Work Order and Standard Operating Procedure

Quality standard means a protocol or guideline that will be used for strict implementation as a basis for creating
products, materials, components, accessories, and services.

Types of Work Order

 Corrective Work Orders: These are created for routine repair and/or maintenance of buildings and campus
facilities.
 Service Request: These are corrective work orders requested from a customer external to Facilities Operations.
 Special Billing (SPBILL) Work Order: Customer requests for none maintenance work orders (examples: building new
shelves, signage) with an estimated cost of less than the billable to the requesting department.
 Project: Customer requests for non-routine maintenance work with an estimated cost of bill or more or for non-
routine maintenance where tracking the involvement of multiple trades are beneficial (this does not include all
multi-trade requests).
 Business Office: Used to create a work order for tracking purposes that is neither billable nor corrective.
 Estimates: Department request for estimated cost before proceeding with billable work.
 Preventive Maintenance (PM): Work orders automatically generated on a scheduled frequency to ensure that
routine maintenance is performed.
 Athletics: Used to indicate where support is requested for athletic events so that costs associated will be charged
to the Facilities Operations Athletic Facilities Maintenance fund regardless of the location or building.

Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) - is a set of gradual instructions which is compiled by an organization to help
workers in carrying out complicated routine operations.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS USED IN SPECIFIC PROJECTS

1. Selection of material
2. Testing of material
3. Cost of material

Specification of Materials and Components

A specification often refers to a group of documented requirements to be satisfied by components, design, product,
or service. It is often a type of technical standard.

WIRES and CABLES

The terms wire and cable are often used to describe the same thing, but in fact they are very different. Wire is a
single electrical conductor, while a cable is a group of wires which are swathed in sheathing.

A. WIRES - is a single metal strand, normally cylindrical, flexible, or rod. Wires are used to carry mechanical
loads or signaling electricity and telecommunications.
1. Types of Wires - Solid  Fuse  Magnet  Stranded  Litz  Tinsel  Braided.

2. Size of Wires - Increasing specification requires a certain wire size for installation, and the wire gauge
specifies the appropriate size for a specific application. Wire sizing is done using American Wire Gauge
(AWG) system. Popular wire sizes are 10, 12, and14-a higher number means a smaller wire size and
reduces the amount of power it can hold.

3. Wire Lettering
The letters THHN, THWN, THW and XHHN represent the main insulation types of individual wires. These
letters depict the following NEC requirements:
T – Thermoplastic insulation
H – Heat resistance
HH – High heat resistance (up to 194°F)
 W – Suitable for wet locations
N – Nylon coating, resistant to damage by oil or gas
X – Synthetic polymer that is flame-resistant

4. Color Codes - Different color wires serve different purposes, like:

Black: Hot wire, for switches or outlets.
Red: Hot wire, for switch legs. Also, for connecting wire between 2 hardwired smoke detectors.
Blue and Yellow: Hot wires, pulled in conduit. Blue for 3–4-way switch application, and yellow for switch
legs to control fan, lights etc.
White: Always neutral.
Green and Bare Copper: Only for grounding.

5. Wire Gauge, Ampacity and Wattage Load

To determine the right wire, it’s vital to grasp what ampacity and power a wire will carry per gauge,
gauge is that the size of the wire, ampacity is what proportion electricity will flow through the wire and
power is that the load a wire will take, that is often mentioned on the appliances.

B. CABLES - is used for the transmission and distribution of electrical power is known as the electrical power
cable. It is used for the transmission of high voltages in places where overhead lines are impractical to use.

Types of Electrical Cables

A. Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable - These cables are also known as non-metallic building wire or NM cables. They
feature a flexible plastic jacket with two to four wires (TECK cables are covered with thermoplastic
insulation) and a bare wire for grounding.
B. Underground Feeder Cable - These cables are quite similar to NM cables, but instead of each wire being
individually wrapped in thermoplastic, wires are grouped together and embedded in the flexible material.
C. Metallic Sheathed Cable - Also known as armored or BX cables, metal-sheathed cables are often used to
supply mains electricity or for large appliances.
D. Multi-Conductor Cable - This is a cable type that is commonly used in homes, since it is simple to use and
well-insulated.
E. Coaxial Cable - (sometimes heliax) cable features a tubular insulating layer that protects an inner conductor.
F. Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable - This type consists of two wires that are twisted together. For indoor use,
UTP cables with copper wires or solid copper cores are a popular choice, since there are flexible and can be
easily bent for in-wall installation.
G. Ribbon Cable - are often used in computers and peripherals, with various conducting wires that run parallel
to each other on a flat plane, leading to a visual resemblance to flat ribbons.
H. Direct-Buried Cable - Also known as DBCs, these cables are speciallydesigned coaxial or bundled fiber-optic
cables, which do not require any added sheathing, insulation or piping before being buried underground.
I. Twin-Lead Cable - These are flat two-wire cables that are used for transmission between an antenna and
receiver, like TV and radio.
J. Twin-axial Cable - This is a variant of coaxial cables, which features two inner conductors instead of one and
is used for very short-range high-speed signals.
K. Paired Cable - With two individually insulated conductors, this cable is normally used in DC or low-frequency
AC applications.
L. Twisted Pair - This cable is similar to paired cables, but the inner insulated wires are twisted or intertwined.
M. Fiber Optic - This cable consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials. It
transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the problem of electrical interference.

Electrical tape is a safety tape for wires, used to cover and insulate a broad range of cables, wires and other
materials that conduct electricity. It’s often referred to as insulating (or thermal insulation) tape, and its uses in
workplace and home settings are widespread.
Electronic Components are essential in building an electronic circuit. These components are used to make circuits
work completely. These basic components include resistors, capacitors, integrated circuits diodes and transistors.

1. Resistors are the most fundamental and commonly used of all the electronic components. It is an electronic
device that is used to “resist” or oppose the flow of current in a circuit.

2. Capacitor is an electronic component that stores electric charge. The capacitor is made of 2 close conductors
(usually plates) that are separated by a dielectric material.

3. Integrated Circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands
or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated.

4. Diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current. It allows current to
flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in the opposite direction.
Diodes have polarity, determined by an anode (positive lead) and cathode (negative lead). Most diodes allow
current to flow only when positive voltage is applied to the anode.

5. Transistor is a semiconductor device that can both conduct and insulate. A transistor can act as a switch and
an amplifier. It converts audio waves into electronic waves and resistors, controlling electronic current.

A transistor is a three-terminal device. Namely,

 Base: This is responsible for activating the transistor.
 Collector: This is the positive lead.
 Emitter: This is the negative lead.