APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Niyigaba Emmanuel

December 1, 2023

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Unit 1: Transcendental Functions, Sequences and Series

Introduction
A transcendental function, in mathematics,is a function that can
not be expressible as a finite combination of the algebraic
operations.
1 addition and subtraction,
2 multiplication and division,
3 raising to a power, and extracting a root.

Examples
Examples include the functions log(x), sin(x), cos(x), e x and any
functions containing them.

Such functions are expressible in algebraic terms only as infinite

series. In general, the term transcendental means nonalgebraic.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions
Recall: From year 1, we have seen that we have two basic
trigonometric functions sine, and cosine and others derived from
these basic ones as follows:

Remember also that:

Moreover, there are rules involving these functions into a triangle

1 For a right angled triangle ABC:

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 For any triangle ABC:

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 Linearization formulas: Linearization formulas are formulas
that work for changing the product to sum.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 Addition formulas: these are formulas describing the
trigonometric function value of the sum/difference of angles.

2 Basic duplication formulas: Basic duplication formulas are

formulas determining the sinus or cosines of the doubled angle.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 Simpsons formulas: These are formulas used to transform a
sum into a product form.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Exercises

Verify the following Identity

1 sin(10o ) sin(50o ) sin(70o ) = 81 .
2 sec( π4 + x) sec( π4 − x) = 2 sec(2x)
3
sin(5x)+sin(x)−2 sin(3x)
cos(5x)−cos(x)
r q p
4 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos(8x) = 2 cos(x)
1
5 2 sin(15o ) cos(15o ) = 2

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Exercises

Solution
1 sin(10o ) sin(50o ) sin(70o ) = sin(10) sin(60 − 10) sin(60 + 10).

= sin(10)[sin(60)cos(10) − sin(10) cos(60)]

[sin(60)cos(10) + sin(10) cos(60)] (1)
√ √
3 1 3
= sin(10)[ cos(10) − sin(10) ][ cos(10)
2 2 2
1
+ sin(10) ] (2)
2
1 √ √
= sin(10)[ 3cos(10) − sin(10)][ 3cos(10) + sin(10)].
4
1
= sin(10)[3 cos2 (10) − sin2 (10)]. (3)
4
1
= sin(10)[3(1 − sin2 (10)) − sin2 (10)]. (4)
4

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Solution......

1
= sin(10)[3 − 4 sin2 (10)] (5)
4
1
= [3 sin(10) − 4 sin(10) sin2 (10)]. (6)
4
1
= [3 sin(10) − 2 sin(10)(1 − cos(20))]. (7)
4
1
= [3 sin(10) − 2 sin(10) + 2 sin(10) cos(20)]. (8)
4
1
= [sin(10) + 2 sin(10) cos(20)]. (9)
4
1
= [sin(10) + sin(10 + 20) + sin(10 − 20)] (10)
4
1
= [sin(10) + sin(30) + sin(−10)]. (11)
4
1 1 1 1 1
= [sin(10) + sin(30) − sin(10)] = [sin(30)] = [ ] = .
4 4 4 2 8

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Solution......
1 sec( π + x) sec( π − x) = 2 sec(2x)
4 4

π π 1
sec( + x) sec( − x) = .
4 4 π
cos( 4 + x) cos( π4 − x)
1
= 1 π π π π
.
2 [cos( 4 + x + 4 − x) + cos( 4 + x − ( 4 − x))]
1 1
= 1 π
= 1 = 2 sec(2x).
2 [cos( 2 ) + cos(2x)] 2 [cos(2x)]

2
sin(5x)+sin(x)−2 sin(3x)
cos(5x)−cos(x)

2 sin(3x) cos(2x) − 2 sin(3x) cos(2x) − 1 cos(2x) − 1

= = =
−2 sin(3x) sin(2x) − sin(2x) − sin(2x)

1 − 2 sin2 (x) − 1 −2 sin2 (x) 2 sin2 (x) sin(x)

= = = =
− sin(2x) − sin(2x) 2 sin(x) cos(x) cos(x)

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Solution......
r q p
1 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos(8x) = 2 cos(x) we know that
2 cos2 (x) = (1 + cos(2x))
r s r
q p q
2+ 2 + 2 + 2 cos(8x) = 2+ 2+ 2(2 cos2 (4x))

q r q
p
= 2 + 2 + 2 cos(4x) = 2 + 2(2 cos2 (2x))
p q
= 2 + 2 cos(2x) = 2(2 cos2 (x)) = 2 cos(x).
1
2 2 sin(15o ) cos(15o ) = 2

1
2 sin(15o ) cos(15o ) = sin(2(15o )) = sin(30o ) =
2

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

PLOTS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

sin(x) and cos(x)

Domain of the definition of sin(x) and cos(x)

Domain of the definition of sin(x) and cos(x) is R.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

tan(x) and sec(x)

Domain of the definition of tan(x) and sec(x)

Domain of the definition of tan(x) and sec(x) is
R − {x/x = (2k + 1) π2 , k ∈ Z}.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

cotan(x) and cosec(x)

Domain of the definition of cotan(x) and cosec(x)

Domain of the definition of cotan(x) and cosec(x) is
R − {x/x = kπ, k ∈ Z}.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

sin(x) and its vertical shift

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

cos(x) and its vertical shift

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

cos(x) and change of amplitude

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

sin(x) and change of amplitude

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

sin(x) and shift of angles

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

cos(x) and shift of angles

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

cos(x) and change of period.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

sin(x) and change of period.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Trigonometric equations

Trigonometric equations are the equations involving trigonometric

functions we will use inverse trigonometric functions to get the
required angle.
Solve the following Equations: To be discussed in class!!!!
1 sin(x) = 0.5,
√
2
2 sin(x) = − 2 ,
√
3 cos(x) = − 23 ,
√
2
4 cos(x) = 2 ,
5 sec(x) = 2,
6 tan(x) = 1,
7 tan(x) = −1.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Solve the following Equations: To be discussed in class!!!!
1 sin(x) = 0.5,⇒ x = arcsin(0.5) + 2kπ and
π
x = π − arcsin(0.5) + 2kπ. That is, ⇒ x = 6 + 2kπ and
x = π − π6 + 2kπ = 5π6 + 2kπ
√ √
2 2
2 sin(x) = − 2 √, ⇒ x = π + arcsin( 2 ) + 2kπ and
x = − arcsin( 22 ) + 2kπ. That is,
⇒ x = π + π4 + 2kπ = 5π 4 + 2kπ and
π 7π
x = − 4 + 2kπ = 4 + 2kπ
√ √
3 cos(x) = − 23 ,⇒ x = + arccos(− 23 ) + 360o k and
√
x = − arccos(− 23 ) + 360o k. That is, ⇒ x = 150o + 360o k
and x = −150o + 360o k = 210o + 360o k.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

 √ √
2 2
1 cos(x) = 2 ,⇒ x = + arccos( 2 ) + 360o k and
√
x = − arccos( 22 ) + 360o k. That is, ⇒ x = 45o + 360o k and
x = −45o + 360o k = 315o + 360o k.
1 1 π
2 sec(x) = 2, ⇒ cos(x) = 2 ⇒ cos(x) = 2 ⇒x = 3 + 2kπ or
π
x = − 3 + 2kπ
π
3 tan(x) = 1, ⇒ x = arctan(1) + kπ. That is, ⇒ x = 5 + kπ.
4 tan(x) = −1. ⇒ x = arctan(−1) + kπ. That is,
⇒ x = − π4 + kπ.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Equation of the form a cos(x) + b sin(x) = c, c 6= 0.
1 step 1. Divide by a on both sides to obtain
cos(x) + ba sin(x) = ca .
b
2 step 2. Let tan(α) = a and cos(x) + tan(α) sin(x) = ca .
3 step 3. Multiply cos(α) on both sides to obtain
cos(x) cos(α) + sin(α) sin(x) = ca cos(α).
4 step 4. Rewrite cos(x − α) = √ c , Since cos(α) = √ a .
a2 +b 2 a2 +b 2
c
5 step 5. Rewrite x = α ± arccos( √a2 +b2 ) + 2kπ,

