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20 views33 pages

Hi

Hello

Uploaded by

farzanakhan42ka1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Objectives of this chapter-

● Understand the Basics of electronics ,including key


concepts like voltage ,current and resistance.
● Measure battery voltage using a Digital Multimeter .
● Calculate and verify resistor values using color codes.
● Apply Ohm’s Law in Breadboard using experiments
with LED Circuits.
● Acquire basic soldering and Desoldering Skills for
circuit assembly.

2
Electronics and Electric Circuits
What is Electronics?
Electronics is the branch of science and technology concerned
with the study and application of electrical circuits involving active
electrical components like transistors, diodes, and integrated
circuits, as well as passive elements such as resistors and
capacitors.
What is Electric Circuit?
An electric circuit is a complete path that allows electricity to flow, similar to a
race track that guides a car around in a loop. It starts with a power source, like a
battery or a plug, which provides the energy needed for electricity to move
through the circuit. The electricity travels along wires, passing through different
components like light bulbs, buzzers, or motors. These components use the
electricity to perform specific tasks, such as lighting up a bulb or making a sound.
Basic Terms in Electronics
Voltage (V): Voltage is the "push" that makes electric charges move in a
circuit. It's like the pressure in a water hose that drives water through the
pipe. Voltage is measured in volts (V).
Current (I): Current is the flow of electric charge in a circuit, similar to how
water flows through a hose. It’s measured in amperes (A) or amps.
Resistance (R): Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current in a
circuit, like a narrow section of a hose that makes it harder for water to pass
through. It’s measured in ohms (Ω).
Analogies in electronics: The pump water system

To understand the concept of electric circuits ,Imagine a rubber pipe filled


with water ,arranged in a closed loop on a table.A pump in this system pulls
water from one side and pushes it from the other ,Creating a continuous flow
of water within pipe.
● Water represents the electric charge.
● The pipe symbolizes the wire in a circuit.
● The pump acts as the battery or power source.
● The pressure difference created by the pump is analogous to voltage .
● The complete system of pump and pipe models and electronic circuit.
Activity 1
Measuring Voltage of a Battery Using Digital
Multimeter.
9v Battery
Understanding Resistors-

Resistors are components used in electronic circuits to


control the flow of electric current. They are like small
barriers or "speed bumps" in the path of electricity,
limiting how much current can pass through.
Resistor Band Daigram
Colour Code for Resistors
Conclusion

This Activity on electronics and electric circuits introduces you to


the basics of how electric components work together to perform
functions critical to the operation of modern technology .Through
hands-on activities you’ll gain practical skills in measuring voltage
and understanding resistors,Foundational knowledge for further
exploration in the field of electronics .
Activity Description
In this Activity ,you will gain practical experience in applying Ohm's Law by
creating a simple LED circuit on a breadboard and exploring the effects of
resistance on the brightness of the LED.
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law is the fundamental principle in electronics that describes the
relationship between Voltage ,Current and resistance within an electrical
circuit .It asserts that the voltage (V) across a conductor is directly
proportional to the current (I) flowing through it,with the resistance (R) of the
conductor being the proportionality constant .This Relationship is expressed
by the formula:

V=IR

For example ,if a battery supplies 1V and the resistance in the circuit is
1Ω,Then the current flowing through the circuit would be 1A, this
demonstrates the relationship : 1V=1A x 1Ω
Light -Emitting Diode (LED)
A Light-Emitting (LED) is type of semiconductor that
emits light when an electric current flows through
it.LEDs have several key properties:
1. Polarity :LEDs have a Postive side(Anode) and a
negative side(cathode),and current flows from the
anode to the cathode .Incorrectly reversing these
connections will destroy the LED .
2. Intensity:The Brightness of LED increases with
the current flowing through it .However
,exceeding the current beyond a certain limit
(usually around 20mA for standard LED’s) can
result in permanent damage.
Breadboard
A Breadboard is simply a board for prototyping or
building circuits on. It allows you to place
components and connections on the board to
make circuits without soldering. The holes in the
breadboard take care of your connections by
physically holding onto parts or wires where you
put them and electrically connecting them inside
the board
Activity 3
Make an LED Circuit on a Breadboard

In this practical activity,You will create a simple LED circuit using


breadboard .This Exercise will help you understand the principles
of Ohm’s Law and the properties of LED’s in a hands-on manner.
Required components :

LED’s
Breadboard Battery’s Resistors
Activity Description

In this activity ,you will construct LED circuits on a breadboard in both series
and parallel configurations to observe and understand the impact of
component arrangement on circuit behaviour, particularly in terms of
resistance and current flow.
What is series configurations??

In electrical circuits,A series configuration occurs when all


components are connected end to end ,forming a single path for
current to flow .This setup means that the same current flows
through each component sequentially.An everyday example of a
series circuit is decorative string lights.These lights consists of
multiple bulbs connected in series ,so if one bulb fails,it interrupts
the current flow to all the other bulbs,causing the entire string to
go dark .
What is parallel configuration?
In Contrast, a parallel configuration describes a circuit where all
components are connected across each other’s leads,creating multiple
paths for current flow.The key feature of a parallel circuit is that the same
voltage is applied across all components ,allowing them to operate
independently .Thus,if one component in a parallel circuit fails,it does not
affect the operations of others .This setup is common in household
electrical systems ,where devices are connected in parallel to ensure they
can operate independently.
Activity 4
Creating a Series Circuit on a Breadboard

In this practical activity,You will create a simple LED circuit using


breadboard .This Exercise will help you understand the principles
of Ohm’s Law and the properties of LED’s in a hands-on manner.
Required components :

LED’s
Breadboard Battery’s Resistors
Series Circuit.
Creating a Parallel Circuit on a Breadboard

In this practical activity,You will create a simple LED circuit using


breadboard .This Exercise will help you understand the principles
of Ohm’s Law and the properties of LED’s in a hands-on manner.
Required components :

LED’s
Breadboard Battery’s Resistors
Parallel Circuit

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