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Chpt1-Solar Resources

This document discusses solar energy and methods for estimating terrestrial solar irradiance. It defines key terms like irradiance, insolation, and solar angles. It then provides equations and models for calculating extra-terrestrial radiation, beam and diffuse radiation on tilted surfaces, and monthly average daily radiation using clearness indices. Constants are given for a clear sky model to estimate irradiance on tilted surfaces each month.

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Mahmoud Hekal
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12 views21 pages

Chpt1-Solar Resources

This document discusses solar energy and methods for estimating terrestrial solar irradiance. It defines key terms like irradiance, insolation, and solar angles. It then provides equations and models for calculating extra-terrestrial radiation, beam and diffuse radiation on tilted surfaces, and monthly average daily radiation using clearness indices. Constants are given for a clear sky model to estimate irradiance on tilted surfaces each month.

Uploaded by

Mahmoud Hekal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power Plant Technology

Lect-1 Solar Angles and estimation of


Terrestrial irradiance
Gas

Oil

Uranium

Coal
Irradiance , Irradiation, Insolation
• Irradiance, G W/m2 The rate at which radiant energy is incident
on a surface per unit area of surface.
• Irradiation (or Radiant Exposure), J/m2 The incident energy per
unit area on a surface, found by integration of irradiance over a
specified time.
• Insolation is a term applying specifically to solar energy
irradiation.
H insolation over one day ------ I insolation over one hour
Suffixes: o ---extraterrestrial n ---normal direction
T --- tilted surface no suffix ---- horizontal surface
b --- beam d --- diffuse
Solar Angles
• Latitude angle Ф the angular location north or south of the
equator, north positive; −90◦ ≤ Ф ≤ 90◦.
earth is divided into 180 latitude circles (tropics) and 360
meridian lines
0 ≤ L < 360
• Declination angle δ the angular position of the sun at solar
noon with respect to the plane of the equator, positive in
north hemisphere -23.45 ° ≤ δ ≤ 23.45°
δ=23.45 sin(360(n+284)/365)
• Hour angle ω the angular displacement of the sun east or
west of the local meridian due to rotation of the earth on its
axis at 15 ° per hour; morning negative, afternoon positive.
ω=15 (t-12)
Solar Angles
Zenith Angle θZ
the angle between the vertical and the line to
the sun, that is, the angle of incidence of
beam radiation on a horizontal surface
Solar altitude angle αS
the angle between the horizontal and the
line to the sun
θZ + α S= 90

Cos(θZ) = cos(Ф) cos(δ) cos(ω) + sin(Ф) sin(δ)


Solar Angles
Solar azimuth angle ɣS
the angular displacement from south of
the projection of beam radiation on the
horizontal plane,
east of south are negative and west of
south are positive.
Extra-terrestrial Radiation
• The Solar Constant GSC: is the energy from the sun per unit
time received on a unit area of surface perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of the radiation at mean earth-sun
distance outside the atmosphere.
• Estimated as 1367 W/m2
• Varies from season to season
depending on the distance from
the sun
Variation of extra-terrestrial radiation
Month n Average
day
January i 17
February 31+i 16
March 59+i 16
April 90+i 15
May 120+i 15
June 151+i 11
July 181+i 17
August 212+i 16
September 243+i 15
October 273+i 15
November 304+i 14
December 334+i 10
Spectral distribution of extraterrestrial
radiation
Gλ

G=∫Gλ dλ
=1367 W/m2
Extraterrestrial Irradiation on horizontal
surface
Solar irradiance on horizontal surface at any day n (W/m2)

Substituting for zenith angle

Integrating from –ωS (sunrise) to +ωS (sunset) result in H


(insolation over a day)

Integrating over a period of one hour (from ω1 to ω2)


Surface Tilt and Azimuth angles
Tilt angle β:
the angle between the plane of the surface in question
and the horizontal
β =0 for horizontal surfaces, β=90 for vertical walls
Surface Azimuth ɣ:
the angle between the projection of the normal to the
surface on a horizontal plane with the South direction.
East negative and West positive
Incidence angle θ
The angle between the beam radiation on a surface
and the normal to that surface.
General form

Or

If θ exceeds 90 the sun will be behind the surface


Solar Radiation at the earth surface
• Beam Radiation: The solar radiation received from
the sun without having been scattered by the
atmosphere. Called also direct radiation
• Diffuse Radiation The solar radiation received from
the sun after its direction has been changed by
scattering by the atmosphere
Monthly average daily radiation H
The over bar means monthly average : calculated at a
representative day of the month
H n
 KT  a  b
Ho N
H0 is the (monthly average) daily extraterrestrial radiation
KT is the (monthly average) daily clearness index
N is the maximum number of hours in the average day of
the month
n is the number of hours of the average day of the month
Examples of monthly average (measured ) hours
of sunshine
Beam and diffuse radiation of monthly
average radiation
The diffuse component is related to the average
clearness index
Beam and diffuse radiation of daily
radiation
SimilarH
d is related to KT (the daily clearness
H
index)
Irradiance on Tilted surfaces
atmosphere A
W/m2

Clear sky model: GT=GbT+GdT+GrT


 B 
Gbn  A exp  
 cos  Z   Gbn
Z
Gb  Gbn cos  Z  GbT  Gbn cos   Groun
d
Gb FC  S 
1  cos   
Gd  GbnC GdT  GbnCFc  s 2
1  cos   
GRT  G  Fc  g FC G 
2

G  Gb  Gd GT  GbT  GdT  GRT 


Horizont 
Constants for the clear sky model
for the 21st day of each month
Month δ A W/m2 B C
declination
angle
January -20.2 1202 0.141 0.103
February -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104
March 0 1164 0.149 0.109
April 11.6 1130 0.164 0.120
May 20 1106 0.177 0.130
June 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137
July 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138
August 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134
September 0 1136 0.165 0.121
October -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111
November -19.8 1190 0.142 0.106
December -23.45 1204 0.142 0.103

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