Process - Diagram

1. Essay structure
Introduction – 1 sentence: Paraphrase the question
The diagram/picture/infographic/illustration/drawing + show/reveal/illustrate/represent/depict +
(information/data about…)
+ the differents stages/steps involved in the process/ mechanism/ system of producing/making …
+ the production/ mechanism/ system/ process of …
+ the process/ mechanism/ system of producing/making …
+ the process/ mechanism/ system by which … is produced/made
+ the stages/ steps involved in producing/making …
+ how… is produced/ made
+ how to produce/ make …

Overview – 2 sentences
• Man-made or natural process?
• Cyclical (tuần hoàn) or linear (tuyến tính)?
• Time?
• Number of stages/steps? (If not know, not very clear -> Multiple/ Various/ Several stages)
+ The process includes 10 steps/ comprises ten distinct steps/ entails a series of ten sequential
stages.
+ There are ten steps involved in the process
+ Ten distinct steps are encompassed within the process
• The starting and ending steps?
+ ending with/ culminating in/ concluding with/ resulting in + the production/ manufacturing/ creation/
generation/ completion + of the final/ end/ finished/ ultimate + products/ goods/ outputs
+ resulting in the of final product manufacturing.
• End product?
• Multiple/ Various/ Several Materials added?

This is a man-made linear process starting with uranium fuel and water creating steam which ends
with electricity being sent to the grid. Overall, there are several stages including steam production, turbines
driving a generator and a transformer creating electricity.

Photosynthesis is a natural linear process occurring during daytime, beginning with sunshine and carbon
dioxide being absorbed and finishing with the production of sugar, oxygen, and starch. There are five main
stages in this process, allowing plants to convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of sugar.

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Body paragraphs – 3-4 sentences
Divided by:
• The first half of the process
• The other half

2. Grammar notes:

Criteria Natural process Man-made process

Tense Simple Present (Mostly), Present Perfect, Present Continous

Passive/Active voice?
Active voice Passive Voice
(Mostly)

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3. Describing structures
Washing Cooking

• A is washed carefully • A is cooked at 90°C

• A is meticulously washed. • A is heated to a temperature of 90°C
• A undergoes careful washing. • A undergoes cooking at a temperature of
• A receives thorough washing. 90°C.
• A is subject to meticulous washing. • A is subject to cooking at 90°C.
• A is treated with careful cleansing. • A is prepared through cooking at a
• A undergoes a meticulous washing temperature of 90°C.
process. • A is treated with heat at 90°C.
• A is carefully cleansed. • A is exposed to a cooking temperature
• A undergoes thorough cleaning. of 90°C.
• A is subject to careful washing.

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4. Sequencers

• First/ Firstly/ First off/First of all

• To begin with
• In the first stage/ beginning
• The first stage is when
• The process begins/ starts/ commences + when/ with
Initial stages
• In the first step of the process
• As the process commences,
• At the beginning of the process
• Commencing with the initial step of the process,
• At the commencement of the process,
• The next step is
• Subsequently/ Next/ Then/ Afterwards
• After/ Following + this/ that,
• Continuing on,
• Moving forward,
• Proceeding thereafter,
• In the following/ subsequent stage,
• In the stage after/ following this,
• In the stage that follows,
• In the ensuing phase,
Middle stages
• Progressing to the next stage,
• Advancing to the subsequent step,
• Over the course of/ During the next following/ second/ third stage,
• This is followed by
• When/ After/ Once (stage A), (stage B)
• (stage A). When/ Once this stage is complete, (stage B)
• (stage A) before (stage B as Noun/ Noun Phrase/ Clause)
• Before (Stage B), (stage A)
• (stage A) after/ following which (stage B)
• (Stage A) which is followed by (stage B as Noun/ Noun Phrase)
• The final step/ stage is
• Finally, Ultimately, Eventually,
Final stages • The last/final stage is when The process ends/culminates when
• The process ends with
• (stage A) before finally (stage B as Noun/ Noun Phrase)

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5. Cycle or Repetition

Từ vựng Ý nghĩa

The cycle/ process continues/ loops indefinitely Chu kỳ/ Quy trình tiếp tục vĩnh viễn
(phr.)

