Module I

Cloud Computing Foundation: Introduction to Cloud Computing- Basics, History, importance,

Characteristics, Pros and Cons of Cloud computing. Types of Cloud – Public and Private Cloud.
Cloud Computing infrastructure, Cloud Services SaaS, DaaS, IaaS, PaaS

I. Cloud Computing
I. What is Cloud Computing?
• The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet
• Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computing resources (such as storage
and infrastructure), as services over the internet.
• Cloud computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on remote servers
that are hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server.
• Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product,
whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and
other devices as a utility over a network (typically the Internet).
• Instead of owning and maintaining physical hardware and software infrastructure, users
can access and utilize these resources on-demand from cloud service providers by paying
subscription fee.
• Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is a technology
where the resource is provided as a service through the Internet to the user. The data
which is stored can be files, images, documents, or any other storable document.

• Cloud computing is a popular option for people and businesses for a number of reasons
including cost savings, increased productivity, speed and efficiency, performance, and
security.
• Cloud computing is named as such because the information being accessed is found
remotely in the cloud or a virtual space.
• Cloud service Providers - Companies that provide cloud services enable users to store
files and applications on remote servers and then access all the data via the Internet.eg:
Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services (AWS) etc….

• Some operations which can be performed with cloud computing are

 Storage, backup, and recovery of data
 Delivery of software on demand
 Development of new applications and services
 Streaming videos and audio

WHY CLOUD COMPUTING

• Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide the IT
infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need a Server Room that is the basic
need of IT companies.

• In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server, networking,
firewalls, routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much queries or
load will be handled by the server), configurable system, high net speed, and the
maintenance engineers.

• To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To overcome all

these problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes into
existence.
 II. History of Cloud Computing :

• Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server computing which is
basically a centralized storage in which all the software applications, all the data and all
the controls are resided on the server side.

• If a single user wants to access specific data or run a program, he/she need to connect to
the server and then gain appropriate access, and then he/she can do his/her business.
• Then after, distributed computing came into picture, where all the computers are
networked together and share their resources when needed.
On the basis of above computing, there was emerged of cloud computing concepts that later
implemented.

• At around in 1961, John MacCharty suggested in a speech at MIT that computing can be
sold like a utility, just like a water or electricity. It was a brilliant idea, but like all brilliant
ideas, it was ahead if its time, as for the next few decades, despite interest in the model,
the technology simply was not ready for it.
• In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering of applications to users using a simple
website. The applications were delivered to enterprises over the Internet, and this way
the dream of computing sold as utility were true.
• In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services, providing services like storage,
computation and even human intelligence. However, only starting with the launch of the
Elastic Compute Cloud in 2006 a truly commercial service open to everybody existed. •
In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing enterprise applications.
• In 2009, Microsoft launched Windows Azure, and companies like Oracle and HP have all
joined the game. This proves that today, cloud computing has become mainstream.

.
 III. Characteristics of Cloud computing

1. On-Demand Self-Service: Users can provision and manage computing resources (such as
virtual machines, storage, and databases) as needed without requiring human intervention
from the service provider. This capability provides users with a high level of control and
flexibility over their resources.

2. Broad Network Access: Cloud services are accessible over the network via standard
mechanisms, such as web browsers, mobile devices, or application programming interfaces
(APIs). This accessibility ensures that users can access cloud resources from various devices and
locations.

3. Resource Pooling: Cloud providers use multi-tenant models to pool computing resources
and serve multiple customers. These resources are dynamically allocated and reassigned based
on demand. Resource pooling allows for efficient resource utilization and cost optimization.

4. Rapid Elasticity: Cloud resources can be quickly and automatically scaled up or down to
accommodate changes in workload. This scalability ensures that users can meet varying
performance and capacity requirements without manual intervention.

5. Measured Service: Cloud usage is metered and tracked, and users are billed according to
their actual resource consumption. This pay-as-you-go model enables cost transparency and
ensures that users only pay for what they use.

6. Multi-Tenancy: Cloud resources are shared among multiple customers, often referred to
as tenants. Strong security measures are employed to ensure that tenants' data and applications
are logically isolated from each other.

