[PREP - WRITING TASK 1] DIAGRAMS

Đề bài mẫu: The diagram below shows how geothermal energy is used to produce
electricity. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features
and make comparisons where relevant.

A. TASK ACHIEVEMENT - COHERENCE & COHESION:

I. Analysis & Outlining: (Phân tích và lập dàn bài)
1. The Big 3:
- What & Where: Using geothermal energy to produce electricity, geothermal power
plant
- When: Not given -> Present tenses
- Unit: None

2. The Great 3:
- Subjects of comparison: None
- Global Feature #1: Simple or complex, linear or cyclical, how many stages/sections
(name them if possible)
+ A simple and linear process with two main stages: heating cold water and producing
electricity
- Global Feature #2: How many steps, from what to what?/ The most significant
difference (if asked to compare different things)
+ 5 steps from pumping cold water into the ground to sending electricity to the
national grid

3. The Major 3:
- Grouping information:
+ Grouping by step: The point of division
(+) Bước đánh dấu sự thay đổi quan trọng của nguyên liệu đầu vào
(+) Bước đánh dấu sự kết thúc của một giai đoạn
+ Grouping by section
+ Grouping by diagram
- Individual Features: Bị động -> Reason or Purpose
+ B1: Nước lạnh không thể dùng để sản xuất điện -> cần làm nóng -> tận dụng hot
rocks ở geothermal zone
+ B2: Biến nước lạnh thành nước nóng
+ B3: Đun nước nóng lên bình nén, sẵn sàng sử dụng để sản xuất điện
+ B4: Lấy hơi nước để xoay tua-bin
+ B5: Tua-bin xoay -> khởi động máy phát để tạo ra điện
- Detail Organization:
 BODY 1: HEATING COLD WATER BODY 2: PRODUCING
(Step 1-3) ELECTRICITY (Step 4-5)

Cold water pumped down the injection Hot water enter condenser -> create
well (4.5 km) -> take advantage of hot stream
rocks underground

Pass through geothermal zone (hot Steam spin turbine -> power generator
rocks) -> heated -> produce electricity

Hot water pumped up through the Electricity transferred to national grid ->
production well -> ready to produce ready for use
electricity

II. Linking Devices:

1. The first step:
- Firstly/ First/ To begin with, S + V
- In the first step, S + V
- Initially, S + V

2. Subsequent steps:
- Next/ Then/ After that, S + V
- After S1 + V1, S2 + V2 = S1 + V1 before S2 + V2
- V1-ing, S + V2/ Having V1-PII, S + V2
- Once S1 + V1, S2 + V2
- S + V, followed by N/ V-ing

3. The final step:

- Finally/ In the final step, S + V

B. LEXICAL RESOURCES:
I. Cooking verbs:
1. Boil (luộc, đun sôi): to reach, or cause something to reach, the temperature at which
a liquid starts to turn into a gas
2. Simmer (đun nhỏ lửa, liu riu): to cook something liquid, or something with liquid
in it, at a temperature slightly below boiling
3. Poach (chần): to cook something such as a fish, or an egg with its shell removed,
by putting it in gently boiling water or other liquid
4. Steam (hấp): to cook food using steam
5. Melt (đun chảy): to turn from something solid into something soft or liquid
6. Grill (nướng): to cook food over fire or hot coals, usually on a metal frame
7. Roast (quay): to cook food in an oven or over a fire
8. Bake (nướng lò): to cook inside an oven, without using added liquid or fat
9. Fry (chiên, rán): to cook food in hot oil or fat
10. Deep-fry (rán, chiên ngập dầu): to fry food in a deep pan in which the food is
completely covered by oil
11. Stir-fry (xào): to fry small pieces of meat, vegetables, etc. quickly while mixing
them around
12. Sauté (áp chảo): to cook food in oil or fat over heat, usually until it is brown
13. Peel (gọt vỏ): to remove the skin of fruit and vegetables
14. Slice (thái lát): to cut sth into thin, flat pieces
15. Grace (mài, nạo): to rub food against a grater in order to cut it into a lot of small
pieces
16. Dice (thái hạt lựu): to cut food into small squares
17. Mash (nghiền nhuyễn): to crush food, usually after cooking it, so that it forms a
soft mass
18. Crush (nghiền vỡ thành miếng): to press sth very hard so that it is broken or its
shape is destroyed
19. Grind (nghiền thành bột): to make sth into small pieces or a powder by pressing
between hard surfaces

