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Cloud paradigms:

In fact different computing paradigms have existed before the cloud computing
paradigm. Let us take a look at all the computing paradigms below.
1. Distributed Computing :
Distributed computing is defined as a type of computing where multiple
computer systems work on a single problem. Here all the computer
systems are linked together and the problem is divided into sub-problems
where each part is solved by different computer systems.
The goal of distributed computing is to increase the performance and
efficiency of the system and ensure fault tolerance.
In the below diagram, each processor has its own local memory and all the
processors communicate with each other over a network.

2. Cluster Computing :
A cluster is a group of independent computers that work together to
perform the tasks given.
Cluster computing is defined as a type of computing that consists of two or
more independent computers, referred to as nodes, that work together to
execute tasks as a single machine.
The goal of cluster computing is to increase the performance, scalability
and simplicity of the system.
As you can see in the below diagram, all the nodes, (irrespective of
whether they are a parent node or child node), act as a single entity to
perform the tasks.

3. Grid Computing :
Grid computing is defined as a type of computing where it is constitutes a
network of computers that work together to perform tasks that may be difficult
for a single machine to handle. All the computers on that network work under
the same umbrella and are termed as a virtual super computer.
The tasks they work on is of either high computing power and consist of large
data sets.
All communication between the computer systems in grid computing is done on
the “data grid”.
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4. Utility Computing :
Utility computing is defined as the type of computing where the service provider
provides the needed resources and services to the customer and charges them
depending on the usage of these resources as per requirement and demand, but
not of a fixed rate.
Utility computing involves the renting of resources such as hardware, software,
etc. depending on the demand and the requirement.
The goal of utility computing is to increase the usage of resources and be more
cost-efficient.

5. Cloud Computing :
Cloud is defined as the usage of someone else’s server to host, process or store
data.
Cloud computing is defined as the type of computing where it is the delivery of
on-demand computing services over the internet on a pay-as-you-go basis. It is
widely distributed, network-based and used for storage.
There type of cloud are public, private, hybrid and community and some cloud
providers are Google cloud, AWS, Microsoft Azure and IBM cloud.

Vision of Cloud Computing :

cloud computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on remote
servers that are hosted on internet instead of computer’s hard drive or local
server. Cloud computing is also referred as Internet based computing. These are
following Vision of Cloud Computing :
1. Cloud computing provides the facility to provision virtual hardware, runtime
environment and services to a person having money.
2. These all things can be used as long as they are needed by the user.
3. The whole collection of computing system is transformed into collection of
utilities, which can be provisioned and composed together to deploy systems
in hours rather than days, with no maintenance cost.
4. The long term vision of a cloud computing is that IT services are traded as
utilities in an open market without technological and legal barriers.
5. In the future, we can imagine that it will be possible to find the solution that
matches with our requirements by simply entering out request in a global
digital market that trades with cloud computing services.
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6. The existence of such market will enable the automation of discovery process
and its integration into its existing software systems.
7. Due to the existence of a global platform for trading cloud services will also
help service providers to potentially increase their revenue.
8. A cloud provider can also become a consumer of a competition service in
order to fulfill its promises to customers.
9. In the near future we can imagine a solution that suits our needs by simply
applying our application to the global digital market for cloud computing
services.
10.The presence of this market will enable the acquisition process to
automatically integrate with its integration into its existing software
applications. The availability of a global cloud trading platform will also help
service providers to increase their revenue.
11.A cloud provider can also be a buyer of a competitive service to fulfill its
promises to customers.

Cloud Service Models

There are the following three types of cloud service models -

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing

infrastructure managed over the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that
it helps users to avoid the cost and complexity of purchasing and managing the
physical servers.

Characteristics of IaaS

There are the following characteristics of IaaS -

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o Resources are available as a service

o Services are highly scalable
o Dynamic and flexible
o GUI and API-based access
o Automated administrative tasks

Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure,

Google Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.

To know more about the IaaS, click here.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run,
and manage the applications.

Characteristics of PaaS

There are the following characteristics of PaaS -

o Accessible to various users via the same development application.

o Integrates with web services and databases.
o Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or
down as per the organization's need.
o Support multiple languages and frameworks.
o Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".

Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google

App Engine, Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.

To know more about PaaS, click here.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

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SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the

applications are hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these
applications with the help of internet connection and web browser.

Characteristics of SaaS

There are the following characteristics of SaaS -

o Managed from a central location

o Hosted on a remote server
o Accessible over the internet
o Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are
applied automatically.
o The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis

Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco

WebEx, ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.

