_PUIS = N Exhibitor

The curve of work hardening is deduced from the uniaxial curve connecting the deformations to the
constraints, whose expression is (cf [R5.03.02]):
n
σ (σ−σ y)
ε= σ +a y
E E σy ( )
4.6 Keywords factor CIN1_CHAB, CIN1_CHAB_FO
Parameters model of Chaboche (with only one kinematic variable) described in the document
[R5.03.04].

Briefly, these relations are:

F   , R , X =  − X eq −R  p 
∂F 3  − X
̇ p= ̇ = ̇
∂  2  − X eq

ṗ=̇=
 2 p p
3
̇ : ̇ éq 4.5-1

{ si F 0 ou Ḟ 0 ̇=0
si F =0 et Ḟ =0 ̇0
éq 4.5-2

2
X = C  p 
3 éq 4.5-3
p
̇= ̇ −  p   ṗ

Functions C  p ,   p and R p are defined by:

R ( p ) =R∞ + ( R0−R∞ ) e−bp
C ( p ) =C ∞ ( 1+ ( k −1 ) e−wp )
0
γ1 ( p ) =γ ( α ∞ + ( 1−α ∞ ) e )
−bp

Note:

 represent the diverter of the constraints and  eq the equivalent within the meaning of von
Mises.
The definition of X in the form [éq. 4.5-3] makes it possible to keep a formulation which takes
into account the variations of the parameters with the temperature. These terms are necessary
because their not taken into account would lead to inaccurate results.

4.6.1 Syntax
| / CIN1_CHAB
/ CIN1_CHAB_FO = _F (
♦ R_0 = R_0,
[R] or [function]
◊ R_I = R_I, (useless if B=0)
[R] or [function]
◊ B = / B ,
[R] or [function]
/ 0. ,
[DEFECT]
♦ C_I = C_I,
[R] or [function]
◊ K = / K ,
[R] or [function]
/ 1. ,
[DEFECT]
◊ W = / W,
[R] or [function]
/ 0. ,
[DEFECT]
♦ G_0 = G_0,
[R] or [function]
◊ A_I = / A_I,
[R] or [function]
/ 1. ,
[DEFECT]
)
Note:
A viscoplastic version of the model of Chaboche is also available (confer [R5.03.04]). It requires
to define viscous characteristics using the keyword factor LEMAITRE or LEMAITRE_FO , by
putting the parameter obligatorily UN_SUR_M to zero.

4.7 Keywords factor CIN2_CHAB, CIN2_CHAB_FO

Parameters model of Chaboche (with two variable kinematics) described in the document [R5.03.04].

Briefly these relations are:

F   , R , X = −
 X 1− X 2 eq −R  p 
∂F 3  − X 1− X 2
̇ p=̇ = ̇
∂  2   − X 1− X 2 eq

ṗ=̇=
 2 p p
3
̇ : ̇ éq 4.6-1

{ si F 0 ou Ḟ 0
si F =0 et Ḟ =0
̇=0
̇0
éq 4.6-2

2
X 1 = C 1  p  1
3
2
X 2= C 2  p   2 éq 4.6-3
3
̇1=̇ p − 1  p  1 ṗ
̇2 =̇ p− 2  p   2 ṗ

Functions C 1  p  , C 2  p ,  1  p ,  2  p and R p are defined by:

R ( p ) =R∞ + ( R0−R∞ ) e−bp
∞ −wp
C 1 ( p ) =C 1 ( 1+ ( k −1 ) e )
∞ −wp
C 2 ( p ) =C 2 ( 1+ ( k −1 ) e )
γ 1 ( p ) =γ 01 ( α ∞ + ( 1−α ∞ ) e−bp )
γ 2 ( p ) =γ 02 ( α ∞ + ( 1−α ∞ ) e−bp )
Note:
 represent the diverter of the constraints and  eq the equivalent within the meaning of von
Mises.
The definition of X 1 and X 2 in the form [éq. 4.6-3] makes it possible to keep a formulation
which takes into account the variations of the parameters with the temperature. These terms are
necessary because their not taken into account would lead to inaccurate results.

4.7.1 Syntax
| / CIN2_CHAB
/ CIN2_CHAB_FO = _F (
♦ R_0 = R_0,
[R] or [function]
◊ R_I = R_I, (useless if B=0) [R] or
[function]
◊ B =/B ,
[R] or [function]
/ 0. ,
[DEFECT]
♦ C1_I = C1_I,
[R] or [function]
♦ C2_I = C2_I,
[R] or [function]
◊ K =/K ,
[R] or [function]
/ 1. ,
[DEFECT]

4.8 Keywords factors VISCOCHAB, VISCOCHAB_FO

Definition of the coefficients of the élasto-viscoplastic model of Chaboche [R5.03.12].
Briefly, the equations constitutive of the model are:

Viscous constraint  v = J 2  −
 X − R−k

Viscoplastic rate of deformation

3 ~
σ −X
ε̇ p= ṗ
2 J 2 (~
σ −X )

〉 [〈 〉]
n1

ṗ=
〈 v
K 0  k R
×exp 
v
K 0  k R

Isotropic work hardening:

Ṙ=bQ−R ṗ r Q − Rm sgn Q − R

Q=Q 0 +(Q m−Q 0 ) ( 1−e−2 μ q)

2
F (ε p , ξ , q)= J 2 ( ε p−ξ ) −q≤0
3
p

{ q̇=η ×H ( F )×⟨ n :n ⟩ ṗ
ξ̇ =√ 3 /2(1−η )×H (F )×⟨ n :n⟩ ṗ n*
with: n=
3 σ −X
√
2 J 2 (σ − X )
; n *
=
3 ε −ξ
2 J 2 (ε p −ξ ) √
2
Qr =Q−Q*r 1−
( ( Qm −Q
Qm ))
Kinematic work hardening X = X 1 X 2

2 p m −1 1 ∂C i
Ẋ i= C i ε̇ −γ i [ δ i X i +(1−δ i )( X i : n) n ] ṗ−γ X [ J 2 ( X i ) ] X i+ X Ṫ
i

3 i
C i ∂T i
γ i =γ 0i [a∞ +(1−a∞ )e−bp ]
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Note:
 represent the diverter of the constraints, J 2 (Y )= √ 3/ 2(Y :Y ) the second invariant of
the tensor Y ,
H  F  the function of Heavyside and 〈..〉 hooks of Mc Cawley ( 〈 x 〉=x if x≥0 , 0 if
not).
Variables q and  allow to take into account the effect of memory of work hardening under
cyclic loading. If η =1 , the effect of memory is not modelled and the variables q and 
are not considered in the resolution of the system ( q=0 ) . If not, there is the following
condition on  : 0<η ≤1/2 .
From a thermodynamic point of view, the variable of work hardening X i is associated with
2
its dual variable  i for the relation X i = C i α i . The term in Ṫ intervening in the equation
3
giving Ẋ i allows to treat the cases of loadings anisothermes for C i function of the
temperature.

4.8.1 Syntax
| / VISCOCHAB =
/ VISCOCHAB_FO = _F (
♦ K = K,
[R] or [function]
♦ A_K = alphak,
[R] or [function]
♦ A_R = alphar,
[R] or [function]
♦ K_0 = K0,
[R] or [function]
♦ NR = N,
[R] or [function]
♦ ALP = alpha,
[R] or [function]
♦ B = B,
[R] or [function]
♦ M_R = Mr.,
[R] or [function]
♦ G_R = gamar,
[R] or [function]
♦ DRIVEN = driven,
[R] or [function]
♦ Q_0 = Q0,
[R] or [function]
♦ Q_M = Qm,
[R] or [function]
♦ QR_0 = Qr*,
[R] or [function]
♦ ETA = eta,
[R] or [function]
♦ C1 = C1,
[R] or [function]
♦ M_1 = m1,
[R] or [function]
♦ D1 = d1,
[R] or [function]
♦ G_X1 = gx1,
[R] or [function]
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♦ G1_0 = g10,
[R] or [function]
♦ C2 = C2,
[R] or [function]
♦ M_2 = m2,
[R] or [function]
♦ D2 = d2,
[R] or [function]
♦ G_X2 = gx2,
[R] or [function]
♦ G2_0 = g20,
[R] or [function]
♦ A_I = ainfi,
[R] or [function]
)

4.9 Keywords factor MEMO_ECRO

This keyword makes it possible to define the parameters associated with the effect of maximum
memory of work hardening in the elastoplastic behaviors or élasto-visco-plastics of Chaboche (cf
[R5.03.04]). This keyword is usable, jointly with the keywords CIN1_CHAB or CIN2_CHAB, to define
the parameters necessary to the behavior VMIS_CIN2_MEMO. Moreover, by defining the parameters
of viscosity under LEMAITRE, it is possible to use a behavior visco_plastic for purpose of maximum
memory of work hardening by VISC_CIN2_MEMO.

The equations of the model are written via a field representing the maximum plastic deformations
reached:
p 2 p ( 1−η ) ∗
F ( ε , ξ , q ) = J 2 ( ε −ξ ) −q≤0 with the law of evolution ξ̇ = q̇ n
3 η
q the evolution of the law work hardening makes it possible to calculate R p by:
−2 μ q
Ṙ=b ( Q−R ) ṗ Q=Q 0 + ( Qm −Q0 ) ( 1−e )
,

~
the being written criterion of plasticity: f ( σ , R , X ) =( σ − X − X ) −R −R ( p )
1 2 eq 0

4.9.1 Syntax
| MEMO_ECRO=_F (
♦ DRIVEN = driven
[R]
♦ Q_M = qm [R]
♦ Q_0 = q0 [R]
◊ ETA = / eta [R]
/ 0.5,
[DEFECT]
)
4.9.2 Operands
Driven = driven
Cœfficient of the exponential law

Q_M = Qm
Value of saturation of the parameter Q representing isotropic work hardening
Q_0 = Q0
Value intiale of the parameter Q representing isotropic work hardening
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ETA = eta
Value allowing to modify the taking into account of the memory of the maximum plastic deformation:
the value eta=1 /2 corresponds to a total taking into account.

4.10 Keywords factor CIN2_NRAD

This keyword makes it possible to define the parameters associated with the effect of
nonproportionality of the model of Chaboche (cf [R5.03.04]).

4.10.1 Syntax
| CIN2_NRAD=_F(
♦ DELTA1 = delta1
[R]
♦ DELTA2 = delta2
[R]
)
4.10.2 Operands
DELTA1, DELTA2 : coefficients ranging between 0 and 1 allowing to take into account it not
possible proportionality of the loading. The value by default of 1 cancels this effect.

4.11 Keywords factor TAHERI, TAHERI_FO

Definition of the coefficients of the model of cyclic behavior of elastoplasticity of Saïd Taheri
[R5.03.05]. Briefly, we have to solve, for an elastoplastic increment:

{
3 ~
σ −X 3 t 1/2
ε̇ p= ṗ ~
2 ( σ − X ) eq
avec ( x ) eq =
2
x x ( )
σ =Λ ( ε −ε p ) R=D ( A‖ε ‖α + R0 )
n
( σ − X ) eq− R=0 X =C ( S ε p−σ p ε p )
.

σ˙ p − Ṙ− ⏞
( X ) eq =0 σ p =Maxt ( X eq + R)
σp
(
−bp 1−
)
ε˙ =0
n
p D=1−me S

σp
(
−bp 1−
S )
C=C ∞ +C 1 e

where the various parameters of material are S ,C ∞ , C 1 , b , m , A ,  , R0 .

The various parameters can depend on the temperature, in this case one will employ the keyword
TAHERI_FO.

4.11.1 Syntax
| / TAHERI
/ TAHERI_FO = _F (
♦ R_0 = R, [R]
or [function]
♦ ALPHA = has , [R] or
[function]

Note:
A viscoplastic version of the model of TAHERI is also available (cf [R5.03.05]). It requires to
define viscous characteristics using the keyword factor LEMAITRE or LEMAITRE_FO .

4.12 Keywords factors MONO_*

Definition of the coefficients of the models of single-crystal or polycrystalline behavior [R5.03.11].
Besides these characteristics, constant the rubber bands must be defined under the keyword ELAS or
ELAS_ORTH .

The behavior related to each system of slip of a monocrystal or a phase of a polycrystal is (in the
whole of the behaviors considered) of élasto-visco-plastic type.

The crystalline behaviors (others that those definite starting from the dynamics of dislocations) can
break up into 3 types of equations:
• 
relation of flow:   s=g  s , s ,  s , p s 
• evolutions of kinematic work hardening: Δ α s =h ( τ s , α s , γ s , p s)
• evolution of isotropic work hardening: R s ( p s ) , with  p =∣  ∣
s s

The relation of flow MONO_VISC1 is:

Δ γ s=g ( τ s , α s , γ s , p s) = (
⟨|τ s−c α s|− R ( p s) ⟩
K
. )
τ s−c α s
|τ s−c α s|
, the parameters are: c , K , n

The relation of flow MONO_VISC2 is:

n
c

( )
2
⟨|τ s−c α s−a γ s|−R ( ps ) + d ( c α s ) ⟩
2 τ s−c α s−a γ s
Δ γ s=g ( τ s , α s , γ s , p s) = .
K |τ s−c α s−a γ s|
the parameters are then: c, K, n, a,d
Kinematic work hardening can be form MONO_CINE1 :
 s =h  s , s ,  s , p s =  s−d . s . p s with for parameter: d .

or MONO_CINE2 :
m

 s =h  s , s ,  s , p s =  s−d . s . p s−
M  
∣c  s∣ s
∣s∣
, parameters being then: d , M and m .

Isotropic work hardening can for example be form MONO_ISOT1 :

N
R s ( p s ) = R0+Q
(∑r=1
h sr ( 1−e−bp ) r

) with h sr matrices of interaction, the parameters are h , Q , R0 ,

Or MONO_ISOT2 :

R s ( p s ) = R0+Q1 ( sg
)
∑ h sr qls +Q2 q 2 s , with dq is =bi  1−qis  .dp the parameters are h , Q1 ,

Q 2 , b 1 , b 2 , R0 .

Equations relating to the crystalline laws MONO_DD_KR, MONO_DD_CFC, MONO_DD_CFC_IRRA,

MONO_DD_FAT, MONO_DD_CC, MONO_DD_CC_IRRA exits of the dynamics of dislocations are
described in the document [R4.03.11].

4.12.1 Syntax
These relations are accessible in Code_Aster in 3D, plane deformations (D_PLAN), forced plane
(C_PLAN) (via the algorithm of Borst) and axisymmetric (AXIS) starting from the keyword BEHAVIOR
order STAT_NON_LINE. The choice of the relations making it possible to build the model of behavior
of monocrystal is carried out via the operator DEFI_COMPOR [U4.43.05].

| MONO_VISC1 = _F (
♦ C = C, [R]
♦ K = K, [R]
♦ NR = N [R] )

| MONO_VISC2 = _F (
♦ C = C, [R]
♦ K = K, [R]
♦ NR = N, [R]
♦ With = has, [R]
♦ D = D [R] )

| MONO_ISOT1 = _F (
♦ R_0 = R , [R]
♦ Q = Q, [R]
♦ B = B, [R]
/ ◊ H = H, [R]
/ ◊ H1 = h1, [R]
◊ H2 = H2, [R]
◊ H3 = h3, [R]
◊ H4 = h4, [R]
◊ H5 = h5, [R]
◊ H6 = h6 [R] )

| MONO_ISOT2 = _F (
♦ R_0 = R0, [R]
♦ Q1 = Q1, [R]
♦ B1 = b1, [R]
♦ Q2 = Q2, [R]
♦ B2 = b2 [R]
/ ◊ H = H, [R]
/ ◊ H1 = h1, [R]
◊ H2 = H2, [R]
Warning : The translation process used on this website is a "Machine Translation". It may be imprecise and inaccurate in whole or in part and is
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◊ H3 = h3, [R]
◊ H4 = h4, [R]
◊ H5 = h5, [R]
◊ H6 = h6 [R] )

| MONO_CINE1 = _F (
♦ D = D, [R] )

| MONO_CINE2 = _F (
♦ D = D, [R]
♦ GM = M, [R]
♦ PM = m, [R]
♦ C = C [R])

# behavior of Kocks-Rauch specific to materials DC, families CUBIQUE1 and CUBIQUE2 (interaction
between the 24 systems of slip)

| MONO_DD_KR = _F (
♦ K = K, [R] Boltzmann constant, in eV / K
♦ TAUR = taur, [R] Shear stress with T =0K
♦ TAU0 = tau0, [R] Initial critical stress of shearing
♦ GAMMA0 = gammap0,[R] Initial speed D flow
♦ DELTAG0= deltaG0, [R] Profit of energy to the crossing of obstacle
♦ BSD = BsurD [R] function of the size of the grain B / Dc
♦ GCB = GCsurB [R] distance criticizes annihilation GC / Bc
♦ KDCS = K, [R] relating to the direction of dislocation
♦ P = p, [R] depending on the shape of the obstacle
♦ Q = Q, [R] depending on the shape of the obstacle

# Definition of the specific matrix of interaction (cf [R5.03.11])

/ ◊ H = H, [R]
/ ◊ H1 = h1, [R]
◊ H2 = H2, [R]
◊ H3 = h3, [R]
◊ H4 = h4, [R]
◊ H5 = h5, [R]

# parameters specific to materials CFC, family OCTAEDRIQUE (interaction enters the 12 systems of
slip)

| MONO_DD_CFC = _F (
◊ GAMMA0= gammap0 [R] Initial speed, by default 0,001 s−1
♦ TAU_F = tauf [R] Threshold, in unit of constraints
◊ A= WITH [R] parameter A , without unit, by default
0.13
◊ B = B [R] parameter B , without unit, by default
0.005
◊ NR =N [R] exhibitor n , must be large ( 50 ), by default
200
♦ Y =Y [R] parameter Y , in unit of length
◊ ALPHA=a [R] parameter of work hardening alpha , by default
0.35
◊ BETA =b [R] parameter of work hardening b , by default 0.35
♦ RHO_REF = rho_ref, [R] parameter rho_ref , in unit of length m−2

# Definition of the specific matrix of interaction (cf [R5.03.11])

| MONO_DD_CFC_IRRA = _F ( same keyword as MONO_DD_CFC, except:

♦ DZ_IRRA = ≥0 [R] parameter managing the evolution of

voids
 s
♦ XI_IRRA = ≥0 [R] parameter managing the evolution of
loops
 s
♦ ALP_VOID =  voids [R] parameter managing the evolution of
forest
 s
♦ ALP_LOOP = loops [R] parameter managing the evolution of
forest
 s
loops 2 loops
♦ RHO_SAT =  sat b2 = sat [R] limit with saturation of  s =b ×s
♦ PHI_SAT =  sat [R] limit with saturation of  voids

| MONO_DD_FAT = _F (
♦ GAMMA0= gammap0 [R] Initial rate of flow in s-1
♦ TAU_F = tauf [R] Threshold, in unit of constraints
♦ Study BureauA= B [R]Constant of Burgers b , in unit of
length
♦ NR =N [R] exhibitor n , must be large ( 50 )
♦ UN_SUR_D = 1/d [R] parameter function of the size of grain, in unit of
1/longuor
♦ GC0=gc0 [R] distance criticizes annihilation, in unit of length
♦ K = K [R] parameter relative to the mean free path of dislocations,
without unit
# Definition of the specific matrix of interaction (cf [R5.03.11])
/ ◊ H = H, [R]
/ ◊ H1 = a*, [R] by default 0.124
◊ H2 = a_colinéaire [R] by default 0.625
◊ H3 = a_glissile, [R] by default 0.137
◊ H4 = a_Lomer [R] by default 0.122
◊ H5 = a_Hirth [R] by default 0.07

# parameters specificS with materials DC with low and high temperature, family CUBIQUE1
(interaction enters the 12 systems of slip)
| MONO_DD_CC = _F (
♦ B = B [R] parameter B , in unit of
length
♦ GH= H [R] parameter H , in unit of
1/temps
♦ DELTAG0 =  G 0 [R] energy of activation
♦ TAU_0 = 0 [R] ultimate threshold, in unit of
constraints
♦ TAU_F = F [R] initial threshold, in unit of constraints

♦ GAMMA0= ̇ 0 [R] Initial rate of flow,

♦ NR =N [R] exhibitor n ,
♦ RHO_MOB= mob [R] density of mobile dislocations, in unit
of length −2
♦ D [R] parameter D , in unit of length
♦ D_LAT [R] parameter D LAT , dependent in keeping
with grain, in unit of length
♦ Y_AT [R] parameter Y_AT in unit of length
♦ K_F [R] parameter K_F in unit of length
♦ K_SELF [R] parameter K_SELF in unit of length
♦ K_BOLTZ [R] Boltzmann constant, in energy K , ex:
eV / K
♦ DEPDT [R] paramèvery dEps /dT for the
calculation of  G
# Definition of the specific matrix of interaction (cf [R5.03.11])
/ ◊ H = H, [R]
/ ◊ H1 = h0 [R]
◊ H2 = h1 [R]
◊ H3 = H2, [R]
◊ H4 = h3 [R]
◊ H5 = h4 [R]
◊ H6 = h5 [R]

# parameters specificS with materials DC with low and high temperature, family CUBIQUE1
(interaction enters the 12 systems of slip) with influence of ‘irradiation (specific densities of
dislocation):

| MONO_DD_CC_IRRA = _F ( same keyword as MONO_DD_CC, except:

♦ A_IRRA = a irr [R] parameter allowing the variation of  AT

with irr
♦ XI_IRRA =  [R] parameter allowing the variation of irr
with p

4.13 Keywords factor LEMAITRE, LEMAITRE_FO

Definition of the coefficients of the non-linear relation of viscoplasticity of Lemaitre [R5.03.08].
The equations are the following ones:
3 σ~ij

{
˙v
ε ij = ṗ σ eq
2
n
ṗ=
[1 σ eq
K p1 /m ]
σ =Λ ( ε −ε v )
1 1
The coefficients to be introduced are: n0 , and ≥0. .
K m

4.13.1 Syntax
| / LEMAITRE= _F (
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♦ NR = N,
[R]
♦ UN_SUR_K = 1/K ,
[R]
◊ UN_SUR_M = / 1/m,
[R]
/ 0.0,
[DEFECT]
)

/ LEMAITRE_FO = _F (
♦ NR = N,
[function]
♦ UN_SUR_K = 1/K ,
[function]
♦ UN_SUR_M = 1/m,
[function]
)

Note:
1
While taking =0 (either m=∞ ), i.e. while putting 0 behind the operand UN_SUR_M ,
m
one obtains a non-linear relation of viscoelasticity of Norton.

4.14 Keywords factor NORTON, NORTON_FO

Definition of the coefficients of the non-linear relation of viscoplasticity of Norton available with the
model of behavior VISC_ECRO_NL [R5.03.33].
While calling F ( σ , κ ) the function threshold of viscoplasticity, evolution of the variable of work
hardening κ is controlled by the following equation:

n
⟨F⟩
κ̇ = ( )
K

The coefficients to be introduced are: n>1 , K ≥0 .

4.14.1 Syntax
| / NORTON= _F (
♦ NR = N,
[R]
♦ K = K ,
[R]
)

/ NORTON_FO = _F (
♦ NR = N,
[function]
♦ K = K ,
[function]
)

4.15 Keyword factor VISC_SINH

Definition of the coefficients of the law of viscosity defined by the following viscoplastic potential:

[  ]
1
vp p −1 ṗ m
 = −σ 0 sinh
˙0

The equation defining the rate of cumulated plastic deformation is thus the following one:
m

[ ( )]
⟨Φ ⟩
ṗ=ε˙0 sinh σ 0p

expression in which ⟨ x⟩ indicate the positive part of x and Φp the plastic threshold.
This model of viscosity can be associated:
• With the keyword ROUSSELIER to define the law of behavior ROUSS_VISC
• With the keywords VMIS_ISOT_TRAC and VMIS_ISOT_LINE version SIMO_MIEHE : to define the
laws of behavior VISC_ISOT_TRAC and VISC_ISOT_LINE.

The coefficients to be introduced are: m , ε˙0 and σ0 >0 .

4.15.1 Syntax
| / VISC_SINH = _F (
♦ M = m,
[R]
♦ EPSI_0 = ε˙0 ,
[R]
♦ SIGM_0 = σ0
[R]
)

/ VISC_SINH_FO = _F (
♦ M = m,
[function]
♦ EPSI_0 = ε˙0 ,
[function]
♦ SIGM_0 = σ0
[function]
)

4.16 Keyword LEMA_SEUIL

Definition of the coefficients of the nonlinear relation of viscoplasticity of Lemaitre with threshold
[R5.03.08]. One places oneself on the assumption of the small disturbances and one divides the
tensor of the deformations into an elastic part, a thermal part, an unelastic part (known) and a viscous
part. The equations are then:

ε tot =ε e + ε th + ε a +ε v
σ =A ( T ) ε e
3~
ε˙v =g ( σ eq , λ , T ) σ
2 σ eq
with:
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provided as a convenience.
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~
λ : cumulated viscous deformation λ̇ =
√ 2
ε˙ : ε˙
3 v v
σ : diverter of the constraints ~σ=σ − 13 Tr σ ( ) Id

σ eq : equivalent constraint σ eq = 3 σ~ :σ~

A ( T ) : tensor of elasticity
√ 2

and:

if D≤1 then g ( σ , λ ,T ) =0 (purely elastic behavior)

2
if D>1
t
then g (σ , λ , T )= A
( )
√3
σ Φ with A≥0,Φ≥0
1
With: D= ∫ σ eq ( u ) du
S 0
The data materials to be informed by the user are A and S .

As for the parameter Φ

, it is the flow of neutrons which bombards the material (quotient of the
increment of fluence, defined by the keyword AFFE_VARC of AFFE_MATERIAU, by the increment of
time).
The module DE Young E and the Poisson's ratio ν are those provided under the keywords
factors ELAS or ELAS_FO.

4.16.1 Syntax
| / LEMA_SEUIL = _F (
♦ WITH = WITH,
[R]
♦ S = S
[R]
)
/ LEMA_SEUIL_FO =_F (
♦ WITH = WITH,
[function]
♦ S = S
[function]
)

4.17 Keyword factor VISC_IRRA_LOG

Definition Dbe parameters D‘a law of creep under irradiation of the tubes guides. This law is made up
D’ law of a primary education type and a secondary law in logarithm of the fluence (cf [R5.03.08]).

The formulation is the following one (into uniaxial):

Q Q
ε f = A. exp − ( ) T ( )
. σ . ln ( 1+ω . Φ.t ) + B .exp − . σ . Φ. t
T
εf axial deformation of creep

Q energy of activation

T temperature

 axial stress applied to the tube guides in MPa

Fluence ( 1024 neutrons/ m 2 ) = produced flow Φ by time t , given by the variable
 . t=t
of order IRRA in AFFE_MATERIAU
t time, expressed in hours
 Time-constant, expressed such as .  . t maybe without unit
A Constant, expressed of such left that A .σ that is to say homogeneous with a
deformation
B
C

Constante, expressed of such left that B .  . .t that is to say homogeneous with a

deformation
C
Constante, homogeneous with a deformation

Note: in the programming, the report Q/T is in fact taken as Q/(T +273,15) , which means that the
field of temperature (variable of order) must be in ° C and Q in °K .

4.17.1 Syntax
| VISC_IRRA_LOG =_F (

♦ With = has,
[R]
♦ B = B,
[R]
♦ CSTE_TPS = W,
[R]
♦ ENER_ACT = Q,
[R]
)

4.18 Keyword factor GRAN_IRRA_LOG

Definition parameters of a law of creep under irradiation with growth of the tubes guides. Compared to
VISC_IRRA_LOG, a term of growth is added (cf [R5.03.08]):
Q Q
ε f = A. exp − ( )T ( )
. σ . ln ( 1+ω . Φ.t ) + B .exp − . σ . Φ. t+C . exp (−ω. Φ. t )
T

ε g = f (T ,Φt ) where f is a function of the temperature T expressed in ° C and of the fluence

t expressed in 1024 neutrons /m2 (data by the variable of order IRRA in
AFFE_MATERIAU).

4.18.1 Syntax
| GRAN_IRRA_LOG =_F (
♦ With = has,
[R]
♦ B = B,
[R]
♦ C = C,
[R]
♦ CSTE_TPS = W,
[R]
♦ ENER_ACT = Q,
[R]
◊ GRAN_FO = Fct_g,
[function]
)

4.19 Keywords factor IRRAD3M

Law of behavior of steels under irradiation (cf [R5.03.23]).
* n
The plastic law having to describe itself in the form K  p p0  , it is necessary to calculate these
parameters from R02 , RM , EPSILON U and KAPPA via a method of dichotomy.

4.19.1 Syntax
| IRRAD3M = _F (
♦ R02 = R02,
[function]
♦ EPSI_U = eps I,
[function]
♦ RM = RM
[function]
♦ AI0 = AIO
[R]
◊ ZETA_F = y0
[function]
♦ ETAI_S = stay,
[R]
♦ RG0 = R ,
[function]
♦ ALHA = ALPHA,
[R]
♦ PHI0 = PHI0,
[R]
◊ KAPPA =/ KAPPA
[R]
/ 0.8
[DEFECT]
◊ ZETA_G = z0,
[function]
◊ TOLER_ET =/ Inc
[R]
/ 0.15
[DEFECT]
)

4.19.2 Operands R02/RM/EPSI_U/KAPPA

R02 = R02
EPSI_U = eps I _u
RM = RM
KAPPA= KAPPA

Parameters intervening in the plastic part of the law. R02 is the elastic limit with 0.2 % of plastic
deformation, Rm is the ultimate constraint, and epsi_u is lengthening distributed.

TOLER_ET = Inc
This key word corresponds to the error which one authorizes on the going beyond the threshold of the
creep of irradiation during digital integration. So during calculation the criterion is not respected,
Code_Aster subdivides the steps of time, provided that the subdivision of the steps of time is
authorized, if not the code stops.

4.19.3 Operands AI02/ZETA_F/ETAI_S

AI0 = AIO,
ZETA_F = y0
ETAI_S = stay,
Parameters related to the irradiation. y0 is a function of the temperature.

4.19.4 Operands RG0/ALPHA/PHI0/ZETA_G

ALPHA = ALPHA,
PHI0 = PHI0,
RG0 = R,
ZETA_G = z0
Parameters related to swelling.

4.20 Keywords factors ECRO_COOK, ECRO_COOK_FO

Parameters of a law of plasticity with criterion of Von Mises and isotropic work hardening following
one relation of Johnson-Cook.

4.20.1 Syntax
| / ECRO_COOK =_F (
♦ With = With, [R]
♦ B = B, [R]
◊ C = C,
[R]
♦ N_PUIS = N,
[R]
◊ M_PUIS = m,
[R]
◊ EPSP0 = epsp0,
[R]
◊ TROOM = troom,
[R]
◊ TMELT = tmelt,
[R]
)
| / ECRO_COOK_FO =_F(
♦ With =
With, [function]
♦ B = B,
[function]
◊ C = C,
[R]
♦ N_PUIS = N,
[R]
◊ M_PUIS = m,
[R]
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◊ EPSP0 = epsp0,
[R]
◊ TROOM = troom,
[R]
◊ TMELT = tmelt,
[R]
)

5 Behaviors related to the damage and the rupture

5.1 Keywords factor ROUSSELIER, ROUSSELIER_FO
Definition of the coefficients of the model of ductile behavior of rupture of Rousselier (cf [R5.03.06]
and [R5.03.07]). This model can be used in small deformations, great deformations and viscoplasticity
(keyword VISC_SINH)
Briefly, one solves for an elastoplastic increment:

{
σ eq σH
( )
ρ −R ( p ) + D σ 1 f exp σ 1 ρ =0 éq 5.1-1
σ = ρ Λ ( ε −ε p )
∂f
ε˙ p= ṗ ρ ∂ σ
p
ḟ =3 ( 1− f ) ε H

{
∂f 1 3 ~ σ Df σH
(
∂σ = ρ 2 σ eq + 3 exp σ 1 ρ ( ))
1− f
ρ= éq 5.1-2
with 1− f 0
R p entry via the traction diagram (keyword TRACTION).
With the coefficients materials D , 1, f 0 specific to the model of ROUSSELIER.

These various parameters can depend on the temperature, in this case one will employ the keyword
ROUSSELIER_FO.

It is possible to supplement the model while utilizing the following quantities:

• critical porosity f c beyond which the growth of the cavities is accelerated:

ḟ =3 A(1− f )ε Hp si f > f c
two additional characteristics are then necessary: f c and A .
• limiting porosity f l beyond which the material is considered broken. The behavior is then
replaced by an imposed fall of the constraints:


̇=− E ∣̇∣ si f = f l (with E defined under ELAS).
∣∣
two additional characteristics are then necessary: f 1
and  .

• the voluminal rate of germination of cracks of cleavages An , modifying as follows the

equations [éq 5.1-1] and [éq 5.1-2].

{  
 eq H
−R  p  D  1  f An p  exp =0
 1 ρ
1− f −An p
=
1− f 0

These the last five parameters are independent of the temperature.

The following table of correspondence must be used:

Modeling Keywords
D D
σ1 SIGM_1

f0 PORO_INIT

fc PORO_CRIT dp

A PORO_ACCE

An YEAR

fl PORO_LIMI

λ D_SIGM_EPSI_NORM

In the version SIMO_MIEHE Llaw of behavior has requires a recutting when the increment of plastic
deformation is higher than the value dp provided behind the keyword DP_MAXI.
The keyword BETA is to be informed with the behaviors ROUSS_PR or ROUSS_VISC to take into
account the adiabatic heating: it fixes the plastic proportion of energy which is actually transformed
into heat.

The choice is given to the user via the keyword PORO_TYPE to change the formulation of porosity
according to the plastic deformation or the total deflection. It was noticed that for an initial porosity
f 0 weak, the behavior at the beginning of evolution strongly changes according to this parameter.
Thus PORO_TYPE is affected of 1 (porosity in plastic deformation), 2 (porosity in total deflection).

5.1.1 Syntax
| / ROUSSELIER =
/ ROUSSELIER_FO=_F (
♦ D =
D, [R] or [function]
♦ SIGM_1 =
sigma1, [R] or [function]
♦ PORO_INIT = f0,
[R] or [function]
◊ PORO_CRIT = /
1.D0, [DEFECT]

/ FC, [R]
◊ PORO_ACCE = /
1.D0, [DEFECT]
/
With, [R]
◊ YEAR =
/ 0.D0, [DEFECT]

/ Year,
◊ PORO_LIMI = /
0,999, [DEFECT]

/ fl, [R]
◊ D_SIGM_EPSI_NORM=/ 1.D0,
[DEFECT]
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/ lambda, [R]
◊ DP_MAXI = /
0.1, [DEFECT]

/ dp, [R]
◊ BETA = /
0.85, [DEFECT]

/ beta [R]
◊ PORO_TYPE = /
1 [DEFECT]

/ 2 [R]
)

5.1.2 Assistance with the use

The model of Rousselier was the object of many developments and has several named alternatives
ROUSSELIER, ROUSS_PR and ROUSS_VISC (these models are available in the order
STAT_NON_LINE via the keyword RELATION). Thus each one of its models requires a particular
knowledge from the point of view “user”. In order to clarify that, a summary table below exposed, is
accompanied by various remarks.

ROUSSELIER ROUSS_PR ROUSS_VISC

[R5.03.06] [R5.03.07] [R5.03.07]

SIMO_MIEHE X
BEHAVIOR

GDEF_LOG X
PETIT_REAC X X
3D X X X
Axisymmetric X X X
MODELING

CP X X
DP X X X
INCOMPRESSIBLE
(xxx_inco_ugp) X
Note:
When one uses the incompressible elements (to refer to Doc. [R3.06.08]), the keyword C_GONF
must be well informed in DEFI_MATERIAU under the operand NON_LOCAL (to refer to the §5.6
and with the CAS-test ssnp122a).
For a formulation with three fields UPG , it is preferable to use solvor MUMPS to solve the linear
systems. Moreover, the user must be informed that it is advised to regard as convergence
criteria, convergence criteria by constraint of reference S ous the keyword RESI_REFE_RELA .

5.2 Keyword factor GTN

This keyword makes it possible to define the coefficients of the model of GTN (relations of behavior
GTN and VISC_GTN) for the part related to the evolution of porosity, cf [R5.03.29]. It covers the three
aspects of the ductile rupture, namely the phases of germination, growth and coalescence of cavities.

5.2.1 Syntax
| GTN = _F ( ◊ NUCL_GAUSS_PORO = /0.0
[DEFECT]

/ fN [R]
◊ NUCL_GAUSS_PLAS = /0.1
[DEFECT]

/ κN [R]
◊ NUCL_GAUSS_DEV =/0.05
[DEFECT]

/ sN [R]
◊ NUCL_CRAN_PORO =/0.0
[DEFECT]

/ c0 [R]
◊ NUCL_CRAN_INIT =/0.05
[DEFECT]

/ κi [R]
◊ NUCL_CRAN_FIN =/0.15
[DEFECT]

/ κf [R]
◊ NUCL_EPSI_PENTE =/0.0
[DEFECT]

/ b0 [R]
◊ NUCL_EPSI_INIT = /0.80
[DEFECT]

/ E cp [R]
♦ PORO_INIT = f0
[R]
♦ Q1 = q1
[R]
♦ Q2 = q2
[R]
◊ COAL_PORO =/0.0
[DEFECT]

/ fc [R]
◊ COAL_ACCE = /1.0
[DEFECT]

/ δc [R]
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)

Operands
The phase of germination of cavities (nucleation in English, from where the prefix NUCL in the
keywords) is modelled by a contribution to porosity, noted f nuc, the other contribution being related to
the growth of the cavities f growth :
ḟ = ḟ growth + ḟ nuc ; ḟ growth=( 1− f ) tr Ėp avec f (0)= f 0

evolution of the porosity of germination is function of the variable of work hardening κ and of the
plastic deformation cumulated according to the following incremental model:

[ ) ] + κ −κ χ
2
fN 1 κ−κ N c0
f˙ nuc=B n ( κ ) κ̇+b0 Ė eq
p p
H (E eq −E cp ) ; B n (κ)=
sN √ 2 π
exp −
2 (
sN f i
[κi ; κf ]

where H indicate the function of Heaviside (worthless for a strictly negative argument, equal to 1
for a positive argument) and χ I the function characteristic of a unit I (equalizes to 1 in I ,
worthless elsewhere).
In the absence of declaration of the parameters of germination, the function B and b 0 are no oneS so
thatthere is not then pas de germination.

