GAMBELLA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

HOSTING COMPANY: AREKA TOWN WATER SUPPLY OFFICE

INTERNSHIP REPORT

BY: TEMESGEN AMARE ID NO: RNSC/470/12 E.C

ADVISOR: TSIGABU KAHASU (MSC)

INTERNSHIP DURATION: FROM APRIL 2015 TO JULY 2015 E.C

SUBMMITION DATE, NOV 03, 2023

Gambella, Ethiopia

SEPTEMBER, 2023
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Declaration
I am fifth year water resource and irrigation engineering in Gambella University. For the
previous internship period, I worked in Wolaitta zone Areka Town water supply office since
April/2/2015E.C up to July/15/2015E.C. and I certify that, the report entitled “MASHIDO water
supply project”, in sour genuine work.

This report is my original work and all source of materials used while compiling this report get
fully acknowledged and also, I can assure that the report contains actual events and facts that was
observed and performed during construction period. All my working tasks within the company
was carried out by myself. And this shows that my effort and progressive works are included
here.

Prepared by: Signature Date

Temesgen Amare _______________ _________________

Advisor Name Signature Date

TSIGABU KAHASU (MSc) _________________ _________________

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Above all, my profound gratitude and integrity goes to the almighty God, who saved me from
any accidents and strengthen me throughout the internship period.

Secondly, I would also like to express my special thanks to Mr.Tsigabu for his unreserved efforts
in providing his professional advice and comment who help me in preparing this report,
Mr.Haylu site supervisor engineer, Mr. Adane project manager and other else giving me a
chance to spread my practice in his company and helping me in my day-to-day day activities
during the intern time. Similarly, I extend my grateful thanks to the workers on the site who
helped me with moral and material needs as well as sharing me their knowledge to improve my
theoretical knowledge of the real works.

Thirdly, I would extend my heartfelt gratitude to Gambella University for providing such kind of
opportunity that creates a chance for students to see real-world experience, Areka town water
supply office accepted me and the company give me a chance to meet with so many wonderful
people and professionals though the internship period. The success and accomplishment of this
report seem from the efforts and dedication either direct or indirect during the internship the by
Areka Town project office and staff members.

Finally, I would like to express my special thanks to my family and friends for helping me in all
aspects and supporting me in spending all time in the work place during my internship time.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This internship report paper was conducted on the drilling borehole and pipe laying from
borehole to the reservoir for a specific location in MASHIDO. The project comprises the steps
and procedures of the construction system. The contents of the paper have been divided into five
chapters and during this period I have gained a lifetime experience and practical knowledge
from my supervisors and I learned to deal with different situations, attitudes towards work, and
how to live and perform working tasks with people. My report contains all of the work tasks that
I have been executing during the months period of my internship program. It is organized in
accordance with understandable language for any reader and I have briefly summarized what I
have been working in on the next part.

In the first part of my report, I briefly describe the background of my hosting company including
the history of the company, the objective of the study, and the scope of the company. And second
part of my report briefly explains the overall internship experience of the project area.

The third part of my report describes the overall technical benefits of the internship. In fourth
part describes the overall assessment of my project. The fifth part describes about the conclusion
and recommendation on the problems that were not solved during the internship period of the
project and the last is a reference I have used.

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Mixer............................................................................................................................................3
Figure 2: Borehole.....................................................................................................................................21
Figure 3: Service reservoirs in Areka Town..............................................................................................22
Figure 4: Inlet pipe figure (A), Outlet pipe figure (B) and Washout pipe (C)............................................24
Figure 5: HDPE Pipes (A) and GI pipes (B)..............................................................................................25

LIST OF TABLES

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Table 1: Population projection.....................................................................................................................9
Table 2: Maximum daily coefficient and peak hour factor........................................................................11
Table 3: Summary of water demand analysis............................................................................................11

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Table of Contents
Declaration...................................................................................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.............................................................................................................................II
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................III
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................................IV
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................V
Table of contents........................................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATION.......................................................................................................................IX
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................1
1.0 Background of company........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Location and Topography of Hosting Company 1

1.2 Climate of Areka Town 1

1. 3 Objective of the Company....................................................................................................................1

1.3.1 General Objective...........................................................................................................................1
1.3.2 Specific objective...........................................................................................................................1
1.4 MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY USED......................................................................................2
1.4.1 Materials and Equipment....................................................................................................................2
1.4.2 Vision of the Office........................................................................................................................3
1.4.3 Mission of the office...........................................................................................................................4
1.4.4 Goal of the company...........................................................................................................................4
1.5 Company’s Main Products or Services..................................................................................................4
1.6 Company’s main customers or the end users.........................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................5
2.0. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE 2.1. How I Entered to The Company................................5
2.2. Section Of Company I Had Worked.....................................................................................................5
2.3 Work Pieces I Have Been Executed......................................................................................................6
2.4. Task Done During the Internship Period..............................................................................................7
2.4.1 Population Forecast........................................................................................................................7