Cloud Deployment Models

In cloud computing, we have access to a shared pool of computer resources
(servers, storage, programs, and so on) in the cloud. You simply need to request
additional resources when you require them. Getting resources up and running
quickly is a breeze thanks to the clouds. It is possible to release resources that
are no longer necessary. This method allows you to just pay for what you use.
Your cloud provider is in charge of all upkeep.
What is a Cloud Deployment Model?
Cloud Deployment Model functions as a virtual computing environment with a
deployment architecture that varies depending on the amount of data you want to
store and who has access to the infrastructure.
Types of Cloud Computing Deployment Models
The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment
based on ownership, scale, and access, as well as the cloud’s nature and purpose.
The location of the servers you’re utilizing and who controls them are defined by
a cloud deployment model. It specifies how your cloud infrastructure will look,
what you can change, and whether you will be given services or will have to
create everything yourself. Relationships between the infrastructure and your
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users are also defined by cloud deployment types. Different types of

cloud computing deployment models are described below.
 Public Cloud
 Private Cloud
 Hybrid Cloud
 Community Cloud
 Multi-Cloud
Public Cloud
The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services.
The public cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone. The public cloud
is one in which cloud infrastructure services are provided over the internet to the
general people or major industry groups. The infrastructure in this cloud model
is owned by the entity that delivers the cloud services, not by the consumer. It is
a type of cloud hosting that allows customers and users to easily access systems
and services. This form of cloud computing is an excellent example of cloud
hosting, in which service providers supply services to a variety of customers. In
this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given for free, as a
subscription, or on a per-user basis. For example, Google App Engine etc.

Public Cloud

Advantages of the Public Cloud Model

 Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no
substantial upfront fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require
immediate access to resources.
 No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud
service providers, thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
 Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does
not necessitate infrastructure management.
 No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider (not
users).
 Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand resources
are accessible.
Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model
 Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public so there is no
guarantee of high-level security.
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 Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be customized

according to personal requirements.
Private Cloud
The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud
deployment model. It’s a one-on-one environment for a single user (customer).
There is no need to share your hardware with anyone else. The distinction
between private and public clouds is in how you handle all of the hardware. It is
also called the “internal cloud” & it refers to the ability to access systems and
services within a given border or organization. The cloud platform is
implemented in a cloud-based secure environment that is protected by powerful
firewalls and under the supervision of an organization’s IT department. The
private cloud gives greater flexibility of control over cloud resources.

Private Cloud

Advantages of the Private Cloud Model

 Better Control: You are the sole owner of the property. You gain complete
command over service integration, IT operations, policies, and user behavior.
 Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing corporate information to
which only authorized staff have access. By segmenting resources within the
same infrastructure, improved access and security can be achieved.
 Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to work with legacy
systems that are unable to access the public cloud.
 Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private cloud allows a
company to tailor its solution to meet its specific needs.
Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model
 Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a certain range as there is less
number of clients.
 Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide personalized facilities.
Hybrid Cloud
By bridging the public and private worlds with a layer of proprietary software,
hybrid cloud computing gives the best of both worlds. With a hybrid solution,
you may host the app in a safe environment while taking advantage of the public
cloud’s cost savings. Organizations can move data and applications between
different clouds using a combination of two or more cloud deployment methods,
depending on their needs.
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Hybrid Cloud

Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

 Flexibility and control: Businesses with more flexibility can design
personalized solutions that meet their particular needs.
 Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only be responsible
for paying for the extra capacity if you require it.
 Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances of data theft by
attackers are considerably reduced.
Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
 Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as it is a
combination of both public and private cloud. So, it is complex.
 Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud takes place
through the public cloud so latency occurs.
Community Cloud
It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations. It is
a distributed system that is created by integrating the services of different clouds
to address the specific needs of a community, industry, or business. The
infrastructure of the community could be shared between the organization which
has shared concerns or tasks. It is generally managed by a third party or by the
combination of one or more organizations in the community.

Community Cloud

Advantages of the Community Cloud Model

 Cost Effective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is shared by multiple
organizations or communities.
 Security: Community cloud provides better security.
 Shared resources: It allows you to share resources, infrastructure, etc. with
multiple organizations.
 Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for both collaboration and
data sharing.
Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model
 Limited Scalability: Community cloud is relatively less scalable as many
organizations share the same resources according to their collaborative
interests.
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 Rigid in customization: As the data and resources are shared among

different organizations according to their mutual interests if an organization
wants some changes according to their needs they cannot do so because it
will have an impact on other organizations.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

Advantages of Cloud Computing

As we all know that Cloud computing is trending technology. Almost every

company switched their services on the cloud to rise the company growth.

Here, we are going to discuss some important advantages of Cloud Computing-

1) Back-up and restore data

Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that data
using the cloud.

2) Improved collaboration

Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to quickly

and easily share information in the cloud via shared storage.

3) Excellent accessibility

Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere, anytime
in the whole world, using an internet connection. An internet cloud infrastructure
increases organization productivity and efficiency by ensuring that our data is
always accessible.