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

 √
Solve 3 cos(x) + sin(x) = 1
√
1 step 1. Divide
√ by 3 on√ both sides to obtain
cos(x) + 3 sin(x) = 33 .
3
√
3
2 step 2. Let tan(α) = 3 ⇒ α = 30o and
√
3
cos(x) + tan(30o ) sin(x) = 3 .
3 step 3. Multiply cos(30o ) on both sides
√
to obtain
3
cos(x) cos(30 ) + sin(30 ) sin(x) = 3 cos(30o ).
o o

4 step 4. Rewrite cos(x − 30o ) = √ √ 1 = 0.5

( 3)2 +12
5 step 5. Rewrite
x = 30o ± arccos(0.5) + 360o k, ⇒ x = 900 + 360o k or
x = −300 + 360o k

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Solve for x the following trigonometric equations

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Inverse of trigonometric functions

Definition
1 The inverses of the trigonometric functions are not functions,

they are relations.

2 The reason why they are not functions is that for a given
value of x, there are an infinite number of angles at which the
trigonometric functions take on the value of x .
3 Thus, the range of the inverses of the trigonometric functions
must be restricted to make them functions.
4 Without these restricted ranges, they are known as the inverse
trigonometric relations.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 Inverse of trigonometric functions are defined as the inverse
functions of the basic trigonometric functions, which are sine,
cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions.
2 They are also termed arcus functions, anti-trigonometric
functions or cyclometric functions.
3 These inverse functions in trigonometry are used to get the
angle with any of the trigonometry ratios.
4 The inverse trigonometry functions have major applications in
the field of engineering, physics, geometry and navigation.
5 The basic inverse trigonometric formulas are as follows:
arcsin, arccos, arctan, arcsec, arccosec and arccotan

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Inverse trigonometric functions....

Definition, domain and range of inverse trigonometric functions

1 y = arcsin(x) ⇔ x = sin(y ). Domf = [−1, 1] and
Range = [− π2 , π2 ]
2 y = arccos(x) ⇔ x = cos(y ). Domf = [−1, 1] and
Range = [0, π]
3 y = arctan(x) ⇔ x = tan(y ).Domf = R and
Range =] − π2 , π2 [
4 y = arccotan(x) ⇔ x = cotan(y ). Domf = R and
Range =]0, π[
5 y = arcsec(x) ⇔ x = sec(y ). Domf =] − ∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞
and Range = [0, π2 [∪] π2 , π]
6 y = arccosec(x) ⇔ x = cosec(y ).
Domf =] − ∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞ and Range = [− π2 , 0[∪]0, π2 ]

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Some properties of Inverse trigonometric functions

sin(sin−1 (x)) = x, (12)

−1
sin (sin(x)) = x, (13)
−1
cos(cos (x)) = x, (14)
−1
cos (cos(x)) = x, (15)
p
cos(sin−1 (x)) = 1 − x 2, (16)
1
cos(tan−1 (x)) = √ , (17)
1 + x2
p
sin(cos−1 (x)) = 1 − x 2, (18)
x
sin(tan−1 (x)) = √ , (19)
1 + x2
√
−1 1 − x2
tan(cos (x)) = , (20)
x
x
tan(sin−1 (x)) = √ . (21)
1 − x2
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Exercises
1 Find the value of x for sin(x) = 2.

2 Find the value of arcsin(sin( π6 )).

3 Find the value of sin(arcsin( 35 )).
4 Express sin(arcotn(x)) in terms of x.
5 Find the value of arcsec(arcsec(−30o )).
6 Find the value of x if sin(arcsin( 53 ) + arcos(x)) = 1.
7 Find the value of tan(arcsin( 12
13 )).

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 Show that arcsin(−x) = − arcsin(x).
2 Show that arccos(−x) = π − arccos(x).
3 Show that arctan(−x) = − arctan(x).
4 Show that arccotan(−x) = π − arccotan(x).
5 Show that arcsec(−x) = π − arcsec(x).
6 Show that arccosec(−x) = −arccosec(x).

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Definitions
1 An exponential function represents the relationship between

an input and output, where we use repeated multiplication on

an initial value to get the output for any given input.
2 Mathematically it is defined as follow:
For x ∈ R, a > 0 and a 6= 1, y = f (x) = ax .
3 An exponential function is a mathematical function used to
calculate the exponential growth or decay of a given set of
data

1 In mathematics, the logarithmic function is an inverse

function to exponentiation.
2 The logarithmic function is defined as follow:
For x > 0, a > 0, and a 6= 1, y = loga x if and only if x = ay

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

 1 Exponential functions and logarithm functions are important
in both theory and practice.
2 In this unit we look at the graphs of exponential and
logarithm functions, and see how they are related.

Recall: Properties

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 (loga x)(loga x) = (loga x)2 = log2a x
loga x
2 logb x = loga b
1
3 logb x = logx b

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Plots of Exponential Functions

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Plots of Exponential Functions

Conclusion
1 If a > 1 then lim x x
x→+∞ a = +∞ and limx→−∞ a = 0.
2 If 0 < a < 1 then limx→+∞ ax = 0 and limx→−∞ ax = +∞.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Plots of logarithmic functions vs Exponential Functions

Plots of logarithmic functions vs Exponential Functions

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Plots of logarithmic functions vs Exponential Functions

Conclusion
1 If a > 1 then lim
x→+∞ loga (x) = +∞ and
limx→0 loga (x) = −∞.
2 If 0 < a < 1 then limx→+∞ loga (x) = −∞ and
limx→0 loga (x) = +∞.
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Period of functions

1 A function f (x) is called periodic if there is a positive number

P such that f (x + P) + f (x) whenever x and x + P lie in the
domain of f (x).
2 We call P a period of the function.
3 The smallest positive period is called the fundamental period
(also primitive period, basic period, or prime period) of f (x )
4 A function with period P repeats on intervals of length P, and
these intervals are referred to as periods.
5 The most important examples of periodic functions are the
trigonometric functions.
6 Any function which is not periodic is called aperiodic.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Examples
1 For f (x) = sin(x) ⇒ P = 2π
2 For f (x) = cos(x) ⇒ P = 2π
3 For f (x) = tan(x) ⇒ P = π
4 For f (x) = cotan(x) ⇒ P = π
5 For f (x) = sec(x) ⇒ P = 2π
6 For f (x) = coesc(x) ⇒ P = 2π

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

To be discussed in Class!!