7. Elasticity and Scalability: Cloud computing enables automatic scaling of resources to

match varying workloads. This helps businesses handle traffic spikes and optimize resource
utilization, ensuring consistent performance.

8. Location Independence: Cloud computing abstracts the physical location of resources,

allowing users to access their applications and data regardless of where they are located.
9. Disaster Recovery and High Availability: Cloud services often provide built-in redundancy
and backup solutions, improving disaster recovery capabilities and ensuring high availability of
applications and data.

10. API-Driven Infrastructure: Cloud resources are typically managed and controlled through
APIs (Application Programming Interfaces), enabling automation and integration with other tools
and services.

IV. Pros and Cons of Cloud computing

Advantages of cloud computing (Pros)

1) Back-up and restore data

Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that data using the
cloud.

2) Improved collaboration
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to quickly and easily
share information in the cloud via shared storage.

3) Excellent accessibility

Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere, anytime in the whole
world, using an internet connection. An internet cloud infrastructure increases organization
productivity and efficiency by ensuring that our data is always accessible.

4) Low maintenance cost

Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs for organizations.
5) Mobility

Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.

6) pay-per-use model
Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users for access
services on the cloud and pays the charges as per the usage of service.
7) Unlimited storage capacity

Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing our important data such as
documents, images, audio, video, etc. in one place.

8) Data security
Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Cloud offers many advanced
features related to security and ensures that data is securely stored and handled.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing (cons)

1) Internet Connectivity

As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on the cloud,
and we access these data through the cloud by using the internet connection. If you do not have
good internet connectivity, you cannot access these data. However, we have no any other way
to access data from the cloud.

2) Vendor lock-in
Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may face problems
when transferring their services from one vendor to another. As different vendors provide
different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to another.

3) Limited Control
As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored by the service
provider, so the cloud users have less control over the function and execution of services within
a cloud infrastructure.

4) Security
Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store important
information. But, before adopting cloud technology, you should be aware that you will be
sending all your organization's sensitive information to a third party, i.e., a cloud computing
service provider. While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a chance that your
organization's information is hacked by Hackers.
 V. Types of Cloud
• Deployment Models: 1. Public Cloud:

2. Private Cloud:

3. Hybrid Cloud:

I. Public Cloud:
• Public cloud services are owned and operated by third-party cloud providers, and
resources are shared among multiple customers.

• These services are accessible over the public internet.

Examples: AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform.

Advantages:
1. COST EFFECTIVE : Since public cloud share same resources with large
number of consumer, it has low cost.
2. RELIABILITY : It is reliable as a result of it provides sizable amount of
resources from varied locations and if any resource fails, another is utilized.

Disadvantages
1. LOW SECURITY : In public cloud model, data is hosted off-site and
resources are shared publicly, therefore does not ensure higher level of security.
2. LESS CUSTOMIZABLE : It is comparatively less customizable than
private cloud
 II. Private Cloud (Internal Cloud or Corporate Cloud )
• Private clouds are dedicated to a single organization and can be hosted onpremises or
by a third-party provider.
• Also known as Internal Cloud or Corporate Cloud
• They offer greater control and security but may require higher upfront costs.
Examples: VMware Cloud, OpenStack, privately hosted clouds

Advantages

i. HIGHER SECURITY AND PRIVACY : Security & privacy are one of the big
advantages of cloud computing. Private cloud improved the security level as compared to
the public cloud.
ii. More Control : Private clouds have more control over their resources and hardware than
public clouds because it is only accessed by selected users..
iii. Improved performance : Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed
and space capacity.

Disadvantages

i. High Cost: Because setting up and maintaining hardware resources is costly,

private clouds are overall more expensive than public clouds. ii. Restricted area of
operations : As we know, private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of
operations is limited.
 III. Hybrid Cloud:

• Hybrid cloud combines elements of both public and private clouds.

• Hybrid Cloud is a mixture of public and private cloud. Non-critical activities are
performed using public cloud while the critical activities are performed using private
cloud.

Examples: Azure Hybrid Cloud, AWS Outposts, Google Anthos.