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2.4.2. Population Projection.....................................................................................................................8
2.4.3. Population and Population Projections.........................................................................................8
2.4.4. Water Demand Analysis and Reservoir Sizing..............................................................................9
2.4.5. Domestic Water Demand...............................................................................................................9
2.4.6. Public Demand/Institutional & Commercial (Pd)........................................................................10
2.4.7. Unaccounted Water /Water Losses..............................................................................................10
2.4.8. Variations in water demand.........................................................................................................10
2.4.9. Average daily demand (ADD).....................................................................................................10
2.4.10. Maximum (peak) daily demand.................................................................................................10
2.5 What Challenges I Have Been Facing While Performing My Work Tasks.........................................12
2.5.1 Measures I Have Taken In Order To Overcome These Challenges..............................................12
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................13
3.OVERALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP...................................................................................13
3.1 SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS I GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP.....................................13
3.1.1 Practical Skill................................................................................................................................14
3.1.2 Upgrading My Theoretical Knowledge.........................................................................................14
3.1.3 Improving My Interpersonal Communication Skills.....................................................................14
3.1.4 Improving Team Playing Skills....................................................................................................15
3.1.5 Improving My Leadership Skills................................................................................................15
3.1.6 Understanding About Work Ethics Issues....................................................................................16
3.1.7 Entrepreneurship Skills...............................................................................................................16
3.2 Problem of The Existing Water Supply System In The Hosting Company........................................17
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................18
4. OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNSHIP............................................................................18
4.1 Existing Water Demand Before This Project.......................................................................................18
4.2 Project Design and Engineering Technical Aspect..............................................................................18
4.2.1 Project Goal..................................................................................................................................18
4.2.2 Scope of Project............................................................................................................................18
4.2.3 The Project Activities Include......................................................................................................18
4.2.4 Project Outcomes..........................................................................................................................19
4.3 Projected Water Demand.....................................................................................................................19
4.4 Borehole………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….20
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4.5 Reservoir.............................................................................................................................................21
4.5.1 Types of reservoir.........................................................................................................................21
4.6.2 Service Reservoir..........................................................................................................................22
4.6.3 FUNCTION of Reservoir Capacity..............................................................................................23
4.6.4 Accessories of Service Reservoir..................................................................................................23
4.7 Pipe Selection......................................................................................................................................24
4.7.1 Layout of The Transmission Pipe.................................................................................................26
4.7.2 Pipe Materials...............................................................................................................................26
4.8 Water Distribution System..................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER FIVE.......................................................................................................................................29
5. 1 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................29
5.2. Recommendation............................................................................................................................30
REFERENCE............................................................................................................................................31

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
GBU Gambella University

ATWSO Areka Town Water Supply Office

B.O. Q Bill of Quantity

GI Galvanized Iron

L/C/D Litter Per Capital Demand

PA Project Area

M3/Sec Cubic Meter Per Second

GPS Global Position System

HDPE High density Polyethylene

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Background of company

My internship hosting company Areka Town water supply office is a public office established in
2009. Its main service is to provide professional services on the study, design, and construction
supervision, contract administration, operation, and maintenance of irrigation, drainage and
water supply projects. It is implementing several small, medium, and large-scale design and
supervision projects in the water development sector. Areka Town water supply office being a
young institution contracted a good number of projects in the field of irrigation, Water Supply,
Roads, Bridges, and Land Use studies. One of the biggest projects contracted to ATWSO is a
consultancy service for the design and construction supervision of the MASHIDO water supply
Project

1.1 Location and topography of the hosting company

Areka town is located on the main road between Hossana and Wolaitta Sodo at a distance of
299km from Addis Ababa and 15km from Wolaitta. It is found at South Ethiopia and the
geographical coordinates are approximately 7°1'00"Lat N and 37°50'00"long. E. The average
elevation of the town is between 1774 to 1812 above mean sea level (Journal of Environment
and Earth Science).

1.2 Climate of Areka Town

The climate of Areka town is tropical with a mean annual precipitation of 1301mm mean
minimum precipitation with 11mm in the month of December during the dry season and mean
maximum precipitation with 278mm, in the month of July during the dry season. Temperature
varies between 120°C in winter to 280 °C in summer (Journal of Environment and Earth
Science).

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1.3 Objective of the Company

1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of this project is to provide adequate, good quality, safe, and sustainable water for
the Areka town population.

1.3.2 Specific objective

 To provide whole water to the consumers for drinking purposes.

 To attain safe human health.

 To promote enough access of water to the community with well-designed sanitary activities.

 Maximize the economic, social, and political issues of the community by reducing the burden
of women and children.

 To prevent pollution of water at source, storage, and conveyance.

 To design and maintain a system that is economical and reliable.

 To prevent disease transmission and make water acceptable.

1.4 MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY USED

1.4.1 Materials and Equipment

There are different materials used to accomplish the internship and report.

A/ In office

There are different materials used for learning software, specification, payment, bill of quantity,
reading different soft copies etc. ATWSO written documents concerning different projects.
(Addis sefer, Selam sefer and Dubo) water supply project final drawing album.

B/ on site

There are many raw materials in the project site that is used for the construction of the
Distribution system, reservoir, Pump house, Chlorination room, Guardhouse, etc of construction
material at a reasonable and economical distance is important for the well going of the project.
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Sand: Source is one major important factor for such projects. Because it is used as a component
of concrete and masonry works. Hence, sand material with no fines and appropriate gradation is
important.

Gravel: During the study, the study team observed that

there is a crusher around the project area and the gravel can
be supplied from this quarry site

Water: Water is actively participates in the chemical

reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength-
giving cement paste, the quality of water is required to be
looked at very carefully.