II. Languages of Production and Life Cycle:

1. Production:

Expression Meaning Example

ĐƯA VÀO

pour sth into rót vào The mixture is poured into the mould
in the next step

pump/ inject sth đẩy vào, đẩy qua Hot water is injected into the ground
into/ through through the injection well

input cho vào, thêm vào Data is inputted into the computer by
researchers

insert lắp vào, thêm vào The key is inserted into the lock

install cài đặt vào, lắp vào The disk is installed between two parts

THẢI RA

discharge/ release thải ra In the next step, wastewater is

 discharged through a pipe

remove/ discard loại bỏ, vứt đi After the filtration process, solid
substances are discarded

XỬ LÝ NHIỆT

heat sth (to a đun nóng (đến bao After that, the mixture is heated to a
temperature of) nhiêu độ) temperature of 90°C before being left
to cool down to room temperature
(be) left to cool để nguội
down

THAO TÁC XỬ LÝ KHÁC

sterilize khử trùng, tiệt khuẩn All equipment must be sterilized before
use

purify lọc sạch Planting trees around the city can help
purify the air

ferment ủ, ngâm (muối lên Cabbage is fermented to create kimchi

men…)

HOÀN THIỆN

package đóng gói The products are packaged in gorgeous

containers before being delivered to the
market

wrap gói, bọc lại The present is wrapped and then sent
through the mail

deliver/ send/ phân phát, gửi đi The final product is dispatched to

distribute/ supermarkets, ready to be sold
dispatch

transmit truyền đi (thông tin, Electricity is transmitted to the

năng lượng) national grid to be used by consumers

2. Life Cycle: (Vòng đời)

Expression Meaning Example

lay eggs đẻ trứng The adult moth lays eggs on mulberry

leaves

give birth to sinh con The cat just gave birth to five kittens
hatch nở ra The eggs hatch and larvae emerge

feed on/ consume/ ăn These larvae feed on mulberry leaves

live on and grow quickly

grow/ develop/ turn phát triển thành Inside the cocoon, the larvae develop
(evolve) into into adult moths

disappear/ diminish biến mất, tiêu biến In the next step, the tail diminishes and
legs are grown

C. GRAMMATICAL RANGE & ACCURACY:

I. Passive voice:
S+V+O
=> S' + (be) PII (+ by O')

Quá khứ Hiện tại Tương lai

Đơn was/were + PII am/is/are + PII will be + PII

Hoàn thành had been + PII have/has been + PII will have been + PII

Bước 1: Xác định động từ của mỗi bước

Bước 2: Xác định S và O
- Có S rõ ràng -> Dùng được chủ động và bị động
- Không có S rõ ràng -> Dùng bị động
- Không có O -> Dùng chủ động
Bước 3: Áp dụng công thức và viết câu

E.g:
1. V: pump down/ inject
S: unclear -> passive
O: cold water
-> In the first step, cold water is pumped down/ injected 4.5 km into the ground
through the injection well.
2. V: pass/ run
S: cold water
O: none -> Active
-> This cold water then passes/ runs through the geothermal zone.
3. V: heat
S: hot rocks
 O: cold water -> Active/ Passive -> Passive
-> This cold water then passes/ runs through the geothermal zone where it is heated
to a high temperature by a series of hot rocks.
4. After that, the heated water is pushed upward through the production well into the
condenser, ready to be used to produce electricity.
5. This triggers the generator and produces electricity which is transmitted to the
power stations to serve consumers.
6. From the condenser, steam is extracted and then used to turn the turbine.

II. Languages of Purpose:

1. Linking devices:
- S + V + to/ in order to/ so as to + V
E.g: The turbine turns to power the generator and produce electricity.
- S + V + in order that/ so that + S + V
E.g: The turbine turns so that the generator has power to function and produce
electricity.

2. Relative Clauses:
- S + V + O which (be) used to V
E.g: The hot water is pushed into the condenser which is used to extract steam to
turn the turbine.
- S + V + Adv of place + where S +V
E.g: This cold water then passes/ runs through the geothermal zone where it is heated
to a high temperature by a series of hot rocks

D. SAMPLE BAND 6.0: