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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
80 views16 pagesEngineering Utilities 1 Module 2
Engineering utilities
Uploaded by
Rosanna IbañezCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 16
Wire Size No. AWG. 2-1 Conductors and Insulators
Electric Conductors are substances or materials used to
convey or allow the flow of electric current. Insulators on the
other hand, are substances or materials that resist the flow of
electric current.
Materials Considered as Good Electric Conductors are:
1. Silver 6. Zine
2. Copper 7. Platinum
3. Aluminum © 8. Iron
4, Nickel 9. ead
5. Brass 10. Tin
‘Various Kind of Insulators:
1, Rubber 7. Latex
2, Porcelain 8, Asbestos
3. Varnish, 9. Paper
4.Slate ~~ 10. Oil
5.Glass “11. Wax *
6. Mica 12, Thermoplastic
Conductor Insulators
Electrical Conductors are made in’ numerous types desig:
inatéd by letters’ according to the kind of insulation used, ‘The
conductor insulator serves as physical shield. of the wire
against heat, water and other elements of neture. Insulation is
razed by voltage from 300 to 15,000 volts. If the insulation
see is above it specified rating, the sik of breakdown is high
‘which hight eause shart ciretit and arcing, that may result to
fire. Ordinafy conductor wires for buildings is normally rated
at 300 or 600 wotts.
Wires and Cables
‘Wires ate those electrical conductors 8 mmm? (AWG No,
8) and smatier in sizes, Cables on-the other-hand, are those
which are larger tham the wires. Wires and Cables are either:
a) Stranded wire
b) ‘Solid wire
Stranded Wire — coasists of @ group of wires twisted to
form a metallic string. The circular mil area of a stranded wire
is found by multiplying the cireular mil area of each strand.
by the total number of strand.
(Cord ~ is the term given 10 iin inaxtared stranded wire.
"Mil = Prior 1 the adoption ‘of the Metric System (SD, all
‘eléctrieal wires and cables’ sizes were expressed in terms of
AWG" (American Wire Gauge). , The word mil that is equal, to
W100 of an inch was used to describe or measure @ round
‘wire diameter: Hf a wire, has a diameter of ome mil, it has.2
‘e10ss sectioita! area of one circular mil
Circular mil = 4 Square mil = 3.1416 r?
Conversion Factor
‘Square mil Square inch x 000001
Square inch ‘Square mil x 1,000,000
Square mil = = Circular mil x0, 7854
(Cireular mil Square mit x 1.273
Millimeter Inches x 25.4
Square millimeter = Circular inil. x 0.005067 TABLE 2-5 ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES OF INSULATED COPEFER
CONDUCTORS NOT MORE THAN 3 WERKS IN RACEWAY.
‘Temperature Ratings of Conductor
BoP °c | onc | 0%
Sze est | Gere | cea?Ay | es0? A
‘Types | Types
RHW sa
Tyee TH Re
mm? | awe 7 ewe | tonne | ype
mcm w xaew | xnew || ava
20 “ 8 1 25 30
38 2 2 20 30 6
55 10 30 30 “0 48
20 8 40 45 50 60
@ 6 e 70 a0
4 70 a5 20 108,
3 20 100 708 120
2 95 15, 720 135
1 110 130 140, 390
0 5 760 765, 790
00 145 176 708. 218
‘000 165 200 20 mas
009 198. 230 295 Ea
380 ae 26 zo ae
* 200 240 2a 300 xB
360 280 310 325 380
400 280 398 300 20
500. 320 300 403. “70
‘600 355 420 455 526.
700 33s 490 490 ‘500
760 400 “78 500 00
200. 410 490 55 00
00 435 20 ees
Conduit pipe ‘is the most common electrical raceways
‘used in all types of construction. With respect to the type of
‘materials used, conduit may be classified into:
1. Metallic such as steel pipes, aluminum, ete.
2. Non-metallic such as plastic and the like
‘With Respect to its Make, Conduit may be Classified as:
1. Rigid metal
2. Flexibke metal
3. Rigid non-metal
4. Flexible tion-metal
The Purpose af Electrical Conduits are:
1. To provide a means for the running wires from one
2 point to another.
2. ‘To physically protect the wires.
3. ° To provide a grounded enclosure,
4. To protect the surroundings against the effect of fault
inthe writing,
5. ‘Fo protect the wiring system from damage by the
building and the occupants.
'6. To protect the building and the occupants” from
damage by the electric system.
Connector
Connector is a metal sleeve usually made of copper that is
slipped over and secured to the butted ends of conductors in
makina a joint.
‘Connector is otherwise called splicing sleeve. § F&F DP ©
Stare! ateati ron ‘camp
Hanger rod
AH. tread
é UH trae
: Pipe clamps
Forged Stee! Tumbuckle
wo~e ge
\faeam champ
Side Beam Came
FIGURE 2-10 OTHER TYPES OF RACEWAYS:
@ = Gp
omer eres Tye
snag Soacaon a ny an Coming
misc set secon thee casey
FIGURE 2-11 VARIOUS TYPES OF EMT CONNECTORS 2-6 Outlet and Receptacles
!