Framework: - one of the construction materials which are used to shape different concrete
structures.

Reinforcement bar: - it is a widely used material that is used for increasing the strength of the
structure.

HDPE & GIP pipe: -used for water distribution.

Cement

• It should not be stock above six months in store.

• It should not be stay above 30min after opening the bags.

• It should not be stay above 2hrs after mixing.

• It should be stored properly.

Figure 1: Mixer

Black wire

• Is used to connect the horizontal and vertical reinforcement bar.

Reinforcement bar

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• It is a widely used material which is used for increasing the strength of the structure.

• It is used to carry a tension load.

• In this project bar diameter is 10 for vertical and 12 for horizontal.

Mixer: used to mix the constituents of concrete which are cement, water, sand, and aggregate.

1.4.2 Vision of the Office

To see the people of the region and Ethiopia at large get standardized infrastructure by rendering
quality study design and construction supervision and consultation services and be competent
and proficient enterprises in East Africa.

1.4.3 Mission of the office

Stratifying customers and ensuring profitability by rendering land use and environmental study,
irrigation, and drainage, potable water supply and sanitation, hydro-power, roads and building
study, design and construction supervision service with the highest norms and standards, swiftly
and with reasonable cost.

1.4.4 Goal of the company

To satisfy customers by devising standardized timely and swift study, design and supervision
work in irrigation, potable water supply, hydro-power building construction and speed up the
development of our region and Ethiopia at large.

1.5 Company’s Main Products or Services

The main services provided by the office are construction, design and supervision of water
supply structures, provisions of facilities supply, environmental conservation, and mineral
investigation and it is quite clear that this sector comprises a wide range of services. This
organization has the full capacity to intervene in the following areas.

• Construction of water supply development.

• Operation and maintenance of pipes.

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• Maintenance services of generators and submersible pumps.

• Study, identify, and propose a potential source of water supply scheme.

1.6 Company’s main customers or the end users

The end users of the company are:
•Community

•Water minister

•Dry port services

•Regional government

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1. How I Entered to The Company
When the University of Gambella gave me a chance to apply different companies/institutions, I
applied to the Wolaitta zone Areka Town water supply office drinking water supply study and
design office and I was accepted by their office with a written acceptance letter. They accepted
me for four months duration to work with them. The office manager briefly explained to me the
office work and guided me on my internship practice, by showing and giving information. Since
I found the project in a water supply system, at that time the office manager and other
experienced managers were very interested in showing me how the theoretical application works
in practical application.

2.2. Section Of Company I Had Worked

I have worked in the water supply sub-office which includes sub-sections such as water supply
scheme design, schemes construction, and facilities supply teams. Most consulting companies
have dual works: design work and site supervision. Consultants have the responsibility of
ensuring that the construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is
performed under safe conditions and such inspections are made at frequent intervals. A part of
this consultant is responsible for contract administration. All documents intended for use in
construction are required to be prepared and administered in accordance with the standards of
reasonable skill and diligence of the profession. The other section of this company is the design
work. The project manager proposes construction and design alternatives to be studied
alternatives on the project cost, schedule, and life-cycle cost.

2.3 Work Pieces I Have Been Executed

From these distinct sections of the company, I practiced office design work and also performed
little site work on another site. On the site I performed the surveyor works starting from setting
out to checking verticality, keeping the natural level, and checking the elevation of the borehole

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and reservoir. The work pieces I have executed in the construction of reservoir structures, water
point construction and distribution or pipe laying etc. I had participated in different site works,
some of which are listed below.
▪ Supervision work for my hosting company

▪ Quantity survey or Bill of quantity works

A. Supervision work
A site supervisor is a professional engineer, associate engineer, or engineering aid assigned on
site for the supervision of project construction. Depending on the scale of projects and the
complexity of structures, the designer or the consultant will determine the level of professional
competence required for supervision on site. The site supervisor shall be appointed before the
contract for the construction is signed. The concerned parties shall be informed in writing of the
appointment of the supervisor and whenever he is changed. The site supervisor shall be
responsible for:

 Maintaining, for the duration of the contract period, signed copies of the contract
agreement, technical specifications, bill of quantities, drawing, and other referenced
standards.

 Inspecting all works done and materials used to make sure that the contractor has
complied with the contract specifications.

 Reviewing regularly the construction progress schedule and alerting the contractor of
possible delays and consequences.

 Arranging periodic and regular site meetings with the designer of the project, the
contractor, and the client.

 Consulting with the designer on schedule for testing materials and submitting to him
detailed field observations on material characteristics with indications on tests required.

 Considering and evaluating suggestions and recommendations that may be submitted by

the contractor or the client and reporting them with recommendations to the designer.

B. Quantity survey

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Quantity survey refers measurement of the quantity of each individual item of civil works
worked out from respective dimensions on the drawing of the structure or from civil work itself,
from the time of preparation of the estimate up to the final completion of the project. The
purpose of preparation of the bill of quantities (B.O.Q) or worked quantities is to provide a
complete list of quantities necessary for the completion of any engineering project and when
priced per unit give the estimate or detailed cost of the project; then holds an important role in
settlement of payment for the project. The expert who is engaged in estimating quantities and
their corresponding cost is known as a quantity surveyor and he must have good practical
knowledge about construction materials, drawing reading, computation of cost, and construction
codes. The B.O.Q. is a logical sequence and recognized measure in order that they may be a
settlement of payment for the project.

