DEPARTMENT OF

COMPUTER SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS

CLOUD COMPUTING
(22CA5123)
MCA
CO-III
Lecture Notes

After the completion of this CO III Students will be able

to Classify the Cloud services Virtual Machine (VM),
Applications Like Amazon EC2, Google Drive etc,.

Mr. B.KRISHNA
Asst Prof in CSA
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How to Use Self-Learning Material?

The pedagogy used to design this course is to enable the student to assimilate the concepts with ease. The
course is divided into modules. Each module is categorically divided into units or chapters. Each unit has
the following elements:

Table of Contents: Each unit has a well-defined table of contents. For example: “1.1.1. (a)”
should be read as “Module 1. Unit 1. Topic 1. (Sub-topic a)” and 1.2.3. (iii) should be read as “Module 1.
Unit 2. Topic 3. (Sub-topic iii).

Aim: It refers to the overall goal that can be achieved by going through the unit.

Instructional Objectives: These are behavioural objectives that describe intended

learning and define what the unit intends to deliver.

Learning Outcomes: These are demonstrations of the learner’s skills and experience
sequences in learning, and refer to what you will be able to accomplish after going through the
unit.

Self-Assessment Questions: These include a set of multiple-choice questions to be

answered at the end of each topic.

Did You Know?: You will learn some interesting facts about a topic that will help you
improve your knowledge. A unit can also contain Quiz, Case Study, Critical Learning
Exercises, etc., as metacognitive scaffold for learning.

Summary: This includes brief statements or restatements of the main points of unit and
summing up of the knowledge chunks in the unit.

Activity: It actively involves you through various assignments related to direct application
of the knowledge gained from the unit. Activities can be both online and offline.

Bibliography: This is a list of books and articles written by a particular author on a

particular subject referring to the unit’s content.

e-References: This is a list of online resources, including academic e-Books and journal
articles that provide reliable and accurate information on any topic.

Video Links: It has links to online videos that help you understand concepts from a variety
of online resources.

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Author Profile

Mr. B.KRISHNA, Assistant Professor at KL University, has a significant

experienced of working in the education management industry from last 19 years.
Involved in a wide variety of tasks at university levels such as KLU Media, Social
Media, Branding info, Newsletter, NBA Coordinator and presently serving as an
Assistant Professor in CSA. He has excellent organizational skills gained through all-
around administrative experience.

Actively organized workshops, Technical Fests, Seminars and taken lead in many
Students training programs. Research Scholar in Computer Science & Engineering and
published number of research Publications in well-reputed indexed journals and
conferences. Getting involved with the student community made sure academic projects
help the students to work for a better future of the society, some of the projects which
have been showcased in many competitions and implemented in university.

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Cloud Computing (22CA5123)

Course Description

This course gives students an insight into the basics of cloud computing along with virtualization,
cloud computing is one of the fastest growing domain from a while now. It will provide the students
basic understanding about cloud and virtualization along with it how one can migrate over it.

This course gives students an overview of the field of Cloud Computing, its enabling
technologies, main building blocks, and hands-on experience through projects utilizing public cloud
infrastructures (Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure). Cloud computing services are
being adopted widely across a variety of organizations and in many domains. Simply, cloud computing is
the delivery of computing as a service over a network, whereby distributed resources are rented, rather
than owned, by an end user as a utility.

The course will introduce this domain and cover the topics of cloud infrastructures, virtualization,
software defined networks and storage, cloud storage, and programming models. As an introduction, we
will discuss the motivating factors, benefits and challenges of the cloud, as well as service models,
service level agreements (SLAs), security, example cloud service providers and use cases. Modern data
centers enable many of the economic and technological benefits of the cloud paradigm; hence, we will
describe several concepts behind data center design and management and software deployment. Next, we
will focus on virtualization as a key cloud technique for offering software, computation and storage
services.

Students will work with Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure, use them to rent and provision
compute resources and then program and deploy applications that run on these resources. Students will
develop and evaluate scaling and load balancing solutions. In addition, students will work with cloud
storage systems and learn to develop different applications in several programming paradigms.

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The Cloud Computing course has four modules.

Module-1
Introduction to Cloud Computing: meaning of Cloud Computing, variations of cloud computing
from other models, Essential Characteristics, Cloud computing Architectures, Technological Influences.
Cloud Computing Architecture, the three-deployment model’s IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, and Types of clouds
(Public, Private and Hybrid).
CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE: Architectural Design of Compute and Storage Clouds – Layered
Cloud Architecture Development – Design Challenges - Inter Cloud Resource Management – Resource
Provisioning and Platform Deployment – Global Exchange of Cloud Resources.

Module-2

Service Models (XaaS): Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as
a Service (SaaS);
Deployment Models: Public cloud, Private cloud, Hybrid cloud, Community cloud. Establishing and
using a private cloud: Network topology, HW-SE specification, installing open stack, configuring open
stack availing services through open stacks, establishing virtual networks.

Module-3
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Introduction to IaaS, IaaS definition, Introduction to
virtualization, Different approaches to virtualization, Hypervisors, Machine Image, and Virtual Machine
(VM).
Resource Virtualization: Server, Storage, Network, Virtual Machine (resource) provisioning and
manageability, Storage as a service, Examples Applications: Amazon EC2, Google Drive, one drive,
drop box. Developing applications Using IaaS.