Cyclical >< Linear (adj) Có tính chu kỳ >< tuyến tính

Recur (v) Xảy ra lần nữa

Repeat (v) Sự lặp lại 1 lần

Repetition (n) Sự lặp lại liên tục

Repetitious (adj) Có tính lặp lại

6. Liquid

Từ vựng Ý nghĩa

Circulate (v) Tuần hoàn

Clean/ Purify (v) Làm sạch

Condense (v) Đông đặc lại

Convert (v) Chuyển hoá

Cool down (v) Làm nguội đi

Draw/ Extract (v) Trích xuất

Enter (v) Chảy vào

(solid/ liquid) evaporate/ (heat) vapourise (solid/ Bay hơi/ làm cái gì đó bay hơi
liquid) (v)

Ferment (v) Lên men

Filter out (v) Lọc

Form (v) Tạo thành

Flow into (v) Chảy vào

Harden (v) Làm cứng lại

Intrude (v) Xâm lấn

Melt (into) (v) Tan chảy

Move/ flow (v) Di chuyển/ chảy

Pipe sth to sth (v) Dẫn bằng đường ống

Pour into (v) Đổ vào

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 Pump (v) Bơm

Store sth in (v) Cất, dự trữ

Permeate/ Infiltrate/ Infuse/ Penetrate (v) Ngấm vào

7. Gas

Từ vựng Ý nghĩa

Fuel (v) Cấp nhiên liệu

Burn/ incinerate (v) Đốt/ thiêu rụi

Combine (v) Kết hợp

Compress (v) Nén

Drive/ power sth (v) Vận hành

Extent/ Expand (v) Giãn nở

Heat up (v) Làm nóng lên

Ignite (v) Bốc cháy

Pipe sth to sth (v) Dẫn bằng đường ống

Release/ send out (v) Giải phóng

Remove sth from sth (v) Loại bỏ

Separate (v) Tách ra

8. Solid

Từ vựng Ý nghĩa

Absorb (v) Hấp thụ

Accumulate (v) Chất đống, tích luỹ

Adjust (v) Điều chỉnh

Dig out of the ground Đào lên khỏi mặt đất

To either put sth in a mould or cut by a wire cutter Đưa vào 1 cái khuôn hoặc được cắt bởi 1 cái máy
(phr) cắt

Heat/ bake/ dry in the sun/ an oven/ furnace/ kiln Nung/sấy ở dưỡi mặt trời/ trong lò/ lò luyện kim/
(phr) lò nung)

Packaged in (v) Đóng gói trong

Placed onto (v) Đặt lên

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Put through a roller (v) Đưa qua băng chuyền

Bend (v) Uốn cong

Break into small chunks/ Disintegrate (v) Đập nó thành những mảnh nhỏ

Build/ construct/ make/ produce (v) Xây/ sản xuất

Collect/ pick/ harvest (v) Thu thập/ Hái/ Thu hoạch

Combine (v) Kết hợp

Convey (v) Vận chuyển

Distribute/ transport/ transfer/ deliver/ bring/ Phân phối

move/ dispatch/ deliver/ ship(v) to the factory
(premises/ site)/ retail outlet.

Draw/ Extract (v) Trích xuất

Fade (v) Làm phai màu

Fold (v) Gấp lại

Form (v) Tạo thành

Grind (v) Nghiền

Harden (v) Làm cứng lại

Lay (v) Đặt

Meet at (v) Nối nhau ở

Mix (v) Trộn

Obtain sth by doing sth (v) Thu được cái gì nhờ vào

Pass through (v) Trải qua

Passed onto (v) Chuyển sang

Pile up (v) Chất đống

Recycle/ Repurpose (v) Tái chế

Remove (v) Loại bỏ

Reverse (v) Lật ngược

Rotate/revolve (v) Xoay

Separate (v) Tách ra

Shred (v) Xé

Shrink (v) Co lại

Soften (v) Làm mềm đi

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 Sort/ categorise/ classify (v) Phân loại

Squeeze (v) Ép

Stored in the (v) Lưu trữ trong

Unfold (v) Mở ra

Unwind (v) Tháo ra

Wind (v) Cuộn lại

9. Life cycle

Từ vựng Ý nghĩa

After …days/weeks of development (phr) Sau … ngày / tuần phát triển

Over the course of … days/weeks (phr) Trong bao nhiêu ngày / tuần

Normally live for … to … weeks/months/years Thường sống từ … đến … tuần / tháng / năm
Have a life expectancy of … weeks/ months/ Có tuổi thọ … tuần / tháng / năm
years (phr)

The life cycle takes/lasts …. Days/weeks (phr) Vòng đời kéo dài …. Ngày / tuần

The cycle repeats itself/ starts again (phr) Chu kỳ lặp lại/ bắt đầu lại

Vary in size/colours/shapes (phr) Đa dạng về kích thước / màu sắc / hình dạng

To be … cm in length/ to be … cm long (phr) Dài … cm

To be termed …/ to be commonly called (phr) Được gọi chung là

In adverse circumstances (phr) Trong các trường hợp bất lợi

Under optimal conditions (phr) Trong điều kiện tối ưu

Breathe underwater/ breathe out of the water (phr) Hít thở dưới nước / thở ra khỏi nước

External/ internal gills (n) Mang bên ngoài/ bên trong

Build their nests in trees/on the ground( phr) Xây dựng tổ của chúng trên cây / trên mặt đất