The growth of cavity is described by the evolution of the plasticity, controlled by a function threshold
which is based on an equivalent constraint T * . The latter is implicitly defined by the following
equation, in which T indicate LE tensor constraint suitable for kinematics GDEF_LOG :
T eq 2 3 TH
( )
T* (
+2 q 1 f * cosh q 2
2 T* )
−1−q 1 f * =0

where T eq indicate the equivalent constraint of von Mises and T H one the third of the trace of T .

Lastly, coalescence results in an acceleration of the evolution of effective porosity f * according to the
following relation:

{
si f ≤f c f *=f
si f > f c f *=f c +δ c (f −f c )
There still, there will be no mechanism of coalescence ( f * =f ) if the corresponding parameters are
not indicated.

5.3 Keywords VENDOCHAB / VENDOCHAB_FO

Definition of the coefficients of the viscoplastic model with scalar damage of Chaboche confer
[R5.03.15]). It is a multiplicative behavior with work hardening-viscosity coupled to isotropic damage.
Briefly, the relations are:

{
σ =( 1−D ) A ε e et ε e =ε −ε th−ε p
3 ~ ṙ
ε˙p = ṗ σσeq avec ṗ=
2 ( 1−D )
N

(σ −S ( 1−D )
ṙ = eq
( 1−D ) Kr 1 / M
R
)
χ (σ )
( ) ( 1−D )
−k ( χ (σ ))
Ḋ=
A

with D , the scalar variable of isotropic damage and:

χ (σ )=α J 0 ( σ ) + β J 1 (σ ) +( 1−α −β ) J 2 ( σ )
where:
J 0 ( σ ) is the maximum principal constraint
J 1 ( σ ) =Tr ( σ )
J 2 (σ )=σ eq
〈 x 〉 : positive part of x , ~
σ diverter of the constraints and  eq the constraint of Von Mises.

5.3.1 Syntax
| /VENDOCHAB =
/ VENDOCHAB_FO = _F (
♦ SY = SY,
[R]
or [function]
♦ ALPHA_D = alpha,
[R] or [function]
♦ BETA_D = beta,
[R] or [function]
♦ A_D = AD,
[R] or [function]
♦ R_D = rd,
[R] or [function]
♦ K_D = kd
[R] or [function]
)
The table below summarizes the correspondences between the symbols of the equations and the
keywords ofAster.
Symbol in the
Parameter material Keyword in Aster
equations
Threshold of viscoplasticity S ‘SY’

Coefficient 1 of the equivalent constraint of creep α ‘ALPHA_D’

Coefficient 2 of the equivalent constraint of creep β ‘BETA_D’

Coefficient of the law of damage A ‘A_D’

First exhibitor of the law of damage R ‘R_D’

Second exhibitor of the law of damage k [ χ [σ ] ] ‘K_D’

Note:
The parameter K_D can be defined like a constant, a function of a parameter ‘TEMP’ or a
tablecloth (variable of temperature and constraint ( χσ
) ). In this case, to use DEFI_NAPPE
with like first parameter ‘TEMP’ for the temperature in ° C and like second parameter ‘X’
(obligatory) for the constraints in MPa . If K_D depends only on ( χσ
) , it is necessary to
use DEFI_NAPPE in any event while introducing for example two time same data file in constraint
for two values different from the temperature.

5.4 Keywords VISC_ENDO / VISC_ENDO_FO

Definition of the coefficients of the viscoplastic model of Lemaître with scalar damage
VISC_ENDO_LEMA cf [R5.03.15]), which corresponds to a simplified and optimized version model
VENDOCHAB (cf [U4,51,11]).

{(
σ =( 1−D ) A ε e et ε e =ε −ε th −ε p
3 ~ ṙ
ε˙ p= ṗ σσeq avec ṗ=
2 ( 1−D )
N
σ eq
ṙ =
( 1−D)
Kr
−σ y
1/ M )
Ḋ=
σ eq
(
A ( 1− D ) )
R

Syntax
| /VISC_ENDO =
/ VISC_ENDO_FO = _F (
♦ SY = sy
[R] or [function]
♦ A_D = AD,
[R] or [function]
♦ R_D = rd,
[R] or [function]
)

The table below summarizes the correspondences between the symbols of the equations and the
keywords ofAster.
Symbol in the
Parameter material Keyword in Aster
equations
Threshold of viscoplasticity y ‘SY’ σ
Coefficient of the law of damage A ‘A_D’

First exhibitor of the law of damage R ‘R_D’

5.5 WordSkeyS HAYHURST and HAYHURST_FO

Definition of the coefficients of the viscoplastic model of Hayhurst, to describe the élasto-viscoplastic
behavior of the austenitic steels, with a scalar damage in hyperbolic sine, function of the maximum
principal constraint, an isotropic work hardening and a viscous law in hyperbolic sine:

{
σ =( 1−D ) C ε e et ε e =ε −ε th −ε p
kc
3 ~
ε˙p = ṗ σσ avec ṗ=ε˙0 sinh
2 eq (
σ eq (1−H )
K ( 1− D ) (1−ϕ ) ) avec ϕ̇=
3
(1−ϕ )4

si S_EQUI_D=0 Ḋ= Ȧ0 sinh( α < σ > +σσ (1−α ) )

I +
0
eq

α < tr (σ )> + σ (1−α )

si S_EQUI_D=1 Ḋ= Ȧ sinh (
0 σ
+
) eq
0

H =H 1 + H 2
h
Ḣ i=σi ( H *i −δ i H i) ṗ i=1,2
eq

5.5.1 Syntax
| /HAYHURST = _F (
♦ EPS0 = ε˙0 [R]
♦ K = K, [R]
♦ H1 = h1 , [R]
♦ H2 = h2 , [R]
♦ DELTA1 = δ1 , [R]
♦ DELTA2 = δ2 , [R]
*
♦ H1ST = H , 1
[R]
*
♦ H2ST = H , 2
[R]
♦ BIGA = Ȧ0 , [R]
♦ SIG0 = σ0 , [R]
◊ ALPHAD = / 0 [DEFECT]

/ α
[R]
◊ KC = / 0
[DEFECT]
/ kc , [R]

◊ S_EQUI_D = / 0 [DEFECT]

/ 1
[R]
)

| /HAYHURST_ FO = _F (
♦ EPS0 = ˙0 [function]
♦ K = K, [function]
♦ H1 = h1 , [function]
♦ H2 = h2 , [function]
♦ DELTA1 = 1 , [function]
♦ DELTA2 = 2 , [function]
*
♦ H1ST = H , 1
[function]
*
♦ H2ST = H , 2
[function]
♦ BIGA = Ȧ0 , [[function]
♦ SIG0 = 0 , [function]
♦ ALPHAD = ,
[function]
♦ KC = kc , [function]
◊ S_EQUI_D = / 0 [DEFECT]

/ 1 [R]

5.6 Keyword factor RUPT_FRAG, RUPT_FRAG_FO

The theory of the rupture of Frankfurt and Marigo makes it possible to model the appearance and the
propagation of cracks in brittle fracture. It is based on the criterion of Griffith who compares the elastic
restitution of energy and the energy dissipated during the creation of a fissured surface, provided by
the keyword GC. In fact the concepts are used to describe the rupture in the models of cohesive zones,
with the help of the definition of other concepts specific to certain laws. RUPT_FRAG is the keyword
used to define the parameters materials of the cohesive laws of behavior, CZM_* (except for
CZM_TRA_MIX and CZM_LAB_MIX) (see [R7.02.11]).

5.6.1 Syntax
◊ | / RUPT_FRAG = _F (
♦ GC =
gc, [R]
◊ SIGM_C =
sigm, [R]
◊ PENA_ADHERENCE = pad,
[R]
◊ PENA_CONTACT =
/pco, [R]

/1. , [DEFECT]
◊ PENA_LAGR = /pla
[R]

/100. , [DEFECT]
◊ RIGI_GLIS =
/pgl, [R]

/10. , [DEFECT]
◊ KINEMATICS =
/‘UNILATER’, [DEFECT]

/‘GLIS_2D’, [TXM]

/‘GLIS_1D’, [TXM]
)
/ RUPT_FRAG_FO =_F (
♦ GC =
gc, [function]
◊ SIGM_C =
sigm, [function]
◊ PENA_ADHERENCE = pad,
[function]
PENA_CONTACT = pco,
[function]
◊ PENA_LAGR = /pla
[R]

/100. , [DEFECT]
◊ RIGI_GLIS =
/pgl, [R]

/10. , [DEFECT]
◊ KINEMATICS =
/‘UNILATER’, [DEFECT]

/‘GLIS_2D’, [TXM]
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/‘GLIS_1D’, [TXM]
)

Operand G_C
Dissipated energy is proportional to the surface of crack created, the proportionality factor being the
density of energy critical of material G c .

5.6.2 Operand SIGM_C

Critical stress in the beginning from which the crack will open and the constraint between the lips to
decrease.

5.6.3 Operand PENA_ADHERENCE

Small parameter of regularization of the constraint in zero (for more details to see [R7.02.11]).

Note:
Parameters SIGM_C and PENA_ADHERENCE are only obligatory in the case as of modelings
xxx_JOINT . They are not used for the criterion of Griffith, this is why they appear optional
on the level of the catalogue.

5.6.4 Operand PENA_CONTACT

Small parameter of regularization of the contact.

5.6.5 Operands PENA_LAGR and RIGI_GLIS

Parameter of penalization of Lagrangian ( pla≥1.01 ) and rigidity in mode of slip.
Operand KINEMATICS
Determine the modes of opening authorized by the law of interface for the law CZM_TAC_MIX .
‘UNILATER’ mean that two volumes on both sides of the interface cannot interpenetrate,
‘GLIS_2D’ that two volumes can only slide in the tangent plan with the interface, and ‘GLIS_1D’
that it can slide only in only one direction.

The tangent reference mark considered is defined via the keyword factor SOLID MASS of
AFFE_CARA_ELEM [U4.42.01]. In the case of a unidimensional slip, the only direction of possible slip
is defined by the second vector of the swivelled reference mark ( Oy ).

5.7 Keyword factor NON_LOCAL

This keyword factor makes it possible to inform the characteristics necessary to the use of nonlocal models of
behavior for which the answer of material is not defined any more at the level of the material point but in that of
the structure, to also see AFFE_MODELE [U4.41.01] and [R5.04].

Syntax
| NON_LOCAL = _F (
◊ LONG_CARA =
length, [R]
◊ C_GRAD_VARI = length,
[R]
◊ COEF_RIGI_MINI =
coeff, [R]
◊ C_GONF
= gonf, [R]

5.7.1 Operands LONG_CARA/C_GRAD_VARI/COEF_RIGI_MINI/C_GONF/PENA_LAGR

LONG_CARA = long
Determine the length characteristic or scale length internal to material. With not using with the laws of
nonlocal damage with gradient of damage GRAD_VARI.

C_GRAD_VARI = long
Parameter of nonlocality for the formulation with gradient of variable internal, present in the free

energy in the form c /2 ( ∇ a ) 2 . It determines the length characteristic of the zone of damage.
With to use exclusively with the laws of nonlocal damage with gradient of damage GRAD_VARI.

COEF_RIGI_MINI = coeff
With as for him an algorithmic role since it fixes, for the models of damage which degrade the rigidity
of material, the proportion of initial rigidity (module DE Young) defines under ELAS (0,1% for example)
in on this side which one stops the damage mechanism: this residual rigidity makes it possible to
preserve the character posed well of the elastic problem.

C_GONF = gonf
In the model of Rousselier, the lenitive character is carried by the porosity which has an effect purelies
hydrostatic. To control the localization, the idea is to only regularize the problem on this part and thus
to regularize the variable of swelling if one uses modeling INCO_UPG.

PENA_LAGR = pena
Parameter of penalization used for modelings with gradients of internal variables ( _GRAD_VARI ) and
second gradient ( _DIL ), which makes it possible to control coincidence between a field with the
nodes (degrees of freedom specific to nonthe room) and a field at the points of Gauss (variable intern
or deformation).
A value by default of 1000 is established. For modeling _DIL it is disadvised decreasing this value
(loss of precision for the resolution). For modeling GRAD_VARI this parameter corresponds to the

multiplier r quadratic term of penalization in the free energy: r /2 ( α −a ) 2 . It is to user to

adjust his value according to the law used.

PENA_LAGR_INCO = pena_inco
Parameter of penalization used for modelings with gradients of internal variables in great
deformations ( _GRAD_INCO ), which allows to reinforce the kinematic relation between the degree of
freedom of swelling and the change of volume seen of the deformation. Digital tests in the case of a
ductile problem of rupture result in recommending a value DE the order of ten time initial elastic limit.
A value too low (or zero) can involve the appearance of plastic bands of localization. A too strong
value leads to digital locking of incompressibility which this enriched kinematics precisely seeks to
limit.

5.8 Keyword factor CZM_LAB_MIX

This keyword factor makes it possible to specify the parameters of the law of steel-concrete interface
CZM_LAB_MIX (see [R7.02.11]).

5.8.1 Syntax
| CZM_LAB_MIX = _F (
♦ SIGM_C = sigm, [R]
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♦ GLIS_C = glis, [R]
◊ ALPHA = /alpha, [R]
/0.5, [DEFECT]
◊ BETA = /beta, [R]
/1. , [DEFECT]
◊ PENA_LAGR = /pla [R]
/100. , [DEFECT]
◊ KINEMATICS = /‘GLIS_1D’, [DEFECT]
/‘GLIS_2D’, [TXM]
/‘UNILATER’, [TXM]
)

5.8.2 Operand SIGM_C

Bearable maximum constraint by the steel-concrete interface.

5.8.3 Operand GLIS_C

Slip for which the constraint with the interface is maximum.

5.8.4 Operand ALPHA and BETA

Parameters of form of the law of steel-concrete adherence. alpha vary typically between 0 and 1,
while beta is positive.

5.8.5 Operands PENA_LAGR

Parameter of penalization of Lagrangian ( pla≥1.01 ).

5.8.6 Operand KINEMATICS

Determine the modes of slip authorized by the law of interface. ‘UNILATER’ mean that two volumes
on both sides of the interface cannot interpenetrate, ‘GLIS_2D’ that two volumes can only slide in
the tangent plan with the interface, and ‘GLIS_1D’ that it can slide only in only one direction.

5.9 Keyword factor RUPT_DUCT

ItS characteristics of material are intendedbe to define the behavior of a ductile cohesive crack with
the law of behavior CZM_TRA_MIX to see [R7.02.11].

5.9.1 Syntax
◊ | / RUPT_DUCT = _F (
♦ GC =
gc, [R]
♦ SIGM_C =
sigm, [R]
♦ COEF_EXTR =
coee, [R]
♦ COEF_PLAS =
coep, [R]
◊ PENA_LAGR = /pla
[R]
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/100. , [DEFECT]
◊ RIGI_GLIS =
/pgl, [R]

/10. , [DEFECT]
)

5.9.2 Operand G_C

Dissipated energy is proportional to the surface of crack created, the proportionality factor being the
density of energy critical of material Gc .

5.9.3 Operand SIGM_C

Critical stress in the beginning from which the crack will open.

5.9.4 Operands COEF_EXTR and COEF_PLAS

Parameters of form of the cohesive law CZM_TRA_MIX to see [R7.02.11].

5.9.5 Operands PENA_LAGR and RIGI_GLIS

Parameter of penalization of Lagrangian ( pla≥.01 ) and rigidity in mode of slip.

5.10 Keyword factor RANKINE

The simplified modeling of joints of the concrete dams is pressed on this material [R7.01.39]. It is
about a criterion of perfect plasticity in traction relating to the components of the principal constraints:
σi =1,2,3 ≤σ t . When a principal constraint reaches the value threshold σ t , the joint opens in this
direction. It should be noted that the plastic deformation thus created is not reversible, the model thus
does not make it possible to represent refermeture of the joint and is valid only on one way of
monotonous loading.

5.10.1 Syntax
◊ | RANKINE = _F (
♦ SIGMA_T
= sigm, [R]
)

5.10.2 Operand SIGMA_T

Threshold in traction (positive value).

5.11 Keyword factor JOINT_MECA_RUPT

The modeling of joints of the stoppings rests on itS characteristics of material, cf. [R7.01.25]. The
hydrostatic pressure due to the possible presence of fluid in the joint is taken into account. Two
industrial procedures are also implemented: keying-up - the injection of the concrete under pressure
enters the studs of the work and sawing – the sawing of stopping in order to slacken the compressive
stresses. This keyword material is used by the law of behavior of the same name:
JOINT_MECA_RUPT.

5.11.1 Syntax
◊ | JOINT_MECA_RUPT = _F (
♦ K_N =
kN, [R]
◊ K_T =
kt, [R]
♦ SIGM_MAX =
sigm, [R]
◊ ALPHA =
/alpha, [R]

/1. , [DEFECT]
◊ PENA_RUPTURE = pru,
[R]
◊ PENA_CONTACT =
/pco, [R]

/1. , [DEFECT]
◊ PRES_FLUID = pflu
[function]
◊ PRES_CLAVAGE =
pcla, [function]
◊ SAWING = sawed,
[function]
◊ RHO_FLUIDE = rho,
[R]
◊ VISC_FLUIDE = vflu
[R]

5.11.2 Operand K_N

Normal rigidity in traction.

5.11.3 Operand K_T

Tangential rigidity.

5.11.4 Operand SIGM_MAX

Maximum critical stress from which the crack opens and the constraint between the lips decrease. This
constraint is often called tensile strength.

5.11.5 Operand ALPHA

Parameter of regularization of the tangential damage. The critical length of opening from which
tangential rigidity falls towards zero is as follows defined:
LCT =L C tan ( ALPHA π /4)
Operand PENA_RUPTURE
Parameter of brittle smoothing of fracture. The maximum opening before the complete rupture is
given by LC =SIGM _ MAX 1PENA _ RUPTURE/ K _ N

5.11.6 Operand PENA_CONTACT

Relationship between normal rigidity in compression and traction.

5.11.7 Operand PRES_FLUIDE

Pressure on the lips of the crack due to the presence of fluid (function which can depend on
geometrical coordinates or the moment). Only valid with modelings mechanical joint: *_JOINT, and
incompatible with RHO_FLUIDE, VISC_FLUIDE and OUV_MIN.

5.11.8 Operand PRES_CLAVAGE

Concrete pressure injected into the joint during the phase of keying-up (function which can depend on
geometrical coordinates or the moment). Only valid with modelings mechanical joint: *_JOINT, and
incompatible with RHO_FLUIDE, VISC_FLUIDE and OUV_MIN.

5.11.9 Operand SAWING

Size of saw used during the phase of sawing. Only valid with modelings mechanical joint: *_JOINT,
and incompatible with RHO_FLUIDE, VISC_FLUIDE and OUV_MIN.

5.11.10Operand RHO_FLUIDE
Density of the fluid (real positive [mass]/[volume]), only valid for hydro-mechanical coupled
modelings: *_JOINT_HYME and incompatible with PRES_FLUIDE and PRES_CLAVAGE

5.11.11Operand VISC_FLUIDE
Dynamic viscosity of the fluid (real strictly positive [pressure]. [time]), only valid for hydro-mechanical
coupled modelings: *_JOINT_HYME and incompatible with PRES_FLUIDE and PRES_CLAVAGE.

Operand OUV_MIN
Opening of regularization at a peak of crack (strictly positive reality [length]), only valid for hydro-
mechanical coupled modelings: *_JOINT_HYME and incompatible with PRES_FLUIDE and
PRES_CLAVAGE .

5.12 Keyword factor JOINT_MECA_FROT

The modeling of friction between the joints of the stoppings is pressed on this material [R7.01.25]. The
hydrostatic pressure due to the possible presence of fluid in the joint is taken into account. It is an
elastoplastic version of the law Mohr-Coulomb, which depends on five parameters. Two elastic
parameters: tangential stiffness and normal stiffness. Two parameters characterizing the function
threshold: adherence and the coefficient of friction. More one parameter of regularization of the
tangent matrix in slip. A procedure industrial is also implemented: the sawing of stopping in order to
slacken the compressive stresses. This keyword material is used by the law of behavior of the same
name: JOINT_MECA_FROT.

5.12.1 Syntax
◊ | JOINT_MECA_FROT = _F (
♦ K_N = kN, [R]
◊ K_T = kt, [R]
♦ DRIVEN = driven, [R]
◊ ADHESION = /c, [R]
/0. , [DEFECT]
◊ AMOR_NOR = year, [R]
◊ AMOR_TAN = At, [R]
◊ COEF_AMOR = that, [R]
◊ PENA_TANG = /pta, [R]
/kt *1E-6, [DEFECT]
◊ SAWING = sawed, [function]
◊ PRES_FLUID = pflu [function]
◊ RHO_FLUIDE = rho, [R]
◊ VISC_FLUIDE = vflu [R]
◊ OUV_MIN = oumi, [R]
)

5.12.2 Operand K_N

Normal rigidity.

5.12.3 Operand K_T

Tangential rigidity in the elastic range.

5.12.4 Operand DRIVEN

Coefficient of friction.

5.12.5 Operand ADHESION

Constraint of friction to worthless normal constraint. Tensile strength is given then by:
RT =C /
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5.12.6 Operand AMOR_NOR

Surface density of normal damping integrated on the surface of a face of element 3D_JOINT then
distributed like characteristic of discrete on each segment uniting each couple of nodes tops in with
respect to vis-a-vis the other of the element. These characteristics are affected with their full value
only if the element of joint is in compression: maybe if the seventh component of variable interns
behavior JOINT_MECA_FROT is negative.
The unit is thus (in IF): Pa.s.m-1

5.12.7 Operand AMOR_TAN

Surface density of tangential damping integrated on the surface of a face of element 3D_JOINT then
distributed like characteristic of discrete on each segment uniting each couple of nodes tops in with
respect to vis-a-vis the other of the element. These characteristics are affected with their full value
only if the element of joint is in compression: maybe if the seventh component of variable interns
behavior JOINT_MECA_FROT is negative.
The unit is thus (in IF): Pa.s.m-1

5.12.8 Operand COEF_AMOR

If the element of joint is not in compression when the seventh component of variable interns behavior
JOINT_MECA_FROT is not negative, the preceding characteristics of damping normal or tangential are
not affected with their full value but with a coefficient indicated by the keyword COEF_NOR.

5.12.9 Operand PENA_TANG

Parameter of regularization of the tangent matrix in slip, is introduced to make the matrix tangent
elementary invertible. One fixes it by default at a small value compared to tangent rigidity. If the
structure is subjected to very important slips, it should be checked that calculation is not sensitive to
the value of this parameter.

5.12.10 Operand SAWING

Size of saw used during the phase of sawing. Only valid with modelings mechanical joint: *_JOINT,
and incompatible with RHO_FLUIDE, VISC_FLUIDE and OUV_MIN.

Operand PRES_FLUIDE

5.12.11 Operand RHO_FLUIDE

Density of the fluid (real positive [mass]/[volume]), only valid for hydro-mechanical coupled
modelings: *_JOINT_HYME and incompatible with PRES_FLUIDE .

5.12.12 Operand VISC_FLUIDE

Dynamic viscosity of the fluid (real strictly positive in units of [pressure]. [time]), only valid for hydro-
mechanical coupled modelings: *_JOINT_HYME and incompatible with PRES_FLUIDE .

5.12.13 Operand OUV_MIN

Opening of regularization at a peak of crack (strictly positive reality [length]), only valid for hydro-
mechanical coupled modelings: *_JOINT_HYME and incompatible with PRES_FLUIDE.

5.13 Keyword factor CORR_ACIER

The law CORR_ACIER is a model of behavior of the steel, subjected to corrosion in the reinforced
concrete structures. This model is developed in 1D and elastoplastic 3D endommageable with
isotropic work hardening and is based on the model of Lemaître, cf. [R7.01.20].

σ eq

{
−R ( p ) −σ y > 0
1−D
3 λ̇ σ ~
ε˙p = D=0 , if not Dc
2 1−D σ eq . In the plastic range D= ( p− p D )
ṙ =λ̇ = ṗ ( 1− D)
p R− p D
R=kp 1/ m
5.13.1 Syntax
◊ | CORR_ACIER = _F (
♦ D_CORR = cd.,
[R]
♦ ECRO_K = K,
[R]
♦ ECRO_M = m,
[R]
♦ SY =
sy [R]
)

5.13.2 Operand D_CORR

Critical coefficient of damage.

Operands ECRO_K, ECRO_M

Coefficients of the law of work hardening R=kp 1/ m .

5.13.3 Operand SY
Initial elastic limit, noted  y in the equations.
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5.14 Keyword factor ENDO_HETEROGENE

Lbe characteristic of law ENDO_HETEROGENE who is an isotropic model of damage representing the
formation and the propagation of the cracks are described in [R5.03.24]. The presence of crack in the
structure is modelled by lines of broken elements ( d =1 ). The rupture of the elements can be caused
either by the starting of a new crack, or by propagation. This law is adapted to heterogeneous
materials (for example clay).

5.14.1 Syntax
◊ | ENDO_HETEROGENE = _F (
♦ WEIBULL = W,
[R]
♦ SY =
sy, [R]
♦ KI =
ki, [R]
♦ EPAI = ep,
[R]
◊ GR. =
/gr, [R]

/1. , [DEFECT]
)

5.14.2 Operand WEIBULL

Parameter associated with the model with Weibull.

5.14.3 Operand SY

Initial elastic limit, noted σy in the equations.

5.14.4 Operand KI
Tenacity K IC .

5.14.1 Operand EPAI

Thickness of the sample represented. Attention, if this value is purely geometrical, it is necessary for
this law of behavior.

5.14.2 Operand GR.

Seed of random pulling defining the initial defects. Allows to get a single result for each command file.
If the seed is worthless, pulling will be really random and will differ with each launching. By default, the
value is equal to 1.

5.15 Keyword factor RUPT_FM

The law RUPT_FM allows to define the critical tenacity of a material like criterion depend on the
temperature

5.15.1 Syntax
◊ | RUPT_FM = _F (
♦ KIC = kic,
[fonction_sdaster]
)

5.15.2 Operand KIC

Critical function of tenacity depending on the temperature, generally expressed in MPa √ ( m) . The
user will have to pay attention to the coherence of the units used by this function. For example in
units IF ( Pa , m ) it will be necessary to return a function in Pa √ (m) , or for units engineer ( MPa ,
mm ), it will be necessary to return a function in MPa √ (mm) .

6 CaracteristicS thermics
The various thermal behaviors are excluded mutually.

6.1 Keywords factor THER, THER_FO

Definition of the constant linear thermal characteristics or function defined by a concept of the type
function parameter ‘INST’.

6.1.1 Syntax
/ THER = _F (
◊ RHO_CP = CP,
[R]
♦ LAMBDA = lambda
[R]
)
/ THER_FO = _F (
◊ RHO_CP = CP,
[function]
♦ LAMBDA = lambda
[function]
)

6.1.2 Operands LAMBDA / RHO_CP

LAMBDA = lambda
Isotropic thermal conductivity.

RHO_CP = CP
Voluminal heat with constant pressure (voluminal specific heat and bulk product). It is the coefficient
appearing in the equation:
cp Ṫ −div   . grad T = f

6.2 Keyword factor THER_ORTH

Definition of the thermal characteristics for an orthotropic material.

The reader will be able to refer to following documentations:

[U4.42.03] DEFI_COMPOSITE
[U4.42.01] AFFE_CARA_ELEM

to define the longitudinal direction associated with the hulls or the nonisotropic 3D.

Syntax
| THER_ORTH = _F (
◊ RHO_CP = CP,
[R]
♦ LAMBDA_L = lal,
[R]
♦ LAMBDA_T = lat,
[R]
◊ LAMBDA_N = lan,
[R]
)

6.2.1 Operands LAMBDA/RHO_CP

LAMBDA_L = lal
Thermal conductivity in the longitudinal direction.

LAMBDA_T = lat
Thermal conductivity in the transverse direction.

LAMBDA_N = lan
Thermal conductivity in the normal direction.

RHO_CP = CP
Voluminal heat.

6.3 Keyword factor THER_NL

Allows to describe the thermal characteristics depending on the temperature. The formulation utilizes
the voluminal enthalpy (cf [R5.02.02]).
̇−div    T  . grad T  = f

6.3.1 Syntax
/ THER_NL = _F (
/ ◊ BETA = beta,
[function]
/ RHO_CP = CP ,
[function]
♦ LAMBDA = lambda,
[function]
)

6.3.2 Operands AVERAGE BETA// RHO_CP

BETA = beta
Voluminal enthalpy function of the temperature. For the enthalpy, the prolongations of the function are
necessarily linear.

RHO_CP = CP
Voluminal heat.
If the enthalpy is not provided by the user, it will be calculated by integration of RHO_CP and will not be
prolonged on the left. RHO_CP must thus be defined on all the beach of calculation what means that
the prolongation on the left RHO_CP is ignored for the estimate of the enthalpy.

LAMBDA = lambda
Thermal conductivity isotropic function of the temperature.

Note:
It is not possible to use a formula for these three parameters of material because the algorithm
needs in calculationer of many times the derivative, which is more easily accessible for a linear
function per pieces. Thus, the user, if it wishes to use a formula rather than a function, owes
initially the tabuler with the assistance the order CALC_FONC_INTERP .

6.4 Keywords factor THER_COQUE, THER_COQUE_FO

Allows to define membrane and transverse conductivities and the heat capacity for homogenized
heterogeneous thermal hulls.

Directions 1 and 2 indicate those of plan of the plate, direction 3 is perpendicular. It is admitted that
the tensor of conductivity in each point is diagonal and that its eigenvalues are l1, l2 and l3. The
coefficients are thus defined by the user in the reference mark of orthotropism of the plate.

The code makes then the change of reference mark to find the correct values in the reference mark of
the element.

6.4.1 Syntax
/ THER_COQUE
/ THER_COQUE_FO = _F (
♦ COND_LMM = a1111, [R] or [function]
♦ COND_TMM = a2211, [R] or [function]
♦ COND_LMP = a1111, [R] or [function]
♦ COND_TMP = a2211, [R] or [function]
♦ COND_LPP = a1111, [R] or [function]
♦ COND_TPP = a2211, [R] or [function]
♦ COND_LSI = a1111, [R] or [function]
♦ COND_TSI = a2211, [R] or [function]
♦ COND_NMM = b1, [R] or
[function]
♦ COND_NMP = b12, [R] or
[function]
♦ COND_NPP = b22, [R] or
[function]
♦ COND_NSI = b23, [R] or
[function]
◊ CMAS_MM = c11, [R] or
[function]
◊ CMAS_MP = c12, [R] or
[function]
◊ CMAS_PP = c22, [R] or
[function]
◊ CMAS_SI = c23, [R] or
[function]
)

6.4.2 Operands
COND_LMM/COND_LMP/COND_LPP/COND_LSI/COND_TMM/COND_TMP/COND_TPP/
COND_TSI
P1, P2, P3 the functions of interpolation of the temperature in the thickness indicate.
If has is the matrix of surface average conductivity defined in the note [R3.11.01], one has then for
the membrane tensor of conductivity.
COND_LMM = a1111
term related to the integral of l1*P1*P1
COND_LMP = a1112
term related to the integral of l1*P1*P2
COND_LPP = a1122
term related to the integral of l1*P2*P2
COND_LSI = a1123
term related to the integral of l1*P2*P3
COND_TMM = a2211
term related to the integral of l2*P1*P1
COND_TMP = a2212
term related to the integral of l2*P1*P2
COND_TPP = a2222
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term related to the integral of l2P2P2

COND_TSI = a2223
term related to the integral of l2*P2*P3

Operands COND_NMM/COND_NMP/COND_NPP/COND_NSI
If B is the tensor which describes transverse conduction and the exchanges on surfaces  + and  - ,
defined in the note [R3.11.01], one has for the transverse tensor of conductivity:
COND_NMM = b11
term related to the integral of l3*P1*P1
COND_NMP = b12
term related to the integral of l3*P1*P2
COND_NPP = b22
term related to the integral of l3*P2*P2
COND_NSI = b23
term related to the integral of l3*P2*P3

6.4.3 Operands CMAS_MM/CMAS_MP/CMAS_PP/CMAS_SI

One has finally for the tensor of heat capacity.
CMAS_MM = c11
term related to the integral of RHOCP*P1*P1
CMAS_MP = c12
term related to the integral of RHOCP*P1*P2
CMAS_PP = c22
term related to the integral of RHOCP*P2*P2
CMAS_SI = c23
term related to the integral of RHOCP*P2*P3

6.5 Keyword factor THER_NL_ORTH

Identical to THER_NL, permetsuch an amount of to describe the thermal characteristics depending on
the temperature, this material authorize in more the definition of thermal characteristics for an
orthotropic material, being able themselves to depend on the temperature.

The reader will be able to refer to following documentations:

[U4.42.03] DEFI_COMPOSITE
[U4.42.01] AFFE_CARA_ELEM
to define the longitudinal direction associated with the hulls or the nonisotropic 3D.

6.5.1 Syntax
| THER_NL_ORTH = _F (
/ ◊ BETA = beta,
[function]
/ RHO_CP = CP ,
[function]
♦ LAMBDA_L = lal, [function]
♦ LAMBDA_T = lat, [function]
◊ LAMBDA_N = lan, [function]
)
6.5.2 Operands AVERAGE BETA// RHO_CP
BETA = beta
Voluminal enthalpy function of the temperature. For the enthalpy, the prolongations of the function are
necessarily linear.

LAMBDA_L = lal
Thermal conductivity in the longitudinal direction.

LAMBDA_T = lat
Thermal conductivity in the transverse direction.

LAMBDA_N = lan
Thermal conductivity in the normal direction.

Note:
It is not possible to use a formula for these parameters of material because the algorithm needs
in calculationer of many times the derivative, which is more easily accessible for a linear function
per pieces. Thus, the user, if it wishes to use a formula rather than a function, owes initially the
tabuler with the assistance the order CALC_FONC_INTERP .

7 CaracteristicS specific to the concretes

7.1 Keyword factor THER_HYDR
Allows to define the behavior associated with the hydration with the concrete.
The hydration of the concrete is a phenomenon which is accompanied by a heat emission depend on
the temperature [R7.01.12].

}
d d  T 
div q=Q s éq 7.1-1
dt dt
q=− grad T
d
=AFF   , T  éq 7.1-2
dt

7.1.1 Syntax
| THER_HYDR = _F (
♦ LAMBDA =
lambda, [function]
◊ BETA = beta,
[function]
♦ AFFINITY = AFF,
[function]
♦ CHALHYDR = Q,
[R]
)

7.1.2 Operands LAMBDA / BETA

LAMBDA = average
Thermal conductivity isotropic function of the temperature.

BETA = beta
Voluminal enthalpy function of the temperature. The prolongations are has minimum linear, the
voluminal enthalpy being able to be defined as the integral of voluminal heat.

7.1.3 Operand AFFINITY

AFFINITY = AFF
Function of the degree of hydration and the temperature. In general, one uses:
Ea
AFF   , T = A    exp −   Ea
RT
with QSR_K=
R
the constant of Arrhenius expressed in

Kelvin degree, and With determined by a calorimetric test of the concrete (function of the size HYDR).

7.1.4 Operand CHAL_HYDR

CHAL_HYDR = Q
Heat released per unit of hydration (presumedly constant), this function depends on the type of
concrete.

7.2 Keyword factor SECH_GRANGER

Definition of the parameters characterizing the coefficient of diffusion D (C , T ) intervening in the

nonlinear equation of drying proposed by Granger (cf [R7.01.12]). These characteristics are constants,
while the coefficient of diffusion depends on the variable of calculation, i.e. the concentration C
current out of water, (as thermal conductivity depended on the temperature).

7.2.1 Syntax
| SECH_GRANGER =_F (
♦ With = has,
[R]
♦ B = B,
[R]
♦ QSR_K = QsR ,
[R]
♦ TEMP_0_C = T0,
[R]
)

7.2.2 Operands With / B / QSR_K / TEMP_0_C

These coefficients make it possible to express the coefficient of diffusion in its form most usually used
in the literature and suggested by Granger:

D ( C , T ) =a . e
( b .C ) T
e
[ ( )]
−
Q 1 1
−
R T T0

T0
A= has
−13 −13 2
Coefficient of diffusion varying from 0.5 10 and 2.10 m / s for the concrete.
B= B
Coefficient about 0.05 for the concrete.
QSR_K= QsR
QsR is worth in general 4700. K . ( R is the constant of perfect gases).
TEMP_0_C= T0
Temperature of reference in the law of Arrhenius. The temperature of reference T0 is in degrees
Celsius, and converted into Kelvin at the time of the resolution.

7.3 Keyword factor SECH_MENSI

Definition of the parameters characterizing the coefficient of diffusion intervening in the nonlinear
equation of drying proposed by Mensi (cf [R7.01.12]). These characteristics are constants, while the
coefficient of diffusion depends on the variable of calculation, i.e. the concentration C current out of
water, (as thermal conductivity depended on the temperature). It is a formulation simplified of the case
general, constituting the law of Mensi.

7.3.1 Syntax
| SECH_MENSI = _F (
♦ With = has,
[R]
♦ B = B,
[R]
)
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Operands With / B
These coefficients make it possible to express the coefficient of diffusion according to the law of
Mensi:

ε n−1 n−1
r −ε y
ξ=
ε ny −ε n−1
r

( b. C )
D ( C ) =a. e
A= has
−13 −13 2
Coefficient of diffusion varying from 0.5 .10 and 2.10 m / s for the concrete.
B= B
Coefficient about 0.05 for the concrete.