4) Low maintenance cost

Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs for
organizations.
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5) Mobility

Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.

6) IServices in the pay-per-use model

Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users

for access services on the cloud and pays the charges as per the usage of service.

7) Unlimited storage capacity

Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing our important data
such as documents, images, audio, video, etc. in one place.

8) Data security

Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Cloud offers
many advanced features related to security and ensures that data is securely stored
and handled.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

A list of the disadvantage of cloud computing is given below -

1) Internet Connectivity

As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored
on the cloud, and we access these data through the cloud by using the internet
connection. If you do not have good internet connectivity, you cannot access these
data. However, we have no any other way to access data from the cloud.

2) Vendor lock-in

Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may

face problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another. As
different vendors provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving
from one cloud to another.

3) Limited Control
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As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored

by the service provider, so the cloud users have less control over the function and
execution of services within a cloud infrastructure.

4) Security

Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store
important information. But, before adopting cloud technology, you should be
aware that you will be sending all your organization's sensitive information to a
third party, i.e., a cloud computing service provider. While sending the data on the
cloud, there may be a chance that your organization's information is hacked by
Hackers.

Challenges for cloud computing

1. Data Security and Privacy

Data security is a major concern when switching to cloud computing. User or

organizational data stored in the cloud is critical and private. Even if the cloud
service provider assures data integrity, it is your responsibility to carry out user
authentication and authorization, identity management, data encryption, and
access control. Security issues on the cloud include identity theft, data breaches,
malware infections, and a lot more which eventually decrease the trust amongst
the users of your applications. This can in turn lead to potential loss in revenue
alongside reputation and stature. Also, dealing with cloud computing requires
sending and receiving huge amounts of data at high speed, and therefore is
susceptible to data leaks.

2. Cost Management

Even as almost all cloud service providers have a “Pay As You Go” model,
which reduces the overall cost of the resources being used, there are times when
there are huge costs incurred to the enterprise using cloud computing. When
there is under optimization of the resources, let’s say that the servers are not
being used to their full potential, add up to the hidden costs. If there is a
degraded application performance or sudden spikes or overages in the usage, it
adds up to the overall cost. Unused resources are one of the other main reasons
why the costs go up. If you turn on the services or an instance of cloud and
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forget to turn it off during the weekend or when there is no current use of it, it
will increase the cost without even using the resources.

3. Multi-Cloud Environments

Due to an increase in the options available to the companies, enterprises not only
use a single cloud but depend on multiple cloud service providers. Most of these
companies use hybrid cloud tactics and close to 84% are dependent on multiple
clouds. This often ends up being hindered and difficult to manage for the
infrastructure team. The process most of the time ends up being highly complex
for the IT team due to the differences between multiple cloud providers.

4. Performance Challenges

Performance is an important factor while considering cloud-based solutions. If

the performance of the cloud is not satisfactory, it can drive away users and
decrease profits. Even a little latency while loading an app or a web page can
result in a huge drop in the percentage of users. This latency can be a product of
inefficient load balancing, which means that the server cannot efficiently split
the incoming traffic so as to provide the best user experience. Challenges also
arise in the case of fault tolerance, which means the operations continue as
required even when one or more of the components fail.

5. Interoperability and Flexibility

When an organization uses a specific cloud service provider and wants to switch
to another cloud-based solution, it often turns up to be a tedious procedure since
applications written for one cloud with the application stack are required to be
re-written for the other cloud. There is a lack of flexibility from switching from
one cloud to another due to the complexities involved. Handling data movement,
setting up the security from scratch and network also add up to the issues
encountered when changing cloud solutions, thereby reducing flexibility.

6. High Dependence on Network

Since cloud computing deals with provisioning resources in real-time, it deals

with enormous amounts of data transfer to and from the servers. This is only
made possible due to the availability of the high-speed network. Although these
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data and resources are exchanged over the network, this can prove to be highly
vulnerable in case of limited bandwidth or cases when there is a sudden outage.
Even when the enterprises can cut their hardware costs, they need to ensure that
the internet bandwidth is high as well there are zero network outages, or else it
can result in a potential business loss. It is therefore a major challenge for
smaller enterprises that have to maintain network bandwidth that comes with a
high cost.

7. Lack of Knowledge and Expertise

Due to the complex nature and the high demand for research working with the
cloud often ends up being a highly tedious task. It requires immense knowledge
and wide expertise on the subject. Although there are a lot of professionals in the
field they need to constantly update themselves. Cloud computing is a highly
paid job due to the extensive gap between demand and supply. There are a lot of
vacancies but very few talented cloud engineers, developers, and professionals.
Therefore, there is a need for upskilling so these professionals can actively
understand, manage and develop cloud-based applications with minimum issues
and maximum reliability.