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Derivatives

Trigonometric functions:
d
sin(x) = cos(x).
dx
d
cos(x) = − sin(x).
dx
d 1
tan(x) = sec2 (x) = = 1 + tan2 (x).
dx cos2 (x)
d 1
cot(x) = −cosec 2 (x) = − 2 = −(1 + cot2 (x)).
dx sin (x)
d
cosec(x) = −cosec(x) cot(x).
dx
d
sec(x) = sec(x) tan(x).
dx

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Inverse trigonometric functions
d 1
arcsin(x) = √ , −1 < x < 1.
dx 1 − x2
d 1
arccos(x) = − √ , −1 < x < 1.
dx 1 − x2
d 1
arctan(x) =
dx 1 + x2
d 1
arccotan(x) = −
dx 1 + x2
d 1
arcsec(x) = √ , −1 < x < 1.
dx |x| x 2 − 1
d 1
arccosec(x) = − √ , −1 < x < 1.
dx |x| x 2 − 1

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Exponential and logarithmic functions:
d x
e = ex .
dx
d x
a = ax ln(a).
dx
d 1
ln(x) = , x > 0.
dx x
d 1
loga (x) = .
dx x ln(a)

Derivative of Parametric equation and implicit function

dy (t)
dy dy g 0 (t)
Let x(t) = f (t) and y (t) = g (t) then dx = dt
dx(t) =⇒ dx = f 0 (t)
dt

ln(t) dy
Example if x = t ln(t) and y = t , calculate dx for t = 1
dy (t) ln(t)
dy ( t )0 t −2 (1−ln(t)) dy (1−ln(1))
= = = =⇒ dx |t=1 = = 1.
dt
dx dx(t) (t ln(t))0 (1+ln(t) (1+ln(1)
dt

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Derivative of implicit function
Let y = f (x) but it is not possible to express explicitly y as a
function of x then dy
dx = g (x, y ) and is found by using chain rule
technique of differentiation.

dy
Example: Let xy 3 + xy − x 2 y 2 = 5, calculate dx
(xy 3 + xy − x 2 y 2 )0 = 50 =⇒ (xy 3 )0 + (xy )0 − (x 2 y 2 )0 = 0 =⇒
[y 3 + 3xy 2 y 0 ] + (y + xy 0 ) − (2xy 2 + 2x 2 yy 0 ) = 0. Correcting terms
with y 0 together we obtain the following:
(y 3 +y −2xy 2 )
(3xy 2 +x −2x 2 y )y 0 +(y 3 +y −2xy 2 ) = 0 =⇒ dy dx = − (3xy 2 +x−2x 2 y ) .

Derivative of y = f (x) = u(x)v (x)

y = u(x)v (x) =⇒ ln(y ) = ln(u(x)v (x) ) =⇒ ln(y ) = v (x) ln(u(x)).
Apply derivative on both sides we get
0
[ln(y )]0 = [v (x) ln(u(x))]0 =⇒ yy = v 0 (x) ln(u(x))+v (x)[ln(u(x))]0 .
dy v (x)u 0 (x)
This gives dx = [u(x)v (x) ][v 0 (x) ln(u(x)) + u(x) ].

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Example: Differentiate f (x) = cos(x)sin(x)
0
We know that dy v (x) ][v 0 (x) ln(u(x)) + v (x)u (x) ]. Thus
dx = [u(x) u(x)
0
dy
dx = [cos(x)sin(x) ][(sin(x))0 ln(cos(x)) + sin(x)(cos(x))
cos(x) ]. This gives
dy sin(x) sin(x)(− sin(x))
dx = [cos(x) ][(cos(x)) ln(cos(x)) + cos(x) ].
2
dy
dx = [cos(x)sin(x) ][(cos(x)) ln(cos(x)) − sin (x)
cos(x) ].

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Exercises: Assignment
Differentiate the following functions
1 f (x) = (6x 2 + 7x)4 h(z) = sin(z 6 ) + sin6 (z)
√
2 f (x) = (4x 2 − 3x + 2)−2 s(w ) = 7w + e −w
√
3 f (z) = 3 1 − 8z g (z) = 3z 7 − sin(z 6 + 6)
4 R(w ) = cosec(7w ) f (x) = ln(sin(x))−(x 4 −3x)10
√
5 G (x) = 2 sin(3x + tan(x)) h(w ) = w 6 5w 2 − t
6 h(u) = tan(4 + 10u) g (w ) = w 2 ln(w 5 )
7 f (t) = 5 + e 4t+t 7 s(w ) = cos(3w )sec(1 − w )
sin(3t)
8 g (x) = e 1−cos(x) R(t) = t 2 +1
−2t sin(3t)
9 g (z) = e 1−6z R(t) = 1−etan(12x)+x
2 e x ))
10 u(t) = arctan(3t − 1) R(x) = √cos(x
5x+tan(4x)
11 F (y ) = ln(1 − 5y 2 + 5y 4 + y 3) R(t) = tan4 (t 2 + 1)
√
12 g (x) = ln(sin(x) − cot(x)) f (t) = ( 12x + sin2 (3x))−1
3

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Techniques of curve sketching

Whether we are interested in a function as a purely mathematical

object or in connection with some application to the real world, it
is often useful to know what the graph of the function looks like.
We can obtain a good picture of the graph using certain crucial
information provided by derivatives of the function and certain
limits.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Graph of this above function

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

 x
Example: Study completely the function f (x) = ln( x−1 )
1 Domain: domf is given by
x
x−1 > 0 ⇒ domf =] − ∞, 0[∪]1, +∞[ since
x −∞ 0 1 +∞
x – – – – – 0 ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++
x −1 –––– - –––––– 0 ++ ++ ++
x
x−1 ++ ++ 0 – – – – – – ∦ ++ ++ ++
2 Boundary limits plus asymptotes:
x x
limx→±∞ f (x) = limx→±∞ ln( x−1 ) = ln(limx→±∞ x−1 )=
ln(1) = 0.
−
limx→0− f (x) = lim→0 f (0 − ) = lim→0 ln( −−1 )=
 0
lim→0 ln( +1 ) = ln( 0+1 ) = ln(0) = −∞.
1+
limx→1+ f (x) = lim→0 f (1 + ) = lim→0 ln( 1+−1 )=
1+ 1
lim→0 ln(  ) = ln( 0 ) = ln(∞) = +∞.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

 x
Study completely the function f (x) = ln( x−1 )...
We the following asymptotes:
VA ≡ x = 0 and VA ≡ x = 1 but HA ≡ y = 0
OA ≡ y = x + b where
x
(ln( x−1 ))
a = limx→±∞ f (x)
x = limx→±∞ x = (ln(1)
±∞ = 0. Thus
OA@.
3. Symmetries:
The function is not even nor odd since
−x x
f (−x) = ln( −x−1 ) = ln( x+1 ) 6= f (x)or − f (x).
x+p
The function is not periodic since f (x + p) = ln( x+p−1 ) and if
x+p x
f (x + p) = f (x) ⇒ ln( x+p−1 ) = ln( x+1 ) ⇒ p = 0.
4. Variation
x 0 (x−1)−x(x−1)0 −1
x
( x−1 )0 (
(x−1)2
) (
(x−1)2
)
f 0 (x) = [ln( x−1
x
)]0 = x
( x−1 ) = x
( x−1 ) = x ⇒
x−1
0 −1
f (x) = (x−1)x .

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

 x
Study completely the function f (x) = ln( x−1 )...
The signs of the f 0 (x) are given by the following table:
x −∞ 0 1 +∞
-x ++ ++ ++ 0 ––––– – –––––
x −1 –––– - –––––– 0 ++ ++ ++
f 0 (x) ––––– ∦ ++ ++ ++ ∦ ––––––
f (x) Decreasing & ∦ ∦∦∦ ∦ Decreasing &
5. Concavity:
−1 −10 (x−1)x−(−1)((x−1)x)0
f 00 (x) = ( (x−1)x )0 = (x−1)2 x 2 = 2x−1
(x−1)2 x 2 .
The signs of the f 00 (x) are given by the following table:
1
x −∞ 0 2 1 +∞
2x − 1 –– - – 0 ++ ++ ++
2
x (x − 1) 2 ++ 0 ++ ++ ++ 0 ++
f 00 (x) –– ∦ – 0 ++ ∦ ++
f (x) __ ∦ ∦ ∦ ∦ ∦ ^^

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

 x
Study completely the function f (x) = ln( x−1 )...
6 x intercepts and y intercepts do not exist since f (0) = ln(0)
which is not in R and if
x x
f (x) = 0 ⇒ ln( x−1 ) = 0 ⇒ x−1 = 1 ⇒ 0 = −1 which is
impossible.
7. Variation table is given by the following table:
x −∞ 0 0.5 1 +∞
0
f (x) ––––– ∦ ++++ ∦ – – – – – –
f 00 (x) ––––– ∦ – -0- – ∦ ++++
f (x)Var . 0 & ∦ ∦∦∦ ∦ +∞ &
−∞ 0
f (x) conc. _ _ ∦ ∦∦∦ ∦ ^^

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

 x
Study completely the function f (x) = ln( x−1 )...
8 Graph

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Example: Analyse the following variation table and answer to the
following questions.