7.4 Keyword factor SECH_BAZANT

Definition of the parameters characterizing the coefficient of diffusion intervening in the nonlinear
equation of drying proposed by Bazant (confer [R7.01.12]). These characteristics are constants, while
the coefficient of diffusion depends on the variable of calculation, i.e. the concentration C current out
of water, (as thermal conductivity depended on the temperature). This formulation constitutes the law
of Bazant.

7.4.1 Syntax
| SECH_BAZANT = _F (
♦ D1 = d1,
[R]
♦ ALPHA_BAZANT = alpha,
[R]
♦ NR = N,
[R]
♦ FONC_DESORP = desorp ,
[function]
)

7.4.2 Operands D1 / ALPHA_BAZANT / NR / FONC_DESORP

These coefficients make it possible to express the coefficient of diffusion according to the law of
Bazant:

 
1−
D  h =d 1  n

1
1−h

1−0 . 75 
where h is the degree of hydration, related to the water concentration by the curve of desorption.

D1 = d1
−13 2
Coefficient of diffusion which is about 3.10 m / s for the concrete.
ALPHA_BAZANT = alpha
Coefficient varying from 0.025 with 0.1 for the concrete.
NR = N
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Exposing about 6 for the concrete.

FONC_DESORP = desorp
Curve of desorption, allowing to pass from the water concentration to the degree of hydration h.
Notice important:
desorp is a function of the variable of calculation, C , water concentration, which is comparable
for the resolution at a temperature, of type ‘TEMP’ .

7.5 Keyword factor SECH_NAPPE

The coefficient of diffusion, characterizing the nonlinear equation of drying, is expressed using a
tablecloth, function tabulée of the concentration out of water, variable of calculation, and temperature,
variable auxiliary of calculation, given in the form of a structure of data of the type evol_ther. For
the resolution of drying by the operator THER_NON_LINE, the water concentration is comparable at a
temperature, of type ‘TEMP’.

For the coherence of the data, parameters of the tablecloth, i.e. the variable of calculation and the
auxiliary variable cannot be of the same type. A new type of variable was added in DEFI_NAPPE, the
“type of the temperature calculated prior to drying”, ‘TSEC’, which corresponds indeed to a
temperature.

7.5.1 Syntax
| SECH_NAPPE = _F (
♦ FUNCTION = nom_fonc,
[function]
)

7.5.2 Operand FUNCTION

The coefficient of diffusion is expressed using a tabulée function of the parameters C and

T.
FUNCTION = nom_fonc
Name of the tablecloth.

7.6 Keyword factor PINTO_MENEGOTTO

Definitions of the coefficients of the relation of cyclic behavior of elastoplasticity of the steel
reinforcements in the reinforced concrete according to the model of Pinto-Menegotto (cf [R5.03.09]).
The initial traction diagram (beginning of the loading) is defined by:
• σ =E . ε as long as σ ≤σ y ; E defined under ELAS

σ =σ y σy
• for ≤ε ≤ε h
E
4

• = u−   u − y 
 
 u−
 u−h
for ε h≤ ε < ε u
(  cannot exceed u )

The curve s= f  e  with n ième cycle is defined by:

 *L =b *L 

Eh
1−b
1   L 
* R 1/ R

*L

with R=R0 −
a1 
a2 

and b= , E h : asymptotic slope of work hardening

E
n−1
* is defined by: *= − r .
where ε n
 y − r
n−1

n−1
* is defined by:  *= − r .
where
σ n
 y − r
n−1

Quantity ε ny is deduced from the cycle n−1 by:

 ny − nr −1
 ny = n−1
r 
E
 y = y . sign   n−1   H   n−1
r − y 
n n−1 n−1 n−1
y − r

The variable ξ is defined by:

where ε n−1
r
represent the deformation reached at the end of n−1 semi-cycle ème

and ε n−1
y , ε n
y
the deformations of end of linearity of the semi-cycles represent and n .

b represent is the value provided by the user (keyword EP_SUR_E) maybe, failing this:

EH  u − y
b= avec E H =
E 
 u− y
E
In the event of buckling, (if L/ D>5 ):
E
• in compression one replaces b by
b =a ( 5.0− L/ D ) e
( b ξ σ −σ )
'
y ∞
c

( ( −a6 ( ε n−1
r −ε y ) )
)
n−1
• in traction, a new slope is calculated with
E r =E a5 + ( 1.0−a 5 ) e
5− L/ D
a 5=1+ .
7.5

ξ ' represent the greatest “plastic excursion” during the loading: ξ ' =max ( ε nr −ε ny ) and
n
y
 ∞ =4
L/ D

b−bc 11−L/ D
In the case of buckling, one adds to
*
 ny the value  s= s b E =
with s .
1−bc
cL
10 e D −1  
7.6.1 Syntax
| PINTO_MENEGOTTO = _F (
♦ SY =
sigm, [R]
♦ EPSI_ULTM =
epsu, [R]
♦ SIGM_ULTM =
sigmu, [R]
◊ DASH = /
L/D , [R]

/ 4. , [DEFECT]
♦ EPSP_HARD =
epsh, [R]
◊ R_PM = /
R0, [R]

/ 20. , [DEFECT]
◊ EP_SUR_E =
B, [R]
◊ A1_PM = /
a1 , [R]

/ 18.5, [DEFECT]
◊ A2_PM = /
a2 , [R]

/ 0.15, [DEFECT]
◊ A6_PM = /
a6 , [R]

/ 620. , [DEFECT]
◊ C_PM = /
C, [R]

/ 0.5, [DEFECT]
◊ A_PM = /
has, [R]

/ 0,006 [DEFECT]
)
7.6.2 Operands
SY = sigm
Initial elastic limit, noted  y in the equations.

EPSI_ULTM = epsu, noted  u in the equations. Ultimate deformation.

SIGM_ULTM = sigmu, noted  u in the equations. Ultimate constraint.

◊ DASH = L/D
Twinge of the bar (>5: buckling).

EPSP_HARD = epsh , noted  h in the equations.

Deformation corresponding at the end of the plastic stage.

◊ EP_SUR_E = B
EH
Ratio slope of work hardening/Young modulus (if no value is given, one takes b= ).
E
A1_PM = a1
Coefficient defining the traction diagram of the model.

A2_PM = a2
Coefficient defining the traction diagram of the model.

A6_PM = a6
Coefficient defining the traction diagram of the model in the event of buckling.

C_PM = C used in  s
Coefficient defining the traction diagram of the model in the event of buckling.

A_PM = has
Coefficient defining the traction diagram of the model in the event of buckling.

R_PM =
Coefficient RO (20. by defaults).

The Young modulus E and the thermal dilation coefficient ALPHA are to be specified by the keywords
ELAS or ELAS_FO.

7.7 Keywords factor BPEL_BETON, BPEL_ACIER

Definition of the characteristics intervening in the model of behavior of the cables of prestressed within
the regulation framework of the BPEL [R7.01.02].
The linear elastic characteristics of the material concrete and the material steel must be
simultaneously defined under the keyword ELAS.

7.7.1 Syntax
| / BPEL_BETON = _F (
◊ PERT_FLUA = /
xflu, [R]

/ 0. , [DEFECT]
◊ PERT_RETR = /
xret, [R]

/ 0. [DEFECT]
)
/ BPEL_ACIER = _F (
◊ RELAX_1000 = /
rh1000, [R]

/ 0. , [DEFECT]
◊ MU0_RELAX = / mu0,
[R]

/ 0. , [DEFECT]

/ 0. , [DEFECT]
◊ FROT_LINE = / phi
, [R]

/ 0. [DEFECT]
)
7.7.2 Operands
Behavior: BPEL_BETON
Keyword factor for the definition of the parameters characteristic of the material concrete which
intervene in the estimate of the losses of tension along the cables of prestressing. This keyword factor
can be used only jointly with the keyword factor ELAS.

PERT_FLUA = xflu
Standard rate of loss of tension by creep of the concrete, compared to the initial tension.
Δ F flu =x flu . F 0 where F0 indicate the initial tension defines by DEFI_CABLE_BP.
[U4.42.04]
The value by default is 0: in this case, one does not take account of the losses of tension by creep of
the concrete.
Attention, this value will not be affected by the information of the coefficient of relieving R_J in
DEFI_CABLE_BP. The value xflu must thus take account of this effect (multiplication by
t
r (t)= , t corresponding to the date on which one wants to estimate the state of the
t+ 9 r m
structure and r m the average radius).

PERT_RETR = xret
Standard rate of loss of tension by shrinking of the concrete, compared to the initial tension.
Δ F ret = x ret . F 0 where F0 indicate the initial tension.
The value by default is 0: in this case, one does not take account of the losses of tension by shrinking
of the concrete.
Attention, this value will not be affected by the information of the coefficient of relieving R J in
DEFI_CABLE_BP. The value xret must thus take account of this effect (multiplication by
t
r (t)= , t corresponding to the date on which one wants to estimate the state of the
t+ 9 r m
structure and r m the average radius).

Behavior: BPEL_ACIER
Keyword factor for the definition of the parameters characteristic of the material steel which intervene
in the estimate of the losses of tension along the cables of prestressing. This keyword factor can be
used only jointly with the keyword factor ELAS.

RELAX_1000 = rh1000
Relieving of steel at 1000 hours, expressed in %.
The value by default is 0: in this case, one does not take account of the losses of tension by relieving
of steel.

MU0_RELAX = mu0
Adimensional coefficient of relieving of prestressed steel. The value by default is 0.

FROT_COURB = F
Coefficient of friction enters the cable and the sheath, partly curved, in rad – 1 . The value by default
is 0.

FROT_LINE = phi
Coefficient of friction per unit of length m−1 , partly right. The value by default is 0. Note:
FROT_LINE=FROT_COURB*PERT_LIGNE.

7.8 Keywords factor ETCC_BETON, ETCC_ACIER

Definition of the characteristics intervening in the model of behavior of the cables of prestressing,
within the regulation framework of the ETCC [R7.01.02].
The linear elastic characteristics of the material concrete and the material steel must be
simultaneously defined under the keyword ELAS.

7.8.1 Syntax
| / ETCC_BETON = _F (
)
/ ETCC_ACIER = _F (
◊ RELAX_1000 = /
rh1000, [R]

/ 0. , [DEFECT]
◊ F_PRG =
fprg, [R]
◊ COEF_FROT = / F,
[R]

/ 0. , [DEFECT]
◊ PERT_LIGNE = / phi
, [R]

/ 0. [DEFECT]
)
7.8.2 Operands
Behavior: ETCC_BETON
Keyword factor to indicate to be able to calculate the tension in the cables according to the formulas
of the ETCC. No information is necessary. This keyword factor can be used only jointly with the
keyword factor ELAS.

Behavior: ETCC_ACIER
Keyword factor for the definition of the parameters characteristic of the material steel which intervene
in the estimate of the losses of tension along the cables of prestressing. This keyword factor can be
used only jointly with the keyword factor ELAS.

RELAX_1000 = rh1000
Relieving of steel at 1000 hours, expressed in %.
The value by default is 0: in this case, one does not take account of the losses of tension by relieving
of steel.
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F_PRG = fprg
Guaranteed constraint of the maximum loading with rupture (according to the ETCC).
If one takes account of the losses of tension by relieving of steel (RELAX_1000 informed by a
nonworthless value), the operand should obligatorily be informed F_PRG, by a nonworthless value.

COEF_FROT = F
Coefficient of friction enters the cable and its partly curved sheath, in rad – 1 . The value by default is
0.

PERT_LIGNE = phi
Loss ratio on line in rad.m−1 . The value by default is 0.
Note:

PERT_LIGNE = FROT_LINE/FROT_COURB.

7.9 Keyword factor CONCRETE_DOUBLE_DP

The model of behavior 3D developed in Code_Aster is formulated within the framework of the thermo
- plasticity, for the description of the nonlinear behavior of the concrete, in traction, and compression,
with the taking into account of the irreversible variations of the thermal and mechanical
characteristics of the concrete, particularly sensitive at high temperature [R7.01.03].

7.9.1 Syntax
| BETON_DOUBLE_DP = _F (
♦ F_C =
f' C , [function]
♦ F_T =
f' T , [function]
♦ COEF_BIAX =
beta, [function]
♦ ENER_COMP_RUPT = Gc,
[function]
♦ ENER_TRAC_RUPT = WP,
[function]
♦ COEF_ELAS_COMP = phi,
[R]
◊ LONG_CARA = will
l_cara, [R]
◊ ECRO_COMP_P_PIC =/‘LINEAR’ ,
[DEFECT]

/‘PARABOLA’, [TXM]
◊ ECRO_TRAC_P_PIC =/‘LINEAR’,
[DEFECT]

/‘EXPONENT’ [TXM]
)
The functions can depend on the variables of following orders:
’TEMP', ‘INST’, ‘HYDR’, ‘SECH’.
BETON_DOUBLE_DP allows to define all the characteristics associated with the law with behavior with
double criterion with Drücker Prager. In complement of these characteristics, the modulus of elasticity,
the Poisson's ratio, and the thermal dilation coefficient  , as well as the coefficients of endogenous
withdrawal and withdrawal of desiccation, must be defined under the keyword ELAS for the real
coefficients, or ELAS_FO, for the coefficients defined by functions, or tablecloths. All characteristics of
the model, (E, nu, α , f ' c , f ' t , β , Gc,Gt) of type [function] can depend on one or two

variables among the temperature, the hydration and drying. When they depend on the temperature,
they are functions of the maximum of the temperature reached during the history of loading  , which
is stored for each point of Gauss, in the form of internal variable. This makes it possible to take into
account the irreversible variations of these characteristics at high temperature.

7.9.2 Operands F_C/ F_T/ COEF_BIAX

F_C= f' C
Resistance in uniaxial pressing f 'c .

F_T= f' T
Resistance in uniaxial traction f 't .

COEF_BIAX= beta
The report of the strength in biaxial compression to resistance in uniaxial pressing .

7.9.3 Operands ENER_COMP_RUPT/ ENER_TRAC_RUPT/COEF_ELAS_COMP

ENER_COMP_RUPT= Gc
The energy of rupture in compression Gc ,
ENER_TRAC_RUPT= WP
The energy of rupture in traction G t .
COEF_ELAS_COMP= phi
Elastic limit in compression, given by a proportionality factor expressed as a percentage of resistance
to the peak f c    is in general about 30% for the standard concretes. It is important to stress that
'

this parameter is a reality and not a function.

7.9.4 Operands LONG_CARA

This operand makes it possible to overload the automatically calculated characteristic length, for each
mesh, according to its dimensions (starting from its surface in 2D, starting from its volume in 3D).
The automatically calculated characteristic length makes it possible, when the smoothness of the grid
evolves from one calculation to another, to preserve stable results by avoiding the phenomena of
localization. This length calculated automatically or given by the user, conduit with the value of ultimate
work hardening in traction according to the formula (for a linear work hardening post-peak):
2 .Gt ( θ )
κ u (θ )= ′
l c . f t (θ )
In the typical case of a grid containing of the adjacent meshs from which dimensions are very different,
ultimate work hardenings of the model BETON_DOUBLE_DP calculated starting from the length
characteristic of the meshs are consequently very different, which can generate problems of
convergence or lead to a not very physical state of stresses. (This characteristic length is calculated
starting from the volume of the current mesh). For this reason, one proposes to give the possibility to
the user of defining an average length which overloads the characteristic length calculated for each
mesh. The value by default of Code_Aster is the characteristic length calculated for each mesh.

To choose an arbitrary and identical length for all the meshs can also generate difficulties of
convergence. The best solution consists in creating a network whose variations of the mesh sizes
respect the direction of variation of the stress field, and to use the length characteristic calculated
automatically according to the size of the meshs. The overload by LONG_CARA must be to reserve for
typical cases, when the user cannot freely intervene on the grid.

If the user defines the characteristic length in material, it will choose a couple (Gt , LONG_CARA )
2. G t ( θ )
such as the value is worth which it wishes for ultimate work hardening in traction κu
l c . f ′t ( θ )
. (The usual value of the deformation associated with ultimate work hardening in traction with an
average concrete is of 5.E−4 ).

7.9.5 Operands ECRO_COMP_P_PIC / ECRO_TRAC_P_PIC

The parameters making it possible to define the curve of softening in compression and traction are
optional, and have values by default.
ECRO_COMP_P_PIC= / ‘LINEAR’
/ ‘PARABOLA’
The shape of the curved post-peak in compression of type text, which can take the values ‘LINEAR’
and ‘PARABOLA’. The nonlinear curve is then of parabolic type.
ECRO_TRAC_P_PIC= / ‘LINEAR’
/ ‘EXPONENT’
The shape of the curved post-peak in traction of type text, which can take the values ‘LINEAR’ and
‘EXPONENT’. The nonlinear curve is then of exponential type.

7.10 Keyword factor BETON_GRANGER, V_BETON_GRANGER

Definition of the parameters materials for the viscoelastic model of Granger, modelling the clean
creep of the concrete. There exist 2 relations of behavior: the first (BETON_GRANGER)does not take
into account the phenomenon of ageing but models the effect of hygroscopy. The second
(BETON_GRANGER_V) takes into account the effects of ageing and hygroscopy (cf [R7.01.01]).
In 1D and due to a constant constraint σ 0 , deformation of creep according to time and the
moment of loading t c is written: ε fl ( t ) =J ( t ,t c , )⋅σ 0
(0.5 10−4 < ε d 0 <1.5 10−4 )

The function of creep J ( t , t c ) is worth:

s=0
(
J (t , t c )=k ( a ( t c ) )⋅∑ J s 1−exp ( t−tτ ) )
s
c

where a is itâGe of material, i.e. the past time of the installation of the concrete. It is about an
internal variable of the model.

The function k ( a ( t c ) ) who appears in J ( t , t c) is used to model ageing because it introduces

depends ithasdirect NCE at the moment of loading. One can use for example the curve CEB which
models ageing due to the hydration:
280.2 + 0.1
k ( a ) = 0.2 with a in days
a + 0.1
Without ageing this function is constant and is worth 1 , the function of creep depends in this case
only on the time passed as of loading t−t c .
The hygroscopy is taken into account by the means of an equivalent constraint S=h⋅σ , h
being relative humidity of material. It is thus necessary to inform the isothermal curve of desorption
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c who allows to pass from the water content C with h : h=c−1 ( C ) . This curve is provided to
Code_Aster under the keyword ELAS_FO (FONC_DESORP, to see § 3.1.8).

Note:

This behavior can be associated with the withdrawals of drying and thermohydration defined by
the operands K_DESSIC, B_ENDOGE and ALPHA under the keyword ELAS_FO.

For the law BETON_GRANGER, the parameters of the law are to be informed under the keyword:
BETON_GRANGER. For the law BETON_GRANGER_V the keyword also should be informed
BETON_GRANGER but he is necessary to add the keyword to it V_BETON_GRANGER for the parameters
specific to growing old law.

The internal variables of the law of behavior are described in [R7.01.01].

7.10.1 Syntax for clean creep

| BETON_GRANGER = _F (
◊ J1 = J1,
[R]
◊ J2 = J2,
[R]
◊ J3 = J3,
[R]
◊ J4 = J4,
[R]
◊ J5 = J5,
[R]
◊ J6 = J6,
[R]
◊ J7 = J7,
[R]
◊ J8 = J8,
[R]
◊ TAUX_1 = tau1,
[R]
◊ TAUX_2 = tau2,
[R]
◊ TAUX_3 = tau3,
[R]
◊ TAUX_4 = tau4,
[R]
◊ TAUX_5 = tau5,
[R]
◊ TAUX_6 = tau6,
[R]
◊ TAUX_7 = tau7,
[R]
◊ TAUX_8 = tau8,
[R]
◊ QSR_K = qsr
[R]
)

7.10.2 Operands for clean creep

8 coefficients materials of the function of creep, homogeneous at a time.
J1 = J1
…
…
J8 = J8

8 time lags of the function of creep.

TAUX_1 =tau1
…
…
TAUX_8 =tau8

7.10.3 Syntax for ageing

If one uses the relation of behavior which then takes into account the phenomenon of ageing it is
necessary to inform moreover:

| V_BETON_GRANGER =_F (
◊ QSR_VEIL = USR,
[R]
◊ FONC_V = K (Tc),
[function, formula]
)
7.10.4 Operands for ageing
FONC_V = K (a)
Function of ageing.

7.11 Keyword factor MAZARS, MAZARS_FO

The model of behavior of Mazars is an elastic model of behavior endommageable making it possible
to describe the softening behavior of the concrete. It distinguishes behaviour in traction and
compression, but uses only one variable of scalar damage (confer [R7.01.08]). The model of
established Mazars corresponds to the version of 2012 i.e. reformulation improving behaviour in bi--
compression and pure shearing.

The parameters can be a function of the temperature, hydration and drying. In this case it is necessary
to use MAZARS_FO. In the case of this law of behavior the parameters depend on the maximum
temperature attack during all the history of loading.

7.11.1 Syntax
MAZARS= _F (
♦ EPSD0 = epsd0, [R]
♦ AC = ac, [R]
♦ AT = At, [R]
♦ BC = Bc, [R]
♦ BT = BT, [R]
♦ K = K, [R]
♦ CHI = chi, [R]
◊ SIGM_LIM = sglim [R]
◊ EPSI_LIM = eplim [R]
)

The functions can depend on the variables of following orders: ‘TEMP’, ‘HYDR’, ‘SECH’.

MAZARS (or MAZARS_FO) allows to define all the characteristics associated with the model with
behavior with Mazars. Besides these characteristics, constant the rubber bands must be defined under
the keyword ELAS for the real coefficients or ELAS_FO for the coefficients depending on the
temperature.

7.11.2 Operands EPSD0 AC / AT / BC / BT / K

♦ EPSD0 = epsd0
Threshold of damage in deformation .

♦ AC = ac
Coefficient allowing to fix the pace of the curved post-peak in compression. Introduced a horizontal
asymptote which is the axis of  for Ac=1 and the horizontal one for passer by the peak for
Ac=0 (generally).
♦ AT = At
Coefficient allowing to fix the pace of the curved post-peak in traction. Introduced a horizontal
asymptote which is the axis of  for Ac=1 and the horizontal one passing by the peak for Ac=0
(generally 0.7At1 ).

♦ BC = bc
Coefficient allowing to fix the pace of the curved post-peak in compression. According to its value can
correspond to a sharp fall of the constraint ( BC10 4 ) or a preliminary phase of increase in
3 3
constraint followed by a more or less fast decrease (generally 10  Bc2. 10 ).
♦ BT = BT
Coefficient allowing to fix the pace of the curved post-peak in traction. According to its value can
correspond to a sharp fall of the constraint ( BC10 4 ) or a preliminary phase of increase in
4 5
constraint followed by a more or less fast decrease (generally 10 Bt10 ).
♦ K = K
Parameter introducing a horizontal asymptote in pure shearing. It lies between 0 and 1. Advised value
0,7 .

7.11.3 Operand CHI

♦ CHI = chi
Within the framework of the coupling BETON_UMLV with the law of MAZARS. The parameter chi
allows to define the importance of the coupling:
CHI =0 : no coupling,
CHI =1 : total coupling.

The total coupling generates a premature appearance damage concrete. value recommended is
located in interval: [0.4 ; 0.7] .

7.11.4 Operand SIGM_LIM, EPSI_LIM

◊ SIGM_LIM = sglim
Definition of the ultimate stress.

◊ EPSI_LIM = eplim
Definition of the limiting deformation.

Operands SIGM_LIM and ESPI_LIM allow to define the terminals in constraint and deformation
which correspond to the limiting states of service and ultimate, classically used at the time of study in
civil engineer. These terminals are obligatory when the behavior is used MAZARS_GC (confer
[R7.01.08] Model of damage of MAZARS, [U4.42.07] DEFI_MATER_GC). In the other cases they
are not taken into account.
Operands SIGM_LIM and ESPI_LIM allow to define the terminals in constraint and deformation
which correspond to the limiting states of service and ultimate, classically used at the time of study in
civil engineer.

Note: These terminals are obligatory when the behavior is used MAZARS_GC (confer [R7.01.08]
Model of damage of MAZARS, [U4.42.07] DEFI_MATER_GC). In the other cases they are not taken
into account.

7.12 Keyword BETON_UMLV

The law of creep UMLV supposes a total decoupling between the spherical and deviatoric
components: the deformations induced by the spherical constraints are purely spherical and the
deformations induced by the deviatoric constraints are purely deviatoric [R7.01.06]. In addition, the
clean deformation of creep is supposed to be proportional to internal relative moisture:
Spherical part: ε s=h⋅f ( σ s) and, left deviatoric: ε d =h⋅f ( ~
σ)
where h indicate internal relative moisture.
The model of behavior BETON_UMLV is a nongrowing old viscoelastic model developed in partnership
with the University of Marne-the-Valley to describe the clean creep of the concretes. It is particularly
adapted to the multiaxial configurations by not presupposing the value of the Poisson's ratio of creep.
The spherical constraints are at the origin of the migration of the water absorptive with the interfaces
between the hydrates on the level of the macroporosity and absorptive within microporosity in capillary
porosity. The diffusion of the inter-lamellate water of the pores of hydrates towards capillary porosity is
carried out in an irreversible way. The total spherical deformation of creep is thus written as the sum of
a reversible part and an irreversible part:
 fs= rfs  ifs
partie partie
réversible irréversible
The process of deformation spherical of creep is controlled by the system of equations coupled
according to:

{
1
̇ fs = s ⋅[ h⋅ s−k sr⋅rfs ]−̇ ifs
r
1 
[ ]
̇ifs = s 〈 k sr⋅ fs − k srk si ⋅ifs − [ h  s−k sr⋅ rfs ] 〉
i

s
where k r indicate rigidity connect associated with the skeleton formed by blocks with hydrates on a
mesoscopic scale;  sr viscosity connects associated with the mechanism with diffusion within capillary

porosity; k is indicate rigidity connect intrinsically associated with the hydrates on a microscopic scale
s
and  i viscosity connects associated with the interfoliaceous mechanism of diffusion.
1
(Hooks ⟨ ⟩+ appoint the operator of Mac Cauley: ⟨ x ⟩+= ( x +|x|)
2
)

The deviatoric constraints are at the origin of a mechanism of slip (or mechanism of quasi dislocation)
of the layers of HSC in nano-porosity. Under deviatoric constraint, creep is carried out with constant
volume. In addition, the law of creep UMLV supposes the deviatoric isotropy of creep.
Phénoménologiquement, the mechanism of slip comprises a viscoelastic reversible contribution of
water strongly adsorbed to the layers of HSC and a viscous irreversible contribution of free water:
fd = fdr  fdi
déformation contribution contribution
déviatorique eau eau
totale absorbée libre
Jème principal component of the total deviatoric deformation is governed by the system of equations
following:

 
̇ j 1
 dr
 di
k dr j d d , j d d , j
 d  = r ̈ k r ̇
i
where k dr indicate rigidity associated with the capacity with water absorptive to transmit loads (load
d d
bearing toilets);  r viscosity associated with the water adsorbed by the layers with hydrates and  i
indicate viscosity associated with free water.

7.12.1 Syntax
| BETON_UMLV: _F (
♦ K_RS = K_RS,
[R]
♦ K_IS = K_IS,
[R]
♦ K_RD = K_RD,
[R]
♦ ETA_RS = ETA_RS,
[R]
♦ ETA_IS = ETA_IS,
[R]
♦ ETA_RD = ETA_RD,
[R]
♦ ETA_ID = ETA_ID,
[R]
◊ ETA_FD =
ETA_FD [R]
)
7.12.2 Operand
K_RS = K_RS

k rs rigidity connects associated with the skeleton formed by blocks with hydrates on a mesoscopic
scale.
K_IS = K_IS

k is rigidity connects intrinsically associated with the hydrates on a microscopic scale.

K_RD = K_RD
d
k r rigidity associated with the capacity with water adsorbed to transmit loads (load bearing toilets).
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ETA_RS = ETA_RS
s
 viscosity connects associated with the mechanism with diffusion within capillary porosity.
r

ETA_IS = ETA_IS
s
 i
viscosity connects associated with the mechanism with diffusion interlamellaire.

ETA_RD = ETA_RD
d
 viscosity associated with the water absorptive by the layers with hydrates.
r
ETA_FD = ETA_FD
allows to take into account the creep of desiccation according to the law of Bazant.

Note:
The curve of desorption giving the hygroscopy h according to the water concentration C
must be well informed under the keyword ELAS_FO .

7.13 Keyword factor BETON_ECRO_LINE

Definition of a linear curve of work hardening with taking into account of containment in the case
specific to the concrete. In order to improve behaviour in compression one defines a threshold of
reversibility ([R7.01.04] model ENDO_ISOT_BETON).

7.13.1 Syntax
| BETON_ECRO_LINE = _F (
♦ D_SIGM_EPSI = dsde,
[R]
♦ SYT =
sigt, [R]
◊ SYC =
sigc, [R]
)
7.13.2 Operands
D_SIGM_EPSI = dsde (AND)
Slope of the traction diagram.

SYT = sigt
Maximum constraint in simple traction.

SYC = sigc
Maximum constraint in simple compression (it does not exist for a Poisson's ratio  =0 , in this case
one does not specify SYC )

The Young modulus E is to be specified by the keywords ELAS or ELAS_FO.

7.14 Keyword factor ENDO_ORTH_BETON

Definition of the parameters of the law of behavior ENDO_ORTH_BETON, allowing to describe the
anisotropy induced by the damage of the concrete, as well as the unilateral effects [R7.01.09]. One
will refer to the documents [R7.01.09] and [V6.04.176] for the precise significance of the parameters
and the procedure of identification.

7.14.1 Syntax
| ENDO_ORTH_BETON = _F (
◊ ALPHA = / alpha,
[R]
/
0.9, [DEFECT]
♦ K0 = k0,
[R]
♦ K1 = k1,
[R]
◊ K2 = / k2,
[R]
/
0.0007, [DEFECT]
♦ ECROB = ecrob,
[R]
♦ ECROD = ecrod
[R]
)
7.14.2 Operand ALPHA
Constant of coupling between the evolution of the damage of traction and that of the damage of
compression. It must be taken enters 0 and 1 , rather near to 1 . The value by default is 0.9 .

7.14.3 Operands K0 / K1 / K2
K0 = k0
Constant part of the function threshold. Allows to gauge the height of the peak in traction.

K1 = k1
Parameter of the function threshold allowing to increase the threshold in compression.

K2 = k2
Parameter of control of the shape of the envelope of rupture for biaxial tests. The value by default is
−4
7.10 .

7.14.4 Operands ECROB / ECROD

ECROB = ecrob
Term of blocked energy (equivalent to an energy of work hardening) relating to the evolution of the
damage of traction. It makes it possible to control the shape of the peak in traction.

ECROD = ecrod
Term of blocked energy (equivalent to an energy of work hardening) relating to the evolution of the
damage of compression. It makes it possible to control the shape of the peak in compression.

The Young modulus E and the Poisson's ratio  are to be specified by the keywords ELAS or
ELAS_FO.

7.15 Keywords factor ENDO_SCALAIRE/ENDO_SCALAIRE_FO

Definition of the parameters of the law of behavior ENDO_SCALAIRE [R5.03.25], which describes the
elastic rupture fragile of a homogeneous isotropic material. This law is available only for modeling to
gradient of damage GRAD_VARI.

7.15.1 Syntax
| ENDO_SCALAIRE_FO
ENDO_SCALAIRE = _F (
♦ K =
K, [R] or [function]
♦ P =
p, [R] or [function]
♦ M =
m, [R] or [function]
◊ C_COMP = /
c_comp, [R] or [function]

/ 0, [DEFECT]
◊ C_VOLU = /
c_volu, [R] or [function]

/ 1, [DEFECT]
◊ COEF_RIGI_MINI = /
A_min, [R]

/ 1E-5, [DEFECT]
)

7.15.2 Operand K, P, M
They are the internal parameters of the model which define work hardening, to see [R5.03.25]: k
indicate a density of energy Pa , k and m are parameters without dimension. k and m can be
readjusted starting from the nonlocal scale D (roughly the half-width of band of localization) and of
the following macroscopic parameters: E the Young modulus, G f the energy of cracking and f t
the value of the constraint to the peak in simple traction. The relations of retiming are written then:
3Gf 3E Gf 3
k= ; m= 2
; c= DG f
4D 2f Dt
8
where c is the parameter indicated by NON_LOCAL = _F (C_GRAD_VARI = c), who also
depends on the macroscopic answer. As for the parameter p , higher than 1, it controls the curvature
of the response post-peak.

7.15.3 Operands C_COMP, C_VOLU

They is the internal parameters of the model, without dimension, which define the form of the surface
of load (except for a homothety), to see [R5.03.25]. The values by default make it possible to find the
energy model (symmetrical) for which the surface of load corresponds to a datum line of the density of
elastic energy (ellipsoidal of rotation around the axis 1,1,1 who is centered at the beginning of
coordinates).

In the case more general the surface of ellipsoidal load (always the axis 1,1,1 ) not-centered, perhaps
defined by three parameters more accessible to measurement: f t the value of the constraint to the
peak in simple traction, f c the value of the constraint to the peak in simple compression and  the
value of the constraint to the peak in pure shearing. The relations of retiming are the following ones:

[( ]
2

c comp=
1+ν ( f c − f t )τ √ 3
1−2ν 2ftfc
; cvolu =
2(1+ν )
1−2 ν 2 ft fc )
( f c + f t )τ √ 3
−1

7.15.4 Operands COEF_RIGI_MINI

COEF_RIGI_MINI
It is the parameter of regularization of the tangent matrix to the rupture, to avoid the worthless pivots if
cracking were to cut out the part in several pieces not maintained by the boundary conditions. It does
not depend on the variables of order.

The Young modulus E and the Poisson's ratio  are to be specified by the keywords ELAS or
ELAS_FO.
The parameter of nonlocality is indicated under the keyword C_GRAD_VARI behind the keyword factor
NON_LOCAL. It is related to the macroscopic parameters by:

7.16 Keyword factor ENDO_FISS_EXP/ENDO_FISS_EXP_FO

Definition of the parameters of the law of behavior ENDO_FISS_EXP [R5.03.27], which describes the
elastic rupture fragile of a homogeneous isotropic material. This law is available only for modeling to
gradient of damage GRAD_VARI.

7.16.1 Syntax
| ENDO_FISS_EXP_FO
ENDO_FISS_EXP = _F (
♦ K =
K, [R] or [function]
♦ M =
m, [R] or [function]
♦ P =
p, [R] or [function]
◊ Q =
/ Q, [R] or [function]

/ 0, [DEFECT]
♦ TAU = tau,
[R] or [function]
♦ SIG0 =
sig0, [R] or [function]
◊ BETA = /
beta, [R]

/ 1E-1, [DEFECT]
♦ REST_RIGIDITE = gamma,
[R]
◊ COEF_RIGI_MINI = /
A_min, [R]

/ 1E-5, [DEFECT]
)

7.16.2 Operand K, M, P, Q
They are the internal parameters of the model which define work hardening, to see [R5.03.27]. Their
identification is assumption of responsibility by the order DEFI_MATER_GC [U4.42.07], starting from
accessible sizes in experiments.

7.16.3 Operands TAU, SIG0, BETA

They are the internal parameters of the model which define the form of the surface of load (except for
a homothety), to see [R5.03.27]. It is based on the constraint of Von Mises and the exponential one of
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the tensor of the constraints and is compared well with experimental results on concrete in biaxial
loading. The parameter BETA is of digital nature and has like interest only to return the field of
elasticity limited, including for hydrostatic compressions; the value by default fills this office well,
without incidence on the form of the field in the zones of interest.
There too, the order DEFI_MATER_GC [U4.42.07] allows to identify these parameters starting from
accessible sizes in experiments (limiting in traction and compression).

7.16.4 Operand REST_RIGIDITE

The restoration of rigidity is active for the directions of deformation in compression. To avoid a brutal
regime change at the time of the passage of traction to compression, a function regularizes the jump
of rigidity, to see [R5.03.27]. The parameter REST_RIGIDITE, positive, comes to control this
regularization; it corresponds to the coefficient γ function. A value of 0 conduit not to restore rigidity
(i.e the model is without restoration of rigidity) while a very large value amounts being freed almost
from the regularization. The order DEFI_MATER_GC [U4.42.07] the quantification of this parameter
facilitates while stipulating which proportion of rigidity is restored for a level of deformation
corresponding to the initial threshold in compression.

7.16.5 Operands COEF_RIGI_MINI

It is the parameter of regularization of the tangent matrix to the rupture, to avoid the worthless pivots if
cracking were to cut out the part in several pieces not maintained by the boundary conditions. It does
not depend on the variables of order.

The Young modulus E and the Poisson's ratio ν are to be specified by the keywords ELAS or
ELAS_FO.
The parameter of nonlocality is indicated under the keyword C_GRAD_VARI behind the keyword factor
NON_LOCAL ; the order DEFI_MATER_GC [U4.42.07] allows to identify it starting from accessible sizes
in experiments.

7.17 Keyword factor GLRC_DM

This keyword factor makes it possible to define the parameters of the law of behavior GLRC_DM. It is
about a model of total damage of a reinforced concrete flagstone formulated in term of generalized
relations forced deformation/(membrane extension, inflection and membrane effort, bending moment),
cf [R7.01, 32].

7.17.1 Syntax
| GLRC_DM = _F (
♦ NYT = NT,
[R]
◊ NYC = Nc,
[R]
♦ MYF = MF,
[R]
♦ GAMMA_T = GMT,
[R]
◊ GAMMA_C = Gmc,
[R]
♦ GAMMA_F = Gmf,
[R]
◊ ALPHA_C = Alfc,
[R]
/ 1.0,
[DEFECT]
)

7.17.2 Operands
NYT = NT
Membrane effort of the threshold of damage in simple traction of a reinforced concrete flagstone (unit
of force per length).