2.4. Task Done During the Internship Period

2.4.1 Population Forecast

The water demand of a given community depends on the size of the population and the standard
or way of life of the people. In order to forecast the size of the population correctly as much as
possible it is necessary to know the factors that affect population distribution, size, and growth
rate of the town. The basics for this are births, death, and migration. All these factors are
influenced by social and economic factors and different conditions. During design, it is a must to
recognize that the various water supply system units are adequate to serve the present as well as
the future population of the town for the design period. So, accuracy in population forecasting is
one of the parameters that greatly influence system unit capacity. Having information on the base
population of a town along with some indications on future growth trends would enable to design
reliable and sustainable water supply system.

2.4.2. Population Projection

As it is known population-related studies are made for the implementation of various
development projects in the country town and municipality count population periodically.
Moreover, the Central Statistical Authority (CSA) is also a recognized Authority to determine
the official population figures and growth rate that should be taken for any development activity
throughout the country. however, the responsible authority, CSA, had not announced the correct

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value for the town. So, we are obliged to consider the number presented by the town. Thus, a
design period of 15 years is appropriate for the design of water supply systems like Areka Town.
The future population can be forecasted as below.

2.4.3. Population and Population Projections

Several methods are used to forecast the population but, their result varies from one method to
another. The selection of an appropriate method for a particular town needs to consider all
current situations of the targeted town. Because of town was fast growing town, where relatively
high economic activities were observed at the same time continuous expansion of the town due
to various reasons was experienced. For this study Geometric increase method of future
population forecasting is used because this method is mostly applicable for emerging towns
having that vast scope of expansion. It is expressed as follows:
Pn = Po* (1 + 𝑟) ×n………………………….…… (Equation 1)

Where:

Po = Initial known population i.e., the population at the end of the last known census.

Pn = population after n years

r = Annual population growth rate in %

n = number of years of the concerned period.

Therefore, the future population of Areka town was projected by using the method for the period
of 2016 to 2031 According to the information obtained from town council representatives, a total
of 1,900 people currently living in the town. For the anticipated future population Exponential
increase method with a 3% of growth rate is considered

P2016 = P2015(1+0.03)*1 = 1900(1+0.03)*1=1957

Table 1: Population projection

Year in (EC) 2016 2021 2026 2031

Population 1,957 10,079 51,907 267,320

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2.4.4. Water Demand Analysis and Reservoir Sizing

In the design of any water supply system, it is necessary to estimate the number of people who
will be served for the design period. Many times, a compromise is made between demand and
source. To ensure an adequate supply of potable water, a well-organized water supply system is
essential. It has to work out the demand for domestic, commercial, industrial, and public use, fire
demand, and account for loss of water.

2.4.5. Domestic Water Demand

The water required for drinking, cooking, bathing, gardening, sanitation, purpose, it depends on
the living standard of the consumer. The domestic water usage ranges from 80 L/day for
developing countries like Ethiopia and 350 L/day for developed countries. In the case of Areka
Town summary of projected water demand & population to the end of the design period is as
follow in the table; by considering Domestic water demand for the given categories of consumer,
to satisfy people demand well and to design system components economically.

2.4.6. Public Demand/Institutional & Commercial (Pd)

The water required for schools, hospitals, health center, government offices and services,
religious institutions and other public facilities is classified as institutional water demand
whereas the water required for restaurants, shopping centers, local drinks, and other commercial
purposes, is classified as commercial water demand. Both water demands are termed as public
water demand. This type of demand is recommended 10% of the domestic demand.
Pd=10%*ADwd

2.4.7. Unaccounted Water /Water Losses

This includes the quantity of water due to wastage, losses, etc. from water supply systems vary
considerably according to diverse factors. System losses are a function of the quality of
construction, the type and age of pipes in the distribution network and pressure within the system
(MoWR, 2002). For urban schemes, unaccounted water equivalent to 25% of the total domestic,

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commercial and institutional, and industrial water demand was assumed. Note that the total water
demand is the sum of domestic demand, unaccounted for water and non-domestic demand.

Uwl=25 % (Dwd+Pd)
Where: Uwl = unaccounted water loss, Dwd=domestic water demand and Pd = public demand

2.4.8. Variations in water demand

Water consumption varies during the day, being lower at the night. This normal variation in the
demand should be assessed and known in order to design rising mains, service reservoir and
distribution system.

2.4.9. Average daily demand (ADD)

It is the total sum of domestic, public and unaccounted water losses.
ADD=DWD+PWD+Uwd

2.4.10. Maximum (peak) daily demand

The maximum daily water demand and peak hour demand coefficients and factor respectively
figured out in table as the guidelines.

Table 2: Maximum daily coefficient and peak hour factor

Maximum daily coefficient Town Population Peak hour factor

2.00 0-50,000 2

1.55 50,001-100,000 1.8

1.45 > 1000 1.6

1.35
Source: MoWR, 2006

In demand analysis knowing maximum daily demand and peak hour demand are very crucial. The
maximum daily demand is based on the average daily water required and peak hour demand is greatly
influenced by population size. 80% released as ww

Table 3: Summary of water demand analysis

Year (EC) Unit 2016 2021 2026 2031

Populations number No 1,957 10,079 51,907 267,32

0

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Total average day demand (TADD). Px22x0.8 M3/day 34.44 177.39 913.56 4704.8
0 3 37

Maximum day demand (MDD) 2xTADD M3/day 68.90 354.78 1827.1 9409.7
3

Maximum day demand (MDD) M3/Sec 0.80 4.1 21.2 108.9

Peak hour demand (PHD) 2Xtadd M^3/day 68.90 354.78 1827.1 9409.7
3

Peak hour demand (PHD) L/sec 0.80 4.1 21.2 108.9

The total water demand of the town was determined by summing up the adjusted domestic water
demand and non-domestic water demands as shown in the above table. Therefore, the total
maximum water demand is 0.80 m3/Sec and 108.90 M3/Sec in the year 2016 and 2031
respectively.

2.5 What Challenges I Have Been Facing While Performing My Work Tasks
During the internship experience I was faced the different challenges in my work tasks and I was
taking mitigation measures for solving those problems. Among these challenges. Some of them
as follows: -
 Shortage of transportation,
 The company had no enough transportation.
There was no road constructed, the road was excavated and this makes difficult to transport.
 Financial problem.
 Lack of experience, it is my first time to work and everything at site was new for me.
 Lack of computer writing skills.
 After two months the site was closed due to security cause.

2.5.1 Measures I Have Taken In Order To Overcome These Challenges

I was asking different workers in the company how to overcome such problem and they were so
generous to answers my questions.

 To overcome transportation problem, we decided to go by shift.

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 To solve transport problem of the company we use transportation of our self.

 To solve lack of computer writing skill wrote the whole project report in intern time with
my friends.

 I follow every rule that is given by the site engineer and our supervisor.

CHAPTER THREE

3. OVERALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP

Generally
What does intern means? Intern: - Is a student, trainee or recent graduate who works for a period
of time at a job sometimes without pay in order to get work experience, or in another word is an
advanced graduate usually in a professional field gaining supervised practical experience.
Internship: is a period of work experience offered by an organization for a limited period of time.
It is also one method of making opportunity for undergraduate students potentially valuable and
explores general career avenues as well as specific companies. My internship time helped me to
get practical knowledge in addition to know theoretically from the course of my department. I
get skill which is the ability to change the theoretical knowledge to that of I can touch and see. I
also benefited to enhance my practical skills.
 I understand the seven semesters of theoretical academic year by practice

 I have familiar with how and when decisions made in order to improve project systems.

 I have become familiar with pipelines fittings, distribution system and building reservoir.

 I have understood the regulation, policy rules and roles of once project.

 I have known the effectiveness of all staff work relationships.

3.1 Skills And Qualification I Gained From The Internship

 Practical skill

 Upgrading theoretical skill

 Interpersonal communication skill

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 Team playing skill

 Leadership skill

 Work ethics related issues

 Entrepreneurship skill

3.1.1 Practical Skill

When I have trained to change my theoretical knowledge to practical skill by asking a skill
employee and other responsible person’s. In this case, I get so many practical processes I had
known them theoretically. In the campus practical skill was no more enough, the theory I gained
in campus necessarily should have to convert to practical skill aiming this while I was in project
area trying develop my practical skill by asking related peoples and by reading different
manuals, observation the site works and To improve knowledge, so my theoretical skills taken
for seven semester and now I have got a chance to improve my theoretical based practical skills
at the site water supply project in Areka town water supply .

3.1.2 Upgrading My Theoretical Knowledge

By applying practical skill improving theoretical knowledge and start throughout in mind. The
theoretical knowledge can be upgrade by Seeing practically and get more information through
observation, keeping work procedure asked the sites manager and other responsible person to the
different work in the work area by relate with theories, calculations, working principles,
efficiencies, and property of the work and by using manuals and other materials from the project
upgrade my practical knowledge in practice.

3.1.3 Improving My Interpersonal Communication Skills

This is the most necessary thing I get in the internship communication helps to exchange, share
ideas and work together with friends, team workers and other peoples.

 I have improved my communication skill which increases my respect towards other people.

 I learned how to approach peoples that I had not seen ever before to grass ideas they share to
me.

 I improved my skills to express and clarify things than before and being open mind to take
ideas of others.

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 Interpersonal communication gave me self-confidence to speak like other staff members and
to create smooth relationship with others.

3.1.4 Improving Team Playing Skills

Team working is a vital way of completing tasks. I recognize it is important to work together as a
collective and try to and encourage those who may not be as a confident as other. I believe that
team-playing works are important to be: problem solver , must be reliable, honest to the team
work, to do works quickly, and must be positive thinker.

3.1.5 Improving My Leadership Skills

During my internship program duration, there is a smooth relationship between leaders and co-
workers. This positive leadership leads to the workers initiate to their works and done their
works with interested. I improved my skills of tolerating and respecting to others.

• Motivate and encourage others.

• Gives any excellent advice.

• Control and organize things.

• Solve problems at anywhere.

• The ability to work both as part of a team and independently.

• Able to research effectively (available markets, supplier, customers and the competition).

• Able to plan coordinate and organize effectively.

• Self-motivated and disciplined.

• The ability to multi task and work under pressure. The ability to network and make contacts.
So, in me internship time I have tried to increase a good Entrepreneurship Skill.

3.1.6 Understanding about Work Ethics Issues.

Ethics is the necessary thing to live and working together with each other. Here it was
responsible to finish the duty given by the company. Work ethics helped to respect other workers
of the company.