1 Find equations of vertical asymptotes

2 Find equations of horizontal asymptotes
3 Find local minimum points and local maximum points.
4 If the equation of oblique asymptote is given by
OA ≡ y = x + 3 plot the graph of the function.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Solution
1 Vertical asymptotes:VA ≡ x = 0 and VA ≡ x = 3

2 There is no any horizontal asymptotes.

3 Local minimum points (7, 12). Local maximum points
(−2, −2) and (1.5, −3).
4 If the equation of oblique asymptote is given by
OA ≡ y = x + 3 then the graph of the function is as follow:

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Example: Identify stationary points

Exercises: Study completely the following functions

1 3
−9x
1 f (x) = e 3 x , f (x) = 2x 3 − 3x 2 + 11x + 6
4
2 f (x) = 4x 3 − 3x 2 − 6x + 12, f (x) = 5−x
x 2 −1
3 f (x) = x 2 −4
, f (x) = x−1
x−2
1
4 f (x) = 10 sin(−3x), f (x) = (x−2) 2

5 f (x) = x 3 + 4x 2 − 8, f (x) = 3e 5x

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Exercises
Find the domain and the derivatives of the following functions
√
x
1 f (x) = sin( x )
2 f (x) = cos(x) + tan(x)
3 f (x) = sin(x) + cos(x)
4 f (x) = sin( x+1
x )
5 f (x) = sin( x1 )
1
6 f (x) = x + sin(2x)

Find the domain and the derivatives of the following functions

2x 2
Study completely the following functions:(a)f (x) = x 2 −1
ln(x) 2
(b)f (x) = √1 e − x
x , (c)f (x) = sec(x), (c)f (x) = 2π 2
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Exercises

1 Find the period and plot the graph of the following functions:
1 y = 3 cos(πx),
2 y = 1 + 8 cos(6x − π),
3 y = cos(6x) + sin(4x)
4 y = 2 sin(2πx − π).
2 The current I (t) in AC at time t > 0 is given by
I (t) = Im sin(ωt).
1 Find the amplitude and period of I (t) and the voltage v (t)
defined by v (t) = Vm sin(ωt) with Im < Vm .
2 Sketch the graphs of I (t) and the voltage v (t) defined above
in the same axis of coordinates.
3 Sketch the graphs of I (t) defined above and the voltage v (t)
given by v (t) = Vm sin(ωt + π/4) in the same axis of
coordinates.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 Three objects A, B and C are in motion defined√ by
fA (t) = 3sin(t) + 4 cos(t), fB (t) = sin(t) + 3 cos(t) and
fC (t) = −5sin(3t) + 12 cos(3t) respectively. :
1 Find the amplitude, period and plot the graph of their motions.
2 Find at which point t A and B meet for the first time.
3 Find at which point t C attains a half of its amplitude for the
first time.
2 Find the exact value for the following expression:
1 arcsin( 35 ) + arcsin( 45 )
5 3
2 arcsin( 13 ) + arccos( 13 )
3
3
arctan( 5 ) + arccotan( 35 )
 
a+b
3 Show that arctan(a) + arctan(b) = arctan 1−ab

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 Prove the following identities
1 arcsin(x) + arccos(x) = π2
2 arcsec(x) + arccosec(x) = π2
3 arccos(x) + arccos(−x) = π
4 arctan(x) + arctan( x1 ) = π2 , x > 0
5 arccotan(x) = arctan( x1 ), x > 0
6 arctan( 13 ) + arctan( 15 ) = arctan( 47 )
2 Solve
1 2 sin(x) − 3 cos(x) = 1
2 tan(x) + cotn(x) = 2
3 tan(x) = sin(x)

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Optimization Problems

Overview:
1 The methods used for finding extreme values for functions

have practical applications in many areas of life.

2 For example, a traveller wanting to minimize transportation
time.
3 In solving such practical problems, one has to convert the
word problem into a mathematical optimization problem and
set up a function to be maximized or minimized.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Steps in solving optimization problems:
1 Understand the problem:
Read the problem carefully to find out what the problem is
asking.
Then, underline the important pieces of information in the
problem.
2 Draw a diagram (optional):
It is always helpful to sum up the entire problem in a simple
diagram so to prevent reading the problem repeatedly.
3 Introduce notion and express it in terms of variables:
Assign a symbol to the quantity that has to be maximized or
minimized.
(Let us call it Z for now).
Assign variable names to the unknowns and express Z as a
function of those variables.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 Try to express notion in terms of one variable: If Z has
been expressed as a function of more than one variable (step
4), use the information in the problem to eliminate all but one
of the variables and use that to express Z.
2 Differentiate function and equate it to zero to obtain
critical points: Differentiate Z with respect to the variable
you choose and equate it to zero to obtain the values of that
variable (critical points).
3 Test critical points for max/min using the second
derivative: To test whether the critical points are a max or
min (concave down or up respectively), we take the second
derivative of Z and plug in the critical points obtained in step
6 to see whether we get a positive value (minimum) or a
negative value (maximum.)
4 Use the required critical point to find the optimal
answer: Once we know what critical points we are using, we
plug that in Z to obtain the answer to our problem.
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Problem 1: The sum of two positive numbers is 16. What is the
smallest possible value of the sum of their squares?
SOLUTION:
1 STEP 1: We have,

Sum of two positive numbers is 16 (info)

Smallest possible value for sum of their squares (objective)
2 STEP 2: It is ignored since diagram is not possible for this
problem.
3 STEP 3:
Let us assume the numbers are x and y and the sum of their
squares is S.
We are given: x + y = 16, x > 0 and y > 0 (since they are
positive)
We need to minimize: S(x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 .

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 STEP 4: Since S is expressed in terms of both x and y, we
need to try to express S with only one variable.
From the information given, we have x + y = 16, or
y = 16 − x.
Putting this value of y in S we get, S(x) = x 2 + (16 − x)2 .
When we simplify this, S(x) = x 2 + x 2 − 24x + 256.
Combining like terms we get,S(x) = 2x 2 − 32x + 256 which
we need to minimize.
2 STEP 5: Calculating the first derivative of S(x)
we get, S 0 (x) = 4x − 32.
To find the critical points, we need to equate S 0 (x) to zero.
⇒ 4x − 32 = 0 or 4x = 32 or x = 8.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 STEP 6: To test whether this value gives us a minimum, we
take out the second derivative:
S 00 (x) = 4, which is positive.
Thus, we know that we have minimized S.
2 STEP 7: But, we still havent completed the problem. We still
need to find the other number, i.e. y.
Thus,we have y = 16 − x = 16 − 8 = 8 and we get y = 8.
Therefore, the two positive numbers, which add up to 16 and,
with the smallest possible value for the sum of their squares,
are 8 and 8.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Problem 2:
A rectangular storage container with an open top needs to have a
volume of 10 m3. The length of its base is twice the width.
Material for the base costs $10 per m2 . Material for the sides costs
$6 per m2 . Find the cost of the material for the cheapest container.

SOLUTION:
1 STEP 1: We have,

Rectangular box with open top (info)

Volume of the box is 10m3 (info)
Length of the base is twice its width (info)
Material for the base costs $10/m2 and material for the sides
costs $6/m2 (info)
The cost of the material for the cheapest container (objective)

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 STEP 2:

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 STEP 3:
Let us assume the height of the box is h and the width of the
box is x.
Then from the information given, we obtain the length of the
box as 2x.
Let the cost of the box be C.