‘An outlet is a point in the wiring system at which curront is
taken to eupply usilization equipment. In a simple term, an
‘outlet is any point that supplics an clectric load. An outlet
usually consists of a small metal or non-motal box into which a
raceway and or sable ends:
Different kinds of outlet
1. Convenience outlet or attachment cap,
2. Lighting outes,
3. Receptacles outlet
A Convenience outlet or attachment cap is 1 device that
bby insertion into a receptacle establishes comnection between
the conductor of the flexible cord and the conductors
‘connected permanently to the reéeptacle.
fe @
‘Ahem ince set oie stiftee
FIGURE 2-42 VARIOUS CONVENIENCE OUTLET
(CONDUCTORS AND WIRING ACCESSORIES
Wall Outlet. The “common Wall Outlet is called
Convenience Outict, And to call t wall plug is mot correct. A
plug is another name for the attachment cap on the wire
Soming fom a device such as lamps or applisnces
Lighting Outlet is an outlet intended for direct connection
to a lamp holder, lighting fixture, or a pendant ‘cord,
terminating in 2 lamp holder.
Receptacle Outlet is an outlet where one or, more
receptacles are installed. Aside from the outlets, there are also
other waring accessories such as: 1. Thejuncsion box 3. The pul box
2 Receptacles 4 Switches andthe ee
Junction Bex isnot am outlet. By dition, i oes nee
supply curent to utization device’ Do not allow your
clecerical contractor 10. count wall witches and junction
‘boxes as outlets. This isan important hing to elanfy specially
‘when pavment is to be made from a contract bated on the
umber of eudets
‘An Outlet on the other hand refers ony tothe bas itself It
oes nat include the itexs. The roceptocte device is not an
lectrical load but rather an extension ofthe bax wiring. The
‘ute s separate fom the Toad device even fis inched as
par of the dence. .
‘The Pull Box is box wth a blank cover that insrtad in
one oF more runs oF raceways to faite pullingin the
conductors, Hem als serve to distribute the condos.
Recepeacles are coutact device ‘nse’ atthe outlet foe
the comnection of a single atachnent plug Recertacles ae
inelnded in the gineral dassifiation of wicing devies. Ie
includ all recepacles and their matching cap plug), wall
itches, smal dimmers, ad outlet box mounded igs,
[Receptacle is defined by the National Hlectrical Code as:
“A contact device installed a the outlet for the connection
‘of asingle attchment plug.”
‘Any number of recepaces mounted togeter in one or
amore eeupled boxes is classified as one oxtla. The lover the
numberof outlets the lower is he coat A cient with 6 daplex
eeeptaces individually mmaunted is normally mere than twice
the cot ofthe same 6 reeptaces installed i wo oles group
of thes gang cach, Receptacle are described and idetficd
according to the pole of wire.
‘Switebes are Classified into:
Goveral we site
‘General use sp sich
AC general use sap sich
‘AC-DC genera use switch
Tolaing switch
‘Moto cial switch,
Tho General use switch is intended for uso inthe general
isziouion and branch cireie raed in amperes. I is capable
of tetnupting the at cure trated voltage
‘The General use sap switch is 2 form of general use
switch installed in ash device boxes or an outlet box cover.
‘The Lsloring witch is 2 switch iended for ianating 2,
este iat fra tho sures of ower
ate eS THE BRANCH CIRCUIT
341 Introduction
Electric Circuit afore to the complete path traversed by
an dectric curtea. In sant, elec erent is the entire house
iri installation
Braach Cireitis defined by the Natal Electrical Code
(NEC) 48 “the rele conductors Berween the fnal over cur-
rent protective device and the outles.” Meaning, the branch
‘iret is only the winng tstalled between the circuit over cur
rent proteetive device Le. fase or circuit beaker, and fhe cut
Jas
In practice however, it is a common Knowiedge tht the
branch ciceat comprises the follwing:
1. The source of volage
2 The wiring nd
3. Thelead
Y/Y
Sesceetvitage engi Banc Lond out
CCireuity design varies according to the numberof designe
ers, Homever, goed cruitry design is based on the flloning
‘considerations
1, Pleibility of the crit
Z Reiability and efficiency of ervie
3. Salty ofthe czcuizy
4 Beonomy aso cost
5. nergy consideration
6 Space allocation
‘lesibiity of the Circuit means tht the instalation can
sccommodate all probable patem arrangements and location
‘ofthe lads for expansion, of future development
[Reliability and Efiieney of Service means io have
‘continuous service and supply of power dist are all dependent,
x the wiring system
“Reliability of electric power in a facility is determined by
so factors
1. The wily serve
2. Buiding elect system
Safety means that independent servi can be sed in ea