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• I have improved my personal behavior

• I become honesty and punctual in work
• I understood that diversity is the most important to improve ethics
I learned a good ethical work from the workers of the company. Every worker is, responsible,
accountable, and punctual and this helps to me to develop my work ethics. In Areka town water
supply company there are job disciplines for site manager to increase or develop a good team and
friendly relationship among themselves and project safety.
• Punctuality: it has its own benefits
• The company will be more productive
• Employee will be motivated morally and financially
• Method of quality control
• Accident presentation by using devices the accident or hazardous working condition can be
prevented. Safety rules during working started.
Generally, the work ethics helps for all in the side of production aspect, quality aspect, cost
minimization, workload, machine safety and good relation between the communities in the
company. In order to done the work successful, the following things are important: Accountable,
Initiate, Punctuality, Honesty and Reliability.

3.1.7 Entrepreneurship Skills

In the current situation, it is difficult to Employed in government work after graduation. So that
every student cannot wait from the government to employees; it should create works by itself in
order to improve my life and to grow up my country. Had gained that entrepreneurship skill is
very important to improve my life and growing up in my country.

3.2 Problem of The Existing Water Supply System In The Hosting Company
As mentioned in the above sections, the major water source of Areka town is from hand dug ills
they have the following problems as observed by the study team during the field work. The
quality of the water has odor and since it is shallow Ill it has high probability to infect by human
excreta so it is not good as the study team observed in the field. There is no treatment used for
these sources and most of the hand dug Ills and Developed spring is easily contaminated. The

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source decreases during peak hot seasons so that; there is scarcity of water during these seasons.
Some of the sources are far from the user communities.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4. OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNSHIP

4.1 Existing Water Demand Before This Project

Before the new water supply project is done in Water the existing water for humans and
livestock of the project area and the surrounding town are ponds excavated by the community to
harvest water during the rainy season and small springs which are very far from the community.
Both of the sources are not potable.

4.2 Project Design and Engineering Technical Aspect

4.2.1 Project Goal

The goal of this project is to improve the health status of Areka Town population by supplying
adequate and clean water.

4.2.2 Scope of Project

The proposed water supply project has three main components, which are supply and materials,
construction of civil structures and community training. The proposed water supply source is one
Bore Hole with the safe yield of 22 l/sec. The water will be supplied from Bore hole to the water
reservoirs located at peak points of the project area by pump and then distributed to community
by gravity through water points.The civil structures comprise of Water reservoir, water points,
anchor blocks and valve chambers. The training of committee and water technician is the part of
the project, which enable the community to manage and operate the system.

4.2.3 The Project Activities Include

 8-inch diameter and 16-inch depth Bore-hole Drilling.

 50m3 service reservoir

 Pipe laying

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4.2.4 Project Outcomes

After completion of the proposed project, the project will:

 Provide sufficient and clean water for more than 1,900people and more than 850 livestock.

 Improve the health and sanitation condition of the area,

 Bring free working time for women and men,

 Create employment opportunities for some people,

 Initiate the communities for further development provide social facilities, and attract
investors & promote investment opportunities.

4.3 Projected Water Demand

Some factors that affect water demand are: -

a) Climatic conditions: The quantity of water required in hotter and dry places is more than
cold countries because of the use of air coolers, air conditioners, sprinkling of water in lawns,
gardens, courtyards, washing of rooms, more washing of clothes and bathing etc. But in very
cold countries sometimes the quantity of water required may be more due to wastage, because at
such places the people often keep their taps open and water continuously flows for fear of
freezing of water in the taps and use of hot water for keeping the rooms warm.
b) Size of community: Water demand is more with increase of size for town because more
water is required in street washing, running of sewers, maintenance of parks and gardens.

c) Living standard of the people: The per capita demand of the town increases with the
standard of living of the people because of the use of air conditioners, room coolers, maintenance
of lawns, use of flush, latrines and automatic home appliances etc.
d) Industrial and commercial activities: As the quantity of water required in certain industries
is much more than domestic demand, their presence in the town will enormously increase per
capital demand of the town. As a matter of the fact the water required by the industries has no
direct link with the population of the town.

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e) Pressure in the distribution system:The rate of water consumption increase in the pressure
of the building and even with the required pressure at the farthest point, the consumption of
water will automatically increase. This increase in the quantity is firstly due to use of water
freely by the people as compared when they get it scarcely and more water loss due to leakage,
wastage and thefts etc.
f) System of sanitation:Per capital demand of the towns having water carriage system will be
more than the town where this system is not being used.
g) Cost of water:The cost of water directly affects its demand. If the cost of water is more, less
quantity of water will be used by the people as compared when the cost is low
h) Quality of water: -a water work system having good facility and potable water supply will be
more popular with consumers.

4.4 Borehole
The source of water for the project was ground water. By considering the population number to
be benefited from the project including their managing capacity, motorized deep well is
proposed. Adequate amount of water is expected to be yielded from the borehole, which could
serve within the designed working hours of the pump to meet the maximum daily demand. A
borehole is a vertical capture engineered structure used to exploit the water from a water table A
borehole used as water well is completed by installing a vertical pipe (casing) and well screen to
keep the borehole from casing. This also helps prevent surface contaminants from drawing in
sand and sediments.There are three systems of distributing water; these are pumping system,
gravity system and dual system. The Areka Town water distribution system is by dual system.
However, ground water source is more attractive than surface water source due to: -

✓ It usually requires less treatment.

✓ The temperature of ground water is uniform throughout year.

✓ It is cheaper than surface water.

✓ It is not exposed to pollution and contamination.

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Figure 2: Borehole

The diameter of this borehole is 8 inch and its height is 16 inches from the surface. The
discharge it pumps the water is 22L/s as I observed. As I have seen from the site, in the area of
Areka there are boreholes and pump houses near to the reservoir.

4.5 RESERVOIR

4.5.1 Types of Reservoirs

• Based on their geometry/Shape

 Circular reservoir

 Rectangular reservoir

 Square reservoir

The company chose a circular reservoir because to resist hydro-static pressure which occurs in
the new booster station, to store water, and to easily regulate water.

• Based on their elevation from the normal ground level (NGL);

 Ground reservoir (non-elevated)

 Elevated reservoir

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The company chose the ground reservoir because it is free from any environmental impact, free
from any animals or not impacted by human beings and other animals, The reservoir is at a
higher elevation and the place is clean so it is suitable for service reservoirs.

4.5.2 Service Reservoir

The capacity of the service reservoir for Areka town is determined using a simplified empirical
method commonly practiced in many water supply projects. This is simply taking one-third of
the maximum day demand at the end of the design period.

Figure 3: Service reservoirs in Areka Town

The volume of the reservoir can be
calculated as one-third of the
maximum day demand.

i.e. V=1/3*Mdd =1/3*108.90

m3/day = 36.3 m3 in a day.

Use standard masonry reservoir 50

M3

Pumping hour: The system operates for 16 hours in a day Q=Mdd*24hr/16hr=

Q = 108.90m3/Sec*24hr/16hr = 164.85 m3/Sec

4.5.3 FUNCTION of Reservoir Capacity

Reservoirs store treated water from the water supply. The main functions of the reservoirs are:

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1. To balance the fluctuating demand from the distribution system, permitting the source to give
steady or differently phased output.

2. Provide a supply during a failure or shutdown of the treatment plant, pumps, or trunk main
leading to the reservoir.

3. To give a suitable pressure for the distribution system and reduce pressure fluctuations therein.

4. To provide a reserve of water to meet fire and other emergency demands.

4.5.4 Accessories of Service Reservoir

The service reservoirs are to be provided with the following accessories:

1. Inlet Pipe: For the entry of water.

2. Ladder: To reach the top of the reservoir and then to the bottom of the reservoir, for inspection
and cleaning.
3. Lightening Conductor: In case of elevated reservoirs for the passage of lightning.
4. Man holes: For providing entry to the inside of the reservoir for inspection and cleaning.
5. Outlet pipe: For the exit of water.
6. Outflow Pipe: For the exit of water above the full supply level.
7. Vent pipes: For free circulation of air.
8. Washout pipe: For removing water after cleaning of the reservoir.
9. Water level indicator: To know the level of water inside the tank from outside.

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Figure 4: Inlet pipe figure (A), Outlet pipe figure (B) and Washout pipe (C)

4.6 Pipe Selection

Pipelines frequently represent more than 70 % of the total investment cost. Therefore, the
selection of the right type of pipe for the water supply scheme is very important and has to be
paid attention during design, because pipes are available in various materials, types, sizes, and
pressure classes. The most common materials are ductile iron, (DI), polyvinyl-chloride (PVC),
galvanized iron (GI), and high-density polyethylene (PE). The selection of pipe material
depends on Its availability on the market, Cost alternative, Available diameter and pressure
classes, Susceptibility to corrosion or mechanical damage, Chemical nature of the soil, chemical
nature of water, etc. GI pipes are available mostly in three classes, i.e. light, medium, and heavy.
It is suitable material for rural and small towns. GI pipes are less corrosion-resistant to
aggressive water compared with DI, PVC, and PE pipes. Therefore, GI was selected for this
project.

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Figure 5: HDPE Pipes (A) and GI pipes (B)

General

The distribution network serves to transfer drinking water from the reservoirs to the points of
consumption (house connections and public tapes). The main function of the distribution system
is to develop adequate water pressure at the consumer’s taps and houses. The choice of the
distribution system depends on the topography of the area of the distribution and elevation with
respect to the location of the reservoirs. The requirement of a good distribution system includes
the following:

 It should convey the treated water up to the consumers with the same degree of purity.

 The water should reach every consumer with the required pressure head and with
sufficient quantity.

 It should transport a sufficient quantity of water during emergencies such as firefighting.

 During repair work, it should not cause obstruction to the traffic and should be reliable.

 It should be economical and easy to maintain and operate

 The pipeline should not be laid below the sewer lines.

 The quality of pipes laid should be good and they should not burst.

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4.6.1 Layout of The Transmission Pipe

The target design of our site project is to connect the new system which is from the booster
station pump house to the existing service reservoir. In the project site, the water distribution
system is a combined gravity and pumping system b/c this method is the combination of gravity
system and pumping system. In this particular project pumping system is used from the borehole
up to the existing service reservoir and a gravity system is used from a reservoir up to the
consumed water point.