NYC = Nc
Membrane effort of the threshold of “damage” (fine of linearity of the curve of compression) in simple
compression of a reinforced concrete flagstone (unit of force per length).

MYF = MF
Bending moment of the threshold of damage in pure bending of a reinforced concrete flagstone (unit
of force).

GAMMA_T = GMT
Slope damaging relative compared to the elastic slope in simple traction ( 0 MT 1 ).

GAMMA_C = Gmc
Slope damaging relative compared to the elastic slope in simple compression ( 0 MC 1 ).

GAMMA_F = Gmf
Slope damaging relative compared to the elastic slope in pure bending ( 0 F 1 ).

ALPHA_C = Alfc
Parameter of modulation of the function of damage in compression to introduce a decoupling of the
thresholds in traction and compression and inducing a curve of the curve of compression. The
function of damage out of membrane is written:

 m  x , d 1, d 2=
1
2  1 mt d 1 1 mt d 2
1d 1

1d 2  
  d   mc d 2
H  x  c mc 1  c
 c d 1 c d 2
H −x
 
One can refer to the reference material [R7.01.32] section § 3.2.4 where a summary of the
identification of the parameters of the model is exposed.

7.18 Keyword factor DHRC

This keywords factor makes it possible to define the parameters of the law of behavior DHRC. It is
about a model of total damage of a reinforced concrete flagstone formulated using a method of
homogenisation, in terms of generalized relations forced deformation/(membrane extension, inflection
and membrane effort, bending moment) and comprising internal variables of state of damage and slip
to the steel-concrete interface, to see [R7.01.36].

258 parameters of the law to be identified, by homogenisation and the method of least squares on
various values of damage, correspond:

• with the parameters controlling the components of the tensors of elastic rigidity endommageable
A , of coupling deformations generalize-slips B and of energy stored in slip C , for which one
does not have analytical expression;
• with the macroscopic parameters of thresholds which are related to the parameters of the
microscopic thresholds.

7.18.1 Syntax
| DHRC = _F (
♦ NYD = nyd
[l_R]

♦ AA_C = alpha_Ac
[l_R]
♦ AA_T = alpha_At
[l_R]
♦ GA_C = gamma_Ac
[l_R]
♦ GA_T = gamma_At
[l_R]
♦ AB = alpha_B
[l_R]
♦ GB = gamma_B
[l_R]
♦ C0 = C0
[l_R]
♦ AC = alpha_C
[l_R]
♦ GC = gamma_C,
[l_R]
)

7.18.2 Operands
NYD = nyd
List of the two thresholds of damage Gζ ,crit in simple traction of the reinforced concrete
SCRIT = scrit
List of the four thresholds of slip Σζα , crit steel-concrete are equivalent
AA_C = alpha_Ac

Parameters ( 42 )  Ac dependences in variables of damage of the components ( 21 supra-diagonal

terms) of the tensor of order 4 symmetrical A membrane-inflection of the plate, in the compression
field, the reference mark of the reinforcements  x , y  , in notations of Voigt, identified by
homogenisation and the method of least squares on various values of D  , in higher zone ( 1 ) then
lower ( 2 ):

 0
Ac  Ac
 
D
A   
 D = A   
Ac D

Note:
In practice current, because of the isotropy of the concrete and the orientation of steels
according to the axes  x , y  , one will have:
AAC131 = 1. , AAC161 = 1. , AAC231 = 1. , AAC261 = 1. , AAC341 = 1. , AAC351 = 1. ,
AAC461 = 1. , AAC561 = 1. ; AAC132 = 1. , AAC162 = 1. , AAC232 = 1. , AAC262 = 1. ,
AAC342 = 1. , AAC352 = 1. , AAC462 = 1. , AAC562 = 1. .

AA_T = alpha_At

Parameters ( 42 )  At dependences in variables of damage of the components ( 21 supra-diagonal

terms) of the tensor of order 4 symmetrical A membrane-inflection of the plate, in the traction field,
the reference mark of the reinforcements  x , y  , in notations of Voigt, identified by homogenisation
and the method of least squares on various values of D  , in higher zone ( 1 ) then lower ( 2 ):
At  At 
 0
      D
A   
 D = A   
At D

Note:
In practice current, because of the isotropy of the concrete and the orientation of steels
according to the axes  x , y  , one will take:
AAT131 = 1. , AAT161 = 1. , AAT231 = 1. , AAT261 = 1. , AAT341 = 1. , AAT351 = 1. ,
AAT461 = 1. , AAT561 = 1. ; AAT132 = 1. , AAT162 = 1. , AAT232 = 1. , AAT262 = 1. ,
AAT342 = 1. , AAT352 = 1. , AAT462 = 1. , AAT562 = 1. .

GA_C = gamma_Ac

Parameters ( 42 )  Ac dependences in variables of damage of the components ( 21 supra-diagonal

Note:
In practice current, because of the isotropy of the concrete and the orientation of steels
according to the axes  x , y  , one will take:
GAC131 = 1. , GAC161 = 1. , GAC231 = 1. , GAC261 = 1. , GAC341 = 1. , GAC351 = 1. ,
GAC461 = 1. , GAC561 = 1. ; GAC132 = 1. , GAC162 = 1. , GAC232 = 1. , GAC262 = 1. ,
GAC342 = 1. , GAC352 = 1. , GAC462 = 1. , GAC562 = 1. .

GA_T = gamma_At

Parameters ( 42 )  At dependences in variables of damage of the components ( 21 supra-diagonal

terms) of the tensor of order 4 symmetrical A membrane-inflection of the plate, in the traction field,
the reference mark of the reinforcements  x , y  , for the slips out of higher grid ( 1 ) or lower ( 2 ), in
notations of Voigt, identified by homogenisation and the method of least squares on various values of
D  , in higher zone ( 1 ) then lower ( 2 ).

Note:
In practice current, because of the isotropy of the concrete and the orientation of steels
according to the axes  x , y  , one will take:
GAT131 = 1. , GAT161 = 1. , GAT231 = 1. , GAT261 = 1. , GAT341 = 1. , GAT351 = 1. ,
GAT461 = 1. , GAT561 = 1. ; GAT132 = 1. , GAT162 = 1. , GAT232 = 1. , GAT262 = 1. ,
GAT342 = 1. , GAT352 = 1. , GAT462 = 1. , GAT562 = 1. .

AB = alpha_B

Parameters ( 24 )  B dependences in variables of damage of the components ( 24 supra-diagonal

terms) of the tensor of order 3 symmetrical B of coupling membrane-inflection-slip of the plate, in
the reference mark of the reinforcements  x , y  , for the slips out of higher grid ( 1 ) then lower ( 2 ),
in notations of Voigt, identified by homogenisation and the method of least squares on various values
of D  :

 B m D  B 
f 
D
B m 
 f 
with:  D  = B m 
; B    D  = B f 
    D    D 

Note:
In practice current, because of the isotropy of the concrete and the orientation of steels
according to the axes  x , y  , one will take:
AB311 = 1. , AB321 = 1. , AB611 = 1. , AB621 = 1. ,
AB312 = 1. , AB322 = 1. , AB612 = 1. , AB622 = 1.

GB = gamma_B

Parameters (24)  B dependences in variables of damage of the components ( 24 supra-diagonal

Note:
In practice current, because of the isotropy of the concrete and the orientation of steels
according to the axes  x , y  , one will take:
GB311 = 0, GB321 = 0, GB611 = 0, GB621 = 0,
GB312 = 0, GB322 = 0, GB612 = 0, GB622 = 0.

C0 = C0

Components ( 6 nonworthless supra-diagonal terms) of the tensor of order 2 symmetrical of free

energy of steel-concrete slip C 0 plate before damage, according to the directions of the slips
considered, in the reference mark of the reinforcements  x , y  , out of higher grid ( 1 ) or lower ( 2 ),
in notations of Voigt, identified by homogenisation:

 
01 01
C xx C yx 0 0
C 01
yy 0 0
C xx C 02
02
yx
02
C yy

Note:
In practice current, because of the isotropy of the concrete and the orientation of steels
according to the axes  x , y  , one will have: C0211 = 0, C0212 = 0.

AC = alpha_C

Parameters ( 6 ) C dependences in variables of damage of the components ( 6 supra-diagonal

terms) of the symmetrical tensor C identified by homogenisation and the method of least squares on
various values of D  :

 0
C  C  D
C  D  =C
 
C  D 

Note:
In practice current, because of the isotropy of the concrete and the orientation of steels
according to the axes  x , y  , like: C0211 = 0, C0212 = 0 , one will take: AC211 = 1. ,
AC212 = 1.

GC = gamma_C

Parameters ( 6 )  C dependences in variables of damage of the components ( 6 supra-diagonal

terms) of the symmetrical tensor C identified by homogenisation and the method of least squares on
various values of D  .

Note:
In practice current, because of the isotropy of the concrete and the orientation of steels
according to the axes  x , y  , like: C0211 = 0, C0212 = 0 , one will take: GC211 = 1. ,
GC212 = 1.

One can refer to the reference material [R7.01.36] where a summary of the identification of the
parameters of the model is exposed.

7.19 Keyword factor BETON_REGLE_PR

This keyword is used for to define the parameters material used by the behavior BETON_REGLE_PR
(rule “Parabola-Rectangle”). This behavior is usable only in 2D (forced plane or plane deformations) or
in hulls (modelings DKT, COQUE_3D) (see for example the test ssnp129a). It is reduced to a
unidimensional behavior, which is written, in each principal direction of the tensor 2D of the
deformations:

{
 ty
 =E si 0ε 
E

   ty t
•In traction: t
 = ty E T −
E
si
y
E
 y 1−
E
E
ET  
 =0 sinon

{ [  ]
n
 c
•In compression: = 1− 1−  y si c
c

= cy sinon

7.19.1 Syntax
| BETON_REGLE_PR =_F (
♦ DSIGM_EPSI = And
[R]
♦ SYT = Syt
[R]
◊ SYC = Syc
[R]
◊ EPSC = Epsc
[R]
◊ NR = NR
[ R]
)

7.19.2 Operands
DSIGM_EPSI = And
Tangent module post-peak in traction E t (negative).

SYT = Syt
Ultimate constraint in traction  ty .
SYC = Syc
Ultimate constraint in compression  cy . It must be given positive.
EPSC = Epsc
Ultimate deformation in compression  c . It must be given positive.
NR = N
Exhibitor of the law of work hardening in compression.

7.20 Keyword JOINT_BA

ItS parameters define it nonlinear model of behavior of the steel-concrete connection is employed for
the fine calculation of the reinforced concrete structures where the prediction of the cracks and the
redistribution of the constraints in the concrete are very important. Available for analyses under the
effect of monotonous and cyclic loadings, the model is written within the thermodynamic framework of
formulation of the irreversible processes. It makes it possible to take account of the damage of the
interface in shearing, in combination with the effects of the friction of the cracks, as well as
unrecoverable deformations. The document [R7.01.21] described the corresponding details.

This model must be used with the elements “joint” in 2D [R3.06.09]. The steel reinforcements could be
modelled with elements plans (QUAD4) or unidimensional (BAR).
Note:
The taking into account of the effect of a thermal loading is not possible for the moment.

7.20.1 Syntax
◊ | JOINT_BA = _F (
♦ HPEN = / HPEN,
[R]
/ 1.0,
[DEFECT]
♦ GTT = GTT ,
[R]
♦ GAMD0 = Gam0,
[R]
♦ AD1 = ad1,
[R]
♦ BD1 = / bd1,
[R]
/
0.5, [DEFECT]
♦ GAMD2 = Gam2,
[R]
♦ AD2 = ad2,
[R]
♦ BD2 = / bd2,
[R]
/
1.0 [DEFECT]
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♦ VIFROT = vifrot,
[R]
♦ F = alpha,
[R]
♦ FC = C,
[R]
♦ EPSTR0 = EPSN,
[R]
♦ DNA = DNA ,
[R]
♦ BDN = / bdn,
[R]
/
1.0 [DEFECT]
)

7.20.2 Operands
HPEN = HPEN
Parameter of penetration between surfaces by crushing of the concrete.
It is checked that HPEN 0. .

GTT = GTT
Module of rigidity of the connection.
It is checked that Gbeton ≤ GTT ≤G acier .

GAMD0 = Gam0
Threshold of perfect adherence or limit of elastic strain.
It is checked that 1.E−4Gam01.E−2 .
AD1 = ad1
Parameter of evolution of the damage in area 1 (passage of the small deformations to the great
slips).
It is checked that 1.E−1 AD11.E1 .

BD1 = bd1
Parameter of power describing the evolution of the variable of damage in area 1 (passage of the
small deformations to the great slips).
It is checked that BD11.E−1 .

GAMD2 = Gam2
Threshold of the great slips.
It is checked that 1.E−4Gam21.E0 .
AD2 = ad2
Parameter of evolution of the damage in area 2 (maximum resistance of the connection and
degradation in friction).
It is checked that AD2 1.E−6 .

BD2 = bd2
Parameter of power describing the evolution of the variable of damage in area 2 (maximum
resistance of the connection and degradation in friction).
It is checked that BD21.E−1 .
VIFROT = vifrot
Parameter material describing the influence of the friction of the cracks.
It is checked that VIFROT 0.0 E0 .
F = alpha
Parameter material related to kinematic work hardening by friction of the cracks.
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It is checked that FA0.0 E0 .

FC = C
Parameter describing the influence of containment on the resistance of the connection.
It is checked that FC0.0 E0 .
EPSTR0 = EPSN
Threshold of elastic strain on the normal direction before the rupture. It is checked that
1.E−4EPSN 1.E0 .
DNA = DNA
Parameter of the damage in the normal direction by opening of the crack.
It is checked that ADN 1.E−10 .
BDN = bdn
Parameter of power describing the evolution of the variable of damage in the normal direction.
It is checked that BDN 1.E−1 .

7.21 Keyword BETON_RAG

This model is used to consider the behavior long-term of the structures affected by the reaction alkali-
aggregate [R7.01.26]. It makes it possible to evaluate the deformations and the anisotropic
damage (cracking) of the works reached. It comprises a criterion of Rankine in traction and a criterion
of Drücker-Prager in compression. The two criteria are associated with a law of evolution leading to a
lenitive behavior.

7.21.1 Syntax
/ BETON_RAG = _F(
Characteristics for the mechanical behavior damage
♦ ENDO_MC = meca_mc [R]
♦ ENDO_MT = meca_mt [R]
♦ ENDO_SIGUC = meca_siguc [R]
♦ ENDO_SIGUT = meca_sigut [R]
♦ ENDO_DRUPRA = will meca_drupra [R]

Characteristics of creep
♦ FLUA_SPH_KR = flua_sph_kr [R]
♦ FLUA_SPH_KI = flua_sph_ki [R]
♦ FLUA_SPH_NR = flua_sph_nr [R]
♦ FLUA_SPH_NI = flua_sph_ni [R]
♦ FLUA_DEV_KR = flua_dev_kr [R]
♦ FLUA_DEV_KI = flua_dev_ki [R]
♦ FLUA_DEV_NR = flua_dev_nr [R]
♦ FLUA_DEV_NI = flua_dev_ni [R]

Characteristics of Lhas formation of the gels and of the RAG

♦ GEL_ALPHA0 = gel_alpha0 [R]
♦ GEL_TREF = gel_tref [R]
♦ GEL_EAR = gel_ear [R]
♦ GEL_SR0 = gel_sr0 [R]
♦ GEL_VG = gel_vg [R]
♦ GEL_MG = gel_mg [R]
♦ GEL_BG = gel_bg [R]
♦ GEL_A0 = gel_a0 [R]
♦ RAG_EPSI0 = rag_epsi0 [R]
♦ PW_A = pw_a [R]
♦ PW_B = pw_b [R]
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)

7.21.2 Operands
7.21.2.1 Operands related to the model of damage
♦ ENDO_MC
Parameter of brittleness of the concrete in compression.
♦ ENDO_MT
Parameter of brittleness of the concrete in traction.
♦ ENDO_SIGUC
Equivalent constraint of the concrete in compression. The unit of this parameter is homogeneous
with a constraint.
♦ ENDO_SIGUT
Equivalent constraint of the concrete in traction. The unit of this parameter is homogeneous with a
constraint.
♦ ENDO_DRUPRA
This term is a characteristic of the criterion of compression. It corresponds to hasngle in radians
criterion of Drucker Prager.

7.21.2.2 Operands related to the model of creep

♦ FLUA_SPH_KR
Module of compressibility differed for reversible spherical creep. The unit of this parameter is
homogeneous with a constraint.
♦ FLUA_SPH_KI
Module of compressibility differed for irreversible spherical creep. The unit of this parameter is
homogeneous with a constraint.
♦ FLUA_SPH_NR
Coefficient of viscosity for reversible spherical creep. The unit of this parameter is homogeneous
with a contrainte*temps.
♦ FLUA_SPH_NI
Coefficient of viscosity for irreversible spherical creep. The unit of this parameter is homogeneous
with a contrainte*temps.
♦ FLUA_DEV_KR
Module of compressibility differed for reversible creep deviatoric. The unit of this parameter is
homogeneous with a constraint.
♦ FLUA_DEV_KI
Module of compressibility differed for irreversible creep deviatoric. The unit of this parameter is
homogeneous with a constraint.
♦ FLUA_DEV_NR
Coefficient of viscosity for reversible creep deviatoric. The unit of this parameter is homogeneous
with a contrainte*temps.
♦ FLUA_DEV_NI
Coefficient of viscosity for irreversible creep deviatoric. The unit of this parameter is
homogeneous with a contrainte*temps.

7.21.2.3 Operands related to the endogenous withdrawal and with the formation of the gel
♦ PW_A , PW_B
For the unsaturated mediums, these coefficients are those of Van Genuchten.
♦ GEL_MG
Modulus of elasticity of freezing. The unit of this parameter is homogeneous with a constraint.
♦ GEL_BG
Coefficient of ‘biot’ of freezing.
♦ GEL_VG
Maximum volume of freezing which can be created by the chemical reaction; it corresponds to
the theoretical volume of freezing created by unit volume of concrete maintained under conditions
saturated during an infinite time.

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♦ GEL_A0
Advance from which initial connected porosity is filled.
♦ GEL_ALPHA0
Kinetics of advance identified in Tref.
♦ GEL_TREF
Temperature of reference for GEL_ALPHA0, in the equation of chemical advance. The unit of this
parameter is homogeneous with degree Celsius [ ° C] and is converted into degree Kelvin [ K ]
at the time of the resolution (addition of 273.15 [° C ] ).
♦ GEL_EAR
It is the relationship between the énergie of activation reaction and Constante perfect gas. The
unit of this parameter is homogeneous with degrees Kelvin [ K ] . The universal constant of
perfect gases is the product amongst Avogadro and constant of Boltzmann.
This product is worth R = 8,3144621 [ J ].[mol]−1 .[ K ]−1 .
♦ GEL_SR0
Threshold of saturation from which the evolution of the chemical reaction becomes possible.
♦ RAG_EPSI0
Viscous deformation for the RAG.

7.22 Keyword BETON_BURGER

The model of creep BETON_BURGER suppose a decomposition between the spherical and deviatoric
components: the deformations induced by the spherical constraints are purely spherical and the
deformations induced by the deviatoric constraints are purely deviatoric [R7.01.35]. In addition, the
clean deformation of creep is supposed to be proportional to internal relative moisture:
Spherical part: ε s=h⋅f ( σ s) and, left deviatoric: ε d =h⋅f ( ~
σ)
Où h indicate internal relative moisture.
The model of behavior BETON_BURGER is a model based on the model BETON_UMLV [R7.01.06] to
describe the clean creep of the concretes. It is particularly adapted to the multiaxial configurations by
not presupposing the value of the Poisson's ratio of creep. The evolutions brought relate to the taking
into account of a consolidation of creep translated by a nonlinear term on the behavior to the long-
term of the model. Moreover, the spherical and deviatoric parts are now built in an identical way,
leaving the possibility of controlling the apparent Poisson's ratio of creep.
The spherical and deviatoric parts are described by equivalent rheological chains, chain known as of
Burger. This model is initially built according to a stage of Kelvin Voigt (left reversible) coupled in
series with a body of Maxwell (left irreversible).
The model also makes it possible to take into account the effect of the temperature on the
deformations of creep via a law of the Arrhenius type.
Elastic mechanical characteristics E and NAKED must be defined in parallel under the keyword ELAS.
Values under the keywords ELAS will be compared with those entered under the keyword
BETON_BURGER. If they are different, a fatal error will be emitted.
If the keyword ELAS is not well informed, code_aster will automatically do it by taking the elastic
characteristics of the keyword BETON_ BURGER .

7.22.1 Syntax
The model BETON_BURGER, introduced into Aster, is implemented under MFront:

| BETON_BURGER: _F (
♦ YoungModulus =
E, [R]
♦ PoissonRatio =
NAKED , [R]
♦ K_RS
= K_RS, [R]
♦ K_RD
= K_RD, [R]
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♦ ETA_RS
= ETA_RS, [R]
♦ ETA_IS
= ETA_IS, [R]
♦ ETA_RD
= ETA_RD, [R]
♦ ETA_ID
= ETA_ID, [R]
♦ KAPPA
= KAPPA, [R]
♦ QSR_K
= QSR_K, [R]
♦ TEMP_0_C
= TEMP_0_C, [R]
♦ ETA_FD
= ETA_FD [R]
)
7.22.2 Operands
YoungModulus = E
E Young modulus. This operand is obligatory because of use of Mfront
PoissonRatio = NAKED
ν Poisson's ratio. This operand is obligatory because of use of Mfront
K_RS = K_RS
s
k rigidity connects associated with the reversible spherical part of the deformations of creep
r

K_RD = K_RD

k dr rigidity connects associated with the reversible deviatoric part of the deformations of creep
ETA_RS = ETA_RS
s
 viscosity connects associated with the reversible spherical deformations
r

ETA_IS = ETA_IS

ηis viscosity connects associated with the irreversible spherical deformations

ETA_RD = ETA_RD
d
r viscosity with the reversible deviatoric deformations

ETA_ID = ETA_ID

ηid viscosity with the irreversible deviatoric deformations

KAPPA = KAPPA
s d
 term affecting long-term viscosity (  i and  i ) material
QSR_K = Eac/R

E ac / R is worth in general 4700. K . ( R is the constant of perfect gases).

TEMP_0_C = T0

Temperature of reference in the law of Arrhenius. The temperature of reference T 0 is in degrees

Celsius, and converted into Kelvin at the time of the resolution.
ETA_FD = ETA_FD
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allows to take into account the creep of desiccation according to the law of Bazant.

Note:
The curve of desorption giving the hygroscopy h according to the water concentration C
must be well informed under the keyword ELAS_FO .

7.23 Keyword FLUA_PORO_BETON

This model is used to estimate the behavior of the structures subjected to deformations differed from
creep[R7.01.30]. The deformations differed from the solid skeleton are called clean deformations of
creep. They can be permanent or reversible, according to the subjacent phenomena. In the model, the
equations constitutive of clean creep are always used coupled to a model of plastic deformation which
ensures the compatibility of the stress field with the criteria of resistance. In practice, the clean model
of creep implies two usual rheological modules: a stage of Kelvin-Voigt for reversible viscoelastic
creep and a plastic stage of Maxwell for creep permanenT. The effects of the intraporeuse pressure
are considered through the framework poromecanic.
7.23.1 Syntax
| FLUA_PORO_BETON = _F (
Characteristics related to the mechanical behavior
♦ RT = rt [R]
♦ RC = rc [R]
♦ DELT = delt [R]

Characteristics of creep
♦ TREF = tref [R]
♦ TAUK = tauk [R]
♦ YKSY = yksy [R]
♦ TAUM = taum [R]
♦ EKFL = ekfl [R]
♦ XFLU = xflu [R]
♦ NRJM = nrjm [R]
♦ DFMX = dfmx [R]

Characteristics related to the withdrawal/creep in desiccation

◊ PORO = / 1 .0 [DEFECT]
/ poro [function]
◊ MSHR = / 0.0 [DEFECT]
/ mshr [R]
◊ MVGN = / 0.0 [DEFECT]
/ mvgn [R]
◊ BSHR = / 0.0 [DEFECT]
/ bshr [R]
◊ SFLD = / 0.0 [DEFECT]
/ sfld [R]

Characteristics related to the thermal damage

♦ DT80 = dt80 [R]
♦ TSTH = tsth [R]

Characteristics related to the hydration

♦ HYDR = hydr [function]
♦ HYDS = hyds [R]

7.23.2 Operands
7.23.2.1 Operands related to the mechanical behavior
♦ RT
Resistance in traction.
♦ RC
Resistance in compression.
♦ DELT
Coefficient of taking into account of containment.
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7.23.2.2 Operands related to the model of creep

♦ TREF
Temperature of reference for creep.
♦ TAUK
Time characteristic of the module of Kelvin.
♦ YKSY
Report: Rigidity of Kelvin/Young Modulus.
♦ TAUM
Time characteristic of the module of Maxwell.
♦ EKFL
Deformation characteristic of the potential of creep.
♦ XFLU
Coefficient of non-linearity.
♦ NRJM
Energy of activation of creep.
♦ DFMX
Damage of creep.

7.23.2.3 Operands related to the withdrawal/creep in desiccation

◊ PORO
Porosity of material.
◊ MSHR
Module of Van Genuchten.
◊ MVGN
Exhibitor of Van Genuchten.
◊ BSHR
Coefficient of Biot of the capillary pressure.
◊ SFLD
Constraint characteristic of desiccation.

7.23.2.4 Operands related to the thermal damage

♦ DT80
Damage with 80°C.
♦ TSTH
Temperature threshold for the thermal damage.

7.23.2.5 Operands related to the hydration

♦ HYDR
Advance of the hydration.
♦ HYDS
Threshold of solidification of advance.

7.24 Keyword ENDO_PORO_BETON

This model is used to estimate the behavior of the structures subjected to damage of mechanical origin (in
traction, compression or shearing) or thermics[R7.01.30]. The cracking of the concrete is described there
thanks to a nonlinear model coupling of the plastic criteria and the damages, all anisotropic. These damages
establish the link between the total constraint and the effective constraint within the meaning of the theory of
the damage. In traction, the criteria of Rankine make it possible to reproduce the localised structural macro-
cracks. In compression, the criterion of Drucker-Prager makes it possible to establish the damage of shearing,
in link with dilatancy resulting from the flow nonassociated based on the criterion with Drucker-Prager.
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7.24.1 Syntax
| ENDO_PORO_BETON = _F (
Characteristics related to the mechanical behavior
♦ RT = rt [R]
♦ EPT = ept [R]
♦ RC = rc [R]
♦ EPC = epc [R]
♦ DELT = delt [R]
♦ BETA = beta [R]
♦ ref. = ref. [R]
♦ EKDC = yksy [R]
♦ GFT = gft [R]
♦ GFR = gfr [R]
♦ DIM3 = dim3 [R]

Characteristics related to the thermal damage

♦ DT80 = dt80 [R]
♦ TSTH = tsth [R]

Characteristics related to the hydration

♦ HYDR = hydr [function]
♦ HYDS = hyds [R]
)
7.24.2 Operands
7.24.2.1 Operands related to the mechanical behavior
♦ RT
Resistance in traction.
♦ EPT
Deformation with the peak of traction.
♦ RC
Resistance in compression.
♦ EPC
Deformation with the peak of compression.
♦ DELT
Coefficient of taking into account of containment.
♦ BETA
Dilatancy for the plastic flow nonassociated with Drucker-Prager.
♦ ref.
Constraint of refermeture of crack.
♦ EKDC
Plastic deformation characteristic of the damage of Drucker-Prager.
♦ GFT
Energy of cracking in traction.
♦ GFR
Energy of refermeture of the tension cracks.
♦ DIM3
Size of the element in the 3ème direction (for case AXIS or 2D).

7.24.2.2 Operands related to the thermal damage

♦ DT80
Damage with 80°C.
♦ TSTH
Temperature threshold for the thermal damage.
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7.24.2.3 Operands related to the hydration

♦ HYDR
Advance of the hydration.
♦ HYDS
Threshold of solidification of advance.

7.25 Keyword FLUA_ENDO_PORO

This model is used to estimate the behavior of the structures subjected to deformations differed from creep and
damage of mechanical origin (in traction, compression or shearing) or thermics in a coupled way
[R7.01.30]. This law takes again the laws of behavior FLUA_PORO_BETON and ENDO_PORO_BETON while
adding of the couplings enter to it the physical phenomena.

7.25.1 Syntax
| FLUA_ENDO_PORO = _F (
Characteristics related to the mechanical behavior
♦ RT = rt [R]
♦ EPT = ept [R]
♦ RC = rc [R]
♦ EPC = epc [R]
♦ DELT = delt [R]
♦ BETA = beta [R]
♦ ref. = ref. [R]
♦ EKDC = yksy [R]
♦ GFT = gft [R]
♦ GFR = gfr [R]
♦ DIM3 = dim3 [R]

Characteristics of creep
♦ TREF = tref [R]
♦ TAUK = tauk [R]
♦ YKSY = yksy [R]
♦ TAUM = taum [R]
♦ EKFL = ekfl [R]
♦ XFLU = xflu [R]
♦ NRJM = nrjm [R]
♦ DFMX = dfmx [R]

Characteristics related to the withdrawal/creep in dessication

◊ PORO =/ 1.0 [DEFECT]
/ poro [function]
◊ MSHR =/ 0.0 [DEFECT]
/ mshr [R]
◊ MVGN =/ 0.0 [DEFECT]
/ mvgn [R]
◊ BSHR =/ 0.0 [DEFECT]
/ bshr [R]
◊ SFLD =/ 0.0 [DEFECT]
/ sfld [R]

Characteristics related to the thermal damage

♦ DT80 = dt80 [R]
♦ TSTH = tsth [R]
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Characteristics related to the hydration
♦ HYDR = hydr [function]
♦ HYDS = hyds [R]

7.25.2 Operands
7.25.2.1 Operands related to the mechanical behavior
♦ RT
Resistance in traction.
♦ EPT
Deformation with the peak of traction.
♦ RC
Resistance in compression.
♦ EPC
Deformation with the peak of compression.
♦ DELT
Coefficient of taking into account of containment.
♦ BETA
Dilatancy for the plastic flow nonassociated with Drucker-Prager.
♦ ref.
Constraint of refermeture of crack.
♦ EKDC
Plastic deformation characteristic of the damage of Drucker-Prager.
♦ GFT
Energy of cracking in traction.
♦ GFR
Energy of refermeture of the tension cracks.
♦ DIM3
Size of the element in the 3ème direction (for case AXIS or 2D).

7.25.2.2 Operands related to the model of creep

7.25.2.3 Operands related to the withdrawal/creep in desiccation

◊ PORO
Porosity of material.
◊ MSHR
Module of Van Genuchten.
◊ MVGN
Exhibitor of Van Genuchten.
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◊ BSHR
Coefficient of Biot of the capillary pressure.
◊ SFLD
Constraint characteristic of desiccation.

7.25.2.4 Operands related to the thermal damage

♦ DT80
Damage with 80°C.
♦ TSTH
Temperature threshold for the thermal damage.

7.25.2.5 Operands related to the hydration

♦ HYDR
Advance of the hydration.
♦ HYDS
Threshold of solidification of advance.

7.26 Keyword RGI_BETON

This model is used to estimate the behavior of the structures subjected to reactions of internal swelling (RGI)
which they come from the reaction alkali-aggregates (RAG) or the DEF (Formation of Ettringite Differed)
resulting from the RSI (Sulfatique Reaction Interns) [R7.01.30]. The volume of cré expansive producté and
calculated by chemical models, the calculation of the intraporeuse pressure allows which, combined with the
external loading, makes it possible to evaluate anisotropic diffuse cracking thanks to anisotropic criteria of
cracking and laws of work hardening. It should be noted that the whole of the phenomena and the equations of
the law FLUA_ENDO_BETON and thus a fortiori of FLUA_PORO_BETON and of ENDO_PORO_BETON are re-used
in RGI_BETON. Indeed, the good taking into account of the phenomena of swelling requires the taking into
account of creep and the damage in a coupled way.

7.26.1 Syntax
| RGI_BETON = _F (
Characteristics related to the reaction alkali-aggregates
(RAG)
♦ VRAG = vrag [R]
♦ TAUG = taug [R]
♦ SRSG = srsg [R]
♦ TRAG = trag [R]
♦ NRJG = nrjg [R]

Characteristics related to the sulfatic reaction interns (RSI)

♦ VDEF = vdef [R]
♦ TDEF = tdef [R]
♦ SSAD = ssad [R]
♦ SRSD = srsd [R]
♦ SNAK = snak [R]
♦ NRJP = nrjp [R]
♦ NRJD = nrjd [R]
♦ TTDD = ttdd [R]
♦ TTRD = ttrd [R]
♦ TDID = tdid [R]
♦ TFID = tfid [R]
♦ C NA D = SNA D [R]
♦ CNAK = SNA K [R]
♦ CNAB = SNA B [R]
♦ EXND = exnd [R]
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♦ EXMD = exmd [R]

Characteristics related to the reactions of swelling interns

(RGI)
♦ VVRG = vvrg [R]
♦ BRGI = brgi [R]
♦ MRGI = mrgi [R]
♦ KRGI = krgi [R]
♦ HRGI = hrgi [R]
♦ EKRG = ekrg [R]

Characteristics related to the mechanical behavior

♦ RT = rt [R]
♦ EPT = ept [R]
♦ RC = rc [R]
♦ EPC = epc [R]
♦ DELT = delt [R]
♦ BETA = beta [R]
♦ ref. = ref. [R]
♦ EKDC = ekdc [R]
♦ GFT = gft [R]
♦ GFR = gfr [R]
♦ DIM3 = dim3 [R]

Characteristics of creep
♦ TREF = tref [R]
♦ TAUK = tauk [R]
♦ YKSY = yksy [R]
♦ TAUM = taum [R]
♦ EKFL = ekfl [R]
♦ XFLU = xflu [R]
♦ NRJM = nrjm [R]
♦ DFMX = dfmx [R]

Characteristics related to the withdrawal/creep in dessication

♦ PORO = poro [function]
◊ MSHR =/ 0.0 [DEFECT]
/ mshr [R]
◊ MVGN =/ 0.0 [DEFECT]
/ mvgn [R]
◊ BSHR =/ 0.0 [DEFECT]
/ bshr [R]
◊ SFLD =/ 0.0 [DEFECT]
/ sfld [R]

Characteristics related to the thermal damage

♦ DT80 = dt80 [R]
♦ TSTH = tsth [R]

Characteristics related to the hydration

♦ HYDR = hydr [function]
♦ HYDS = hyds [R]

)
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7.26.2 Operands
7.26.2.1 Operands related to the reaction alkali-aggregates (RAG)
♦ VRAG
Maximum ratio of volume of SHORT-NAP CLOTH.
♦ TAUG
Time characteristic of SHORT-NAP CLOTH.
♦ SRSG
Threshold of degree of saturation out of water to activate the SHORT-NAP CLOTH.
♦ TRAG
Temperature of reference to which the test is carried out.
♦ NRJG
Energy of activation for the kinetics of the SHORT-NAP CLOTH.

Operands related to the sulfatic reaction interns (RSI)

♦ VDEF
Maximum ratio of volume of DEF which initializes the quantities of aluminium and sulphate.
♦ TDEF
Time characteristic of precipitation of DEF.
♦ SSAD
Ratio Sulphates/Aluminiums.
♦ SRSD
Characteristic degree of saturation for precipitation.
♦ SNAK
Concentration of reference into alkaline.
♦ NRJP
Energy of activation for fixing and precipitation.
♦ NRJD
Energy of activation for dissolution.
♦ TTDD
Temperature threshold of reference.
♦ TTRD
Temperature of reference for characteristic time TDEF.
♦ TDID
Time characteristic for dissolution of the sulfoaluminates.
♦ TFID
Time characteristic for fixing of aluminates in hydro-garnets.
♦ CNAD
Concentration into alkaline
♦ CNAK
Concentration into alkaline characteristics controlling the dissolution of the primary
sulfoaluminates.
♦ CNAB
Concentration into alkaline blocking the precipitation of DEF.
♦ EXND
Exhibitor of the coupling dissolution-temperature.
♦ EXMD
Exhibitor of the coupling precipitation – fixing of aluminiums.
♦ TTKF
Temperature threshold of fixing of the aluminiums in hydro-garnets.
♦ NRJF
Energy of fixing of the aluminiums in hydro-garnets.

7.26.2.2 Operands related to the reactions of swelling interns (RGI)

♦ VVRG
Volume of the vacuums connected to the sites of creation of RGI.
♦ BRGI
Coefficient of Biot for the SHORT-NAP CLOTH or the DEF.
♦ MRGI
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Module of Biot of freezing or the newly formed product for the coupling with the pressure.
♦ KRGI
Concentration factor of constraints.
♦ HRGI
Report of the plastic module of work hardening and the Young modulus for the plastic criterion of
RGI.
♦ EKRG
Deformation characteristic for the damages of RGI.

7.26.2.3 Operands related to the mechanical behavior

♦ RT
Resistance in traction.
♦ EPT
Deformation with the peak of traction.
♦ RC
Resistance in compression.
♦ EPC
Deformation with the peak of compression.
♦ DELT
Coefficient of taking into account of containment.
♦ BETA
Dilatancy for the plastic flow nonassociated with Drucker-Prager.
♦ ref.
Constraint of refermeture of crack.
♦ EKDC
Plastic deformation characteristic of the damage of Drucker-Prager.
♦ GFT
Energy of cracking in traction.
♦ GFR
Energy of refermeture of the tension cracks.
♦ DIM3
Size of the element in the 3ème direction (for case AXIS or 2D).

