Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur

Department of Mathematics
Mathematics-II (MAL-102)
Assignment 3 on Differential Calculus
(Jacobian, Taylor’s formula, Maxima/Minima, Lagrange’s multiplier)

∂(x,y) a2
1. If x = a cos ξ cosh η; y = a sinh ξ sin η then show that ∂(ξ,η)
= 2
[cosh 2ξ − cos 2η].
∂(x,y,z)
2. If x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ and z = r cos θ then find ∂(r,θ,φ)
.

3. The roots of the equation in λ, (λ − x)3 + (λ − y)3 + (λ − z)3 = 0 are u, v, w. Prove that the
∂(u, v, w) (y − z)(z − x)(x − y)
Jacobian = −2 .
∂(x, y, z) (v − w)(w − u)(u − v)
∂(u, v)
4. If u + v = ex cos y, u − v = ex sin y, then find the value of .
∂(x, y)
∂(u, v, w)
5. Find the Jacobian at (1,1,1) for u = x + 3y 2 − z 3 , v = 4x2 yz, and w = 2z 2 − xy.
∂(x, y, z)
6. Check whether the following are functionally dependent? If so, find the functional relation:
x−y x+z
(i) u = , v= (ii) u = x + y + z, v = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , w = xy + yz + zx.
x+z y+z
7. Show that the expression ax2 + 2 2
by + cz +2f yz + 2gzx + 2hxy can be resolved into linear
a h g
factors if |A| = 0, where A =  h b f .
g f c
8. Use Taylor’s theorem at origin, to find quadratic and cubic approximations of the following
functions: (i) xey (ii) y sin x and (iii) ex ln (1 + y)

9. Use Taylor’s theorem to find quadratic approximation of (i) f (x, y) = cos x cos y and (ii)
f (x, y) = ex sin y at origin. Also estimate the error in the approximation if |x| ≤ 0.1 and
|y| ≤ 0.1.

10. If f (x, y) = tan−1 (xy), find an approximate value of f (1.1, 0.8) using the Taylor’s series (i)
linear approximation, (ii) quadratic approximation.
h 1 1
i
11. Calculate the approximate value of ln (1.03) 3 + (0.98) 4 − 1 .

12. Let f (x, y) = ex cos y, what is the value of the fifth term in Taylor’s series near 1, π4 , where

it is expanded in increasing order of degree and by following algebraic identity rule ?

13. Let f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 be linearly approximated by Taylor’s polynomial about the point
(1, 1). Find out the maximum error in this approximation at a point in the square |x − 1| ≤ 0.1,
|y − 1| ≤ 0.1.

14. Examine the following functions for local maxima, local minima and saddle points:
(i) x4 + y 4 − 4xy + 1, (ii) x3 − 3xy, (iii) 2(x2 − y 2 ) − x4 + y 4

15. Find the shortest distance from the point (1, 0, −2) to the plane x + 2y + z = 4.

16. Find the relative maximum/minimum values of the function f (x, y, z) = x4 + y 4 + z 4 − 4xyz.

17. A cardboard box without lid is to have a volume of 32, 000 cm3 . Find the dimension that
minimizes the amount of the cardboard used.
18. L & T produces steel boxes at 3 different plants in amounts x, y and z respectively, producing
an annual revenue of R (x, y, z) = 8xyz 2 − 200 (x + y + z). The company is to produce 100
units annually. How should the production be distributed to maximize revenue?

19. Find the maximum value of the function f (x, y, z) = x + 2y + 3z on the curve of intersection
of the plane x − y + z = 1 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1.

20. If x, y, z are lengths of the perpendiculars dropped from a point inside the triangle of given
4A2
area A, on the three sides of the triangle then the minimum value of x2 + y 2 + z 2 is a2 +b 2 +c2 .

21. A rectangular box open at top is to have volume of 32 cubic meter. Find the dimension of the
box that require the least material for it’s construction.

22. In the case of the inhomogeneous optical medium consisting of two homogeneous media in
which the speed of light is piecewise constant. Suppose that the light travels from a point
P1 (x1 , y1 ) , with constant speed v1 , in a homogeneous medium M1 to a point P2 (x2 , y2 ), with
a constant speed v2 in another homogeneous medium M2 . The two media are separated by line
y1
y = y0 . The two media are separated by line y = y0 . The time transit of light is +
v1 cos φ1
y2
and subject to geometrical constraint that L = x1 +x2 = y1 tan φ1 +y2 tan φ2 . Verify
v2 cos φ2
Snell’s las using Lagrange method.
2 2 2
23. The stationary values of u (x, y, z) = xa4 + yb4 + zc4 = 1 subject to the constraints lx+my+nz =
2 2 2 l2 a4 m2 b4 n2 c4
0 and xa2 + yb2 + zc2 = 1 are the roots of the equation 1−a 2 u + 1−b2 u + 1−c2 u = 0.