4.6.2 Pipe Materials

In our project there are three types of pipes are used. These are DCI pipe, HDPE, and GI pipe
considering the criteria to select this type of pipe material. The choice of pipe materials is
dependent on the following criteria: The chemical nature of the soil, the nature of the water to be
conveyed, the comparative cost of alternatives, the weather conditions of the area, the formation
of the pipe route, and the overburden pressure.

GIP (galvanized iron pipe): - In our site, they are used at the boreholes place for rising main.

 The advantages of GI pipe are: the pipe is economical, light, and easy to transport, the pipe to
be easily cut and treated and the pipe can be easily joined by socket.

 Disadvantage of GI pipe: can be affected by acid and alkaline water, easily affected by
corrosion, and time consumed during pipe installation.

2. DCI (Ductile Cast Iron): - In our site, the inlet, outlet, overflow, and wash-out parts of the
boosting station use DCI pipe.

 Advantages of DCI:Have higher rigidity, less corrosion protection requirement, and

Easier to lay and join.

 The disadvantage of DCI: It requires high cost and it cannot be easily transported.

3. HDPE pipe (high-density polyethylene): - In our site, it is used from the pump house at the
booster station to the existing service reservoir.

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 Advantages: It is by far less cost than the other pipes, The durability is more than 50
years and has less friction factor, it is corrosion resistant, it is easy to transport, and has
less weight as compared to Gs’ pipes it is also weldable by different methods.

 Disadvantage: It is not installed above the ground and the fitting process consumes time.

4.7 Water Distribution System

A water distribution system is a system or method used to convey the water from the source to
the demand area or to the consumer. The main objectives of a distribution system are:

• To convey the trade water to the consumers with the same degree of purity.

• To deliver sufficient quantity of water for domestic and non-domestic uses and for emergency
purposes.

• To deliver water to the consumers with the required rate of velocity and pressure head.

 There are three different types of water distribution systems as listed and discussed below:

A. Gravity system: This system is suitable when the source of supply is at a sufficient height
than the city. The water flows in the mains due to gravitational force. As no pumping is required,
therefore it is the most reliable system for the distribution of water.

B. Pumping system: In this system, water is directly pumped into the mains. Since the pumps
have to work at different rates in a day, the maintenance cost increases. It is preferred to have a
number of pumps and only the required numbers may work at various times to meet the varying
demand, in place of providing pumps of variable speed. High lift pumps are required and their
operations are continuously watched.

C. Dual system: The pump is connected to the main as well as to an elevated reservoir. In this
system, water comes from two sources one from the reservoir and the second from the pumping
station. This system is more reliable and economical because it requires a uniform rate of
pumping but meets low as well as maximum demand. The water stored in an elevated reservoir
meets the requirements of demand during the breakdown of pumps and for firefighting. This
project contains Dual System which is a combination of gravity and pumping systems.

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CHAPTER FIVE

5. 1 CONCLUSIONS
This internship report contains the overall experiences that I gained from the internship program.
The basic concern of this internship program is to get, hold, and accumulate knowledge and
experience in different companies through practical ones. The whole working experience in my
company was great, hopeful, and successful; my company has a super work water supply
distribution system in practical works great minds for me and very high quality of work at the
site. This internship program gave me different professional skills like, practical skills, team
playing skill, interpersonal skills, leadership skills, real working environment, management
systems, social interaction, work experience in a field of interest, providing a "real life"
experience with a short-term commitment, Creates the potential for future work as well as the
good side of the company.I conclude that the program is very good for knowing real-world life
and comparing it with theoretical subjects. It is a bridge to upgrade theoretical knowledge into
practical skills. Overall, I am very happy with my internship period to gained many valuable
experiences from this internship. Generally, I conclude that my internship is a rewarding
experience and provide for me with some new perspectives that I didn’t get yet.

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5.2. Recommendation
Based on the findings, the following recommendations are made:

Areka Town Water Supply Company solves the long problems of the community by providing
good quality water resources to the public and internship students develop their practical skills at
this company. Finally, I tried to recommend the hosting company and my university.

 Access road construction is required where the access road is not available in the project area
for transportation of construction material to the specific site.

 Establish and train of water committee during the implementation of the project.

 During the rainy season, the excavated pipeline folds before inserting pipe. Then additional
costs will apply for re-excavation. So, they should insert the pipe on time.

 I want to recommend the company create good awareness in the community about how to
use and control damage.

 The company can provide a chance for students who are active to work with it after
graduation.

 Finally, I will recommend the university to provide practical works for water resources and
irrigation engineering students in learning timelines from different projects found near the
university.

 The school should pay attention to the order of courses to be given which are supportive and
major courses for the interns, like courses related to Entrepreneurship.

 Most of the time the company workers asked me what you wanted to learn from the
company. So, if it is possible, try to guide the company supervisor what the student learns or
gained from the company before students join in to the company.

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Reference

 Water supply handouts and books.

 Working manuals of Wolaitta zone water, energy, and resource development office.

 Mesfin Gizaw (2009), Design Guideline for Water Supply Projects.

 Guidelines for writing internship reports.

 Garg, k. (1996). Water supply engineering. Ninth edition.

 LASELY, T.J. Water and waste water engineering, hydraulics. 1981.

 Okun,Gordon. M.Fair/Johan.Geger/Daniel A.water supply and waste volume I. 1981

 Ministry of Water Resources,2006

 Journal of Environment and Earth Science books

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