C = $10(area of base) + $6(area of 2 longsides)

+$6(area of 2 short sides)

which gives,

C (x, h) = 10(x)(2x)+(2)(6)xh+(2)(6)2xh) = 20x 2 +12xh+24xh

C (x, h) = 20x 2 + 36xh.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 STEP 4: Since C is expressed in terms of both x and h, we
need to try to express C with only one variable.
From the information given, we have the volume of the
box = 10m3 , which means: x.2x.h = 10 or h = x52 .
Putting this value of h in C we get, C (x) = 20x 2 + (36)5x
x2 .
When we simplify this, C (x) = 20x 2 + 180x −1 , which we need
to minimize.
2 STEP 5: Calculating the first derivative of C(x):
we get, C (x) = 40x = 180x −2 ,
To find the critical points, we q
need to equate S(x) to zero.
⇒ 40x − 180x −2 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 9
2.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 STEP 6: To test whether this value gives us a minimum, we
takeq
out the second derivative:
q C 00 (x) = 40 + 360x −3
C 00 ( 3 92 ) = 40 + 360( 3 92 )−3 = 120.14 > 0. Thus, we know
that we have minimized C.
2 STEP 7: But, we still havent completed the problem. We still
need to find the cost of the material for the cheapest
container. q
After putting in x = 3 92 in our original cost function we get:
q q q
C ( 3 92 ) = 20( 3 92 )2 + 180( 3 92 )−1
Using a calculator, we obtain the cost as C = $163.54
Therefore, the cost of the material for the cheapest container
given the dimensions is $163.54

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

The design of an athletics track inside a stadium

1 The figure bellow shows the design of an athletics track inside
a stadium. The track consists of two semicircles, each of
radius r m , joined up to a rectangular section of length x
metres. The total length of the track is 400m and encloses an
area of A m2 .In order to hold field events safely, it is required
for the area enclosed by the track to be as large as possible.
1 Determine by differentiation an exact value of r for which A is
stationary.
2 Show that the value of r found in part (1) gives the maximum
value for A .
3 Determine the maximum area enclosed by the track

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
The design for an earring
1 The figure below shows the design for an earring consisting of
a quarter circle with two identical rectangles attached to
either straight edge of the quarter circle. The quarter circle
has radius x cm and the each of the rectangles measure x cm
by y cm. The earring is assumed to have negligible thickness
and treated as a two dimensional object with area 12.25cm2 .
1 Find the value of x that makes the perimeter of the earring
minimum, fully justifying that this value of x produces a
minimum perimeter.
2 Find the value of y corresponding to value of x found in part
(1).
3 Determine the minimum perimeter of the earring.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

The design of an animal feeder
1 The figure below shows the design of an animal feeder which
in the shape of a hollow, open topped half cylinder, made of
thin sheet metal. The radius of the semicircular ends is r cm
and the length of the feeder is L cm. The metal used in the
construction of the feeder is 600π cm2 . The design of the
feeder is such so its capacity is maximum.
1 Determine the exact value of r for which V is stationary.
2 Show that the value of r found in part (1) gives the maximum
value for V .
3 Find, in exact form, the capacity and the length of the feeder.

Solution: V (r ) = 300r − πr 3 /2
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
The design of of a hazard warning logo
1 The figure below shows the design of a hazard warning logo
which consists of three identical sectors of radius r cm, joined
together at the centre. Each sector subtends an angle θ
radians at the centre and the sectors are equally spaced so
that the logo has rotational symmetry of order 3. The area of
the logo is 75 cm2 .
1 Determine by differentiation the value of r for which P is
stationary.
2 Show that the value of r found in part (1) gives the minimum
value for P .
3 Find the minimum perimeter of the logo.

Solution:p(r ) = 6r + 150/r

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 A manufacturer needs to make a cylindrical can that will hold
1.5 liters of liquid. Determine the dimensions of the can that
will minimize the amount of material used in its construction.
2 We want to construct a box with a square base and we only
have 10m2 of material to use in construction of the box.
Assuming that all the material is used in the construction
process determine the maximum volume that the box can
have.
3 We want to construct a box whose base length is 3 times the
base width. The material used to build the top and bottom
cost $10/ft 2 and the material used to build the sides cost
$6/ft 2 . If the box must have a volume of 50ft 3 determine the
dimensions that will minimize the cost to build the box.
4 We need to enclose a rectangular field with a fence. We have
500 feet of fencing material and a building is on one side of
the field and so won’t need any fencing. Determine the
dimensions of the field that will enclose the largest area.
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Other Problems
1 A line through the point (2, 5) forms a right triangle with the

x-axis and y-axis in the 1 st quadrant. Determine the equation

of the line that will minimize the area of this triangle.

2 Two 10 meter tall poles are 30 meters apart. A length of wire

is attached to the top of each pole and it is staked to the
ground somewhere between the two poles. Where should the
wire be staked so that the minimum amount of wire is used?
Use the second diagram above in (1)
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Rates of Change Problems.To be discussed in Class!!
1 A foot ladder is leaning against a vertical wall. If the bottom
of the ladder is sliding away from the wall at the rate of 3 feet
per minute, how fast is angle φ formed by the ladder and the
ground changing at the instant the bottom of the ladder is 12
feet from the wall?
2 Water is poured into a conical reservoir in the shape of a cone
6 feet tall with a radius of 4 feet. Suppose that water is
poured into the reservoir at the constant rate of 3 cubic feet
per minutes. How fast is the water level raising at the instant
the depth is two feet.
3 Water is poured into a conical reservoir in the shape of a cone
6 feet tall with radius of 4 feet. Suppose that the water level
is raising at the constant rate of 12 feet per minute. How fast
is the water being poured in at the instant the depth is 2 feet.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

NORMAL AND TANGENT LINES

Definition
1 Tangents and normals are the lines associated with curves

such as a circle, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola.

2 A tangent is a line touching the curve at one distinct point,
and this distinct point is called the point of contact. Tangent
line and curve will have the same slope at the point of contact.
3 Normal is a line perpendicular to the tangent, at the point of
contact. The normal is also passing through the focus of the
curve.

EQUATIONS OF T and N
Let f be a function and x0 be a point the the equations of tangent
and normal lines at the point (x0 , y0 ) are give by the following
respectively:
T ≡ y − f (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 ), N ≡ y − f (x0 ) = f 0−1
(x0 ) (x − x0 )

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
 √
Find the tangent and normal lines to f (x) = 4 2x − 6e 2−x at
x =2
We know that the derivative of the function will give us the slope
of the tangent line so well need the derivative of the function.
Differentiating each term will require the Chain Rule as well.

p p
f (2) = 4 2(2) − 6e 2−2 = 4 2(2) − 6e 0 = 4(2) − 6 = 2.
f 0 (2) = √ 4 − +6e 2−2 = 2 + 6e 0 = 2 + 6 = 8.
2(2)
T ≡ y − f (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 ) ⇒ y − f (2) = f 0 (2)(x − 2)
T ≡ y − 2 = 8(x − 2) ⇒ T ≡ y = 8x − 14.
1
N ≡ y − f (x0 ) = − f 0 (x0)
(x − x0 ) ⇒ y − f (2) = − f 01(2) (x − 2)
N ≡ y − 2 = − 81 (x − 2) ⇒ N ≡ y = − 18 x + 49 .