7.26.2.4 Operands related to the model of creep

7.26.2.5 Operands related to the withdrawal/creep in dessication

♦ PORO
Porosity of material.
◊ MSHR
Module of Van Genuchten.
◊ MVGN
Exhibitor of Van Genuchten.
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◊ BSHR
Coefficient of Biot of the capillary pressure.
◊ SFLD
Constraint characteristic of desiccation.

7.26.2.6 Operands related to the thermal damage

♦ DT80
Damage with 80°C.
♦ TSTH
Temperature threshold for the thermal damage.

7.26.2.7 Operands related to the hydration

♦ HYDR
Advance of the hydration.
♦ HYDS
Threshold of solidification of advance.

7.27 Keyword factor ENDO_LOCA_EXP/ENDO_LOCA_EXP_FO

Definition of the parameters of the law of behavior ENDO_LOCA_EXP [R7.01.42], which describes the
homogeneous cracking of a structure out of concrete via a model of local damage quasifragile
isotropic.

7.27.1 Syntax
| ENDO_LOCA_EXP_FO
ENDO_LOCA_EXP = _F (
♦ KAPPA =
Kappa, [R] or [function]
♦ P =
p, [R] or [function]
♦ SIGC =
sigc, [R] or [function]
♦ SIG0 =
sig0, [R] or [function]
◊ BETA0 = /
beta, [R]

/ 1E-1, [DEFECT]
♦ REST_RIGIDITE =
gamma, [R]
)

7.27.2 OperandS KAPPA and P

They are the internal parameters of the model which define work hardening, to see [R7.01.42]. Their
identification is assumption of responsibility by the order DEFI_MATER_GC [U4.42.07], starting from
sizes more accessible in experiments.

Operands SIGC, SIG0, BETA0

They are the internal parameters of the model which define the form of the surface of load (except for
a homothety), to see [R7.01.42]. It is based on the constraint of Von Mises and the exponential one of
the tensor of the constraints and is compared well with experimental results on concrete in biaxial
loading. The parameter BETA0 is of digital nature and has like interest only to return the field of
elasticity limited, including for hydrostatic compressions; the value by default fills this office well,
without incidence on the form of the field in the zones of interest.
There too, the order DEFI_MATER_GC [U4.42.07] allows to identify these parameters starting from
accessible sizes in experiments (limiting in traction and compression).
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7.27.3 Operand REST_RIGIDITE

The restoration of rigidity is active for the directions of deformation in compression. To avoid a brutal
regime change at the time of the passage of traction to compression, a function regularizes the jump
of rigidity, to see [R7.01.42]. The parameter REST_RIGIDITE, positive, comes to control this
regularization; it corresponds to the coefficient γ function. A value of 0 conduit not to restore rigidity
(i.e the model is without restoration of rigidity) while a very large value amounts being freed almost
from the regularization. The order DEFI_MATER_GC [U4.42.07] the quantification of this parameter
facilitates while stipulating which proportion of rigidity is restored for a level of deformation
corresponding to the initial threshold in compression.

8 Behaviors métallo-mecanic
For the metallurgical behavior (cf [R4.04.01]), two laws of behavior are available: a law characteristic
of the metallurgical transformations of steel and a law characteristic of zirconium alloys.

Note:
Steel can comprise (with more) five different metallurgical phases (cold phase 1 = ferrite, cold
phase 2 = pearlite, cold phase 3 = bainite, cold phase 4 = martensite and a hot phase = austenite),

The zircaloy can comprise (with more) three different metallurgical phases (cold phase 1 = phase
 pure, cold phase 2 = phase  mixture and a hot phase = phase  .

For the mechanical behavior with the taking into account of the metallurgical transformations, there
exist two models.
The first model (cf [R4.04.02]) is usable for steel and Zircaloy. One chooses material desired while
activating, in the operator STAT_NON_LINE, the keyword RELATION_KIT who is worth ‘STEEL’ or
‘ZIRC’. The various relations relative to this model are identical for these two materials (one treats
the same phenomena) but the number of involved phases is different.
The second model (cf [R4.04.05]) is only available for Zircaloy (RELATION_KIT=‘ZIRC’)and
corresponds to the keyword META_LEMA_ANI under BEHAVIOR.

8.1 Keyword factor META_ACIER

Parameters to be informed for the metallurgy of steel.

8.1.1 Syntax
| META_ACIER = _F (
♦ TRC = nomtrc ,
[table_sdaster]
♦ AR3 = ar3,
[R]
♦ ALPHA = alpha,
[R]
♦ MS0 = mso,
[R]
♦ AC1 = ac1,
[R]
♦ AC3 = ac3 ,
[R]
♦ TAUX_1 = T1,
[R]
♦ TAUX_3 = T3,
[R]
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◊ LAMBDA0= l0,
[R]
◊ QSR_K = Qapp,
[R]
◊ D10 = d10 ,
[R]
◊ WSR_K = Wapp,
[R]
)

8.1.2 Operands for the phase shifts

TRC = nomtrc
Concept of the type trc product by the operator DEFI_TRC [U4.43.04] and containing the whole of the
furnished information by the diagrams TRC (Transformation into Continuous Cooling) of steel
considered.
AR3 = ar3
Quasi-static temperature of beginning of decomposition of austenite to cooling.
ALPHA = alpha
Coefficient  law of Koïstinen-Marbürger expressing the quantity of martensite formed according to
the temperature:
Z m=1−exp   M s−T  
MSO = mso
Martensitic initial temperature of transformation when this one is total. In
this case M s =M s 0 .
AC1 = ac1
Quasi-static temperature of beginning of transformation into austenite with the heating.
AC3 = ac3
Quasi-static temperature of end of transformation into austenite.
TAUX_1 = T1
Value of the function “delay” (cf [R4.04.01])  T  intervening in the austenitic model of
transformation at the temperature AC1.

TAUX_3 = T3
Value of the function “delay” (cf [R4.04.01])  T  intervening in the austenitic model of
transformation at the temperature AC3.

Z −Z eq ( T )
The evolution of the proportion of austenite is then defined by: Ż =
τ (T )
with: Z eq ( T )
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Ac1 Ac3 T

and τ (T )
T
3

T
1

Ac1 Ac3
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8.1.3 Operands for the size of grains

The four operands following involve the calculation of size of grains if they are indicated.

LAMBDA0 = l0
Parameter material intervening in the model of evolution of size of grain below.

{ }
Q app
= 0 exp 
dD 1 1
= −

1
dt  D Dlim  with
RT
W
Dlim =D10 exp− app 
RT

QSR_K = Qapp/R
Parameter energy of activation intervening in the model of evolution of size of grain.
D10 = D10
Parameter material intervening in the model of evolution of size of grain.
WSR_K = Wapp/R
Parameter energy of activation intervening in the model of evolution of size of grain.

8.2 Keyword factor META_ZIRC

Parameters to be informed for the metallurgy of Zircaloy (cf. [R4.04.04]).

8.2.1 Syntax
| META_ZIRC = _F (
♦ TDEQ = teqd,
[R]
♦ NR = N,
[R]
♦ K = K,
[R]
♦ T1C = t1c ,
[R]
♦ T2C = t2c ,
[R]
♦ QSR_K = qsr ,
[R]
♦ AC = Ac,
[R]
♦ M = m,
[R]
♦ T1R = t1r,
[R]
♦ T2R = t2r,
[R]
♦ AR = Ar,
[R]
♦ Br = Br
[R]
)
8.2.2 Operands
TDEQ = teqd
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Initial temperature of transformation ⇔  with balance

 : compact phase cold hexagonal
 : phase hot cubic centered
NR = N
Parameter material relating to the model giving the proportion of  according to the temperature,
with balance.
K = K
Parameter material relating to the model giving the proportion of  according to the temperature,
with balance.
T1C = t1c
Initial temperature of transformation  in  with the heating.
T1C = t1c
Parameter material intervening in the calculation of the initial temperature of transformation  in 
with the heating.

T2C = t2c
Parameter material intervening in the calculation of the initial temperature of transformation  in
 with the heating.
AC = ac
Parameter material intervening in the model of evolution of  with the heating.

M = m
Parameter material intervening in the model of evolution of  with the heating.
T2R = t2r
Parameter material intervening in the calculation of the initial temperature of transformation  in 
with cooling.

T2R = t2r
Parameter material intervening in the calculation of the initial temperature of transformation  in 
with cooling.

AR = Ar
Parameter material intervening in the model of evolution of  with cooling.
Br = Br
Parameter material intervening in the model of evolution of  with cooling.
QSR_K = qsr
Constant of Arrhenius expressed in Kelvin degree.

8.3 Keyword factor DURT_META

Definition of the characteristics relating to the calculation of hardness associated with the metallurgy
with steels.
Hardness is calculated by using a linear law of mixture on the microphone - hardness of the
components:

HV =∑ z i HV i
i

HV i : microhardness of the component i

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zi : proportion of the component i

8.3.1 Syntax
| DURT_META = _F (
♦ F1_DURT = HVf1,
[R]
♦ F2_DURT = HVf2,
[R]
♦ F3_DURT = HVf3,
[R]
♦ F4_DURT = HVf4,
[R]
♦ C_DURT = HVa
[R]
)

8.3.2 Operands
F1_DURT = HVf1
Microhardness of the cold phase F1 (ferrite for steel).
F2_DURT = HVf2
Microhardness of the cold phase F2 (pearlite for steel).
F3_DURT = HVf3
Microhardness of the cold phase F3 (bainite for steel).
F4_DURT = Hvf4
Microhardness of the cold phase F4 (martensite for steel).
C_DURT = HVf1
Microhardness for the hot phase (austenite for steel).

8.4 Keywords factor ELAS_META, ELAS_META_FO

Definition of the elastic characteristics, dilation and elastic limits for the modeling of an undergoing
material of the metallurgical transformations (see [R4.04.02] or [R4.04.05]). These coefficients can be
are constant compared to the temperature ELAS_META, are to depend on the temperature
ELAS_META_FO (parameter ‘TEMP’).
Certain coefficients depend on the metallurgical structure (parameter ‘META’).

Notice :
Concerning the model META_LEMA_ANI, Lhas thermal dilation is written classically irrespective of
phases. Consequently, keywords ‘C_ALPHA', ‘PHASE_REFE’ and ‘EPSF_EPSC_TREF’ obligatory but
are not taken into account in the equations. Only the dilation coefficient ‘F_ALPHA’ is considered.
This model is a law without threshold thus the limits elastic and the law of the mixtures is not useful.

Notice :
Concerning the other models, pour a steel one informs to the maximum 5 elastic limits, for Zircaloy
one informs some to the maximum three.
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8.4.1 Syntax
| / ELAS_META
/ ELAS_META_FO = _F (
♦ E =
Young, [R] or [function]
♦ NAKED =
naked, [R] or [function]
♦ F_ALPHA = fal,
[R] or [function]
♦ C_ALPHA = cal,
[R] or [function]
♦ PHASE_REFE = / ‘HOT’, [TXM]
/
‘COLD’, [TXM]
♦ EPSF_EPSC_TREF=deltae, [R]
◊ TEMP_DEF_ALPHA=Tda, [R]
(_FO)
◊ PRECISION =/ eps,
[R]
/
1. , [DEFECT]
◊ F1_SY = F1sy,
[R] or [function]
◊ F2_SY = F2sy,
[R] or [function]
◊ F3_SY = F3sy,
[R] or [function]
◊ F4_SY = F4sy,
[R] or [function]
◊ C_SY = Fsy,
[R] or [function]
◊ SY_MELANGE = F,
[function]
◊ F1_S_VP = F1svp,
[R] or [function]
◊ F2_S_VP = F2svp,
[R] or [function]
◊ F3_S_VP = F3svp,
[R] or [function]
◊ F4_S_VP = F4svp,
[R] or [function]
◊ C_S_VP =
Csvp, [R] or [function]
◊ S_VP_MELANGE = Please
[function]
)

8.4.2 Operands
E = Young
Young modulus, identical for all the metallurgical phases.

NAKED = naked
Poisson's ratio, identical for all the metallurgical phases.

F_ALPHA = fal
Thermal dilation coefficient average of the cold phases.

C_ALPHA = cal
Thermal dilation coefficient average of the hot phase.
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PHASE_REFE = / ‘HOT’
/ ‘COLD’
Choice of the metallurgical phase of reference (hot phase or cold phase).
Indeed, to define the worthless thermal deformation, it is necessary to define the temperature of
reference T ref (defined in AFFE_MATERIAU) and the metallurgical phase of reference, so that the
thermal deformation is considered worthless with T ref and in the metallurgical state of reference.

EPSF_EPSC_TREF = deltae
Deformation of the phase not of reference compared to the phase of reference to the temperature
T ref : translated the difference in compactness between the cubic crystallographic structures with
centered faces (standard austenitic) and cubic centered (standard ferritic).

TEMP_DEF_ALPHA = Tda
Temperature compared to which one defines the dilation coefficient. If C_ALPHA is a function, this
operand is obligatory.

PRECISION = eps
This reality indicates with which precision a temperature T is close to the temperature of reference
(cf. [§3.1.4]).

F1_SY= F1sy
Elastic limit of the cold phase 1 for a plastic behavior.

F2_SY= F2sy
Elastic limit of the cold phase 2 for a plastic behavior.

F3_SY= F3sy
Elastic limit of the cold phase 3 for a plastic behavior.

F4_SY= F4sy
Elastic limit of the cold phase 4 for a plastic behavior.

C_SY = Fsy
Elastic limit of the hot phase for a plastic behavior.

SY_MELANGE = F
Function used for the law of mixture on the elastic limit of multiphase material for a plastic behavior.

σ y =( 1−f ( z ) ) σ γy +f ( z ) σ αy
F1_S_VP = F1svp
Elastic limit of the cold phase 1 for a viscous behavior.

F2_S_VP = F2svp
Elastic limit of the cold phase 2 for a viscous behavior.

F3_S_VP = F3svp
Elastic limit of the cold phase 3 for a viscous behavior.

F4_S_VP = F4svp
Elastic limit of the cold phase 4 for a viscous behavior.

C_S_VP = Csvp
Elastic limit of the hot phase for a viscous behavior.

S_VP_MELANGE = Please
Function used for the law of mixture on the elastic limit of multiphase material for a viscous behavior.
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σ c =( 1−f ( z ) ) σcγ+f ( z ) σ αc
8.5 Keyword factor META_ECRO_LINE

Definition of five modules of work hardening used in the modeling of the phenomenon of isotropic
work hardening linear of an undergoing material of the metallurgical phase shifts (see [R4.04.02]).
These modules depend on the temperature.

8.5.1 Syntax
| META_ECRO_LINE = _F (

◊ F1_D_SIGM_EPSI= dsde1,
[function]
◊ F2_D_SIGM_EPSI= dsde2,
[function]
◊ F3_D_SIGM_EPSI= dsde3,
[function]
◊ F4_D_SIGM_EPSI= dsde4,
[function]
◊ C_D_SIGM_EPSI = dsdec,
[function]
)
8.5.2 Operands
F1_D_SIGM_EPSI = dsde1
Slope of the traction diagram for the cold phase 1.
F2_D_SIGM_EPSI = dsde2
Slope of the traction diagram for the cold phase 2.
F3_D_SIGM_EPSI = dsde3
Slope of the traction diagram for the cold phase 3.
F4_D_SIGM_EPSI = dsde4
Slope of the traction diagram for the cold phase 4.
C_D_SIGM_EPSI = dsdec
Slope of the traction diagram for the hot phase.

The Young modulus E is to be specified by the keywords META_ELAS or META_ELAS_FO.

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8.6 Keyword factor META_TRACTION

Definition of five traction diagrams used in the modeling of the phenomenon of isotropic work
hardening nonlinear of an undergoing material of the metallurgical phase shifts (see [R4.04.02]). The
traction diagrams can possibly depend on the temperature.

8.6.1 Syntax
| META_TRACTION = _F (

◊ SIGM_F1 = r_p1,
[function]
◊ SIGM_F2 = r_p2,
[function]
◊ SIGM_F3 = r_p3,
[function]
◊ SIGM_F4 = r_p4,
[function]
◊ SIGM_C = r_pc
[function]
)

8.6.2 Operands
SIGM_F1 = r_p1
Isotropic curve work hardening R according to the cumulated plastic deformation p for the cold
phase 1 .

SIGM_F2 = r_p2
Isotropic curve work hardening R according to the cumulated plastic deformation p for the cold
phase 2 .

SIGM_F3 = r_p3
Isotropic curve work hardening R according to the cumulated plastic deformation p for the cold
phase 3 .

SIGM_F4 = r_p4
Isotropic curve work hardening R according to the cumulated plastic deformation p for the cold
phase 4 .

SIGM_C = r_p C
Isotropic curve work hardening R according to the cumulated plastic deformation p for the hot
phase.

Note:
Attention it does not act of the curve  function of  but of the curve R function of p . One
passes from the one to the other by carrying out following calculations:
R=−limite d ’ élasticité , p= –  / E .

8.7 Keyword factor META_VISC_FO

Definition of the viscous parameters of the viscoplastic law of behavior with taking into account of the
metallurgy (see [R4.04.02]). The viscoplastic model of Norton-Hoff type comprises 5 parameters; the
parameters classic  , n law of flow in power, yield stress of flow viscous, parameters C and m
relating to the restoration of work hardening of viscous origin. These parameters depend on the
temperature and the metallurgical structure.
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The limit elastic parameters are defined in ELAS_META.

8.7.1 Syntax
| META_VISC_FO = _F (
◊ F1_ETA = eta1,
[function]
◊ F2_ETA = eta2,
[function]
◊ F3_ETA = eta3,
[function]
◊ F4_ETA = eta4,
[function]
◊ C_ETA = etac,
[function]
◊ F1_N = n1,
[function]
◊ F2_N = N2,
[function]
◊ F3_C = C1,
[function]
◊ F2_C = C2,
[function]
◊ F3_C = C3,
[function]
◊ F4_C = C4,
[function]
◊ C_C = C5,
[function]
◊ F1_M = m1,
[function]
◊ F2_M = m2,
[function]
◊ F3_M = m3,
[function]
◊ F4_M = m4,
[function]
◊ C_M = m5
[function]
)

8.7.2 Operands F1_ETA/F2_ETA/F3_ETA/F4_ETA/C_ETA

F1_ETA = eta1
Parameter  viscoplastic law of flow, for the cold phase 1.
F2_ETA = eta2
Parameter  viscoplastic law of flow, for the cold phase 2.
F3_ETA = eta3
Parameter  viscoplastic law of flow, for the cold phase 3.
F4_ETA = eta4
Parameter  viscoplastic law of flow, for the cold phase 4.
C_ETA = etac
Parameter  viscoplastic law of flow, for the hot phase.
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8.7.3 Operands F1_N/F2_N/F3_N/F4_N/C_N

F1_N = n1
Parameter n viscoplastic law of flow, for the cold phase 1.
F2_N = N2
Parameter n viscoplastic law of flow, for the cold phase 2.
F3_N = n3
Parameter n viscoplastic law of flow, for the cold phase 3.
F4_N = n4
Parameter n viscoplastic law of flow, for the cold phase 4.
C_N = n5
Parameter N of the viscoplastic law of flow, for the hot phase.

8.7.4 Operands F1_C/F2_C/F3_C/F4_C/C_C

F1_C = C1
Parameter C relating to the restoration of work hardening of viscous origin, for the cold phase 1.
F2_C = C2
Parameter C relating to the restoration of work hardening of viscous origin, for the cold phase 2.
F3_C = C3
Parameter C relating to the restoration of work hardening of viscous origin, for the cold phase 3.
F4_C = C4
Parameter C relating to the restoration of work hardening of viscous origin, for the cold phase 4.
C_C = C5
Parameter C relating to the restoration of work hardening of viscous origin, for the hot phase.

8.7.5 Operands F1_M/F2_M/F3_M/F4_M/C_M

F1_M = m1
Parameter m relating to the restoration of work hardening of viscous origin, for the cold phase 1.
F2_M = m2
Parameter m relating to the restoration of work hardening of viscous origin, for the cold phase 2.
F3_M = m3
Parameter m relating to the restoration of work hardening of viscous origin, for the cold phase 3.
F4_M = m4
Parameter m relating to the restoration of work hardening of viscous origin, for the cold phase 4.
C_M = m5
Parameter m relating to the restoration of work hardening of viscous origin, for the hot phase.

8.8 Keyword factor META_PT

Definition of the characteristics used in the modeling of the plasticity of transformation of a material
which undergoes metallurgical phase shifts (see [R4.04.02]).
i=4
3
The model is the following:   =  ∑ K i F 'i  Z i  〈  Z i 〉
pt
2 i=1

8.8.1 Syntax
| META_PT = _F (
◊ F1_K = KF,
[R]
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◊ F2_K = Kp,
[R]
◊ F3_K = KB,
[R]
◊ F4_K = km,
[R]
◊ F1_D_F_META = F' F,
[function]
◊ F2_D_F_META = F' p,
[function]
◊ F3_D_F_META = F' B,
[function]
◊ F4_D_F_META = F' m
[function]
)
8.8.2 Operands
F1_K = KF, F2_K = Kp, F3_K = KB, F4_K = km
Constants K i used in the model of plasticity of transformation, for the various cold phases. For steel
= phase ferritic, perlitic, bainitic and martensitic.

F1_D_F_META=F' F, F2_D_F_META=F' p, F3_D_F_META=F' B,

F4_D_F_META=F' m,
'
Functions F i used in the model of plasticity of transformation, for the various cold phases. For steel:
phase ferritic, perlitic, bainitic and martensitic.

8.9 Keyword factor META_RE

Definition of the caractéristiqube used in the modeling of the phenomenon of restoration of work
hardening of a material which undergoes metallurgical phase shifts (see [R4.04.02]).

8.9.1 Syntax
| META_RE = _F (

◊ C_F1_THETA = Tgf ,
[R]
◊ C_F2_THETA = Tgp ,
[R]
◊ C_F3_THETA = Tgb,
[R]
◊ C_F4_THETA = Tgm ,
[R]
◊ F1_C_THETA = Tfg,
[R]
◊ F2_C_THETA = Tpg,
[R]
◊ F3_C_THETA = Tbg,
[R]
◊ F4_C_THETA = Tmg
[R]
)

8.9.2 Operands
C_F1_THETA=Tgf, C_F2_THETA=Tgp, C_F3_THETA=TgB,
C_F4_THETA=Tgm
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Constants characterizing the rate of work hardening transmitted at the time of the transformation of
the hot phase C into cold phase. For steel; transformation of austenite into ferrite, pearlite, bainite and
martensite. Thus, =0 corresponds to a total restoration and =1 with a total transmission of work
hardening.

F1_C_THETA=Tfg, F2_C_THETA=Tpg, F3_C_THETA=Tbg,

F4_C_THETA=TMg
Constants characterizing the rate of work hardening transmitted at the time of the transformation of
the cold phases into hot phase. For steel; transformation of ferrite, the pearlite, austenite bainite and
martensite. Thus, =0 corresponds to a total restoration and =1 with a total transmission of work
hardening.

8.10 Keyword META_LEMA_ANI

Definition of the parameters of the law META_LEMA_ANI (cf. [R4.04.05]), élasto-viscous without
threshold with an anisotropic behavior. Briefly, the model is written is in the cylindrical reference mark
r ,  , z  , that is to say in the Cartesian reference mark (Ox ,Oy , Oz) :

Partition of the deformations: ε =ε e +α Δ T Id+ ε v

M :σ
Law of flow of the viscous deformation: ε˙v = ṗ σ eq
Criterion of Hill: σ eq =√ σ : M : σ
Matrix of Hill M in cylindrical coordinates :

[ ]
M rrrr M rr θ θ M rrzz 0 0 0
M rr θθ M θ θ θθ M θ θ zz 0 0 0
M rrzz M θθ zz M zzzz 0 0 0
M ( r , θ , z)=
0 0 0 M rθ r θ 0 0
0 0 0 0 M rzrz 0
0 0 0 0 0 M θzθz

{
M rrrr +M rr θθ +M rrzz = 0
avec M rr θ θ +M θθ θθ +M θθ zz = 0
M rrzz +M θ θ zz +M zzzz = 0

or, in Cartesian coordinates:

[ ]
M xxxx M xxyy M xxzz 0 0 0
M xxyy M yyyy M yyzz 0 0 0
M M yyzz M zzzz 0 0 0
M ( x , y , z )= xxzz
0 0 0 M xyxy 0 0
0 0 0 0 M xzxz 0
0 0 0 0 0 M yzyz
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{
M xxxx +M xxyy +M xxzz = 0
avec M xxyy +M yyyy + M yyzz = 0
M xxzz + M yyzz + M zzzz = 0

Law of the mixtures on the matrix M :

{
Mc si 0.00Z f 0.01
2 1 c
M = M =Z f M  1−Z f  M si 0.01Z f 0.99
M1 si 0.99Z f 1.00
Z f =Z 1Z 2 ; Z c =Z 3=1−Z f
n

Speed of equivalent deformation: ṗ=  

 eq
ap m
e−Q/T

Q /T 1 /n m 1/n
a ( e ) p ṗ
σ eq= ⏟ =σ v
or in an equivalent way:
contrainte visqueuse σ v

Law of the mixtures on the viscous constraint σv :

3
Qi /T 1/ ni
 eq = v =∑ f i  Z    vi with
i=1
σ vi=ai ( e ) p m ṗ1/ n
i i

Notice :
in the isotropic case, one a:
M rrrr =M    =M zzzz=1
M rθrθ =M rzrz=M  z  z=0.75

M xxxx=M yyyy =M zzzz =1

M xyxy=M xzxz =M yzyz=0.75

8.10.1 Syntax
The choice of the type of coordinates (cylindrical or Cartesian) is done respectively by the detection of the
keyword F_MRR_RR or of the keyword F_MXX_XX.

In cylindrical coordinates:
| META_LEMA_ANI= _F (
♦ F1_A = a1
[R]
♦ F2_A = a2
[R]
♦ C_A = ac
[R]
♦ F1_M = m1
[R]
♦ F2_M = m2
[R]
♦ C_M = mc
[R]
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♦ F1_N = n1,
[R]
♦ F2_N = N2,
[R]
♦ C_N = nc,
[R]
♦ F1_Q = q1,
[R]
♦ F2_Q = q2,
[R]
♦ C_Q = qc,
[R]
♦ F_MRR_RR = mrrrrf,
[R]
♦ C_MRR_RR = mrrrrc,
[R]
♦ F_MTT_TT = mttttf,
[R]
♦ C_MTT_TT = mttttc,
[R]
♦ F_MZZ_ZZ = mzzzzf,
[R]
♦ C_MZZ_ZZ = mzzzzc,
[R]

♦ F_MRT_RT = mrtrtf,
[R]
♦ C_MRT_RT = mrtrtc,
[R]
♦ F_MRZ_RZ = mrzrzf,
[R]
♦ C_MRZ_RZ = mrzrzc,
[R]
♦ F_MTZ_TZ = mtztzf,
[R]
♦ C_MTZ_TZ = mtztzc,
[R]
)

In Cartesian coordinates:
| META_LEMA_ANI= _F (
♦ F1_A = a1
[R]
♦ F2_A = a2
[R]
♦ C_A = ac
[R]
♦ F1_M = m1
[R]
♦ F2_M = m2
[R]
♦ C_M = mc
[R]
♦ F1_N = n1,
[R]
♦ F2_N = N2,
[R]
♦ C_N = nc,
[R]
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♦ F1_Q = q1,
[R]
♦ F2_Q = q2,
[R]
♦ C_Q = qc,
[R]
♦ F_MXX_XX = mxxxxf,
[R]
♦ C_MXX_XX = mxxxxc,
[R]
♦ F_MYY_YY = myyyyf,
[R]
♦ C_MYY_YY = myyyyc,
[R]
♦ F_MZZ_ZZ = mzzzzf,
[R]
♦ C_MZZ_ZZ = mzzzzc,
[R]

♦ F_MXY_XY = mxyxyf,
[R]
♦ C_MXY_XY = mxyxyc,
[R]
♦ F_MXZ_XZ = mxzxzf,
[R]
♦ C_MXZ_XZ = mxzxzc,
[R]
♦ F_MYZ_YZ = myzyzf,
[R]
♦ C_MYZ_YZ = myzyzc,
[R]
)

8.10.2 Operands
The table below summarizes the correspondences between the symbols of the equations and the
keywords.

Symbol in the equations Keyword Aster

a1 , a2 , a3 ‘F1_A’ , ‘F2_A’ , ‘C_A’
m1 , m2 , m3 ‘F1_M’ , ‘F2_M’ , ‘C_M’
n1 , n2 , n3 ‘F1_N’ , ‘F2_N’ , ‘C_N’
Q1 , Q2 , Q3 ‘F1_Q’ , ‘F2_Q’ , ‘C_Q’

The matrix of Hill is known is for the cold phase (1) ‘F_M ** _**’, that is to say for the hot phase
(3) ‘C_M ** _**’.

Note:
Coefficients ‘F1_Q’ , ‘F2_Q’ and ‘C_Q’ are in Kelvin degree.
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9 Behaviors thermo-hydro-mechanics and of the grounds

9.1 Simple keyword COMP_THM
Allows to select as of the definition of material the mixing rate THM. The table below specifies the
obligatory keywords according to the selected mixing rate.

LIQU_SAT LIQU_GA GAS LIQU_GAZ_A LIQU_VAPE_G LIQU_AD_GAZ_ LIQU_AD_GAZ LIQU_VAPE

U Z TM AZ VAPE
THM_INIT O O O O O O O O
PRE1 F F F F F F F F
PRE2 F F F F
PORO O O O O O O O O
TEMP F F F F F F F F
PRES_VAPE O O O
THM_DIFFU O O O O O O O O
R_GAZ O O O O O O
RHO O O O O O O O O
BIOT_COEF O O O O O O O O
PESA_X O O O O O O O O
PESA_Y O O O O O O O O
PESA_Z O O O O O O O O
SATU_PRES O O
D_SATU_PRES O O
PERM_LIQU O O
D_PERM_LIQU_SA O O
TU
PERM_GAZ O
D_PERM_SATU_GA O
Z
D_PERM_PRES_GA O
Z
VG_N/VG_PR/VG_
SR
VG_SMAX/VG_SAT
UR
EMMAG
FICKV_T O O
FICKV_PV
FICKV_PG
FICKV_S
D_FV_T
D_FV_PG
FICKA_T O O
FICKA_PA
FICKA_PL
FICKA_S
D_FA_T
CP T T T T T T T T
PERM_IN/PERM_E O O O O O O O O
ND/PERM_X
PERM_Y
PERM_Z
LAMB_T T T T T T T T T
LAMB_S
LAMB_PHI
LAMB_CT
D_LB_T
D_LB_S
D_LB_PHI
THM_LIQU O O O O O O O
RHO O O O O O O O
UN_SUR_K O O O O O O O
VISC O O O O O O O
D_VISC_TEMP O O O O O O O
ALPHA T T T T T T T
CP T T T T T T T
THM_GAZ O O O O O O
MASS_MOL O O O O O O
VISC O O O O O O
D_VISC_TEMP O O O O O O
CP T T T T T T
THM_VAPE_GAZ O O O
MASS_MOL O O O
CP O O O
VISC O O O
D_VISC_TEMP O O O
THM_AIR_DISS O O
CP O O
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COEF_HENRY O O
O Obligatory keyword
T Obligatory keyword in Thermics
Useless keyword for this kind of mixing rate

Syntax is the following one:

◊ COMP_THM = / ‘LIQU_SATU ‘ ,
/ ‘LIQU_GAZ ‘ ,
/ ‘GAS ‘ ,
/ ‘LIQU_GAZ_ATM ‘ ,
/ ‘LIQU_VAPE_GAZ ‘ ,
/ ‘LIQU_AD_GAZ ‘ ,
/ ‘LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE ‘ ,
/ ‘LIQU_VAPE ‘ ,

9.2 Keyword factor THM_INIT

For all the behaviors Thermo-Hydro-Mechanics, it makes it possible to describe the initial state of the
structure (cf. [R7.01.11] and [R7.01.14]).

9.2.1 Syntax
| THM_INIT = _F (
◊ TEMP = temp,
[R]
◊ PRE1 = pre1,
[R]
◊ PRE2 = pre2,
[R]
♦ PORO = poro,
[R]
◊ PRES_VAPE = pvap,
[R]
◊ DEGR_SATU = DS,
[R]
)

For understanding these data well, it is necessary to distinguish the unknown factors with the nodes,
ddl
which we call { u } and values defined under the keyword THM_INIT that we call p ref and T ref .

{ }
ux
uy
ddl
{u } = uz
PRE1ddl
PRE2 ddl

Significance of the unknown factors PRE1 and PRE2 vary according to the models. While noting
p w water pressure, p ad dissolved air pressure, p l pressure of liquid p l = p w  p ad , p as the air
pressure dryness p vp the steam pressure, p g= p as  p vp total gas pressure and p c = p g − p l the
capillary pressure (also called suction), one has the following meanings of the unknown factors
PRE1 and PRE2 :
Behavior LIQU_S LIQU_VAPE LIQU_GAZ_ GA LIQU_VAPE LIQU_GA LIQU_AD LIQU_AD
KIT ATU ATM S _GAZ _GAZ_VA _GAZ
PE
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PRE1 pl pl − pl p g p c = p g − p l p c = p g − p lp c = p g − p lp c = p g − p l
PRE2 pg pg pg pg

One will be able to refer to [§4.4.3] documentation [U4.51.11].

One then defines the “total” pressures and the temperature by:
p= p ddl  pref ;T =T ddl T ref

Values written by IMPR_RESU are the nodal unknown factors p ddl et T ddl . In the same way the
boundary conditions must be expressed compared to the nodal unknown factors.
On the other hand, in fact the pressures and the total air temperature are used in the laws of behavior
P R d l dpl
= T for perfect gases, = −3 l dT for the liquid and in the relation capillary
 M l Kl
saturation/pressure.
Let us note that the nodal values can be initialized by the keyword ETAT_INIT order
STAT_NON_LINE or by a combination of both (that can allow an easy conversion of Kelvin into
degree for example).

9.2.2 Operand TEMP

Temperature of reference T ref expressed in Kelvin. By default it is taken equalizes to zero.

Attention the value of the temperature initial T =T ddl +T ref must be strictly higher than zero.
The value of the temperature of reference entered behind the keyword VALE_REF order
AFFE_VARC is ignored.

9.2.3 Operand PRE1

By default it is taken equalizes to zero.
For the behaviors: LIQU_SATU, LIQU_VAPE pressure of liquid of reference.
For the behavior: GAS standard gas pressure. In this case pressure initial gas p= p ddl + pref
must be nonworthless.
For the behavior: LIQU_GAZ_ATM pressure of liquid of changed reference of sign.
For the behaviors: LIQU_VAPE_GAZ, LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE, LIQU_AD_GAZ and LIQU_GAZ
capillary pressure of reference.

9.2.4 Operand PRE2

By default it is taken equalizes to zero. For the behaviors: LIQU_VAPE_GAZ, LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE,
LIQU_AD_GAZ and LIQU_GAZ standard gas pressure. pressure initial gas p= pddl  p ref must be
nonworthless.

9.2.5 Operand PORO/PRES_VAPE/DEGR_SATU

PORO = poro
Initial porosity 0 .
Note: for modeling AXIS_JHMS and PLAN_JHMS, this value does not have a direction and is not used
during calculation.

PRES_VAPE = pvap
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For the behaviors: LIQU_VAPE_GAZ, LIQU_VAPE, LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE and LIQU_GAZ initial

steam pressure.

DEGR_SATU = DS
For all the unsaturated behaviors: initial degree of saturation (from now on useless, given as an
indication).

9.3 Keyword factor THM_LIQU

This keyword relates to all behaviors THM utilizing a liquid (cf. [R7.01.11]).

9.3.1 Syntax
| THM_LIQU= _F (
♦ RHO = rho,
[R]
♦ UN_SUR_K = usk,
[R]
◊ ALPHA = alp,
[function]
◊ CP = CP,
[R]
♦ VISC = VI,
[function]
♦ D_VISC_TEMP = dvi,
[function]
)

9.3.2 Operand RHO

Density of the liquid for the pressure defined under the keyword PRE1 keyword factor THM_INIT.

9.3.3 Operand UN_SUR_K

Opposite of compressibility K l liquid.

9.3.4 Operand ALPHA

Dilation coefficient l liquid.
If p l indicate the pressure of the liquid, l its density and T the temperature, the relation of
d l dp l
behavior of the liquid is: = −3 l dT .
l Kl

9.3.5 Operand CP
Specific heat with constant pressure of the liquid.

9.3.6 Operands VISC/D_VISC_TEMP

VISC = VI
Dynamic viscosity of the liquid (recall of the units: [pressure]. [time]). Function of the temperature.

D_VISC_TEMP = dvi

Derived from the viscosity of the liquid compared to the temperature. Function of the temperature.
The user must ensure coherence with the function associated with VISC.
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9.4 Keyword factor THM_GAZ

This keyword factor relates to all behaviors THM utilizing a gas (cf [R7.01.11]). For the behaviors
utilizing at the same time a liquid and a gas, and when one takes into account the evaporation of the
liquid, the coefficients indicated here relate to dry gas. The properties of the vapor are indicated under
the keyword THM_VAPE_GAZ.

9.4.1 Syntax
| THM_GAZ = _F (
◊ MASS_MOL = Mgs,
[R]
◊ CP =
CP, [R]
◊ VISC = VI,
[function]
◊ D_VISC_TEMP = dvi,
[function]
)

9.4.2 Operand MASS_MOL

Molar mass of dry gas M gs .
If p gs indicate the pressure of dry gas,  gs its density, R the constant of perfect gases and T the
p gs RT
temperature, the reaction of dry gas is: = .
gs M gs

9.4.3 Operand CP
Specific heat with constant pressure of dry gas.

9.4.4 Operand VISC

Viscosity of dry gas. Function of the temperature.