Public VS Private cloud

 VI Cloud Computing Infrastructure
• Cloud infrastructure means the hardware and software components.
• These components are server, storage, networking and virtualization software.
• These components are required to support the computing requirements of a cloud
computing model.

1) Hypervisor
• Hypervisor is a firmware or low-level program. It acts as a Virtual Machine
Manager, which is a key to enable virtualization.
•
It enables to share a physical instance of cloud resources between several
customers.
2) Management Software
• Management software assists to maintain and configure the infrastructure. 3)
3)Deployment Software
• Deployment software assists to deploy and integrate the application on the cloud.
4) Network
• Network is the key component of the cloud infrastructure.
• It enables to connect cloud services over the Internet.
• For the transmission of data and resources externally and internally network is must
required.
5) Server
• The server assists to compute the resource sharing and offers other services like resource
allocation and deallocation, monitoring the resources, provide the security etc.
6) Storage
• Storage represents the storage facility which is provided to different organizations for
storing and managing data.
 • It provides a facility of extracting another resource if one of the resource fails as it keeps
many copies of storage. Infrastructural Constraints

Following are the basic constraints:

• Transparency
• Scalability
• Intelligent Monitoring
• Security

Transparency
• In a Cloud environment, virtualization is the key to share the resources.
• It is impossible to satisfy the demand with single resource or server. Hence, there should
be transparency in resources, load balancing and application, so that we can scale the
resources on demand. Scalability
• Scaling up an application is easy but scaling up an application delivery solution is not
easy, because it includes configuration overhead or even rearchitecting the network.
• Hence, application delivery is required to be scalable that need the virtual infrastructure
so that, resources are provisioned and de-provisioned easily. Intelligent Monitoring
• Application solution delivery is required to be capable of intelligent monitoring to
achieve transparency and scalability.
Security
• In security, the mega data center in the cloud must be securely architected.
• The control node, an entry point in mega data center also requires to be secure.

Intelligent Monitoring
• To achieve transparency and scalability, application solution delivery will need to be
capable of intelligent monitoring.
 VII Types of Cloud Services
• Cloud services can be categorized into several types based on their functionality and
how they are delivered.

There are the following three types of cloud service models –

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

I. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

• IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS).

• It is a computing infrastructure managed over the internet.
• It allows customers to outsource their IT infrastructures such as servers, networking,
processing, storage, virtual machines, and other resources.
• Customers access these resources on the Internet using a pay-as-per use model.
• The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost and complexity
of purchasing and managing the physical servers.

Characteristics of IaaS
• Resources are available as a service
• Services are highly scalable
• Dynamic and flexible
• GUI and API-based access
 • Automated administrative tasks
Advantages of IaaS cloud computing layer

• Shared infrastructure

• . Pay-as-per-use model

• . Focus on the core business

• On-demand scalability

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Compute Engine (GCE).

II. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

• Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a runtime environment.
• Purchase these applications from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-per use basis and
access them using the Internet connection.
• PaaS offers a platform that allows developers to build, deploy, and manage applications
without worrying about the underlying infrastructure.
• It provides a development and runtime environment with tools and services to simplify
application development and deployment.

Characteristics of PaaS

• Accessible to various users via the same development application.

• Integrates with web services and databases.
• Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per
the organization's need.
• Support multiple languages and frameworks.
• PaaS providers provide the Programming languages, Application frameworks, Databases,
and Other tools:
Advantages of PaaS

• Faster development time

• Reduced costs
• High availability
• Lower risk

 Example: Google App Engine, Sales force.com, Windows Azure .

Software as a Service (SaaS)

• SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software". It is a software distribution model in
which services are hosted by a cloud service provider.

• SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis.

• Users access the software through a web browser or client application without
needing to install or maintain it locally.

• Common examples of SaaS include email services like Gmail, collaboration tools
like Microsoft 365, and customer relationship management (CRM) software like
Salesforce.

Characteristics of SaaS

• It is managed from a central location.

• Hosted directly on a remote server.
 • It is accessible over the Internet.
• SaaS users are not responsible for hardware and software updates.
• The services are purchased on a pay-as-per-use basis.

Examples of SaaS: Microsoft Office 365,Google Apps, Gmail, or Dropbox.