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

LHospitals rule
1 LHospitals rule is a general method of evaluating
indeterminate forms such as ∞ 0
∞ or 0 .
2 To evaluate the limits of indeterminate forms for the
derivatives in calculus, LHospitals rule is used.
3 L’Hospital rule can be applied more than once. You can apply
this rule still it holds any indefinite form every time after its
applications.
4 If the problem is out of the indeterminate forms, you cant be
able to apply LHospitals Rule.

Note
For limx→a f (x)g (x) = [limx→a f (x)][limx→a g (x)] = 0(∞) we can
f (x) 0
use limx→a f (x)g (x) = limx→a 1/g (x) to obtain 0 or we can use
g (x) ∞
limx→a f (x)g (x) = limx→a 1/f (x) to obtain ∞

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

THM

Examples:Use L’Hospital rule to calculate the following limits.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

solutions
a

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Examples:Use L’Hospital rule to calculate limx→0+ x ln(x)
Solution: Note that we really do need to do the right-hand limit
here. We know that the natural logarithm is only defined for
positive x and so this is the only limit that makes any sense. Now,
in the limit, we get the indeterminate form (0)(−∞). LHospitals
Rule wont work on products, it only works on quotients. However,
we can turn this into a fraction if we rewrite things a little.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

 1
Examples:Use L’Hospital rule to calculate limx→∞ x x
Solution:

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

 sin2 (−11x)
Examples:Use L’Hospital rule to calculate limx→0 tan(9x)

Solution:
sin2 (−11x) sin2 (0) 0
lim = = ⇒
x→0 tan(9x) tan(0) 0
sin2 (−11x) (sin (−11x))0
2
lim = lim ,
x→0 tan(9x) x→0 (tan(9x))0
2 sin(−11x) cos(−11x)(−11)
= lim ,
x→0 9 sec2 (9x)
2 sin(0) cos(0)(−11)
= = 0.
9 sec2 (0)

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Examples:Use L’Hospital rule to calculate
−1 −1 (1−x)
limx→1 cos (x)−tan
x 2 −1
Solution:
cos−1 (x) − tan−1 (1 − x) cos−1 (1) − tan−1 (1 − 1)
 
lim = ,
x→1 x2 − 1 12 − 1
cos−1 (1) − tan−1 (0) 0−0 0
= = =
 −1 0 0 0
cos (x) − tan−1 (1 − x)

⇒ lim
x→1 x2 − 1
(cos (x) − tan−1 (1 − x))0
−1
= lim ,
x→1 (x 2 − 1)0
1 1 1
− √1−x 2
+ 1+(1−x) 2 − √1−1 + 11 −1 + 1 −∞
= lim = = 0 = = −∞
x→1 2x 2 2 2

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Examples:Use L’Hospital rule to calculate limx→∞ x tan−1 ( x2 )
Solution:
2 2
lim x tan−1 ( ) = ∞ tan−1 ( ) = ∞ tan−1 (0),
x→∞ x ∞
−1 ( 2 ) tan−1 ( ∞
2
2 tan ) tan−1 (0) 0
lim x tan−1 ( ) = lim 1
x
= 1
= = ,
x→∞ x x→∞
x ∞
0 0
 ( 2 )0 
x

−1 2 (tan−1 ( x2 ))0 4
 1+ x 2 
⇒ lim x tan ( ) = lim = lim ,
x ( x1 )0 − x12

x→∞ x→∞ x→∞

 2 
− 2
x
 1+ x42  2x 2
 
= lim  1  = lim
  = 2.
x→∞ − x2 x→∞ x 2 + 4

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

EXERCISES
1 Find the second derivatives for the following functions

1 f (x) = x 2 − x12
4
2 f (x) = x x+2
3
d
f (x) = (x 2 − 3) dx (x + x −1 )
2 2
4 x + y = 16
5 x 2 yx + y 2 = −2
6 x cos(y ) + y cos(x) = 1
7 x 2 + 4yx − y 2 = 4
2 Find polynomial of degree 3 such that p(2) = −1, p 0 (2) = 1,
p 00 (2) = 2 and p 000 (2) = 3.
3 Let f be defined by x 2 + x for x ≤ 1 and 3x − 1 for x > 1
1 Show that f is differentiable at x = 1 and give f 0 (1).
2 Find f 0 (x) for all x
3 Show that f is not twice differentiable at x = 1 ( f 00 (1) does
not exist).
4 Sketch the graphs of f and f 0

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Example1

Solution

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Example2

Solution

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Example3
A thin sheet of ice is in the form of a circle. If the ice is melting in
such a way that the area of the sheet is decreasing at a rate of
0.5m2 /sec at what rate is the radius decreasing when the area of
the sheet is 12m2 ?

Solution
1 Well call the area of the sheet A and the radius r and we know

that the area of a circle is given by, A = πr 2 .

2 Next step is to simply differentiate the equation with respect
to t A0 = 2πrr 0 . We know that A = 12m2 and want to
determine rr 0 when A0 = 0.5m2 /sec.
3 Now, to finish this problem off well first need to go back to
the equation of the area and use the fact that we know the
area at the point we are interested in and determine the
radius at that time.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Solution.....

Example4
A person is standing 350 feet away from a model rocket that is
fired straight up into the air at a rate of 15 ft/sec. At what rate is
the distance between the person and the rocket increasing
1 20 seconds after liftoff?
2 1 minute after liftoff?

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Solution
Here is a sketch for this situation that will work for both parts so
well put it here.

In both parts we know that y 0 = 15 and want to determine z for

each given time. Using the Pythagorean Theorem we get the
following equation to relate y and z.

We have now reached a point where the process will differ for each
part.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 At what rate is the distance between the person and the
rocket increasing 20 seconds after liftoff?

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Sequence and Series

Introduction
1 A rubber ball dropped from a height of 6 m and after the first

bounce rises to a height of 4.7 m. It is left to continue

bouncing until it stops. What is the height after nth bounce
2 A plant grows 1.67 cm in its first week. Each week it grows by
4% more than it did the week before. By how much does it
grow in nine weeks, including the first week
3 If you invest 2000 in an account with a fixed interest rate of
8% p.a. What would be the amount of money after 5 years.
4 Suppose a piece of equipment was originally worth 35000 and
depreciates in value by 10% each year. What is the value of
the piece at the beginning of the 4th year?

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Sequence
1 A sequence is an ordered list of numbers called terms of the
sequence denoted {an }nn=1 = {a1 , a2 , ..., an }. Where a1 : The
first term of the sequence. an : The general term of the
sequence.
2 A sequence is a succession of numbers following a given rule.
For example the set o even numbers is given by
{an }∞
n=0 = {2, 4, 6, 8....} which is found by using the formula
an = 2n where n is the nth position corresponding to the nth
term.
3 A sequence is a function with domain the natural numbers
N = {1, 2, 3, ...} or the non-negative integers, {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.
4 The range of the function is still allowed to be the real
numbers.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Classification of sequences
1 Finite sequences: A sequence whose number of terms is
countable like the sequence {2, 4, 8, 16, ..., 256}.
2 Infinite sequence: The sequence whose number of terms is
uncountable like a series of natural numbers
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.....}

Monotonic sequences (increasing and decreasing)

1 The sequence an is said to be increasing ⇐⇒ an < an+1 ∀n.
2 The sequence an is said to be decreasing ⇐⇒ an > an+1 ∀n

Convergent or divergent sequences

1 Convergent sequence: The sequence is said to be convergent
iff : limn→∞ an = L, L ∈ R. We say that the sequence
converges to its limit L .
2 Divergent sequence: The sequence is said to be divergent if:
limn→∞ an @ We say that the sequence diverges.
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Example
1 n
Determine whether the sequence { n+1 }∞
n=1 is monotonic,
converges or diverges.
2 Determine whether the sequence {8 − 2n}∞
n=1 is monotonic,
converges or diverges.