9.4.5 Operand D_VISC_TEMP

Derived compared to the temperature from viscosity from dry gas. Function of the temperature.
The user must ensure coherence with the function associated with VISC.

9.5 Keyword factor THM_VAPE_GAZ

This keyword factor relates to all behaviors THM utilizing at the same time a liquid and a gas, and
fascinating of account the evaporation of the liquid (confer [R7.01.11]). The coefficients indicated here
relate to the vapor.

9.5.1 Syntax
| THM_VAPE_GAZ = _F (
◊ MASS_MOL = m ,
[R]
◊ CP = CP,
[R]
◊ VISC = VI,
[function]
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◊ D_VISC_TEMP = dvi,
[function]
)

9.5.2 Operand MASS_MOL

MASS_MOL = m
Molar mass of the vapor M vp .

If is M vp indicate the pressure of the vapor, ρvp its density, the constant R perfect gases and
p vp RT
T the temperature, the behavior of the vapor is: = .
vp M vp
9.5.3 Operand CP
CP = CP
Specific heat with constant pressure of the vapor.

9.5.4 Operand VISC

VISC = v
Viscosity of the vapor. Function of the temperature.

9.5.5 Operand D_VISC_TEMP

D_VISC_TEMP = dvi
Derived compared to the temperature from viscosity from the vapor. Function of the temperature.
The user must ensure coherence with the function associated with VISC.

9.6 Keyword factor THM_AIR_DISS

This keyword factor relates to behavior THM THM_AD_GAZ_VAPE taking into account the dissolution of
the air in the liquid (cf [R7.01.11]). The coefficients indicated here relate to the dissolved air.

9.6.1 Syntax
| THM_AD_GAZ_VAPE = _F (
♦ CP = CP,
[R]
♦ COEF_HENRY = H,
[function]
)

9.6.2 Operand CP
CP = CP
Specific heat with constant pressure of the dissolved air.

9.6.3 Operand COEF_HENRY

COEF_HENRY = H
Constant of Henry K H , function of the temperature, allowing to connect the molar concentration of
ol
dissolved air C ad ( moles /m 3 ) with the air pressure dryness:
ol p as
C ad =
KH
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Keyword factor THM_DIFFU

Obligatory for all behaviors THM (cf [R7.01.11]). The user must make sure of the coherence of the
functions and their derivative.

9.6.4 Syntax
| THM_DIFFU = _F (
♦ R_GAZ =
rgaz, [R]
♦ RHO =
rho, [R]
◊ CP
= CP, [R]
◊ BIOT_COEF = organic,
[R]
◊ BIOT_L =
biol, [R]
◊ BIOT_N =
bion, [R]
◊ BIOT_T =
biot, [R]
♦ PESA_X =
px, [R]
♦ PESA_Y =
py, [R]
♦ PESA_Z =
pz, [R]
◊ PESA_MULT = fpesa,
[function]
◊ PERM_IN =
leave, [function]
◊ PERMIN_L =
perml, [function]
◊ PERMIN_T = permn,
[function]
◊ PERMIN_N = permt,
[function]
◊ SATU_PRES = sp,
[function]
◊ D_SATU_PRES = dsp,
[function]
◊ PERM_LIQU = perml,
[function]
◊ D_PERM_LIQU_SATU = dperm,
[function]
◊ PERM_GAZ = permg,
[function]
◊ D_PERM_SATU_GAZ = dpsg ,
[function]
◊ D_PERM_PRES_GAZ = dppg ,
[function]
◊ VG_N = vgn,
[R]
◊ VG_PR = Pr,
[R]
◊ VG_SR = Sr,
[R]
◊ VG_SMAX = smax,
[R]
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◊ VG_SATUR = stur,
[R]
◊ FICKV_T = fvt,
[function]
◊ FICKV_PV =
/fvpv, [function]

/1, [DEFECT]
◊ FICKV_PG =
/fvpg, [function]

/1, [DEFECT]
◊ FICKV_S =
/fvs, [function]

/1, [DEFECT]
◊ D_FV_T =
/dfvt, [function]

/0, [DEFECT]
◊ D_FV_PG =
/dfvgp, [function]

/0, [DEFECT]
◊ FICKA_T =
conceited, [function]
◊ FICKA_PA =
/fapv, [function]

/1, [DEFECT]
◊ FICKA_PL =
/fapg, [function]

/1, [DEFECT]
◊ FICKA_S =
/fas, [function]

/1, [DEFECT]
◊ D_FA_T =
/dfat, [function]

/0, [DEFECT]
◊ LAMB_T =
/lambt, [function]
◊ LAMB_TL =
/lambtl, [function]
◊ LAMB_TN =
/lambtn, [function]
◊ LAMB_TT =
/lambtt, [function]

/0 [DEFECT]
◊ LAMB_S =
/lambs, [function]

/1, [DEFECT]
◊ LAMB_PHI =
/lambp, [function]

/1, [DEFECT]
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◊ LAMB_CT =
/lambct, [function
◊ LAMB_C_T =
/lambctt, [function]
◊ LAMB_C_L =
/lambctl, [function]
◊ LAMB_C_N =
/lambctn, [function]]

/0, [DEFECT]
◊ D_LB_S =
/dlambs, [function]

/0, [DEFECT]
◊ D_LB_T =
/dlambt, [function]
◊ D_LB_TT =
/dlambtt, [function]
◊ D_LB_TL =
/dlambtl, [function]
◊ D_LB_TN =
/dlambtn, [function]

/0, [DEFECT]
◊ D_LB_PHI =
/dlambp, [function]

/0, [DEFECT]
◊ EMMAG = EM,
[R]
◊ PERM_END = perment
[function]

◊ EPAI = thick, [function]

◊ A0 = surfing, [R]
◊ SHUTTLE = HS, [R]
◊ S_BJH = Sb, [function]
◊ W_BJH = wb, [function]
)

9.6.5 Operands R_GAZ/RHO/CP/BIOT_COEF

R_GAZ = rgaz
Constant of perfect gases.
RHO = rho
For the hydraulic behaviors, homogenized density. In the static cases, it is useless to inform the
density in the elastic behavior (cf section 3.1.3).
CP = CP
For the thermal behaviors specific heat with constant constraint of the solid alone.
BIOT_COEF = organic
Coefficient of Biot. Must be lower or equal to 1.

9.6.6 Operands BIOT_L/BIOT_T/BIOT_N

Replace BIOT_COEF in the anisotropic case. In the case of the transverse isotropy (3D), BIOT_L and
BIOT_N are respectively the coefficients of Biot in the directions L and NR (perpendicular to the plan
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of isotropy). In the orthotropic case in 2D, one will define the coefficients of Biot in the three directions
L, T, NR: BIOT_L, BIOT_T and BIOT_N.

Note: if one chooses this anisotropic version of the coefficients of Biot, it is necessary to take care to
choose in the same way the anisotropic version of elasticity. If not you will have an error message.

9.6.7 Operands SATU_PRES/D_SATU_PRES

For the unsaturated material behaviors (LIQU_VAPE_GAZ, LIQU_VAPE, LIQU_AD_GAZ,
LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE, LIQU_GAZ, LIQU_GAZ_ATM).
SATU_PRES = sp
Isotherm of saturation function of the capillary pressure.
D_SATU_PRES= dsp
Derived from saturation compared to the pressure.

9.6.8 Operands PESA_X/PESA_Y/PESA_Z/PESA_MULT

PESA_X = px, PESA_y = py, PESA_z = pz,
Gravity according to x , y or z , used only if the modeling chosen in AFFE_MODELE 1 or 2 includes
variable of pressure.
PESA_MULT = fpesa
Temporal function in factor of the components of gravity PESA_X, PESA_Y and PESA_Z. Optional, it is
by default constant and equal to 1.

9.6.9 Operand PERM_IN

Intrinsic permeability K int , of which dimension is that of a surface: function of porosity  (in the
isotropic case). In the studies, the user can express the dependence of the intrinsic permeability to 
by the following usual cubic law, with ugly of a beforehand definite function:

si − 00 : 1
K int  −2 3
= si 0− 010 : 1 − 0
K int
si 10−2 − 0 : 1∗10−6
0

Other laws are of course possible.

The permeability in the usual sense K , of which dimension is that a speed, is calculated in the
following way:
K int K rel
K= l g where K int is the intrinsic permeability, K rel the permeability relating to the

liquid (in dimension),  the dynamic viscosity of the liquid, l density of the liquid and g the
acceleration of gravity. K int is in fact a diagonal tensor, in the isotropic case its three components are
equal to the well informed value.

9.6.10 Operands PERMIN_L/PERMIN_T/PERMIN_N

For the definition of the plans of isotropy one will refer to Error: Reference source not found and Error:
Reference source not found. In the case of the transverse isotropy (3D), PERMIN_L and PERMIN_T
are respectively the intrinsic permeabilities in the directions L and NR (perpendicular with the plan of
isotropy). In the orthotropic case in 2D, one will define the permeabilities in the plans L and T :
PERMIN_L and PERMIN_T.
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9.6.11 Operands PERM_LIQU/D_PERM_LIQU_SATU

For the unsaturated material behaviors (LIQU_VAPE_GAZ, LIQU_VAPE, LIQU_AD_GAZ,
LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE, LIQU_GAZ, LIQU_GAZ_ATM).
Permeability relating to the liquid (without dimension): function of saturation and its derivative
compared to saturation.

9.6.12 Operands PERM_GAZ/D_PERM_SATU_GAZ/D_PERM_PRES_GAZ

For the unsaturated material behaviors (LIQU_VAPE_GAZ, LIQU_VAPE, LIQU_AD_GAZ,
LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE, LIQU_GAZ).
Permeability relating to gas (without dimension): function of the saturation and the gas pressure and
its derivative compared to saturation and with the gas pressure.

9.6.13 Operands VG_N/VG_PR/VG_SR

For the unsaturated material behaviors liquid gas with two components and two unknown factors
(LIQU_VAPE_GAZ, LIQU_AD_GAZ, LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE, LIQU_GAZ,)and if the hydraulic law is
HYDR_VGM or HYDR_VGC (see Doc. U4.51.11), indicate respectively parameters N , Pr , and Sr
law of Mualem Van-Genuchten being used to define the capillary pressure and the permeabilities
relating to water and gas.

9.6.14 Operands VG_SMAX/VG_SATUR

For the unsaturated material behaviors liquid gas with two components and two unknown factors
(LIQU_VAPE_GAZ, LIQU_AD_GAZ, LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE, LIQU_GAZ,)and if the hydraulic law is
HYDR_VGM or HYDR_VGC (see document [U4.51.11]).
VG_SMAX = smax
indicate the maximum saturation for which one applies the law of Mualem Van-Genuchten. Beyond
this saturation the curves of Mualem-Van Genuchten are interpolated (see document [R7.01.11]). This
value must be very close to 1.
VG_SATUR = stur
Beyond the saturation defined by VG_SMAX, saturation is multiplied by this corrective factor. This value
must be very close to 1 (see document [R7.01.11]).

9.6.15 Operands FICKV_T/FICKV_S/FICKV_PG/FICKV_PV

For the behaviors LIQU_VAPE_GAZ and LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE, coefficient of Fick function of the
temperature for the diffusion of the vapor in the gas mixture. The coefficient of Fick which can be a
function of saturation, the temperature, the pressure of gas and the steam pressure, one defines it as
a product of 4 functions: FICKV_T, FICKV_S, FICKV_PG, FICKV_VP. In the case of LIQU_VAPE_GAZ
and LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE, only FICKV_T is obligatory.

9.6.16 Operands D_FV_T/D_FV_PG

For the behaviors LIQU_VAPE_GAZ and LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE.
Dérivée of the coefficient FICKV_T compared to the temperature.
Derived from the coefficient FICKV_PG compared to the gas pressure.

9.6.17 Operands FICKA_T/FICKA_S/FICKA_PA/FICKA_P

For the behavior LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE, coefficient of Fick function of the temperature for the diffusion
of the air dissolved in the liquid mixture. The coefficient of Fick which can be a function of saturation,
the temperature, the dissolved air pressure and the pressure of liquid, one defines it as one product of
4 functions: FICKA_T, FICKA_S, FICKV_PA, FICKV_PL. In the case of LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE, only
FICKA_T is obligatory.
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9.6.18 Operand D_FA_T

For the behavior LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE, derived from the coefficient FICKA_T compared to the
temperature.

9.6.19 Operands LAMB_T/LAMB_S/LAMB_PHI/LAMB_CT

LAMB_T = lambt
Multiplicative part of the thermal conductivity of the mixture depend on the temperature (cf
[R7.01.11]). This operand is obligatory in the case of modeling with thermics.
LAMB_S = lambs , LAMB_PHI = lambp
Multiplicative part (to 1 by default equalizes) thermal conductivity of the mixture depending
respectively on saturation, of porosity.
LAMB_CT = lambct
Part of the thermal of the constant mixture and additive conductivity (confer [R7.01.11]). This constant
is equal to zero by default.

9.6.20 Operands LAMB_TL/LAMB_TN/LAMB_TOUT

Replace LAMB_T in the anisotropic case. In the case of the transverse isotropy (3D), LAMB_TL and
LAMB_TT are respectively conductivities in the directions L and NR (perpendicular to the plan of
isotropy). In the orthotropic case in 2D, one will define conductivities in the plans L and T : LAMB_TL
and LAMB_TN.

9.6.21 Operands LAMB_C_L/LAMB_C_N/LAMB_C_T

Replace LAMB_CT in the anisotropic case. In the case of the transverse isotropy (3D), LAMB_C_L and
LAMB_C_T are respectively conductivities in the directions L and NR (perpendicular to the plan of
isotropy). In the orthotropic case in 2D, one will define conductivities in the plans L and T : LAMB_C_L
and LAMB_C_N.

9.6.22 Operands D_LB_T/D_LB_S/D_LB_PHI

D_LB_T = dlambt
Derived from the part of thermal conductivity of the mixture depend on the temperature compared to
the temperature.

D_LB_S = dlambs, D_LB_PHI = dlambp

Derived from the part of thermal conductivity of the mixture depending respectively on saturation,
porosity.

9.6.23 Operands D_LB_TL/D_LB_TN/D_LB_TOUT

In the anisotropic case, derived compared to the temperature from respectively LAMB_TL, LAMB_TN
and LAMB_TT.

9.6.24 Operand EMMAG

Coefficient of storage. This coefficient is taken into account only in the cases of modelings without
mechanics. It connects the variation of porosity to the variation of pressure of liquid.

9.6.25 Operand PERM_END

Permeability function of the damage, used by the mechanical behaviors with damage.
9.6.1 OperandS EPAI/A0/SHUTTLE/S_BJH/W_BJH
For the unsaturated material behaviors liquid gas with two components and two unknown factors
(LIQU_VAPE_GAZ, LIQU_AD_GAZ, LIQU_AD_GAZ_VAPE, LIQU_GAZ, LIQU_GAZ_ ATM) and if the
hydraulic law is HYDR_ TABBAL (see Doc. U 2. 04. 05). These parameters are those of model
poromecanic for strong drying defined in the thesis of G. El Tabbal. They are used respectively to
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define the thickness of adsorbed layer EPAI, specific surface A0 of material, the parameter of
Shuttleworth SHUTTLE and the functions left calculation BJH: S_BJH and W_BJH.

9.7 Keyword MOHR_COULOMB

The model of Mohr-Coulomb is an elastoplastic model used in soil mechanics and is especially
adapted to sandy materials. The document [R7.01.28] described the corresponding equations. This
model can be used independently of behaviors THM. The elastic characteristics must be defined under
the keyword ELAS.

9.7.1 Syntax
| MOHR_COULOMB = _F (
♦ PHI = phi,
[R]
♦ ANGDIL = angdil
, [R]
♦ COHESION = cohes,
[R]
)
9.7.2 Operands PHI/ANGDIL/COHESION
PHI = phi
Angle of friction (in degrees). The value must be ranging between 0 and 60 degrees.
ANGDIL = angdil
Angle of dilatancy (in degrees). The value must be ranging between 0 and 60 degrees.
COHESION = cohes
Cohesion of material (in a PASCAL – if unit IF).

9.8 Keyword CAM_CLAY

The Camwood-Clay model is an elastoplastic model used in soil mechanics and is especially adapted
to argillaceous materials. The model presented here is called modified Camwood-Clay. The document
[R7.01.14] described the corresponding equations. This model can be used independently of
behaviors THM. The elastic characteristics must be defined under the keyword ELAS.

9.8.1 Syntax
| CAM_CLAY = _F (
♦ DRIVEN =
driven, [R]
♦ LAMBDA = lambda
, [R]
♦ KAPA = kapa,
[R]
♦ M = m,
[R]
♦ PORO = poro,
[R]
♦ PRES_CRIT = prescr,
[R]
◊ KCAM = kcam,
[R]
◊ PTRAC = ptrac,
[R]
)
9.8.2 Operands MU/LAMBDA/KAPA
DRIVEN = driven
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Elastic module of shearing.

LAMBDA = average
Coefficient of compressibility (plastic slope in a hydrostatic test of compression).
KAPA = kapa
Elastic coefficient of swelling (elastic slope in a hydrostatic test of compression).

9.8.3 Operand M
Slope of the right-hand side of critical condition.

9.8.4 Operand PORO

Initial porosity. If CAM_CLAY is used under RELATION_KIT, the keyword PORO informed under
CAM_CLAY and under THM_INIT must be the same one.

9.8.5 Operands PRES_CRIT/KCAM

PRES_CRIT = prescr
The critical pressure equalizes with half of the pressure of consolidation.
KCAM = kcam
Initial pressure corresponding to initial porosity generally equal to the atmospheric pressure. This
parameter must be positive ( kcam0. ).

9.8.6 Operand PTRAC

Quantity of the hydrostatic constraint of traction tolerated or shift of the ellipse towards the left on the
axis of the hydrostatic constraints. This parameter must be negative (ptrac < 0.).

9.9 Keyword factor CJS

The law (Cambou, Jaffani, Sidoroff) is a law of behavior for the grounds. It comprises three
mechanisms, one corresponds to nonlinear elasticity, another corresponds to a plasticization for states
of isotropic stresses, and the third mechanism corresponds to a plasticization related to a state of
stress déviatoire. The document [R7.01.13] described with precision the corresponding equations.
The elastic characteristics must be defined under the keyword ELAS.

Law CJS recovers three possible forms (CJS1, CJS2 and CJS3), according to whether one authorizes
or not the activation of the nonlinear mechanisms.
Table Ci below gives the mechanisms activated for three levels CJS1, CJS2 and CJS3:

Elastic mechanism Isotropic plastic mechanism Plastic mechanism déviatoire

CJS1 linear not activated activated, perfect plasticity
activated, isotropic work
CJS2 nonlinear activated
hardening
activated, kinematic work
CJS3 nonlinear activated
hardening

Note:
By adopting the correspondence of the parameters for the limiting states, it is possible to use
behavior CJS1 to model a law of Mohr Coulomb in soil mechanics.

9.9.1 Syntax
| CJS = _F (
♦ BETA_CJS = beta,
[R]
♦ RM =
rm, [R]
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◊ N_CJS = N ,
[R]
◊ KP = kp,
[R]
◊ RC = rc,
[R]
◊ A_CJS = has ,
[R]
◊ B_CJS = B ,
[R]
◊ C_CJS = C ,
[R]
♦ GAMMA_CJS = G ,
[R]
◊ MU_CJS = driven,
[R]
◊ PCO = pco,
[R]
♦ Pa =
Pa, [R]
◊ Q_INIT = Q ,
[R]
◊ R_INIT = R
[R]
)
The various coefficients are to be informed or not according to the level which one wants to use, in
accordance with table Ci below (F for optional, O for obligatory and nothing for without object).

Symbol Qinit Rinit n Kp   Rc A

Keyword Q_INIT R_INIT N_CJS KP PCO BETA_CJS RC A_CJS

=
pcoGAMMA_C
JS
CJS1 F O O

CJS2 F F O O O O O O

CJS3 F O O O O O

Symbol b Rm  p co c Pa
Keyword B_CJS RM M_CJS PCO C_CJS Pa
CJS1 O O

CJS2 O O

CJS3 O O O O O O

We draw the attention of the user to the fact that, for the same material, the same coefficient can take
different values according to the level used. The level used is never indicated, it is indicated by the
fact that certain coefficients are indicated or not.
In addition, the keyword ELAS must be obligatorily well informed when law CJS is used (under one of
its three levels). The definition of the Young modulus and the Poisson's ratio make it possible to
e
calculate the coefficients K o and G o .
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9.9.2 Operands BETA_CJS/RM

For levels CJS1, CJS2 CJS3.
BETA_CJS = beta
Parameter  . Control plastic variation of volume in the mechanism déviatoire.
RM = rm
Maximum value of opening of the field of reversibility déviatoire.

9.9.3 Operands N_CJS/KP/RC

For levels CJS2 and CJS3.
N_CJS = N
Control dependence of the modulus of elasticity with the average constraint:
n n

K =K e
o
 I 1 Qinit
3P a
KP
 I Qinit
G=Go 1
3P a
= kp
 
Plastic module of compressibility:
n

RC = rc
Q̇ iso =K q̇= K
p p
o
 
Qiso
Pa
q̇

Value criticizes variable R :

∣s ij ėijdp∣
dp
ė =−
v
 
s II
s
c
II
−1
s II
c
s II =−
Rc I 1
h  s

9.9.4 Operands A_CJS/R_INIT

For levels CJS2.
A_CJS = has
Control the isotropic work hardening of the mechanism déviatoire;
AR m r
R=
R m Ar
R_INIT = R
Initial value of the variable R . At the first computing time, if the initial value of R is worthless, that is
to say that one did not define an initial state of the internal variables by the keyword ETAT_INIT of
STAT_NON_LINE, either that this initial state or no one, one will take as initial value that definite by
the keyword R_INIT of DEFI_MATERIAU.

9.9.5 Operands B_CJS/C_CJS/PCO/MU_CJS

For levels CJS3.
B_CJS = B
Control the kinematic work hardening of the mechanism déviatoire:

[   ] 
−1.5
1 d ∂fd I1
Ẋ ij =− ̇ dev −I 1 f X ij
b ∂ X ij 3 Pa

C_CJS = C
Control evolution of the critical pressure: p c = pco exp  −c  v  .
PCO = pco
Initial critical pressure: p c = pco exp −c  v  .
MU_CJS = driven
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Control the value of rupture of the variable R : Rr =Rc mln

 
3 pc
I1
.

9.9.6 Operands GAMMA_CJS/PA/Q_INIT

For levels CJS1, CJS2 and CJS3.
GAMMA_CJS = G
1 /6

 det  s

1 /6
Control the form of the criterion: h   s  = 1 cos  3  s   = 1  54
s 3II
Pa = Pa
Atmospheric pressure. Must be given negative.
Q_INIT = Q
Digital parameter allowing to make acceptable a null state of stress. Can also be used to define a
cohesion, at least for the level CJS1. The formula will be used: Q init =−3 c cotan(φ )

9.10 Keyword factor LAIGLE

The law of LAIGLE [R7.01.15] is a rheological model of behavior for the modeling of the rocks. Those
are characterized by the three following parameters:
• a who defines the influence of the component of dilatancy in the behavior in the great
deformations. This parameter depends on the level of deterioration of the rock,
• s who defines the cohesion of the medium. It is thus representative of the damage of the
rock,
• m is function of the mineralogical nature of the rock, and is associated with an important
experience feedback.

The elastic characteristics must be defined under the keyword ELAS.

9.10.1 Syntax
| LAIGLE =_F (
♦ GAMMA_ULT = gamma_ult,
[R]
♦ GAMMA_E =
gamma_e, [R]
♦ M_ULT =
m_ult, [R]
♦ M_E = m_e
, [R]
♦ A_E = a_e
, [R]
♦ M_PIC =
m_pic, [R]
♦ A_PIC =
a_pic, [R]
♦ ETA = eta
, [R]
♦ SIGMA_C =
sigma_c, [R]
♦ GAMMA =
gamma, [R]
♦ KSI = ksi
, [R]
♦ GAMMA_CJS = gamma_cjs,
[R]
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♦ SIGMA_P1 =
sigma_p1, [R]
♦ Pa =
Pa [R]
)

9.10.2 Operands GAMMA_ULT/GAMMA_E

GAMMA_ULT = gamma_ult
Parameter  ult : Plastic deformation déviatoire corresponding to the stage.
GAMMA_E = gamma_e
Parameter  e : Plastic deformation déviatoire corresponding to the complete disappearance of
cohesion.

9.10.3 Operand M_ULT/M_E/A_E/M_PIC

M_ULT = m_ult
Parameter mult : Value of m ultimate criterion reached  ult .
M_E = m_e
Parameter m e : Value of m intermediate criterion reached in  e .
A_E = a_e
Parameter a e : Value of a intermediate criterion reached in  e .
M_PIC = m_pic
Parameter m pic : Value of m criterion of peak reached with the peak of constraint.

9.10.4 Operands A_PIC/ETA/SIGMA_C

A_PIC = a_pic
a
Parameter pic : Value of the exhibitor a with the peak of constraint.
ETA = eta
Parameter  : Exhibitor controlling work hardening.
SIGMA_C = sigma_c
Parameter s c : Resistance in simple compression.

9.10.5 Operands GAMMA/KSI

GAMMA = gamma, KSI = ksi
Parameters  and  : Parameters regulating dilatancy.
A condition to respect is that the report γ /ξ remain lower than 1 . In the case of very resistant
hard stones, subjected to constraints of containment relatively low, the variation of dilatancy
sin ψ (according to the state of the constraints - to see [R7.01.15]) can tend towards γ /ξ ,
which justifies this condition.

9.10.6 Operand GAMMA_CJS

Parameter γ cjs : parameter of form of the surface of load in the déviatoire plan.

9.10.7 Operand SIGMA_P1

Parameter σ pl : intersection of the intermediate criterion and the criterion of peak.

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9.10.8 Operand Pa
Atmospheric pressure. Must be given positive.

Note:
Parameters M_E , A_E , A_PIC , SIGMA_P1 , SIGMA_C and MPIC from/to each other are
a pic

 
dependent by the relation: m e = c m pic pl 1

the code.
 pl c  ae
. This dependence is checked within

9.11 Keyword factor LETK

Rheological model L&K (Laigle and Kleine) is a called viscoplastic law of behavior élasto LETK in
Code_Aster [R7.01.24]. It is based on concepts of elastoplasticity and viscoplasticity. Elastoplasticity
is characterized by a positive work hardening in pre peak and a negative work hardening in post peak.
One finds among the parameters:
• parameters which intervene in the functions of work hardening relative to the various elastoplastic
or viscous thresholds, like a , s and m ,
• parameters related to the viscous criteria,
• parameters related to dilatancy,
• parameters related to the resistance of material in compression and traction.

The elastic characteristics must be defined under the keyword ELAS.

9.11.1 Syntax
| LETK = _F (
♦ Pa = Pa,
[R]
♦ NELAS =
nelas, [R]
♦ SIGMA_C = sigc,
[R]
♦ H0_EXT = h0,
[R]
♦ GAMMA_CJS = gcjs,
[R]
♦ XAMS =
xams, [R]
♦ ETA = eta,
[R]
♦ A_0 = a0,
[R]
♦ A_E = ae,
[R]
♦ A_PIC = ap,
[R]
♦ S_0 = s0,
[R]
♦ S_E = ,
[R]
♦ M_0 = m0,
[R]
♦ M_E = me,
[R]
♦ M_PIC = mp,
[R]
♦ M_ULT =
mult, [R]
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♦ XI_ULT =
xiult, [R]
♦ XI_E =
11th, [R]
♦ XI_PIC = xip,
[R]
♦ MV_MAX =
mvmx, [R]
♦ XIV_MAX =
xivmx, [R]
♦ With =
With, [R]
♦ NR =
N, [R]
♦ SIGMA_P1 = sp1,
[R]
♦ MU0_V =
mu0v, [R]
♦ XI0_V =
xi0v, [R]
♦ MU1 = mu1,
[R]
♦ XI1 = xi1
[R]
)
9.11.2 Operands Pa NELAS/SIGMA_C/H0_EXT
Pa = Pa S_0 = s0
Parameter Pa : pressure atmosphérithat.
NELAS = nelas
Parameter n elas : exhibitor of the law of variation of the elastic modules K and G.
SIGMA_C = sigc
Parameter  c : resistance in simple compression (the unit of a constraint).
H0_EXT = h0
Parameter H 0ext : parameter controlling the tensile strength

9.11.3 Operand GAMMA_CJS/XAMS

GAMMA_CJS = gcjs
Parameter  cjs : parameter of form of the criterion in the déviatoire plan (between 0 and 1).
XAMS = xams
Parameter x ams : parameter not no one intervening in the laws of work hardening pre-peak.

9.11.4 Operand ETA/A_0/A_E/A_PIC

ETA = eta
Parameter h : parameter not no one intervening in the laws of work hardening post-peak.
A_0 = a0
Parameter a0 : value of a on the threshold of damage.
A_E = ae
Parameter ae : value of a on the intermediate threshold.
A_PIC = ap
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Parameter a pic : value of a on the threshold of peak.

9.11.5 Operands S_0/S_E/M_0/M_E/M_PIC/M_ULT

S_0 = s0
Parameter s0 : value of s on the threshold of damage.
S_E =
Parameter s e : value of s on the intermediate threshold.
M_0 = m0
Parameter m0 : value of m on the threshold of damage.
M_E = me
Parameter me : value of m on the intermediate threshold.
M_PIC = mp
Parameter m pic : value of m on the threshold of peak.
M_ULT = mult
Parameter mult : value of m on the residual threshold.

9.11.6 Operands XI_E/XI_PIC/MV_MAX/XIV_MAX

XI_E = 11th
Parameter  e : level of work hardening on the intermediate threshold.
XI_PIC = xip
Parameter  pic : level of work hardening on the threshold of peak.
MV_MAX = mvmx
Parameter mv−max : value of m on the threshold of viscoplasticity.
XIV_MAX = xivmx
Parameter  v−max : level of work hardening to reach the maximum viscoplastic threshold.

9.11.7 Operands A/N

With = With
Parameter A : parameter characterizing the amplitude the speed of creep (in s−1 or jour −1 ).
NR = N
Parameter n : exhibitor intervening in the formula controlling the kinetics of creep.

9.11.8 Operand SIGMA_P1

SIGMA_P1 = sp1
Parameter  P1 : corresponds to the X-coordinate of the point of intersection of the limit of cleavage
and threshold of peak.

9.11.9 Operands MU0_V and XI0_V

MU0_V = mu0v, XI0_V = xi0v
Parameters  0v and 0v : parameters regulating the dilatancy of the mechanisms pre-peak and
viscoplastic
The conditions to respect on these parameters are:

{
μ 0 v >ξ 0 v
a
 0v 0v or s pic
pic
1+ μ 0 v with s pic=1
≤
s
a 0 μ 0 v −ξ 0 v
0
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9.11.10Operands MU1 and XI1

MU1 = mu1, XI1 = xi1
Parameters  1 and 1 : parameters regulating the dilatancy of the mechanisms post-peak. A
condition to respect is that the report  1 /1 remain lower or equal to 1.

9.12 Keyword factor DRUCK_PRAGER

LE criterion of DRUCK_PRAGER [R7.01.16] is a model of behavior for the soil mechanics, it is defined
by the relation:

 eq  I 1−R p≤0
where:
 eq is a function of the diverter of the effective constraints ' ,
I 1 =Tr '  is the trace of the effective constraints,
 is a coefficient of dependence in pressure,
R p is a function of the cumulated plastic deformation.

0 p p ult R p=hp y
In the linear case, the function R is given by:
p≥ pult R p=h p ult  y .

In the parabolic case, R  p  = y f  p  where the function f  p  is given by:

0 p p ult
  

f  p  = 1 − 1 − y ult
p
 y p ult
 y ult
p≥ pult f  p =
y

Syntax
| DRUCK_PRAGER = _F (
♦ WORK HARDENING = ‘LINEAR ‘ ,
[TXM]
/‘P
ARABOLIC ‘, [TXM]
♦ ALPHA = alpha,
[R]
♦ P_ULTM = p_ult,
[R]
♦ SY = sy,
[R]
◊ H = H,
[R]
◊ SY_ULTM = sy_ult,
[R]
◊ DILAT = ang,
[R]
)
9.12.1 Operand WORK HARDENING
WORK HARDENING = ‘LINEAR ‘,/‘PARABOLIC ‘
Allows to define the type of desired work hardening.
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9.12.2 Operand ALPHA

ALPHA = alpha
Indicate the coefficient of dependence in pressure. It is pointed out that the operand ALPHA is
2 . sin  
connected to the angle of friction  by the relation: = .
3−sin
9.12.3 Operand P_ULTM
P_ULTM = p_ult
Indicate the ultimate cumulated plastic deformation.

9.12.4 Operand SY
SY = sy
Indicate the plastic constraint. This operand is related to the combination of the binding fraction C
6 C cos 
with the angle of friction  in the following way: SY = .
3−sin  
9.12.5 Operand H
H = H
Indicate the module of work hardening, h0 if the law is lenitive. This operand is obligatory for work
hardening of a linear type (operand WORK HARDENING = ‘LINEAR ‘) .

9.12.6 Operand SY_ULTM

SY_ULTM = sy_ult Indicate the ultimate constraint. This operand is obligatory for work hardening
of a parabolic type (operand WORK HARDENING = ‘PARABOLIC ‘) .

9.12.7 Operand DILAT

DILAT = ang
Indicate the angle of dilatancy (by default equal to zero).

9.13 Keyword factor VISC_DRUC_PRAG

The rheological model VISC_DRUC_PRAG is a law of behavior élasto-visco-plastic in Code_Aster
[R7.01.22]. It is characterized by a viscoplastic mechanism which is hammer-hardened between three
thresholds: rubber band, of peak and ultimate. Elastoplasticity is of type Drucker Prager with a positive
work hardening in pre peak and a negative work hardening in post-peak and viscoplasticity is a law
power of the Perzyna type.

One finds among the parameters:

• parameters which intervene in the functions of work hardening relative to the various thresholds
rubber band, of peak and ultimate “  ”, “ R ” and “  ”,
• parameters related to the law of creep “ A ” and “ n ”,
• cumulated viscoplastic deformations corresponding to each threshold p pic and p ult ;
• a pressure of reference “ P ref ”

The elastic characteristics must be defined under the keyword ELAS.

9.13.1 Syntax
| VISC_DRUC_PRAG = _F (
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♦ PREF =
pref, [R]
♦ NR = N,
[R]
♦ With =
has, [R]
♦ P_PIC =
peak, [R]
♦ P_ULT =
pult, [R]
♦ ALPHA_0 =
alpha0, [R]
♦ ALPHA_PIC =
alphapic, [R]
♦ ALPHA_ULT =
alphault, [R]
♦ R_0 = r0,
[R]
♦ R_PIC =
rpic, [R]
♦ R_ULT =
rult, [R]
♦ BETA_0 =
beta0, [R]
♦ BETA_PIC =
betapic, [R]
♦ BETA_ULT =
betault, [R]
)
Operands PREF/ N/A/P_PIC/P_ULT
PREF = pref
P
Parameter ref : pressure of reference (unit of a constraint)
NR = N
Parameter n : exhibitor of the law D creep
With = has
Parameter A : viscoplastic parameter (in s−1 or jour −1 )
P_PIC = peak
Parameter p pic : viscoplastic deformation cumulated on the level of the threshold of peak
P_ULT = pult
Parameter p ult : viscoplastic deformation cumulated on the level of the ultimate threshold

9.13.2 Operands ALPHA_0/ALPHA_PIC /ALPHA_ULT

ALPHA_0 = alpha0
Parameter 0 : parameter of the function of cohesion  p on the level of the elastic threshold

ALPHA_PIC = alphapic
Parameter  pic : parameter of the function of cohesion  p on the level of the threshold of peak
ALPHA_ULT = alphault
Parameter ult : parameter of the function of cohesion  p on the level of the ultimate threshold

9.13.3 Operands R _0 /R_PIC /R_ULT

R_0 = r0
Parameter R0 : parameter of the function of work hardening R p on the level of the elastic
threshold (in units of constraints Pa or MPa )
R_PIC = rpic
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Parameter R pic : parameter of the function of work hardening R p on the level of the threshold
of peak (in units of constraints Pa or MPa )
R_ULT = rult
Parameter Rult : parameter of the function of work hardening R p on the level of the ultimate
threshold (in units of constraints Pa or MPa )

9.13.4 Operands BETA_0 /BETA_PIC /BETA_ULT

BETA_0 = beta0
Parameter  0 : parameter of the function of dilatancy   p on the level of the elastic threshold
BETA_PIC = betapic
Parameter  pic : parameter of the function of dilatancy   p on the level of the threshold of peak
BETA_ULT = betault
Parameter  ult : parameter of the function of dilatancy   p on the level of the ultimate threshold

9.14 Keyword factor BARCELONA

The model of Barcelona describes the elastoplastic behavior of the unsaturated grounds coupled with
the hydraulic behavior (cf [R7.01.17] for more detail). This model is reduced to the Camwood-Clay
model in the saturated case. Two criteria intervene: a criterion of plasticity mechanical (that of
Camwood-Clay) and one hydrous criterion controlled by suction (or capillary pressure). It cannot be
used that within the framework of the behaviors THHM and HHM. The characteristics necessary to the
model must be given under this keyword and the keywords CAM_CLAY and ELAS.
It is thus obligatory to inform the parameters of the keywords CAM_CLAY and ELAS.