Cloud Migration

Cloud Migration is a transformation from old traditional business operations to

digital business operations and the process refers to moving the digital business
operations to cloud. That means data, applications or other business elements are
moved into a cloud computing environment. For example moving data and
applications from a local, on-premises data center to the cloud.
On-premises to cloud migration process :
Every business starting from small to large organizations follows slightly
different process for cloud migrations. Some of the common elements which are
considered before cloud migration are
 Evaluation of requirement and performance
 Selection of cloud provider
 Calculation of operational costs

Cloud Migration Strategy :

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5 R’s represents the cloud migration strategy.

1. Rehost : It refers to take the application to the new hosted cloud environment
by selecting IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service).
2. Refactor : It refers to reuse the application code and frameworks and running
the application on a PaaS (Platform as a Service).
3. Revise : It refers to expanding code base and then deploying it either by
rehosting or refactoring.
4. Rebuild : It refers to re-architecting the application from the beginning up on
a PaaS provider’s platform.
5. Replace : It refers to replacing the old application with a new built SaaS
(software as a Service).

Benefits of cloud migration :

1. Scalability: Scalable enough to support various workloads and users. So it
offers to expand without impacting performance.
2. Performance: Moving into cloud provides higher performance and customer
satisfaction as compared to traditional business processes.
3. Productivity: As it manages the complexity of infrastructure, so improved
productivity is more focused with a continuous process of growing business.
4. Flexibility: It allows to use the services flexibly as well as from any where
and any time cloud services can be accessed as per demand/need.
5. Cost: Moving into cloud technology offers reduced cost in managing,
operating, upgrading and maintaining IT operations or infrastructure.
6. Security: Security is a major concern which is taken care by cloud service
providers.
7. Profitability: As it follows pay per use model so it delivers a greater
profitability to the customers.
8. Agility: It is flexible enough to go with rapid changes in technology and it
provides producing newer and advanced setup quickly as per requirement.
9. Recovery: It provides backup and recovery solutions to businesses with less
time and upfront investment.

Cloud migration Challenges :

1. Moving a database is a difficult task as there are large amounts of data
involved and mostly transferred over internet.
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2. After data is transferred into cloud database, another problem is to check the
transferred data is intact and secure as well as there is no data loss has been
occurred during this process.
3. During migration a problem arises as some of operations or data are already
moved into cloud and some are still available on-premises. So ensuring
current system is operational and ensuring on going cloud migration process
is taking place correctly needs a careful attention.
4. Interoperability becomes a problem as it is not easy to establish a perfect
communication in between existing applications and newer cloud
environments.
5. Using cloud services, getting good with newer cloud procedures, managing
resources and cloud activities requires trained IT professionals who can work
in the cloud eco system.

7 steps model of migration into a cloud

Migrating a model to a cloud can help in several ways, such as improving

scalability, flexibility, and accessibility. There are seven steps to follow when
migrating a model to the cloud:
Step 1: Choose the right cloud provider ( Assessment step)
The first step in migrating your model to the cloud is to choose a cloud provider
that aligns with your needs, budget, and model requirement. consider the factors
such as compliance, privacy, and security.
Step 2: Prepare your data ( Isolation step)
Before migrating to your cloud, you need to prepare your data. for that ensure
your data is clean and well organized, and in a format that is compatible with
your chosen cloud provider.
Step 3: Choose your cloud storage (Mappingstep)
Once your data is prepared, you need to choose your cloud storage. This is where
your data is stored in the cloud. there are many cloud storage services such as
GCP Cloud Storage, AWS S3, or Azure Blob Storage.
Step 4: Set up your cloud computing resources and deploy your model (Re-
architectstep)
If you want to run a model in the cloud, you will need to set up your cloud
computing resources. This includes selecting the appropriate instance type and
setting up a virtual machine(VM) or container for your model. After setting up
your computing resource, it is time to deploy your model to the cloud. This
includes packaging your model into a container or virtual machine image and
deploying it to your cloud computing resource. and while deploying it may be
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possible that some functionality gets lost so due to this some parts of the
application need to be re-architect.
Step-5: Augmentation step
It is the most important step for our business for which we migrate to the cloud
in this step by taking leverage of the internal features of cloud computing service
we augment our enterprise.
Step 6: Test your Model
Once your model is deployed, we need to test it to ensure that it is working or
not. That involves running test data through your model and comparing the
results with your expected output.
Step 7: Monitor and maintain your Model
After the model is deployed and tested, it is important to monitor and maintain it.
That includes monitoring the performance, updating the model as needed, and
need to ensure your data stays up-to-date. Migrating your machine learning
model to the cloud can be a complex process, but above 7 steps, you can help
ensure a smooth and successful migration, ensuring that your model is scalable
and accessible.