Solution
1 the sequence { n }∞
2n+1 n=1 is monotonic increasing and
n
convergent. Because f (n) = 2n+1 −→ f 0 (n) = (2n+1)
1
2 > 0
1
and limn→+∞ f (n) = 2
2 the sequence {8 − 2n}∞
n=1 is monotonic decreasing and
divergent. Because an = 8 − 2n, an+1 = 8 − 2(n + 1) and
an+1 − an = 8 − 2(n + 1) − (8 − 2n) = −2 < 0 and
limn→+∞ (8 − 2n) = −∞

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Example
1 Determine whether the sequence { 12 , 32 , 34 , 54 , ... n+1
n
} is
monotonic, converges or diverges.
2 Determine whether the sequence {4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4.........} is
monotonic, converges or diverges.

Solution
1 the sequence { 12 , 32 , 43 , 45 , ... n+1
n
} is monotonic decreasing and
convergent. Because
n+1
an+1 − an = n+2 − n+1 n
= (n+1)(n+1)−n(n+2)
n+1
1
= (n+1)(n+2) >0
n
and limn→+∞ n+1 = 1.
2 the sequence {4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4.........} is not monotonic
decreasing nor increasing and convergent. Because an = 4 and
an+1 − an = 4 and limn→+∞ an = 4.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Examples
Q1
1 List the first five terms of the sequence {2n }∞
n=1
2 List the first five terms of the sequence defined by u0 = 1 and
un+1 = 3un + 2

Solution
1 T obtain the first five terms of the sequence {2n }∞
n=1 we
replace n by 1,2,3,4,5 to get the following required terms:
2, 8, 4, 32
2 to obtain the first five terms of the sequence defined by
u0 = 1 and un+1 = 3un + 2 we proceed as follows:

u2 = 3u1 + 2 = 3(1) + 2 = 5

u3 = 3u2 + 2 = 3(5) + 2 = 17
u4 = 3u3 + 2 = 3(17) + 2 = 53
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Arithmetic Sequence
1 An arithmetic sequence is a linear number pattern in which
the first difference is constant.
2 The following term is found by adding a contant d 6= 0 to trhe
previous term known as the common difference.

The general term of ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES

a1 a1 (22)
a2 a1 + d (23)
a3 a2 + d = a1 + d + d = a1 + 2d (24)
a4 a3 + d = a1 + d + d + d = a1 + 3d (25)
...... an = a1 + (n − 1)d (26)

The general formula or nth term of an arithmetic sequence is given

by n = a1 + (n − 1)d where a11 is the first term and d is the
common difference.
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Arithmetic means
1 If three or more than three numbers are in arithmetic

sequence, then all terms lying between the first and the last
numbers are called arithmetic means.
2 If B is arithmetic mean between A and C, then B = (A + B)/2
3 To insert k terms called arithmetic means between two terms
a1 and an is to form an arithmetic sequence of n = k + 2
terms whose first term is a1 and the last term is an

Examples
1 Insert three arithmetic means between 7 and 23.
2 Insert five arithmetic means between 2 and 20.
3 Insert 4 arithmetic means between -3 and 7
4 Insert 9 arithmetic means between 2 and 32

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Solutions of Examples: We solve only Number One. Do the
following please.
1 Insert three arithmetic means between 7 and 23.

2 Insert five arithmetic means between 2 and 20.

3 Insert 4 arithmetic means between -3 and 7
4 Insert 9 arithmetic means between 2 and 32

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Arithmetic series
Sn = a1 + a2 + a1 + a3 ... + an
Sn = an + an−1 + .... + a3 + a2 + a1
2Sn = a1 + an + a2 + an−1 ... + an + a1
Sn = n(a1 + an )/2
Sn = n[2a1 + (n − 1)]/2

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
EXERCISES

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
EXERCISES

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
EXERCISES

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Useful Formulae

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Harmonic sequences
Definition
1 Harmonic sequence is a sequence of numbers in which the

reciprocals of the terms are in arithmetic sequence.

2 If you take the reciprocal of each term from the harmonic
sequence, the sequence will become an arithmetic sequence
with a common difference d.
3 To find the term of harmonic sequence, take the reciprocal of
the terms in arithmetic sequence to get the correct term in
harmonic sequence.

The general term of Harmonic SEQUENCE

The general formula or nth term of an harmonic sequence is given
by
1
Hn =
a1 + (n − 1)d
where a1 is the first term and d is the common difference of the
corresponding Arithmetic sequence.APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel
Quadratic sequence
1 We saw that for arithmetic sequence with the general term
given by an we must have an+1 − an = d∀n where d is a
constant. This is what we call the first difference.
2 For a quadratic sequences the first difference is not constant
instead it is a linear function of n.
3 The general term of this sequence is given by

an = an2 + bn + c

where a 6= 0, b, c are constants to be determined.

4 Its first difference is given by the following formula:

D1 (n) = an+1 − an = a(n − 1)2 + b(n − 1) + c − (an2 + bn + c)

D1 (n) = 2an + a + b∀n

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Definion Quadratic sequence
1 A quadratic sequence is a sequence in which the second
difference is constant. This difference is given by

D2 (n) = D1 (n + 1) − D1 (n) = 2a(n − 1) + a + b − (2an + b + a)

D2 (n) = 2a∀n
2 The general term of this sequence is given by

an = an2 + bn + c

where a 6= 0, b, c.
3 The constants a,b,c are determined by

2D1 (1) − 3D2 (n)

a = D2 (n)/2, b = and c = a1 − a − b
2

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Example of a quadratic sequence

1 Consider the pattern: 5,-2,-7.-10,...

1 Determine an expression for the nth terms
2 Write down the next two terms
3 Show that the sequence will never have a term with a value
less than -11

Solution
Begin by identifying the sequence. Since the sequence doesnt have
a common first difference or a constant ratio, we check to see if
the sequence is quadratic.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Solution...

The general term of this sequence is given by an = an2 + bn + c.

The constants a,b,c are determined by

a = D2 (n)/2 = 2/2 = 1,

2D1 (1) − 3D2 (n) 2(−7) − 3(2)

b= = = −10
2 2
and
c = a1 − a − b = 5 − 1 + 10 = 14
Thus
an = n2 − 10n + 14

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

...
1 an = n2 − 10n + 14
2

a5 = 52 − 10(5) + 14 = −11
,
a6 = 62 − 10(6) + 14 = −10
3 If

an < −11 ⇒ n2 − 10(n) + 14 < −11 ⇒ n2 − 10(n) + 15 < 0

⇒ (n − 5)2 < 0.
This is not possible. Thus he sequence will never have a term
with a value less than -11.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Geometric sequence
1 A geometric sequence is an exponential number pattern in
which the ratio is constant aan+1
n
= r 6= 1, 0.
2 The general term formula allows you to determine any specific
term of a geometric sequence.an = a1 r (n−1)

The general term of geometric SEQUENCES

a1 a1 (27)
a2 a1 r (28)
2
a3 a2 r = a1 r (29)
3
a4 a3 r = a1 r (30)
n−1
...... an = a1 r (31)

The general formula or nth term of an geometric sequence is given

by n = a1 r n−1 where a1 is the first term and r is the common ratio.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

EXAMPLES

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

EXAMPLES

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Geometric series
Sn = a1 + a2 + a1 + a3 ... + an
rSn = ra1 + ra2 + ra3 + ra4 + .... + ran
Sn − rSn = a1 − ra1 + a2 − ra2 + ... + an − ran
(a1 − ran ) (a1 − ra1 r n−1 ) a1 (1 − r n )
Sn = = = .
(1 − r ) (1 − r ) (1 − r )
a1 (1 − r n ) a1
lim Sn = lim = ,
n→∞ n→∞ (1 − r ) 1−r
for r ∈] − 1, 0[∪]0, 1[.

a1 (1 − r n ) a1
lim Sn = lim = ,
n→∞ n→∞ (1 − r ) 1−r

for r ∈] − ∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞[.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

EXAMPLES

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

EXAMPLES

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

EXAMPLES

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

EXERCISES

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

EXERCISES

SOLUTION
a1
1 r = 0.65, S
∞ = 1−r = 120 ⇒ a1 = 42.
a1
2 r =?, S∞ = 1−r = 3.2 ⇒ r = 1 − 0.875 = 0.125.