of emergency equipment as backup fer socal services. For
reliability ofthe cieutry, the following principles should be
considers
1. To prove double emery power equipment it =
Ise weak pn inthe em
2, That de elt terion andthe bing dstrbaton
‘en mt er oth he vera
seve
2. Gane os atin te ay woe be pinpined
smeastcinnaane
Qin tor apts cit Te muabec
‘nea umber
SL, Untoate aerial stent
(cliky_ Povertte ante none ps manbo
(FE) Renae atic Kw at. pawe ad vot,
[EiE]] eve otc Km ming phe nd wsage
ike: nae io i pee
= crling n
= un
@ Motor cca HF, pane, vege a ampere ring 5-1 Incandescent Lamp
Incandescent lamp bas a wide variety of forms, shapes and
sices. Likewit, its base is also made of diferent types and
1. Buming a 120 volt lamp with 115 volts curest saply
vill mean approsimatly”
13% es light of the lamp (lumens)
7% lower power coarumptio (watt)
8% lower efficacy lumens per hour)
72% cae life (baring hours)
2. Burning 2 120 vol lamp with 125 vols curen supply
‘will man approximately:
16% more ligt (lumens)
‘6% moce pow cousumgtion (watts)
8% higher efficacy (lumens per watt)
42% ess life (uring hours)
Incandescent lamp is very sensitive to voage change, and
(On the aver; lene than 1096 of dhe watage i utilized to
proce light and the et produces heat. a hot, this type of
leap is considered g5 a por choice for exegy conerition
‘ecuse it prodves poor end fo: level of lgking. Howover
incandescent lamp has eso he flowing Advantages:
is cheaper
asta start and re-start
Simple expense dimming
‘Simple and compact installation requiring no accessories
High power factor
ean be focused
1 life is independent of the nunberaf sat
‘thas good olor.
Disadvantages of Incandescent Lamp
Harlow eesey
Has shorter ie
‘Sensitive and critical to voltage changes or Buctstions,
High mainianoe cox
‘More beat is produce th light
De to its poor energy characteristics, incandescent lamp
shouldbe limited we the folowng applications
|. Ingequest or short duration we
Where low cost dimming is necessary
In focusing fixtures
1 Where miu nal ost is requied boOQey
enetare —esee feng, Pentle
5-2 Fluorescent Lamp
‘The Muorescent Lamp was fist imoduced in 1937. It
‘nas considered the ber, and mom widely used type of lan.
Generally, i comes in varie of sees, watages, colors, wall-
ges and speci spplicatons,
The Cathode fnorocent lamp isthe moet common type
comprising af a cphnrial gla tobe sealed at bth ends, ems
taining a mbure of an inert gas peerally argon, and Low pres
sure merouy vapor. At each en, i cathode that suplis. the
sevtons to start and amit ds mercury asc or gaseous dis-
‘large. The short wave wlraeiolct light producad by the mcr-
‘eazy a is absorbed by the phosphors costing inside the tube
tnd is reradinied in the viele fight rmge. The ftccrescent
limp isso called because Hs phosphors rae Wight whe x
posed to ultra violet ays,
Fluorescent famp requires ballast ints cincit. The bllst
‘i basialy made of coll to limit the eureat in the cxeuit in
‘which, ifnot controlled, wil open the fase a circuit breaks
(Characteristics of a Fluorescent Lamp
|, The Ruorestnt lamp effcaey. i much higher than the
‘ecandescet lamp,
2, -Aboat 200% of ts ixpat nergy becomes light, 80% ie
‘converted to heat including the ballast hea ener loss,
[Efficiency refirs (othe amount oF energy converted to
visible ht
‘Efiecy «is @ measnre of the mens pg watt produced
bythe lamp,
Life Span of Fiuorescent Lamp
‘Fluorescent lamp has longer lifespan compared with the
‘incandescent temp. Is life epon is matrally affected by she
number of limes the lamp is sviled on and switched off
{cen emigre ot te Lnp cae seni
‘ous baming of foorescont lanp ‘would la aboot 30,060
hours. With an average of 3 hours burning per stat, fncres-
‘cont lamp could last far abou 12,00 hours ey
a
i
aa
vai aoa”
i un ra
ei:BiPm eae RS
|OURE £8 TYPICAL DETALLOF ARUORESCENT LAM
‘PreHeat Lamp
"The original uoreseant amps he peated design. Th
dronit- need i & separate stance. When the lamp circa is
loced, the stamer encrpinse the eathede Ace 210 § seconds
Seley, i ain a hight voltage are acre the amp causing it
tos, Cold Cathode Tube is archer tyne of lamp that offers ©
very long life serviog compared with the hot cathode lamp.
‘The lamp is notated by the muber of starting or swetchang
oF the lamp, Tt has a lower overall eicacy compared tothe hot
cathode lap aad is generally wed whore along coer
Duin i requited
(Characteristics and Operation of Fiuarescent Lamp
1. fe Span depends on the baring hours per st,
2. Lumen Output ~ decreases rapidly during be fr 100
‘hours of burtng and theres mock more slowly
3. Rifeacy ™ dipende en tho oping crest and the
hosphors wiliaed. Generally, the warm white lr is
tore effet than the white, cool wit, daylight and