Emerge/ appear (v) Xuất hiện

Hatch (v) Nở

Feed on (v) Ăn cái gì

Feeding grounds (n) Khu vực kiếm ăn

Fertilize (v) Thụ tinh

Grow quickly in size/ double in size (phr) Phát triển nhanh chóng về kích thước / kích thước
gấp đôi

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Grow to adult size/ grow to maturity/ turn into an Tăng trưởng thành kích thước trưởng thành/ tới
adult/ make it to the adult stage (phr) giai đoạn trưởng thành

Shed their old skin/ shed their outer layer (phr) Thay da cũ / thay lớp ngoài của chúng

To be covered with (v) Được che phủ, bao phủ bởi

Grow the hind legs/ the front legs (v) Mọc chân sau / chân trước

Incubate (v) Ấp trứng

Mate (v) Giao phối

Reproduce (v) Sinh sản

Lay eggs/ spawn OR breed/ give birth to (v) Đẻ trứng HOẶC con

Migrate (v) Di cư

Make mass migration across long distances (phr) Thực hiện di cư hàng loạt khoảng cách dài

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10. Sample essay
Sample 1: The diagram below shows how electricity is produced in a nuclear power station.

The given illustration demonstrates the process of how nuclear power plants generate electricity.

This is man-made linear process starting with uranium fuel and water creating steam and ends
with electricity being sent to the electric grid. Overall, there are several stages including steam production,
turbines driving a generator and a transformer creating electricity.

Firstly, heat is created by uranium fuel in the steam generator and this water vapor flows through pipes to
a turbine. Next, the steam causes the turbine to spin and in turn powers a generator subsequently creating
electricity.

After that, electricity from the generator is transferred to a transformer where the electricity can be
changed to a form that is ready to be sent to the grid to power houses and factories. Meanwhile, hot
water makes its way to a cooling tower, condenses and then returns to the turbine or might flow into the
cold water source.

(150 words)

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Sample 2: The diagram below shows the life cycle of a salmon
The diagram illustrates the stages in the life of the
salmon, from birth to maturity.

It is clear that there are six main stages as the salmon

develops from egg to mature adult. We can also see
that salmon spend time in three distinct locations
during the cycle, moving from river to estuary to ocean
and then back upstream.

Salmon begin their lives in rivers where the adult fish

lay and incubate their eggs. After emerging from eggs,
the young salmon spend the next stage of their lives
being reared in freshwater areas. Then, at some point
in their development, the fish swim downstream to river
estuaries where rearing continues.

Following the estuary rearing period, the maturing

salmon migrate to the ocean, where they eventually
become fully grown adults. Finally, the adult fish travel
back upstream to spawning areas of rivers; here they reproduce and lay their eggs, and the life cycle begins
anew.

(Band 9, Word count: 154 words)

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Sample 3: The diagrams below show the stages in the erosion of a headland

The four pictures illustrate the changes that can

take place in the appearance of a headland as a
result of coastal erosion.

A headland is a cliff or large rock that extends

into the sea. Initially, it is solid, but over time, the
movement of the sea water can wear away a
weak part at the base of the rock, to form a small
hollow or cave. At high tide, the water may reach
half-way up the headland and gradually the
motion of the waves can widen the cave, turning
it into an arch. Durdle Door in Dorset is an
example of this type of erosion.

As the water continually beats against the arch, it

can weaken the top part, which eventually collapses, leaving an isolated piece of rock called a 'stack'. Over
time, the stack also wears away to form a 'stump'. Meanwhile, morse caves may develop along the base
of the headland, and additional arches and stacks can be created.

The diagrams clearly show how the continual process of erosion, with the formation of caves, arches and
stumps of rock, contributes to the eventual withdrawal of a headland.

(Word count: 190)

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Sample 4: The diagram below shows the development of cutting tools in the Stone Age.

The illustration details the evolution of stone cutting tools

used by prehistoric men in the Stone Age.

As is evident from the diagram, the key difference between

the cutting tools in the two periods is the size, with the latter
version becoming noticeably larger. Tool B also appears
more refined than tool A in terms of shape and sharpness.

1.4 million years ago, the cutting tool was thin, measured 7-8
centimeters in length, and did not display much
craftsmanship. They were also rather uneven in appearance:
the front and the back were shaped differently, and the
surface appears to have been quite rough.

600,000 years later, it is obvious that the cutting tools used by man in the Stone Age had become
significantly more advanced. First of all, they were larger, measuring 10-11 centimeters in length, and had
a more definite tear-drop shape: fat at the base and tapering aggressively toward a sharp tip whereas the
prior versions tended to be obtuse. Second, both front and back sides were ground more evenly and
smoothly. It would also seem that man had learnt to sharpen the sides of their cutting tools as well.

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