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

EXERCISES

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

EXERCISES

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Exercises
1 In a geometric sequence in which all terms are positive, the
√ √
sixth term is 3 and the eighth 27 Determine the first term
and constant ratio.
2 If the first and tenth terms of a geometric sequence are 1 and
4, respectively, find the nineteenth term.
3 If the 2nd term and the 9th term of a geometric sequence are
1
2 and ,− 64 respectively. Find the common ratio
4 Find the number of terms in sequence 2, 4,8, 16,..., 256

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Exercises

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Geometric means

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Exercises
1 Find b such that 8, b,18 will be in geometric sequence.

2 The product of three consecutive numbers in geometric

progression is 27. The sum of the first two and nine times the
third is -79. Find the numbers.
3 Insert three geometric means between 3 and 48.
1
4 Insert 6 geometric means between 1 and 128

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Assignment
Discuss and prepare a presentation about the following types of
sequences
1 Arithmetic sequences: GROUP1
2 Harmonic sequences: GROUP2
3 Geometric sequences: GROUP3
4 Quadratic sequence: GROUP4
5 Arithmetic and Geometric series: GROUP5

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Exercises
Q1 Find the missing terms in the following arithmetic sequence:
55, , , , 115
Q2 Find the sum of the first 1000 positive integers
Q3 Find
P31 the first term for a arithmetic series with
i=1 ai = 124000 and 100 as its common difference
Q4 Find
Pn the first 3 terms for a arithmetic sequence with
a = 741, the first term is 9 and the n th term is 105.
i=1 i
Q5 Calculate the following sums:
P8
1
Pi=1 (2i − 1)
n
2
Pi=1 (3i 2 + i)
n
3 (2−i )
P6i=1 n−1
4
n=1 5(2 )
 
2n
Q6 Calculate limn→∞ 2n +1

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Exercises
1 A plant grows 1.5 m in 1 st year. Its growth each year

thereafter, is 23 of its growth in the previous year. What is the

greatest height it can reach?
2 A mathematical child negotiates a new pocket money deal
with her unsuspecting father in which she receives 1 pound on
the first day of the month, 2 pounds on the second day, 4
pounds on the third day, 8 pounds on the fourth day, 16
pounds on the fifth day, until the end of the month. How
much would the child receive during the course of a month of
30 days? (Give your answer to the nearest million pounds).

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 A sequence of squares, each having side 1, is drawn as shown
below. The first square is shaded, and the length of the side
of each shaded square is half the length of the side of the
shaded square in the previous diagram.

1 Determine the area of the unshaded region in DIAGRAM 7.

2 What is the sum of the areas of the unshaded regions on the
first seven squares?

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

1 An insect population is growing in such a way that each new
generation is 1.5 times as large as the previous generation.
Suppose there are 100 insects in the first generation.
1 How many will there be in the fifth generation?
2 What will be the total number of insects in the five
generations?
2 Given the geometric series 8x 2 + 4x 3 + 2x 4 + ...
1 Determine the nth term of the series.
2 For what value(s) of will the series converge?
3
3 Calculate the sum of the series to infinity if x = 2

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Tylor and Maclaurin Series
Def
In mathematics, the Taylor series or Taylor expansion of a function
is an infinite sum of terms that are expressed in terms of the
function’s derivatives at a single point

Tylor Series:Around a

1 00 1
f (x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a) + f (a)(x − a)2 + f 000 (a)(x − a)3
2! 3!
1 iv
+ f (a)(x − a)4 + ....
4!

Maclaurin Series:Around 0

1 00 1 1
f (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)x + f (0)x 2 + f 000 (0)x 3 + f iv (0)x 4 + ....
2! 3! 4!
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Tylor and Maclaurin Series Derivation

Tylor Series:Around a
We assume that the expansion of a function is an infinite sum of
terms around a

f (x) = a0 + a1 (x − a) + a2 (x − a)2 + a3 (x − a)3 +

a4 (x − a)4 + ....
f 0 (x) = a1 + 2a2 (x − a) + 3a3 (x − a)2 + 4a4 (x − a)3 + ....
f 00 (x) = 2a2 + 3(2)a3 (x − a) + 4(3)a4 (x − a)2 + ....
f 000 (x) = 3(2)a3 + 4(3)(2)a4 (x − a) + ....
.
.
.
n
f (x) = an n(n − 1)(n − 2).....(n − (n − 1)) + ....

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Tylor Series:Around a

f (a) = a0 = 0!a0 ⇒ a0 = f (a)

f 0 (a) = (1)a1 = (1!)a1 ⇒ a1 = f 0 (a),
1
f 00 (a) = 2(1)a2 = 2!a2 ⇒ a2 = f 00 (a),
2!
1
f (a) = 3(2)(1)a3 = 3!a3 ⇒ a3 = f 000 (a),
000
3!
.
.
.
n 1 n
f (a) = n(n − 1)(n − 2)...3(2)(1)an = n!an ⇒ an = f (a),
n!
(32)

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

f (x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a) + 1 00
2! f (a)(x − a)2 + 1 000
3! f (a)(x − a)3 +
1 iv 4
4! f (a)(x − a) + ....

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Maclaurin Series:Around 0
We assume that the expansion of a function is an infinite sum of
terms around 0

f (x) = a0 + a1 (x) + a2 (x)2 + a3 (x)3 +

a4 (x)4 + ....
f 0 (x) = a1 + 2a2 (x) + 3a3 (x)2 + 4a4 (x)3 + ....
f 00 (x) = 2a2 + 3(2)a3 (x) + 4(3)a4 (x)2 + ....
f 000 (x) = 3(2)a3 + 4(3)(2)a4 (x) + ....
.
.
.
n
f (x) = an n(n − 1)(n − 2).....(n − (n − 1)) + ....

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Maclaurin Series:Around 0

f (0) = a0 = 0!a0 ⇒ a0 = f (0)

f 0 (0) = (1)a1 = (1!)a1 ⇒ a1 = f 0 (0),
1
f 00 (0) = 2(1)a2 = 2!a2 ⇒ a2 = f 00 (0),
2!
1
f (0) = 3(2)(1)a3 = 3!a3 ⇒ a3 = f 000 (0),
000
3!
.
.
.
n 1 n
f (0) = n(n − 1)(n − 2)...3(2)(1)an = n!an ⇒ an = f (0),
n!

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

f (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)x + 1 00
2! f (0)x
2 + 1 000
3! f (0)x
3 + 1 iv
4! f (0)x
4 + ....

Examples
1 2 1 3 1 4
1 e x = 1 + x + 2! x + 3! x + 4! x + ....
x 0 x 0
since (e ) = e and e = 1.
1 3 1 5 1 7
2 sin(x) = x − 3! x + 5! x − 7! x ....
1 2 1 4 1 6
3 cos(x) = 1 − 2! x + 4! x − 6! x ....
1 2 1 3 1 4
4 ln(x + 1) = x − 2 x + 3 x − 4 x + ....
5 ln(−x + 1) = −x − 12 x 2 − 31 x 3 − 14 x 4 − ....
6 ln(1 − x 2 ) = −x 2 − 21 x 4 − 13 x 6 − ....

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Examples

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO

Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO
Niyigaba Emmanuel APPLIED MATHEMATICS II: YEAR TWO