9.14.1 Syntax
| BARCELONA = _F (
♦ DRIVEN =
driven, [R]
♦ PORO = poro,
[R]
♦ LAMBDA = lambda
[R]
♦ KAPA = kapa,
[R]
♦ M = m,
[R]
♦ PRES_CRIT = PC,
[R]
♦ Pa = Pa,
[R]
♦ R = R,
[R]
♦ BETA = beta,
[R]
♦ KC = kc,
[R]
♦ PC0_INIT = PC 0(0),
[R]
♦ KAPAS = Kappas,
[R]
♦ LAMBDAS = Lambdas,
[R]
◊ ALPHAB = alphab
[R]
)
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9.14.2 Operands MU/PORO/LAMBDA/KAPA/M

DRIVEN = driven
Elastic module of shearing.
PORO = poro
e0
Porosity associated with a pressure initial and related to the initial index of the vacuums: n= .
1e 0
LAMBDA = average
Coefficient of compressibility (plastic slope in a hydrostatic test of compression).
KAPA = kapa
Elastic coefficient of swelling (elastic slope in a hydrostatic test of compression).
M = m
Slope of the right-hand side of critical condition.

9.14.3 Operands PRES_CRIT and Pa

PRES_CRIT = PC, Pa = Pa
Pcritical ression equalizes with half of the pressure of consolidation and atmospheric pressure.

9.14.4 Operands R/BETA/KC

R = R, BETA = beta
Adimensional coefficients intervening in the expression: λ ( p c )= λ (0) [ (1−r) exp (− β p c )+r ]
KC= kc
Adimensional parameter controlling the increase in cohesion with suction (capillary pressure).

9.14.5 Operands PCO_INIT/KAPAS/LAMBDAS/ALPHAB

PC0_INIT = PC 0(0)
Initial threshold of the capillary pressure (homogeneous with constraints).
KAPAS = Kappas
Adimensional coefficient of rigidity associated with the change of suction in the elastic range.
LAMBDAS = Lambdas
Coefficient of compressibility related to a variation of suction in the plastic range. (adimensional).
ALPHAB = alphab
Coefficient of correction of the normality of the plastic flow, cf. [R7.01.17].

Optional and adimensional corrective term allowing to better take into account experimental results.
By default, it is calculated by Code_Aster according to the slope of the right-hand side of critical
condition, coefficient of swelling and coefficient of compressibility.

9.15 Keyword factor HUJEUX

Elastoplastic law of behavior in soil mechanics (géo-materials granular: sandy, normally consolidated
or on-consolidated, serious clays…). This model is a model multi-criterion which comprises a
nonlinear elastic mechanism, 3 plastic mechanisms déviatoires and an isotropic plastic mechanism
(see [R7.01.23]).

Elastic mechanical characteristics E, NAKED, and ALPHA must be defined in parallel under the
keyword ELAS. The law of Hujeux displaying a non-linear elastic behavior, the values of these
parameters are associated with the pressure of reference PREF law of Hujeux.
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9.15.1 Syntax
| HUJEUX = _F (
♦ NR = N,
[R]
♦ BETA = beta,
[R]
♦ B = B,
[R]
♦ D =
D, [R]
♦ PHI = phi,
[R]
♦ ANGDIL = angdil,
[R]
♦ PCO = pco,
[R]
♦ PREF = pref,
[R]
♦ ACYC = acyc,
[R]
♦ AMON = amon,
[R]
♦ CCYC = ccyc,
[R]
♦ CMON = cmon,
[R]
♦ RD_ELA = rdela,
[R]
♦ RI_ELA = riela,
[R]
♦ RHYS = rhys,
[R]
♦ RMOB = rmob,
[R]
♦ XM = xm,
[R]
♦ RD_CYC = rdcyc,
[R]
♦ RI_CYC =
ricyc, [R]
♦ DILA = dila,
[R]
◊ P EXAM NERVES =
/ptrac, [R]

/0.0 [DEFECT]
)

9.15.2 Operands N/BETA/B/D/PHI

NR = N
Value of the parameter characteristic of the non-linear law elastic power, ranging between 0 and 1.
BETA = beta
Value of the coefficient of plastic compressibility voluminal or law of critical condition, (positive).
B= B
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Value of the parameter influencing the function of load in the plan  P ’ , Q , ranging between 0
(Mohr-Coulomb) and 1 (Camwood-Clay).
D = D
Value of the parameter characterizing the distance enters the line of critical condition and the isotropic
line of consolidation, (positive).
PHI = phi
Value of the parameter characterizing the natural angle of repose, in degree.

9.15.3 Operands ANGDIL/PCO/PREF

ANGDIL = angdil
Value of the parameter characterizing the angle of dilatancy, in degree.
PCO = pco
Value pressure criticizes initial reference, (negative).
PREF = pref
Value confining pressure of reference, (negative).

Operands ACYC/AMON/CCYC/CMON
ACYC = acyc, AMON = amon, CCYC = ccyc, CMON = cmon
Values of the parameters of work hardening of the plastic mechanisms déviatoires, into cyclic and
monotonous, and of the plastic mechanisms of consolidation, into cyclic and monotonous,
respectively.

9.15.4 Operands RD_ELA/RI_ELA

RD_ELA = rdela, RI_ELA = riela,
Values of the initial rays of the thresholds of the mechanisms déviatoire monotonous and monotonous
consolidation, respectively, ranging between 0 and 1.
RD_ELA = rdela, RI_ELA = riela,
Values of the initial rays of the thresholds of the mechanisms déviatoire monotonous and monotonous
consolidation, respectively, ranging between 0 and 1.

9.15.5 Operands RD_CYC/RI_CYC

RD_CYC = rdcyc, RI_CYC = ricyc
Values of the initial rays of the thresholds of the mechanisms déviatoire cyclic and cyclic
consolidation, respectively, ranging between 0 and 1.

9.15.6 Operands RHYS/RMOB/XM/DILA/PTRAC

RHYS = rhys
Value of the parameter defining the hysteretic size of the field.
RMOB = rmob
Value of the parameter defining the size of the mobilized field.
XM = xm
Valor of the parameter of control in the field hysteretic.
DILA = dila
Value of the coefficient of dilatancy, ranging between 0 and 1.
PTRAC = ptrac
cohesion of material, homogeneous with a constraint (positive or worthless value). Allows to shift the
surface of load towards p0 in order to take into account a light traction in material.

9.16 Keyword factor HOEK_BROWN

Law of behavior in rock mechanics of type law of modified HOEK-BROWN (cf [R7.01.18]
Elastic mechanical characteristics E, NAKED, and ALPHA must be defined in parallel under the
keyword ELAS.
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9.16.1 Syntax
| HOEK_BROWN = _F (
♦ GAMMA_RUP = grup,
[R]
♦ GAMMA_RES = sandstone,
[R]
♦ S_END =
send, [R]
♦ S_RUP =
srup, [R]
♦ M_END =
mend, [R]
♦ M_RUP =
mrup, [R]
♦ BETA =
beta, [R]
♦ ALPHAHB =
alphahb, [R]
♦ PHI_RUP =
prup, [R]
♦ PHI_RES =
near, [R]
◊ PHI_END =
phiend [R]
)

9.16.2 Operands GAMMA_RUP/GAMMA_RES

GAMMA_RUP = grup
Value of the parameter of work hardening to the rupture of material.
GAMMA_RES = sandstone
Value of the parameter of work hardening at the beginning of residual resistance.

9.16.3 Operands S_END/S_RUP/M_END/M_RUP

S_END = send
Value of the product S*SIGMA_c ** 2 attack with the initiation of damage.
S_RUP = srup
Value of the product S*SIGMA_c ** 2 attack in GAMMA_RUP.
M_END = mend
Value of the product M*SIGMA_c attack with the initiation of damage.
M_RUP = mrup
Value of the product M*SIGMA_c attack in GAMMA_RUP.
9.16.4 Operand BETA/ALPHAB
BETA = beta
Parameter characterizing the behavior post-rupture of material.
ALPHAHB = alphahb
Parameter characterizing the behavior post-rupture of material.

9.16.5 Operand PHI_RUP/PHI_RES/PHI_END

PHI_RUP = prup
Value of the angle of friction reached in GAMMA_RUP.
PHI_RES = near
Value of the angle of friction reached in GAMMA_RES.
PHI_END = phiend
Value of the angle of friction to the initiation of damage (taken worthless by default).
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9.17 Keyword factor GONF_ELAS

Law of behavior in rock mechanics allowing to describe the behavior of “inflating” clay materials type
(bentonite). This model was developed with the LAEGO. It is about a non-linear elastic model
connecting the clear constraint to the pressure of swelling which it even depends on suction (or
capillary pressure). It cannot be used that within the framework as of behaviors THHM and HHM.
Elastic mechanical characteristics E, NAKED, and ALPHA must be defined in parallel under the
keyword ELAS.
The law GONF_ELAS is a model of behavior for inflating clays (standard bentonite), it is defined by the
relation:
2

  ds
s

d =  
s −
 K 0 d  V b 1 e
A
m
A

 pg .
 : clear constraint (trace) = −
with 

In the saturated field: d  = K 0 d V −bdp w dp g

Or: d =
 K 0 d  V −bdp c 1−bdp g

K 0 is the module of compressibility of material

b is the coefficient of Biot
A is a homogeneous parameter with a pressure
 m is a parameter without dimension
s suction (or capillary pressure)
From there, the identification is done by searching the pressure of swelling.

That is to say P gf the pressure of swelling expected and is P gf s 0  pressure of swelling found by
the model when one Re-saturates a sample in a test with blocked deformation and on the basis of a
suction s0 .
2

P gf ( s 0) s
( )1
( ( sA )
)
0
−β
= √ π Erf 0 √ β m +
m

It is easy to see that: 1−e

A 2√ β m A 2β m

P gf (s 0) 1
One must have P gf =P ∞gf . It is known that Erf ∞=1 and thus: = √π +
A 2√ β m 2 β m

For more details, one will refer to [R7.01.41].

9.17.1 Syntax
| GONF_ELAS = _F (
♦ BETAM = betam,
[R]
♦ PREF = pref
[R]
),

9.17.2 Operand BETAM

Parameter material without dimension corresponding to  m law above. The identification is done by
searching the pressure of swelling.
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9.17.3 Operand PREF

Homogeneous parameter with a pressure corresponding to A law above.

9.18 Keyword factor JOINT_BANDIS

Law of behavior of a water seal in rock mechanics. In the normal direction with the joint, the behavior
is given by
dU
d  ' n =−K n i 

 1−
U
Um a x 
 ' n is the normal effective constraint.
K n i is normal initial rigidity.
U is the closing of crack (opening to null loading minus current opening).
Um a x is the asymptotic closing of the crack (with infinite constraint).
 is a parameter material.
In the tangential direction, the behavior is elastic linear:
 ' t =K t [[ut ]]

9.18.1 Syntax
| JOINT_BANDIS = _F (
♦ K = K,
[R]
♦ DMAX = dmax,
[R]
♦ GAMMA = gamma,
[R]
◊ KT = /kt,
[R]
/1.E12 [DEFECT]
),

9.18.2 Operand K
Normal rigidity with null loading K ni (constraint per unit of length).

9.18.3 Operand DMAX

Asymptotic closing Dmax (length).

9.18.4 Operand GAMMA

Parameter material  without dimension.

9.18.5 Operand KT
Tangential rigidity K t (constraint per unit of length).

9.19 Keyword factor THM_RUPT

Law of behavior for the cracks with hydro-mechanical coupling (see [R7.02.15]).
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When the surrounding solid masses the crack are impermeable, the flow is not well any more defined
on the elements of nonopen joints. In this case, one replaces the jump of displacement by an opening
of fictitious crack  fict who allows to regularize the flow and to defer to the forefront of crack the
boundary condition written at the end of the way of cracking.

One can also define a module of Biot N for the cohesive zone.

9.19.1 Syntax
| THM_RUPT = _F (
♦ OUV_FICT = ouv_fict,
[R]
◊ UN_SUR_N = /
1/n, [R]

/ 0.0 [DEFECT]
),

9.19.2 Operand OUV_FICT

Fictitious opening of crack  fict (length).

9.19.3 Operand UN_SUR_N

Opposite of the module of Biot of the crack N (constraint per unit of length).

9.20 Keyword factor Iwan

Elastoplastic law of behavior in soil mechanics adapted for the cyclic behavior deviatoric. The law of
behavior of Iwan [R7.01.38] makes it possible to reproduce the curves of degradation of the modulus
of rigidity. The law is gauged starting from the parameters of a hyperbolic model of the form:
G 1
=
G max γ
n
1+
( )
γ ref

Elastic mechanical characteristics E and NAKED must be defined in parallel under the keyword ELAS.
Values under the keywords ELAS will be compared with those entered under the keyword Iwan. If
they are different, a fatal error will be emitted.
If the keyword ELAS is not well informed, code_aster will automatically do it by taking the elastic
characteristics known keyword Iwan.

9.20.1 Syntax
| Iwan = _F (
♦ YoungModulus =
Young, [R]
♦ PoissonRatio =
fish, [R]
♦ GammaRef =
gammaref, [R]
♦ N
= N [R]
),
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9.20.2 Operand YoungModulus

Young modulus.
9.20.3 Operand PoissonRatio
C oefficient of Fish.
9.20.4 Operand GammaRef
Value of the shearing strain γ ref =2 ε i j hyperbolic law. It is the value for which G=Gmax /2 in the
curve of behavior.

9.20.5 Operand N
Exhibitor of the hyperbolic law.

9.21 Keyword factor L KR

The model LKR (Laigle, Kleine and Raude) is a law of thermo-élasto behavior (visco) plastic
[R7.01.40]. It is based on concepts resulting from the theories of elastoplasticity and viscoplasticity.
The plastic mechanism is caractérisé by a positive in mode pre-peak and negative work hardening in
mode post-peak. The temperature influences work hardenings plastic and viscoplastic.
The elastic characteristics must be defined under the keyword ELAS.

The reader will refer to the reference material [R7.01.40] for the significance, the intervals of definition
and the values by default (if optional parameter, ◊) of each parameter suitable for the keyword factor
LKR whose syntax is detailed in the paragraph § 9.21.1.

9.21.1 Syntax
| LKR = _F ( ♦ Pa = Pa, [R]
◊ NELAS = nelas, [R]
♦ SIGMA_C = sigma_c, [R]
◊ BETA = beta, [R]
◊ GAMMA = gamma, [R]
♦ V_1 = v_1, [R]
♦ V_2 = v_2, [R]
♦ A_2 = a_2, [R]
♦ M_0 = m_0, [R]
♦ M_1 = m_1, [R]
♦ Q_I = q_i, [R]
♦ XI_1 = xi_1, [R]
♦ XI_2 = xi_2, [R]
♦ XI_5 = xi_5, [R]
◊ F_P = f_p, [R]
♦ A = has, [R]
♦ NR = N, [R]
♦ RHO_1 = rho_1, [R]
♦ RHO_2 = rho_2, [R]
♦ RHO_4 = rho_4, [R]
◊ R_Q = r_q, [R]
◊ R_M = r_m, [R]
◊ R_S = r_s, [R]
◊ R_X1 = r_x1, [R]
◊ R_X2 = r_x2, [R]
◊ R_X5 = r_x5, [R]
◊ Z = Z, [R]
◊ COUPLAGE_P_VP = couplage_p_vp, [R]
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9.22 Keyword factor MohrCoulombAS

Elastoplastic law of behavior in soil mechanics (géo-materials granular) adapted for Dbe loadings
monotonousS, written under MFront. Cette elastoplastic law of behavior with Surface of load
smoothedE of Mohr-Coulomb [R7.01.43] p allowsrear example to analyze the bearing capacity of a
geotechnical structure. The smoothing suggested of the criterion of Mohr-Coulomb, compared to the
law of origin [R7.01.28], is to increase the robustness of digital integration implicit. Data necessary to
the field material comprise too parameters of smoothing. Elastic mechanical characteristics E and
NAKED must be defined in parallel under the keyword ELAS. Values under the keyword ELAS will be
compared with those entered under the keyword MohrCoulombAS . If they are different, a fatal error
will be emitted.
If the keyword ELAS is not informed, Code_Aster will make automatically by taking the elastic
characteristics of word-Cl é MohrCoulombAS.

9.22.1 Syntax
| MohrCoulombAS = _F (
♦ YoungModulus = Young, [R]
♦ PoissonRatio = fish, [R]
♦ Cohesion = cohesion , [R]
♦ FrictionAngle = p hi , [R]
♦ DilatancyAngle = p if ,
[R]
♦ TransitionAngle = T heta_t , [R]
♦ TensionCutOff = a_ all , [R]
♦ HardeningCoef = R eg , [R]

9.22.1.1 Operand YoungModulus

Young modulus.

9.22.1.2 Operand PoissonRatio

Poisson's ratio.

9.22.1.3 Operand Cohesion

Cohesion (positive scalar) .

9.22.1.4 Operand FrictionAngle

Angle of friction ϕ pp (provided in °) .

9.22.1.5 Operand DilatancyAngle

Angle of dilatancy ψ (provided in °) Q ui must be inferior or equal to the natural angle of

repose ϕ pp . When ψ =ϕ pp , the plastic law of flow becomes associated.

9.22.1.6 Operand TransitionAngle

Parameter associated with smoothing: angle of Lode of transition θ T (provided in °). It

must be strictly lower than 30°. A typical value can be taken equalizes with 25°.
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9.22.1.7 Operand TensionCutOff

Parameter positive associated with smoothing: truncation of traction a tt . If a tt =0 , the

criterion finds the top of the pyramid of Mohr - Coulomb, thus it is not smoothed any
more .

9.22.1.8 Operand Hardening Coeff

Parameter positive or null describing work hardening acting on cohesion according to the
equivalent plastic deformation . If it is strictly positive, a low value in general will be
taken if the finality is to reduce the unstable mode of answer, cf. [R7.01.4 3 ] .
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10 Behaviors specific to the elements 1D

10.1 Keyword factor ECRO_ASYM_LINE (cf. [R5.03.09])

It makes it possible to model a behavior with linear isotropic work hardening, but with elastic and
different module limits of work hardening in traction and compression. This is used by the model of
behavior 1D VMIS_ASYM_LINE, usable for elements of bar.
Elastic behaviour in traction and compression is the same one: even Young modulus.
There are two fields of isotropic work hardening defined by RT and RC . The two fields are
independent one of the other. We adopt an index T for traction and C for compression.

 YT Effort limits in traction. In absolute value.

 YC Effort limits in compression. In absolute value.
pT Plastic deformation cumulated in traction. Algebraic value.
pC Plastic deformation cumulated in compression. Algebraic value.
E TT Slope of work hardening in traction.
E TC Slope of work hardening in compression.
The equations of the model of behavior are:

{
.

̇ p=̇−E  −1
 − ̇th avec


p p p
̇ =̇ C ̇ T p˙C =0 si − −RC  pC 0
 p˙C ≥0 si − =RC  pC 
̇Cp = p˙C
∣∣ ṗ T =0 si − RT  pT 0
−RT  pT ≤0 ṗ T ≥0 si = RT  pT 
− −RC  pC ≤0

where:
̇Cp : speed of plastic deformation in compressions,
̇Tp : speed of plastic deformation in traction.
th : thermal deformation of origin: th =T −T ref  .  is defined under ELAS.
It is noticed that one cannot have simultaneously plasticization in traction and compression: that is to
say p˙C =0 , that is to say p˙T =0 , that is to say both are worthless.

10.1.1 Syntax
| ECRO_ASYM_LINE = _F (
♦ DT_SIGM_EPSI = RT,
[R]
♦ SY_T =
sigmayT, [R]
♦ DC_SIGM_EPSI = RC,
[R]
♦ SY_C =
sigma yC [R]
)
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11 Parameters for Comportements particular

11.1 Keyword factor LEMAITRE_IRRA
Characteristics (specific to the irradiation) of the creep of the pencils or fuel assemblies (behavior
LEMAITRE_IRRA).
The elastic characteristics must be defined under the keyword ELAS or ELAS_FO.
The uniaxial form of the law of growth is:
 g t = f T , t 

where f is a function of the temperature T expressed in ° C and of the fluence t expressed

into 1024 neutrons/m2.

For modelings 2D and 3D, the law of growth is written (confer [R5.03.08]):
 g t= f T , t 0g

with:
0
g
 
1 0 0
 =0 0 0
0 0 0 R1

One must then define using the operand ANGL_REP keyword SOLID MASS of the operator
AFFE_CARA_ELEM local axes corresponding to the reference mark R1 (see [U4.42.01]). This operand
expects 3 nautical angles of which one uses only the 2 first (the third can thus be unspecified).

The parameters of growth are provided behind the keyword GRAN_FO.

The four keywords are informed QSR_K, BETA, PHI_ZERO, L (the other parameters of creep are
identical to those of the behavior LEMAITRE) and behaviour in creep is then according to:
n −Q

[ ]


ṗ=
 eq
p1/m
1 
K 0 
L e 
R TT 0 
T O =273,15 °

where Φ is the neutron flow calculated starting from the fluence (see [R5.03.08]). T is in ° C .

If it is wished that the behavior not depend on the fluence, but comprises the term nevertheless in
exp −Q / RT  , it is possible to use the keyword LEMAITRE_IRRA in STAT_NON_LINE by informing
the keyword LEMAITRE _IRRA in DEFI_MATERIAU. It is then necessary imperatively to affect
UN_SUR_K, With, B, S to zero and PHI_ZERO with one. Under these conditions, it is not necessary to
define a field of fluence.

11.1.1 Syntax
| LEMAITRE_IRRA = _F (
♦ NR
= N, [R]
♦ UN_SUR_K =
1/K , [R]
♦ UN_SUR_M =
1/m , [R]
♦ QSR_K
= Q/R , [R]
♦ BETA
= beta, [R]
♦ PHI_ZERO
= phi0, [R]
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♦ L
= L, [R]
◊ GRAN_FO
= Fct_g, [function]
)

11.2 Keyword factor DIS_GRICRA

This keyword makes it possible to define the parameters associated with the nonlinear behavior with
the connection between the grid and the pencil in a fuel assembly modelled by a discrete element
(cf [R5.03.17]). The behavior usable in the orders STAT_NON_LINE and DYNA_NON_LINE starting
from these parameters is DIS_GRICRA .
The parameters of entry of this law are the following:
•Behavior in axial slip: 5 parameters (of which an arbitrary, purely digital parameter):
1.normal rigidity of the discrete one KN_AX ;
2.tangential rigidity (in the direction of the slip) KT_AX ;
3.coefficient of friction of Coulomb COUL_AX ;
4.gripping force F_SER (limit of slip = COUL_AX X F_SER) ;
5.parameter of work hardening ET_AX (the law of behavior can be comparable to perfect
plasticity. The parameter of work hardening is only used to ensure the convergence of
calculation; a value by default of 10−7 he is affected);
•Behaviour in rotation: 8 parameters (of which a purely digital parameter)
1.successive slopes PEN1, PEN2, PEN3 and PEN4 curve Moment= f angle ;
2.angles ANG1, ANG2 and ANG3 points of inflection of the curve;
3.parameter of work hardening ET_ROT (parameter being used only to ensure the convergence of
calculation; a value by default of 10−7 he is affected).

The gripping forces can vary according to the temperature and from the irradiation. These
dependences are affected on the slopes PEN1, PEN2 and PEN3 for behaviour in rotation and on the
gripping force F_SER for the behavior in axial slip. The functions of dependence are directly defined in
the form of one FORMULA in the command file.

• behavior being pressed on a discrete element with 2 nodes (modeling DIS_TR) with degrees
of freedom in translation and rotation
• contact with friction of Coulomb for the degrees of translation, modelled by an elastoplastic
model
• nonlinear law of behaviour in rotation based on geometrical and physical considerations (cf
[R5.03.17])
Names of the followed parameters by the suffix _FO allow to inform the value in the form of a function.
A certain number of parameters additional, available for this behavior but which do not appear in this
document, are clarified in [V6.04.131].
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11.2.1 Syntax
| DIS_GRICRA = _F (
% Behavior ‘DIS_GRICRA’
♦ KN_AX =
kn_bossette, [R]
♦ KT_AX =
kt_bossette, [R]
♦ COUL_AX =
kt_bossette, [R]
◊ F_SER =
kt_bossette, [R]
◊ F_SER_FO =
kt_bossette, [function]
◊ ET_AX
=/kt_bossette, [R]

/1.0E-7, [DEFECT]
◊ ET_ROT
=/kt_bossette , [R]

/1.0E-7, [DEFECT]
◊ ANG1 =
kn_ressort, [R]
◊ ANG2
= kt_ressort, [R]
◊ ANG 3
= kt_ressort, [R]
◊ PEN1 =
kn_ressort, [R]
◊ PEN2
= kt_ressort, [R]
◊ PEN3
= kt_ressort, [R]
◊ PEN4
= kt_ressort, [R]
◊ ANG1_FO =
mu_bossette , [function]
◊ ANG2_FO =
mu_ressort, [function]
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◊ ANG 3 _FO =
mu_ressort, [function]
◊ PEN1_FO =
gamma_bossette , [function]
◊ PEN2_FO = gamma_ressort,
[function]
◊ PEN3_FO =
forc_serrage [function]
◊ PEN4_FO =
forc_serrage [function]
)

11.3 Keyword factor DIS_CONTACT

This keyword makes it possible to define the parameters associated withX behaviorS DIS_CHOC and
DIS_CONTACT, nonlinearS of shock with friction of Coulomb associated with the discrete elements (cf
[R5.03.17]) for modelings DIS_T, DIS_TR, 2D_DIS_T, 2D_DIS_TR being pressed on meshs POI1 or
SEG2 (discrete element with 1 or 2 nodes).

11.3.1 Syntax
◊ | DIS_CONTACT = _F (
◊ RIGI_NOR = kN, [R]
◊ RIGI_TAN = Kt, [R]
◊ AMOR_NOR = Cn, [R]
◊ AMOR_TAN = Ct, [R]
◊ COULOMB = driven, [R]
◊ DIST_1 = dist1, [R]
◊ DIST_2 = dist2, [R]
◊ GAME = d0, [R]
◊ INST_COMP_INIT = (t0, T1) [R]
)

11.3.2 Operands RIGI_NOR/RIGI_TAN/AMOR_NOR/AMOR_TAN

RIGI_NOR = kN
Value of the normal rigidity of shock. If RIGI_NOR is present it is this value which is taken into
account. If it is not present, the discrete elements to which one affects this material must have their
stiffness defined in addition (for example using the order AFFE_CARA_ELEM with the keywords
DISCRETE , 2D_DISCRET or RIGI_PARASOL).

RIGI_TAN = Kt
Value of the tangential rigidity of shock.

AMOR_NOR = Cn
Value of the normal damping of shock.

AMOR_TAN = Ct
Value of the tangential damping of shock.

11.3.3 Operands COULOMB/DIST_1/DIST_2/JEU/INST_COMP_INIT

COULOMB = driven
Value of the coefficient of friction.

DIST_1 = dist1
Distance characteristic of matter surrounding the first node of shock.

DIST_2 = dist2
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Distance characteristic of matter surrounding the second node of shock (shock between two mobile
structures).

GAME = d0
Distance enters the node of shock and an obstacle not modelled (case of a shock between a mobile
structure and an indeformable and motionless obstacle).

INST_COMP_INIT = (t0, T1)

When the behavior is used DIS_CONTACT , cf. [R5.03.17] , and that the discrete one is initially
compressed and in contact, it can be necessary to start from a state balanced to simulate this setting
in progressive compression. This key word makes it possible to define a slope, if INST is the moment
of calculation: min( max( 0.0 , ( INST −t 0 )/(t 1 −t 0)) ,1.0 ) . The value obtained multiplies the
distance between the nodes or that between the node and the obstacle. The distance thus varies
between 0 with t 0 and its end value with t 1 . During this phase friction is not activated. At the end of
this phase if the discrete one is compressed the threshold of Coulomb is µ . N where Fx is the
compressive force in the discrete one.

11.4 Keyword factor DIS_CHOC_ENDO

This keyword makes it possible to define the parameters associated withX behaviorS CHOC_ENDO and
CHOC_ENDO_PENA nonlinearS of discrete shock associated with the elementsS (cf. [R5.03.17]) for
modelings DIS_T being pressed on meshs SEG2 (discrete element with 2 nodes).

11.4.1 Syntax
◊ | DIS_CONTACT = _F (
♦ FX = fx, [R]
♦ RIGI_NOR = RN, [R]
♦ AMOR_NOR = hasN, [R]
◊ DIST_1 = dist1, [R]
◊ DIST_2 = dist2, [R]
♦ CRIT_AMOR = [‘INCLUDED’|' EXCLUS'] [R]
)

11.4.2 Operands FX/RIGI_NOR/AMOR_NOR/CRIT_AMOR

FX = fx
Function threshold depend on the relative displacement of the nodes of the discrete one.

RIGI_NOR = RN
Function describing the variation of the stiffness depending on the relative displacement of the nodes
of the discrete one. This function is obligatorily decreasing.

AMOR_NOR = hasN
Function describing damping depending on the relative displacement of the nodes of the discrete one.

CRIT_AMOR = [‘INCLUDED’|' EXCLUS']

The damping of structure can be taken into account in 2 different ways. Either he is taken into account
in the calculation of the threshold, then the effort in the discrete one (if damping is different from 0) is
always lower than the threshold. There is thus a reduction of the threshold according to the speed of
the shock. Either it is excluded from the calculation of the threshold, then the effort in the discrete one
can be equal to the threshold.
In all the cases damping is taken into account in the effort (cf. [R5.03.17] ).

11.4.3 Operands DIST_1/DIST_2

DIST_1 = dist1
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Distance characteristic of matter surrounding the first node of shock (shock between two mobile
structures).

DIST_2 = dist2
Distance characteristic of matter surrounding the second node of shock (shock between two mobile
structures).

11.5 Keyword factor DIS_ECRO_CINE

These parameters of elastoplastic behavior material to nonlinear kinematic work hardening,
cf [R5.03.17], are to be used with the discrete elements 2D_DIS_TR, 2D_DIS_T, DIS_TR, DIS_T
(cf operator AFFE_MODELE [U4.41.01]). The law is built component by component of the torque of the
resulting efforts on the discrete element: there is no coupling between the components of efforts
(forces and couples), on which one can define different characteristics; only the diagonal
characteristics are affected by the behavior. Elastic stiffness K e (which is also used for the nonlinear
algorithm for the prediction) of this law of behavior is given via the keywords K_T_D_L, K_TR_D_L,
K_T_D_N, K_TR_D_N order AFFE_CARA_ELEM [U4.42.01] :

The sizes all are expressed in the local reference mark of the element; it is obligatory to specify the
keyword REFERENCE MARK=‘LOCAL’ in AFFE_CARA_ELEM [U4.42.01]. The orientation of discrete
can be done in AFFE_CARA_ELEM with the usual rules by using the keyword ORIENTATION.

The use of the law of behavior is done in STAT_NON_LINE or DYNA_NON_LINE under the keyword
BEHAVIOR [U4.51.11] with RELATION = ‘DISC_ECRO_CINE’.

It is specified that this law of behavior is not compatible with an alternate cyclic loading.

11.5.1 Syntax
◊ | DIS_ECRO_CINE = _F (
◊/♦ LIMY_DX = fy_dx, [R]
♦ KCIN_DX = kx_dx, [R]
◊/♦ PUIS_DX = n_dx, [R]
♦ LIMU_DX = fu_dx, [R]
◊/♦ LIMY_DY = fy_dy, [R]
♦ KCIN_DY = kx_dy, [R]
◊/♦ PUIS_DY = n_dy, [R]
♦ LIMU_DY = fu_dy, [R]
◊/♦ LIMY_DZ = fy_dz, [R]
♦ KCIN_DZ = kx_dz, [R]
◊/♦ PUIS_DZ = n_dz, [R]
♦ LIMU_DZ = fu_dz, [R]
◊/♦ LIMY_RX = fy_rx, [R]
♦ KCIN_RX = kx_rx, [R]
◊/♦ PUIS_RX = n_rx, [R]
♦ LIMU_RX = fu_rx, [R]
◊/♦ LIMY_RY = fy_ry, [R]
♦ KCIN_RY = kx_ry, [R]
◊/♦ PUIS_RY = n_ry, [R]
♦ LIMU_RY = fu_ry, [R]
◊/♦ LIMY_RZ = fy_rz, [R]
♦ KCIN_RZ = kx_rz, [R]
◊/♦ PUIS_RZ = n_rz, [R]
♦ LIMU_RZ = fu_rz [R]
)
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11.5.2 Operands
LIMY_DX = fy_dx,
F xy : Limitate elastic in the direction of effort x

KCIN_DX = kx_dx,
kx : “stiffness” of kinematic work hardening in the direction of effort x
PUIS_DX = n_dx ,
nx : power, defining the shape of the monotonous curve in the direction of effort

LIMU_DX = fu_dx,
F xu : kinematic limit of work hardening, defining the plate of the monotonous curve in the direction of
effort x

11.6 Keyword factor DIS_VISC

This nonlinear viscoelastic behavior is to be used with the discrete elements (cf [R5.03.17])
2D_DIS_TR , 2D_DIS_T , DIS_TR , DIS_T (cf operator AFFE_MODELE [U4.41.01]). This behavior
affects only the degree of freedom dx room of the element. The value of the elastic stiffness K e
(which is also used for the nonlinear algorithm for the prediction) is given via the keywords K_T_D_L,
K_TR_D_L, K_T_D_N, K_TR_D_N order AFFE_CARA_ELEM [ U4.42.01].

This viscous law of behavior is usable with the opérateurs STAT_NON_LINE and DYNA_NON_LINE,
under the keyword BEHAVIOR [U4.51.11] with RELATION = ‘DIS_VISC’.

The sizes all are expressed in the local reference mark of the element; it is obligatory to specify
REFERENCE MARK=‘LOCAL’ in AFFE_CARA_ELEM [U4.42.01]. The orientation of discrete can be
done in AFFE_CARA_ELEM with the usual rules in utilissuant the keyword ORIENTATION.

11.6.1 Syntax
◊ | DIS_VISC = _F (
♦/ K1 = k1, [R]
/ UNSUR_K1 = usk1, [R]
♦/ K2 = k2, [R]
/ UNSUR_K2 = usk2, [R]
♦/ K3 = k3, [R]
/ UNSUR_K3 = usk3, [R]
♦ C = C, [R]
♦ PUIS_ALPHA = alpha, [R]
)

11.6.2 Operands
The behavior DIS_VISC is a nonlinear viscoelastic rheological behavior, of type Zener extended,
allowing to schematize the behavior of a uniaxial shock absorber, applicable to axial degree of
freedom of the discrete elements with two nodes (mesh SEG2) or and of the discrete elements to a
node (mesh POI1).
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For the local direction x (and only that one) of the discrete element, one provides 5 coefficients.
Their units must be in agreement with the unit of the efforts, the unit lengths and the unit of time of the
problem.
• K1 : elastic stiffness of element 1 of the rheological model,
• K2 : elastic stiffness of element 2 of the rheological model,
• K3 : elastic stiffness of element 3 of the rheological model,

• UNSUR_K1 : elastic flexibility of element 1 of the rheological model,

• UNSUR_K2 : elastic flexibility of element 2 of the rheological model,
• UNSUR_K3 : elastic flexibility of element 3 of the rheological model,

• PUIS_ALPHA : power of the viscous behavior of the element 

• C : coefficient of the viscous behavior of the element.
The conditions to respect for these coefficients are (in particular to ensure the positivity and the
finitude of the tangent matrix):
K 1 ⩾10−8 ; 1/ K 1⩾0 ; K 3 ⩾10−8 ; 1/ K 3 ⩾0 ; 1/ K 2⩾10−8 ; K 2⩾0 ;
C 10−8 ; 10−8 1

Moreover, one cannot have at the same time: 1/ E 1=0 , 1/ E 3=0 and E 2=0 i.e. the case of the
shock absorber alone.

11.7 Keyword factor DIS_ECRO_TRAC

The behavior DIS_ECRO_TRAC is a nonlinear behavior, allowing to schematize the behavior of a
uniaxial device, according tolocal axis x or in the tangent plan yz discrete elements with two nodes
(mesh SEG2) or and of the discrete elements to a node (mesh POI1).

The non-linear behavior is given by a curve F= fonction (Δ U ) :

• for one SEG2, Δ U represent the relative displacement of the 2 nodes in the local reference mark
of the element.
• for one POI1, Δ U represent the absolute displacement of the node in the local reference mark
of the element.
• for one SEG2 or one POI1 , F represent the effort expressed in the local reference mark of the
element.

This law of behavior is usable with the opérateurs STAT_NON_LINE and DYNA_NON_LINE, under the
keyword BEHAVIOR [U4.51.11] with RELATION = ‘DIS_ECRO_TRAC’.

The sizes all are expressed in the local reference mark of the element. The orientation of discrete can
be done in AFFE_CARA_ELEM with the usual rules in utilissuant the keyword ORIENTATION.
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11.7.1 Syntax
◊ | DIS_ECRO_TRAC = _F (
♦/ FX = fx, [function]
/ FTAN = ftan,
# If FTAN is given
♦ WORK HARDENING = ‘ISOTROPIC’| ‘KINEMATIC’ [Text]
)

11.7.2 FX operand
The only data necessary is the function describing the non-linear behavior. This function must respect
the criteria according to:
• It is a function within the meaning of code_aster : defined with the operator DEFI_FONCTION,
• The interpolations on the ordinate and x-axes are linear,
• The name of the X-coordinate at the time of the definition of the function is DX,
• The prolongations on the left and on the right of the function are excluded,
• The function must be defined by at least 3 points,
• The first point is (0.0, 0.0) and must be given,
• The function must be strictly increasing.
• The derivative of the function must be lower or equal to its derivative to the point (0.0,0 .0) .

Examples of definition of the function:

LesX = (0.0 , 0.2 , 0.3 , 0.50)
LesY = (0.0 , 500.0 , 800.0 , 900.0)

fctsy1 = DEFI_FONCTION ( NOM_PARA= ‘DX’ ,

X-COORDINATE = LesX,
ORDINATE = LesY,
)

fctsy2 = DEFI_FONCTION (NOM_PARA=‘DX’,

VALE = (0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 500.0, 0.3, 800.0, 0.50, 900.0 ),
)

The first two points of the function make it possible to define the elastic slope in the behavior. The
units of the X-coordinates and the ordinates must be coherent with those of the problem:
• The unit of the X-coordinates must be homogeneous with displacements,
• The unit of the function must be homogeneous with efforts.

