• To learn about basic electronics and

Objective circuitry.

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 Light Emitting Diode(LED)

LED means light-emitting diode. The

word diode means that this component
allows only one way of current flow for
the component to emit light.

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 Light Emitting Diode(LED)
LED has two legs, with one leg shorter
than the other. The shorter leg is the
cathode, where the current exits. case,
The longer leg is the anode, where the
current enters. For a LED to work properly,
the positive terminal needs to be
connected to the longer leg while the
negative terminal to the shorter leg.

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 Light Emitting Diode(LED)

If the legs are of equal length, it is difficult to

determine which is the cathode or anode.
The rim of the LED is largely circular, however,
the rim has a flattened part. The leg nearest
to the flattened part is the cathode.

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 Resistor
A resistor is an electrical
component made up of
either carbon or metal that
is primarily used to oppose
electrical current (the flow
of electrons). Its main
purpose is to protect other
components like the LED
from getting damaged due
to overcurrent. Its standard
unit of measurement is in
Ohms (Ω).
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 How to read Resistor Values

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 • The resistor’s colored bands indicate its value and
Resistor Values tolerance. Each band represents a color equivalent
to a certain value. The color arrangement and
combination of the bands to determine the value of
the resistor.
• The first band from the leftmost part of the resistor
represents the first digit of the value.
• The second band represents the second digit.
• The second to the last band is a multiplier band that
indicates the number of zeros next to the first digits.
• The last band is the tolerance band that indicates
the percentage error in the actual resistance value
of the resistor.

Example, a resistor with color bands yellow-

violet-brown-gold has a value of 470 ± 5% ohms

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 LED Circuits
A circuit is composed of
electronic components
connected together to
form a closed loop. This
arrangement allows an
electrical current to flow.
In the illustration below
the LED was lighted by
the power source.
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 also known as electric pressure, is
Voltage the electric potential difference
between two points of a voltage
source. The unit for voltage is Volts,
denoted as V.

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 is the amount of flow of electric
Current charge, or the amount of electrons
flowing in a wire. The unit for
current is Amperes, denoted as A.

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 is the measure as to how a material
Resistance opposes electric current. The unit
for resistance is Ohms, denoted as
Ω.

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 To put the three terms in an analogy,
let’s use a water pipe with water.
Voltage is the force needed to push
To put the three the water forward. Current is the rate
terms in an analogy of water flowing in the pipe.
Resistance is the amount of force
opposing the forward force exerted. If
the wrong resistor is used, the system
may not work well and may become
damaged as well.

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 The parameters, symbols, and units of measure are summarized below:

Parameter Symbol Unit of Measure

Voltage V V (Volts)

Current I A (Amperes)

Resistance R Ω (Ohms)

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 In a mathematical Ohm’s Law
equation: The relationship of voltage, current
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = and resistance is explained in Ohm’s
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
or Law, which states that the current is
𝑉 directly proportional to the voltage,
𝐼= and inversely proportional to the
𝑅
resistance.

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 Activity 4

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 • To create a program for making a simple
Objective circuit namely the Traffic Light.

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 • Laptop, Arduino Uno Board, Breadboard,
330 Ω resistors, green LED, orange LED,
Materials red LED, USB A to USB B cable,
Connecting Wires

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 1. Build the Traffic Lights. Use the Traffic
Lights Building Instruction as a guide.
2. Program the Traffic Lights. Use the Traffic
Procedure Lights Programming Instruction as a guide.
3. Desired Output: The LED lights will blink
in this order: Green, Blue, Red
4. Perform the 3 coding exercises below:

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 Exercise 1: Change the code such that it begins,
the red LED lighting up for 5 seconds, followed by
yellow LED for 15 seconds, and finally green for
10 seconds. Only one LED should light up at any
given moment.

Exercise 2: Change the order of the lighting of the

LEDs. The yellow LED should light up first,
Coding Challenge followed by green LED and finally red LED. They
should light up for 10 seconds each.

Exercise 3: Change the code such that two LEDS

light up at the same time. The yellow and green
LED lights up first, followed by red and yellow LED
and finally green and yellow LED. Each pair should
light up for 10 seconds.

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 Closing Discussion

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