11.7.3 Operand FTAN

The only data necessary is the function describing the non-linear behavior. This function must respect
the criteria according to:
• It is a function within the meaning of code_aster : defined with the operator DEFI_FONCTION,
• The interpolations on the ordinate and x-axes are linear,
• The name of the X-coordinate at the time of the definition of the function is DTAN,
• The prolongations on the left and on the right of the function are excluded,
• The function must be defined by exactly 3 points,
• The first point is (0.0, 0.0) and must be given,
• The function must be strictly increasing.
• The derivative of the function must be lower or equal to its derivative to the point (0.0,0.0) .

Examples of definition of the function:

LesX = (0.0 , 0.2 , 0.3 )
LesY = (0.0 , 500.0 , 800.0 )
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fctsy1 = DEFI_FONCTION ( NOM_PARA= ‘DTAN‘ ,
X-COORDINATE = LesX,
ORDINATE = LesY,
)

fctsy2 = DEFI_FONCTION (NOM_PARA=‘DX’,

VALE = (0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 500.0, 0.3, 800.0 ),
)

11.8 Keyword factor DIS_BILI_ELAS

This key word Factor allows to assign a bilinear elastic behavior to the discrete ones in the 3 directions
of translation.

This behavior is to be used with the discrete elements (cf [R5.03.17]), 2D_DIS_T, DIS_T (cf operator
AFFE_MODELE [U4.41.01]). The law is built component by component, it thus does not have there
coupling between the components of efforts, on which one can define different characteristics; only the
diagonal characteristics are affected by the behavior. The value of the elastic stiffness K e (which is
used only for the nonlinear algorithm for the prediction) of this law of behavior is given via the
keywords K_T_D_L, K_T_D_N order AFFE_CARA_ELEM [U4.42.01].

This law of behavior is usable with the operators STAT_NON_LINE and DYNA_NON_LINE, under the
keyword BEHAVIOR [U4.51.11] with RELATION = ‘DISC_BILI_ELAS’.

The sizes all are expressed in the local reference mark of the element. The orientation of discrete can
be done in the order AFFE_CARA_ELEM with the usual rules by using the keyword ORIENTATION.

11.8.1 Syntax
| DIS_BILI_ELAS = _F (
◊/♦ KDEB_DX = k1_dx, [function]
♦ KFIN_DX = k2_dx, [function]
♦ FPRE_DX = FP _dx , [ R ]
◊/♦ KDEB_DY = k1_dy, [function]
♦ KFIN_DY = k2_dy, [function]
♦ FPRE_DY = FP _dy , [ R ]
◊/♦ KDEB_DZ = k1_dz, [function]
♦ KFIN_DZ = k2_dz, [function]
♦ FPRE_DZ = FP _dz, [ R ]
)
11.8.2 Operands
The law of behavior is bilinear rubber band and requires 3 characteristics. The units of the
characteristics must be in agreement with those of the analyzed problem: k1 and k2 are
homogeneous with a force by displacement, Fp is homogeneous with a force.
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KDEB_DX = k1_dx, KDEB_DY = k1_dy, KDEB_DZ = k1_dz

Stiffness of the behavior when the effort in the discrete one is lower Fp .
KFIN_DX = k2_dx, KFIN_DY = k2_dy, KFIN_DZ = k2_dz
Stiffness of the behavior when the effort in the discrete one is higher than Fp .
FPRE_DX = fp_dx, FPRE_DY = fp_dy, FPRE_DZ = fp_dz
The effort which defines the transition between the 2 linear behaviors.

11.9 Keyword factor ASSE_CORN

Description of the characteristics material associated with the behavior with a bolted assembly
[R5.03.32].

11.9.1 Syntax
| ASSE_CORN = _F (
♦ NU_1 = nu1,
[R]
♦ MU_1 = mu1,
[R]
♦ DXU_1 = dxu1,
[R]
♦ DRYU_1 = dryu1,
[R]
♦ C_1 = c1,
[R]
♦ NU_2 = nu2,
[R]
♦ MU_2 = mu2,
[R]
♦ DXU_2 = dxu2,
[R]
♦ DRYU_2 =dryu2,
[R]
♦ C_2 = c2,
[R]
♦ KY = ky,
[R]
♦ KZ = kz,
[R]
♦ KRX = krx,
[R]
♦ KRZ = krz,
[R
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◊ R_P0 = /rp0,
[R]
/1.E-4
)

11.9.2 Operands
On the following figure, the plan  represent the plan of the assembly. The axis of the bolts is
perpendicular to this plan. The reader will refer to [U4.42.01] AFFE_CARA_ELEM for the orientation of
the reference mark R L defining the plan of the assembly.

The relation of behaviour of the assembly is:

• nonlinear in translation according to x and in rotation around y .
• linear according to the other degrees of freedom: DY , DZ , DRX , DRZ

Behaviours in traction along the axis x and in rotation around the axis y .

The behavior of the connection is considered linear in the other directions:

KY : stiffness in translation according to Y
KZ : stiffness in translation according to Z
KRX : stiffness in rotation around X
KRZ : stiffness in rotation around Z
R_P0 : Slope in the beginning or of discharge

11.10 Keyword factor WEAPON

Description of the characteristics material associated with the behavior with an armament with airline.
The arm of each armament of broken phase, represented by a discrete element, has a nonlinear
behavior forces of it - displacement consisted the difference between maximum displacement dlp end
of the armament in the plastic phase and limiting elastic displacement dle.
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11.10.1Syntax
| WEAPON = _F (
♦ KYE = kye ,
[R]
♦ DLE = dle ,
[R]
♦ KYP = kyp ,
[R]
♦ DLP = dlp ,
[R]
♦ KYG = kyg
[R]
)

11.10.2Operands KYE/DLE
KYE = kye
Elastic slope until a limiting effort.
DLE = dle
Displacement limits elastic strain.

11.10.3Operand KYP/DLP
KYP = kyp
Plastic slope until limiting displacement DLP.
DLP = dlp
Displacement limits plastic deformation 0.

11.10.4Operand KYG
KYG = kyg
Slope of discharge.

11.11 Keyword factor RELAX_ACIER

The phenomenon of relieving of steels used in prestressed is regulated. The principal regulations are:
BPEL83, NF-EN-1992-1-1 October 2005, AFCEN-ETCC-2010,

One wishes to be able to model deformations who will vary slowly at the courtS time, in particular for the
taking into account of the creep of the concrete and temperature variations. One also wishes to take into
account the influence of the temperature on the phenomena of relieving.
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In the regular manner, it would be possible to take account of the effect of the creep of the concrete, of the
thermal deformation by making a linear combination of the various phenomena (cf regulations for more
details). This approach is incompatible with a calculation with the finite elements .

So that the law of relieving is usable in a code with the finite elements for structural analyses with
variations of loadings such as: creep of the concrete, resumption of tension of the cables, taken into
account of the influence of thermics,… it must be incremental and thermodynamically correct.

formulation adopted is based on that proposed by J.Lemaitre :

e e an
σ= E . ε ε=ε +ε
n f . c .ε an
〈
 – R  an 
〉 ( an ) prg
an
̇ = with R ε = 1 [éq 11.11-1 ]
f prg .k an nr nr
( 1+ ( b . ε ) )
The law of behavior is 1D, and only available for modelings of type BAR, who are used to model the cables
of prestressed in the operator DEFI_CABLE_BP.
To take account of the influence of the temperature on Lhas relieving, all coefficients of the law can be
functions of the temperature.

Note:
Parameters c , b , n and nr are without unit, and thus independent of the units used during
the study. k is adimensionné compared to f prg thus compared to the constraints, but not
compared to time. Indeed ε̇an is homogeneous with [ s ]−1 , if the unit of time is in second. Thus
if one knows k for a speed in a unit of time, it is necessary to convert its value into report with
the unit of time used at the time of the study.

11.11.1 Syntax

RELAX_ACIER =FACT ( statut= ‘F’ ,

F_PRG =SIMP ( statut= ‘ F ‘ , typ= ( fonction_sdaster , formula )
,
fr= “Stress ultimate with rupture “ ) ,
ECOU_ K =SIMP ( statut= ‘O’ , typ= ( fonction_sdaster , formula ) ,
fr= “ K function of viscous flow” ) ,
ECOU_ NR =SIMP ( statut= ‘O’ , typ= ( fonction_sdaster , formula ) ,
fr= “Power of the function of viscous flow” ) ,
ECRO_ NR =SIMP ( statut= ‘O’ , typ= ( fonction_sdaster , formula ) ,
fr= “Power of the function of work hardening” ) ,
ECRO_ B =SIMP ( statut= ‘O’ , typ= ( fonction_sdaster , formula ) ,
fr= “ B function of work hardening” ) ,
ECRO_ C =SIMP ( statut= ‘O’ , typ= ( fonction_sdaster , formula ) ,
fr= “Tangent at the origin of the function of work
hardening” ) ,
),

f prg Constraint with rupture cable. This size is optional, because it can be also defined in
materials BPEL_ACIER or ETCC_ACIER and in this case f prg is a constant. The
value/function given under RELAX_ACIER_CABL is priority.
ECOU_K Corresponds to the coefficient K, in the equation 11.11-1.
ECOU_NR Corresponds to coefficient N, in the equation 11.11-1.
ECRO_NR Corresponds to the coefficient NR, in the equation 11.11-1.
ECRO_B Corresponds to the coefficient B, in the equation 11.11-1.
ECRO_C Corresponds to the coefficient C, in the equation 11.11-1.
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11.12 Keyword factor CABLE_GAINE_FROT

This material relates to only the elements CABLE_GAINE. It makes it possible to define the behavior
of friction enters a cable and its sheath or between a cable and the neighbouring concrete. It is
possible to consider a slipping, rubbing cable or member. For its use, to see the behavior KIT_CG in
U4.51.11.

11.12.1 Syntax
| CABLE_GAINE_FROT = _F (
♦ TYPE = /‘SLIPPING ‘,
/‘RUBBING
‘,
/‘MEMBER‘,
[TXM]
♦ PENA_LAGR = PEN ,
[R]
# if TYPE=' FROTTANT':
◊ FROT_LINE = fl ,
[R]
=
0.d0, [DEFECT]
◊ FROT_COURB = FC ,
[R]
= 0.d0,
[DEFECT]
)

Operands TYPE
♦ TYPE = /‘SLIPPING ‘,
/‘RUBBING ‘,
/‘MEMBER‘, [TXM]
This operand makes it possible to determine whether it is about a cable slipping, rubbing or adherent.

11.12.2 Operand PENA_LAGR

♦ PENA_LAGR = PEN ,
This operand defines the coefficient of penalization to be taken into account. (See R3.08.10, §6.1 for
more details).

11.12.3 Operand FROT_LINE and FROT_COURB

◊ FROT_LINE = fl ,
Rectilinear coefficient of friction.

◊ FROT_COURB= FC ,
Curved coefficient of friction.

11.13 Keyword factor FONDA_SUPERFI

LE elastoplastic behavior nonlinear of a rectangular shallow foundation subjected to a statical or
seismic three-dimensional stress use Lbe parameters preset for this material, cf. R5.03.17] and
[R5.03.31]. This law of behaviorappliquE on the discrete elements 3D made up of a single node in
translation and rotation (DIS_TR) affected of a matrix of diagonal stiffness (K_TR_D_N) by means of
the relation FOUNDEDTION called by the operators of resolution of nonlinear problems
STAT_NON_LINE [R5.03.01] or DYNA_NON_LINE [R5.05.05].
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11.13.1 Syntax
| FONDA_SUPERFI = _F (
♦ LONG_X = lx, [R]
♦ LONG_Y = ly, [R]
♦ PHI = phi, [R]
◊ COHESION = cohe, [R]
◊ RAID_GLIS = rg, [R]
◊ GAMMA_REFE = gr., [R]
♦ CP_SERVICE = cps, [R]
◊ CP_ULTIME = CPU, [R]
◊ DEPL_REFE = Dr., [R]
◊ RAID_CP_X = rcpx, [R]
◊ GAMMA_CP_X = gcpx, [R]
◊ RAID_CP_Y = rcpy, [R]
◊ GAMMA_CP_Y = gcpy, [R]
◊ RAID_CP_X-ray = rcprx, [R]
◊ GAMMA_CP_X-ray = gcprx, [R]
◊ RAID_CP_RY = rcpry, [R]
◊ GAMMA_CP_RY = gcpry, [R]
◊ SEPARATION = /‘OUI',
/‘ NON' , [DEFECT]
)

11.13.2 OperandS LONG_X, LONG_Y

Longuor lx according to the local axis X of the foundation (obligatory).
Longuor ly according to the local axis there foundation (obligatory).

11.13.3 OperandS PHI, COHESION

PHI = phi
Withngle of friction in degree to the interface ground/foundation (obligatory).

COHESION = cohe
Cohesion with the interface ground/foundation (homogeneous with a stiffness in translation, optional).
By default equalizes to 0.

11.13.4 Operand RAID_GLIS

Stiffness of the work hardening of the slip rg (optional). By default equalizes to 0.

11.13.5Operand GAMMA_REFE
Parameter gr. kinematic work hardening (homogeneous contrary to a distance, optional).
By default equal to 0.

11.13.6 Operand CP_SERVICE, CP_ULTIME

Felastic orce limit cps foundation (obligatory).
Force ultimate limit CPU foundation (optional). By default equalizes to 0.

11.13.7 Operand DEPL_REFE

Tassement of reference Dr. for the isotropic work hardening of the criterion of bearing capacity
(optional).
By default equal to 0.
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11.13.8 OperandS RAID_CP_[X|Y|X-ray|RY], GAMMA_CP_[X|Y|RY|RY]

GAMMA_CP_ [ X |Y|X-ray|RY] = gcp [ X |there|X-ray|ry]

Parameter kinematic work hardening in translation or in rotation according to X or there criterion of
bearing capacity (homogeneous contrary to a distance, optional). By default equal to 0.

11.13.9 Operand SEPARATION

Parameter of activation of the mechanism of separation so equal to ‘YES’. (Optional and by default
‘NOT’).

11.14 Keyword factor JONC_ENDO_PLAS

Cbe parameters are used to define, starting from the analysis of the reinforced concrete section:
geometry and characteristic of materials, cf [ R5 . 0 3. 17 ], behavior N one linear of a connection in
inflection out-plan, of junction enters a veil and a floor or a foundation raft, out of reinforced concrete,
cf [U2.02.03], to apply on discrete elements of type DIS_TR on meshs SEG2 , with two nodes. Lbe
moments M , just like stiffnesses, thus get along in units of couple ( Longuor * force).

11.14.1 Syntax
| JONC_ENDO_PLAS = _F (
♦ K E = K E , [R]
♦ K P = K p , [R]
♦ K DP = K dp , [R]
♦ K DM = K DM , [R]
♦ R DP = R dp , [R]
♦ R DM = R DM , [R]
♦ M YP = m YP , [R]
♦ M YM = m ym , [R]
)

11.14.2 Operand KE
Stiffness in elastic rotation K e 0 . One will take the same value as that well informed in
AFFE_CARA_ELEM (DISCRET= (_F (CARA=' K_TR_D_*', REPERE=' LOCAL',…),),).

11.14.3 Operand KP
Pplastic graft of work hardening K p K e .

11.14.4 Operand KDP

Tangent stiffness K +d ∈[ K e , K p ] in phase damaging for the positive inflection.

11.14.5 Operand KDM

Tangent stiffness K -d ∈[ K e , K p ] in phase damaging for the negative inflection.
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11.14.6 Operand RDP

Rotation threshold of damage +d 0 in positive inflection.

11.14.7 Operand RDM

Rotation threshold of damage -d 0 in negative inflection.

11.14.8 Operand MYP

Seuil of plasticity M +y ⩾K e θ +d in positive inflection.

11.14.9 Operand MYM

Seuil of plasticity M -y ⩽K e θ -d in negative inflection.
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12 Material fluid

12.1 Keyword factor FLUID

Definitions of the constant characteristics of fluid.

12.1.1 Syntax
| FLUID = _F (

♦ RHO = rho ,
[R]
◊ CELE_R = celr,
[R]
◊ CELE_C = celc,
[C]
◊ PESA_Z = pz,
[R]
)

12.1.2 Operand RHO

RHO = rho
Density of the fluid. No the checking.

12.1.3 Operands CELE_R/CELE_C

CELE_R = celr
Celerity of propagation acoustic waves in the fluid environment (standard reality).
Pas de checking of about size.

CELE_C = celc
Celerity of propagation acoustic waves in the fluid environment (standard complex in particular for a
porous environment). No the checking of about size.

For a modeling in PHENOMENON: ACOUSTICS (order AFFE_MODELE [U4.41.01]) only the definition of
celerity using the keyword CELE_C is valid.

The definition using the keyword CELE_R conduit with a stop in error.

Note: when one uses modeling of a fluid type (3D_FLUIDE for example) and that one puts RHO=0.
and CELE_R=0., one obtains matrices of really worthless mass and rigidity by CALC_MATR_ELEM.
(see [R4.02.02]).

12.1.4 Operand PESA_Z

PESA_z = pz,
Acceleration of gravity according to the axis z , only used and obligatory if the modeling chosen in
AFFE_MODELE is 2D_FLUI_PESA (waves of gravity and modes of shaking in the fluid).
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13 Data matériaux associated with postprocessings

13.1 Keyword factor TIREDNESS
One will be able to refer to [R7.04.01] and [R7.04.03].

13.1.1 Syntax
| TIREDNESS = _F (
/◊ WOHLER = f_wohl, [function]
/◊ A_BASQUIN = With, [R]
◊ BETA_BASQUIN = beta, [R]
/◊ A0 = a0, [R]
◊ A1 = a1, [R]
◊ A2 = a2, [R]
◊ A3 = a3, [R]
◊ SL = SL, [R]
◊ MANSON_COFFIN = f_mans, [function]
◊ E_REFE = EC, [R]
◊ D0 = d0, [R]
◊ TAU0 = tau0, [R]
)

13.1.2 Operand WOHLER

This operand makes it possible to introduce the curve of Wöhler of material in a point by point
discretized form. This function gives the number of cycles to the rupture N rupt according to the half-

amplitude of constraint ..
2
The curve of Wöhler is a function for which the user chooses the mode of interpolation:

• LOG LOG : interpolation logarithmic curve on the number of cycles to the rupture and on the
half - amplitude of the constraint (formula of Basquin per pieces),
• LIN LIN : linear interpolation on the number of cycles to the rupture and on the half
amplitude of the constraint (this interpolation is disadvised because the curve of Wöhler is
absolutely not linear in this reference mark),
• FLAX LOG : interpolation into linear on the half-amplitude of constraint, and logarithmic curve
on the number of cycles to the rupture, which corresponds to the expression given by Wöhler.

The user must also choose the type of prolongation of the function on the right and on the left.

13.1.3 Operands A_BASQUIN / BETA_BASQUIN

A_BASQUIN = A
BETA_BASQUIN = beta
These operands make it possible to introduce the curve of Wöhler of material in the analytical form of
BASQUIN [R7.04.01].

D= A S βalt where A and  are two constants of material,


S alt = alternate constraint of the cycle = and D elementary damage.
2

13.1.4 Operands A0 / A1 / A2 / A3 / SL
A0 = a0, A1 = a1, A2 = a2, A3 = a3, SL = SL
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These operands make it possible to define in analytical form the curve of Wöhler in “current zone”
[R7.04.01].
E
S alt = alternate constraint = 1 C  
2 E
X =log10 ( S alt )
2 3

N rupt =10 a0 +a 1 x+ a 2 x + a3 x
D= { 1 / N si S alt ≥S l
0. sinon

This list of operands makes it possible to introduce the various parameters of this analytical form.
a0 , a1 , a2 and a3 constantS of material,
S l limit of endurance of material.
The Young modulus E is introduced into DEFI_MATERIAU (keyword factor ELAS operand E).
The value of Ec , Young modulus associated with the curve with tiredness with material is also
introduced into DEFI_MATERIAU under the keyword factor TIREDNESS, operand E_REFE.

13.1.5 Operand MANSON_COFFIN

MANSON_COFFIN = f_mans
This operand makes it possible to introduce the curve of Manson-Whetstone sheath of material in a
point by point discretized form. This function gives the number of cycles to the rupture according to

the half-amplitude of deformations .
2

13.1.6 Operand E_REFE

E_REFE = EC
This operand makes it possible to specify the value of the Young modulus associated with the curve
with tiredness with material. This value allows amongst other things, to define the curve of Wöhler in
“current zone” [R7.04.01].

13.1.7 Operands D0/TAU0

D0 = d0
Allows to specify the value of the limit of endurance in alternate pure traction and compression. This
value is used in the calculation of the criteria of Crossland and Dang Van Papadopoulos [R7.04.01] by
the order of POST_FATIGUE [U4.83.01].

TAU0 = tau0
Allows to specify the value of the limit of endurance in alternate pure shearing. This value is used in
the calculation of the criteria of Crossland and Dang Van Papadopoulos [R7.04.01] by the order of
POST_FATIGUE [U4.83.01].

13.2 Keyword factor DOMMA_LEMAITRE

Under this keyword factor are gathered all the characteristics material necessary to the calculation of
the damage of Lemaitre and the law of Lemaitre-Sermage (option ENDO_ELGA of CALC_CHAMP,
[U4.81.04]).

13.2.1 Syntax
| DOMMA_LEMAITRE = _F (
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♦ S = S,
[function]
♦ EPSP_SEUIL = Pseuil,
[function]
◊ EXP_S = / Pd,
[R]
/
1.0 [DEFECT]
)

13.2.2 Operand S
S = S
S is a parameter material necessary to the calculation of the damage of Lemaitre. S must be a
function of the parameter TEMP .

13.2.3 Operand EPSP_SEUIL

EPSP_SEUIL = Pseuil
Allows to specify the value of the threshold of damage pd , necessary to the calculation of the
damage of Lemaitre.

13.2.4 Operand EXP_S

EXP_S = Pd
Allows to define the law of Lemaitre-Sermage, the value by default 1.0 corresponds to the
calculation of the damage of Lemaitre.

13.3 Keyword factor CISA_PLAN_CRIT

Under this keyword factor are gathered all the characteristics material necessary to the
implementation of the criteria with critical plans [R7.04.04].

13.3.1 Syntax
◊ | CISA_PLAN_CRIT = _F (
♦ CRITERION = ‘MATAKE_MODI_AC’,
[TXM]
/ ’DANG_VAN_MODI_AC
’, [TXM]
/ ‘MATAKE_MODI_AV’,
[TXM]
/ ‘DANG_VAN_MODI_AV’,
[TXM]
/ ‘FATESOCI_MODI_AV’,
[TXM]

#SI CRITERION == ‘MATAKE_MODI_AC’ OR ‘MATAKE_MODI_AV’:

♦ MATAKE_A = has,
[R]
♦ MATAKE_B = B,
[R]
♦ COEF_FLEX_TORS = c_flex_tors,
[R]
#FinSi

#SI CRITERION == ‘DANG_VAN_MODI_AC’ OR ‘DANG_VAN_MODI_AV’:

♦ D_VAN_A = has,
[R]
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♦ D_VAN_B = B,
[R]
♦ COEF_CISA_TRAC = c_cisa_trac,
[R]
#FinSi

#SI CRITERION == ‘FATESOCI_MODI_AV’:

♦ FATSOC_A = has,
[R]
♦ COEF_CISA_TRAC = c_cisa_trac,
[R]
#FinSi
)

13.3.2 Operand MATAKE_A

MATAKE_A = has,
Allows to specify the value of the coefficient without dimension a , present in the criteria
MATAKE_MODI_AC and MATAKE_MODI_AV , confer [R7.04.01] and [U4.83.02].

13.3.3 Operand MATAKE_B

MATAKE_B = B,
Allows to specify the value of the coefficient B , present in the criteria MATAKE_MODI_AC and
MATAKE_MODI_AV , confer [R7.04.01] and [U4.83.02].

13.3.4 Operand COEF_FLEX_TORS

COEF_FLEX_TORS = c_flex_tors,
Allows to specify the value of the report of the limits of endurance in inflection and alternating torsion,
confer [R7.04.01] and [U4.83.02]. This value must be higher or equal to one and lower or equal to
 3 . This operand is to be used in the criteria: MATAKE_MODI_AC and MATAKE_MODI_AV .
13.3.5 Operand D_VAN_A
D_VAN_A = has,
Allows to specify the value of the coefficient without dimension a , present in the criteria
DANG_VAN_MODI_AC and DANG_VAN_MODI_AV , confer [R7.04.01] and [U4.83.02].

13.3.6 Operand D_VAN_B

D_VAN_B = B,
Allows to specify the value of the coefficient b , present in the criteria DANG_VAN_MODI_AC and
DANG_VAN_MODI_AV , confer [R7.04.01] and [U4.83.02].

13.3.7 Operand COEF_CISA_TRAC

COEF_CISA_TRAC = c_cisa_trac,
Allows to specify the value of the report of the limits of endurance in inflection and alternating torsion,
confer [R7.04.01] and [U4.83.02]. This value must be higher or equal to one and lower or equal to  3
. This operand is to be used in the criteria: DANG_VAN_MODI_AC , DANG_VAN_MODI_AV and
FATESOCI_MODI_AV , confer [R7.04.01] and [U4.83.02].

13.3.8 Operand FATSOC_A

FATSOC_A = has,
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Allows to specify the value of the coefficient a , present in the criterion FATESOCI_MODI_AV ,
confer [R7.04.01] and [U4.83.02].

13.4 Keyword factor WEIBULL, WEIBULL_FO

Definition of the coefficients of the model of Weibull [R7.02.06].
Briefly, probability of cumulated rupture of rupture P r of a structure is written, in the case of a
monotonous loading:

[   ]
m
I Vp
P r =1−exp −∑
Vp u V0

where the summation relates to the meshs V p plasticized (i.e. cumulated plastic deformation higher
than a value chosen arbitrarily p s ) and m , s u ,V 0 are the parameters of the model of Weibull.
In the case of an unspecified way of loading:

[  ]
m
w
P r  t  =1−exp −
u
with:
m V
  =∑
m

V
[ max
{u t , ṗ  u0 }
{ I u  }] V0
,

ṗ indicating the rate of cumulated plastic deformation,  I the greatest principal constraint at the
moment t [R7.02.06].
Lastly, if the constraint of cleavage depends on the temperature (WEIBULL_FO):

[  ]
m
 0
P r t=1−exp − ,
 0u

 0 indicating the constraint of Weibull defined conventionally for  0u data:

m
m

 =∑
0

V
max
{ut , ṗ u 0 } [  0u .  I u
 u   u  ] V p
V0
A
m

 u indicating the temperature in the element  V .

13.4.1 Syntax
| / WEIBULL = _F (
♦ M
= m, [R]
♦ SIGM_REFE =
sigmu, [R]
♦ VOLU_REFE = V0,
[R]
◊ SEUIL_EPSP_CUMU = /ps ,
[R]

/10-6 [DEFECT]
)
/ WEIBULL_FO = _F (
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♦ M
= m, [R]
♦ SIGM_REFE =
sigmu, [function]
♦ SIGM_CNV =
sigm0u, [R]
♦ VOLU_REFE = V0,
[R]
◊ SEUIL_EPSP_CUMU = /ps,
[R]

/10-6, [DEFECT]
)
13.4.2 Operands
M = m, SIGM_REFE = sigmU, SIGM_CNV = sigm0u, VOLU_REFE = V0
Parameters associated with the model with Weibull.
SEUIL_EPSP_CUMU = PS
Cumulated plastic deformation threshold.

13.5 Keywords factor RCCM, RCCM_FO

Definition of the sizes necessary to the use of the methods simplified defined in regulation RCC-M
[R7.04.03]. These sizes are constant or function of the parameter ‘TEMP’.

13.5.1 Syntax
| / RCCM = _F (
◊ SY_02 = sy,
[R]
◊ SM = Sm,
[R]
◊ KNOWN = known,
[R]
◊ SC = Sc,
[R]
◊ HS = HS,
[R]
◊ N_KE = H,
[R]
◊ M_KE = m,
[R]
◊ A_AMORC = has,
[R]
◊ B_AMORC = B,
[R]
◊ D_AMORC = D,
[R]
◊ R_AMORC = R,
[R]
)
/ RCCM_FO = _F (
◊ SY_02 = sy,
[function]
◊ SM = Sm,
[function]
◊ KNOWN = known,
[function]
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◊ S = S,
[function]
◊ HS = HS,
[function]
◊ N_KE = H,
[function]
◊ M_KE = m,
[function]
◊ A_AMORC = has,
[function]
◊ B_AMORC = B,
[function]
◊ D_AMORC = D,
[function]
◊ R_AMORC = R,
[function]
)
13.5.2 Operand SY_02
SY_02 = sy
Limit elastic with 0.2% of plastic deformation at the temperature of calculation. This operand can vary
according to the temperature.

13.5.3 Operands SM/SU/SH

SM = Sm
Acceptable constraint equivalent of material to the temperature of calculation. This operand can vary
according to the temperature.

KNOWN = known
Tensile strength of material at the temperature of calculation. This operand can vary according to the
temperature.

HS = HS
Working stress of material to the room temperature, confer POST_RCCM [U4.83.11].
Working stress of material at the maximum temperature, confer POST_RCCM [U4.83.11].

13.5.4 Operand SC
SC = Sc
Working stress of material to the room temperature, confer POST_RCCM [U4.83.11].

13.5.5 Operand S
S = S
Working stress of material. This operand varies according to the temperature, confer POST_RCCM
[U4.83.11].

13.5.6 Operands N_KE/M_KE

N_KE = N, M_KE = m
These operands make it possible to define the values of n and m two constants of material.

These characteristics are necessary for the calculation of the elastoplastic coefficient of concentration
K e , which is defined by the RCC-M as being the relationship between the amplitude of real
deformation and the amplitude of deformation determined by the elastic analysis.
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{
K e =1 si   ≤3 S m

K e =11−n
 
3S m 
−1  n m−1 si 3S m  ≤3 S m

1
K e= si 3mS m ≤ 
n

13.5.7 Operands A_AMORC/B_AMORC

A_AMORC = has, B_AMORC = B

Coefficients of the law of starting.

13.5.8 Operand D_AMORC

D_AMORC = D
Distance from extraction of the constraints.

13.5.9 Operand R_AMORC

R_AMORC = R
Parameter of the relation between constraint and effective constraint.

13.6 Keyword factor CRIT_RUPT

Definition of the quantities necessary to the criterion of rupture in critical stress implemented by the
keyword POST_ITER/CRIT_RUPT under BEHAVIOR. If the greatest average principal constraint in an
element exceeds a given threshold sigc, the Young modulus is divided by the coefficient coeff.
This criterion is available for the laws of behavior VISCOCHAB, VMIS_ISOT_TRAC (_LINE) and
VISC_ISOT_TRAC (_LINE) , and validated by the tests SSNV226A, B, C.

13.6.1 Syntax
CRIT_RUPT = _F ( ◊ SIGM_C = sigc,
[R]
◊ COEFF = coeff,
[R] )

Operands SIGM_C, COEFF

Value of the constraint threshold sigc (in unit of constraints) and of the coefficient coeff (without
unit).

13.7 Keyword factor REST_ECRO

Definition of the data necessary to the taking into account of the phenomenon of restoration of work
hardening implemented by the keyword POST_INCR/‘REST_ECRO’ under BEHAVIOR. At the end of
each step of computing time, the variables of work hardenings are multiplied by the function
foncmult, with actual values in [0.1], and which depends on the temperature and possibly on time.
This criterion is available for the laws of behavior VMIS_ISOT_TRAC (_LINE), VMIS_CINE_LINE,
VMIS_ECMI_LINE, VMIS_CIN1_CHAB and VMIS_CIN2_CHAB, and for modelings 3D, AXIS,
D_PLAN and C_PLAN.

13.7.1 Syntax
REST_ECRO = _F (
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♦ FONC_MULT = foncmult,
[function]
)

13.7.2 Operand FONC_MULT

Parameters of restoration of work hardening defined in the function foncmult (without unit).

13.8 Keyword factor VERI_BORNE

This keyword allows a checking of the field of validity of the parameters of a law of behavior. Indeed,
the identification of the parameters of these laws is always made in a certain range of deformation and
temperature. objective the user in his study it is to so inform leaves this field where the parameters
were identified. These terminals are defined under the keyword VERI_BORNE . The going beyond the
terminals during calculation, results in emission of an alarm.

13.8.1 Syntax
VERI_BORNE = _F ( ◊ EPSI_MAXI = epsi [R]
◊ VEPS_MAXI = veps,
[R]
◊ TEMP_MINI = tmin,
[R]
◊ TEMP_MAXI = tmax,
[R]
)

13.8.2 Operands
Value of the terminals in terms of maximum total deflection, speed of deformation, and temperatures
extreme.

13.9 WordS-keys factorS POST_ROCHE and POST_ROCHE_FO

Material only dedicated to the macro-order POST_ROCHE . It integrates parameters material related to
the law of plasticity of Ramberg-Osgood, as well as parameters exit of the RCCM-X-ray.

The parameters of type function can only depend on the temperature. The field of temperature is
provided via AFFE_MATERIAU/AFFE_VARC/CHAM_GD or EVOL. It is preferable to use the keyword
CHAM_GD, but if one is constrained to use the keyword EVOL, it is then necessary of to specify the
moment to be taken into account in POST_ROCHE by giving keyword INST_TEMP.

13.9.1 Syntax
| POST_ROCHE =_F (
♦ RAMB_OSGO_FACT = K, [R]
♦ RAMB_OSGO_EXPO = N, [R]
◊ RP02_MIN = rp02min, [R]
◊ RM_MIN = rmmin, [R]
◊ RP02_MOY = rp02moy, [R]
1,25*rp02min, [DEFECT]
◊ COEFF = coeff,
[R]
= 1 [DEFECT]
)

POST_ROCHE_ FO =_F (
♦ RAMB_OSGO_FACT = K, [function]
♦ RAMB_OSGO_EXPO = N, [function]
Version
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0822f86e88f6
◊ RP02_MIN = rp02min, [function]
◊ RM_MIN = rmmin, [function]
◊ RP02_MOY = rp02moy, [function]
1,25*rp02min, [DEFECT]
◊ COEFF = coeff,
[R]
= 1 [DEFECT]
13.9.2 Operands related to the law Ramberg-Osgood

The Loi of plasticity of Ramberg-Osgood is defined by the curve of deformation according to the
constraint according to the following expression:

ε = σ + ε M , p (σ )
1/ n

E with εM , p ( σ )=K ( σ )
E

E corresponds to the Young modulus, K and n are the parameters of the keyword
POST_ROCHE .

13.9.3 Operands related to the coding of the RCCM-X-ray

RP02_MIN : conventional limit of minimal elasticity to 0.2% of deformation

This parameter is obligatory:
• on the definite parts like “elbows” in operator POST_ROCHE
• on all the line of piping if RCCM_RX=' OUI' in POST_ROCHE
It is not used in the other cases.

RM_MIN : tensile strength minimal

This parameter is obligatory on all the line of piping if RCCM_RX=' OUI' in POST_ROCHE . It is not
used in the other cases.

RP02_MOY : conventional limit of elasticity moyenne to 0.2% of déformation

This parameter is necessary on all the line of piping if RCCM_RX=' OUI' in POST_ROCHE , if it is not
provided in this case, it is considered equal to 1,25*rp02min. It is not used in the other cases.

COEFF : CoefficianT adimensional

This parameter is used only if RCCM_RX=' OUI' in POST_ROCHE .
Version
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0822f86e88f6

14 Associated data materials with external behaviors

14.1 Keywords factor MFRONT, MFRONT_FO
Definition of the parameters relative to a law of behavior “user” defined in the formalism MFront
[U2.10.02]. These sizes are constant or function of the parameter ‘TEMP’. It is possible to provide up
to 197 parameters.
14.1.1 Syntax
| / MFRONT = _F ( ♦ LISTE_COEF = (c1, c2,…)
[l_R]
)
/ MFRONT_FO = _F ( ♦ LISTE_COEF = (c1, c2,…)
[l_fonction]
)

14.2 Keywords factor UMAT, UMAT_FO

Definition of the parameters relative to a law of behavior “user”, i.e. whose routine of integration of the
behavior is provided by the user [U2.10.01]. These sizes are constant or function of the parameter
‘TEMP’. It is possible to provide up to 197 parameters.
14.2.1 Syntax
| / UMAT = _F ( ♦ LISTE_COEF = (c1, c2,…)
[l_R]
)
/ UMAT_FO = _F ( ♦ LISTE_COEF = (c1, c2,…)
[l_fonction]
)

15 Simple keyword MATER

The order DEFI_MATERIAU can be D-entering but each behavior remains single. One does not allow
indeed to replace a behavior already present in material but only to enrich the structure of data by
additional characteristics material.

Example of use:
Only the characteristics thermics of material are initially defined. Then, after the thermal resolution,
one adds the mechanical properties under ELAS:

ACIER_TH=DEFI_MATERIAU ( THER=_F ( LAMBDA=54.6,

RHO_CP=3710000.0,),);

CHM=AFFE_MATERIAU ( MAILLAGE=MAIL,
AFFE=_F ( TOUT=' OUI',
MATER=ACIER_TH,

TEMP_REF=20.0,),);

TEMPE=THER_LINEAIRE ( MODELE=MODETH,…

ACIER_TH=DEFI_MATERIAU ( reuse=ACIER_TH,
MATER=ACIER_TH,
ELAS=_F ( E=204000000000.0,
NU=0.3,
Version
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0822f86e88f6
ALPHA=1.092e-
05,),);

RESUT=MECA_STATIQUE (MODELE=MODMECA,…

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