Module-4
Platform as a Service (PaaS): Introduction to PaaS: What is PaaS, Service Oriented Architecture
(SOA), Cloud Platform and Management, Computation, Storage, Examples, Google App Engine,
Microsoft Azure, SalesForce.com’s Force.com platforms. Developing applications using PaaS.
Software as a Service (SaaS): Introduction to SaaS, Web services, Web 2.0, Web OS, and Case
Study on SaaS. Provisioning, scheduling and requesting VM that is identified with desired software
packages. Development of Application software using the system software installed on the Virtual
Machine. Developing Applications that use SaaS.

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Table of Contents

MODULE 1

Introduction to Cloud Computing

Unit 1 Cloud computing Architectures
Unit 2 Cloud Infrastructures

MODULE 2

Service Models
Unit 3 Service Models (XaaS)
Unit 4 Deployment Models

MODULE 3

Infrastructure as a Service
Unit 5 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Unit 6 Resource Virtualization

MODULE 4

Cloud Services
Unit 7 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Unit 8 Software as a Service (SaaS)

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Cloud Computing

MODULE - 3

Cloud Computing
Resource
Virtualization

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Module Description

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) helps large organizations, and large enterprises in

managing and building their IT platforms. This infrastructure is flexible according to the
needs of the client.

Traditional hosting services involved renting out IT infrastructure with a

predetermined hardware configuration for a set amount of time. Regardless of how much
was actually used, the client was charged for the setup and time. Clients can flexibly scale
the configuration to meet changing requirements with the aid of the IaaS cloud computing
platform layer and are only charged for the services that are actually used.

Three forms of IaaS are available: public, private, and hybrid clouds. According to
the private cloud, the infrastructure is predicated on the customer's premises. The public
cloud is housed in the data centre of the company that provides the cloud computing
platform, while the hybrid cloud combines the greatest features of both private and public
clouds.

Unit 5 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Unit 6 Resource Virtualization

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Unit Table of Contents

Unit 5

5.1 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Aim
Instructional Objectives Learning
Outcomes
5.1.1 Introduction to virtualization
5.1.2 Different approaches to virtualization
Self-Assessment Questions

5.2 Hypervisors
5.2.1 Machine Image
5.2.2 Virtual Machine (VM)
Self-Assessment Questions

Unit 6
6.1 Resource Virtualization
6.1.1 Virtual Machine (resource) provisioning and manageability
6.1.2 Storage as a service
Self-Assessment Questions

6.2 Examples Applications

6.2.1 Amazon EC2, Google Drive, one drive
6.2.2 drop box. Developing applications Using IaaS
Self-Assessment Questions

Summary
Terminal Questions
Answer Keys
Activity
Bibliography
e-References
Image Credits

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AIM
This unit enable the student to Classify cloud services like Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS) and Applications of Amazon EC2, Google Drive, one drive drop box.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

In this Unit Student will be able to :

 Illustrate Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
 Developing applications Using IaaS
 Understand the Different approaches to virtualization.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the unit, the student is expected to:
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Role of Networks in Cloud computing.
 Different approaches to virtualization.
 Applications of Amazon EC2, Google Drive, one drive drop box.

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UNIT-5
5.1 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) helps in delivering computer infrastructure on an
external basis for supporting operations. Generally, IaaS provides services to
networking equipment, devices, databases, and web servers.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) helps large organizations, and large enterprises in

managing and building their IT platforms. This infrastructure is flexible according to
the needs of the client.

IaaS characteristics.

IaaS is scalable and offers businesses greater flexibility than on-premise solutions
through the cloud. IaaS businesses typically provide services such as pay-as-you-go
storage, networking and virtualization.

IaaS cloud servers are typically offered to businesses over the internet, whether
through a dashboard or an API, ensuring users have complete control over their
computing infrastructure.

IaaS platforms are:

Highly flexible and highly scalable.
Accessible by multiple users.
Cost-effective.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is a cloud service that provides basic computing infrastructure: servers,

storage, and networking resources. In other words, IaaS is a virtual data center.

IaaS services can be used for a variety of purposes, from hosting websites to
analyzing big data. Clients can install and use whatever operating systems and tools
they like on the infrastructure they get. Major IaaS providers include Amazon Web
Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Compute Engine.

As with IaaS services are available on a pay-for-what-you-use model.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Managed by you Managed by vendor

Hosted applications Servers and storage

Development and management tools Networking resources

Operating system Data center

Perfect for: IT administrators

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Infrastructure as a Service | IaaS

Iaas is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is one of the layers of the
cloud computing platform. It allows customers to outsource their IT infrastructures such as
servers, networking, processing, storage, virtual machines, and other resources. Customers
access these resources on the Internet using a pay-as-per use model.
In traditional hosting services, IT infrastructure was rented out for a specific period
of time, with pre-determined hardware configuration. The client paid for the configuration
and time, regardless of the actual use. With the help of the IaaS cloud computing platform
layer, clients can dynamically scale the configuration to meet changing requirements and
are billed only for the services actually used.
IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the need for every organization to
maintain the IT infrastructure.
IaaS is offered in three models: public, private, and hybrid cloud. The private
cloud implies that the infrastructure resides at the customer-premise. In the case of public
cloud, it is located at the cloud computing platform vendor's data center, and the hybrid
cloud is a combination of the two in which the customer selects the best of both public
cloud or private cloud.

IaaS provider provides the following services -

1. Compute: Computing as a Service includes virtual central processing units and virtual
main memory for the Vms that is provisioned to the end- users.
2. Storage: IaaS provider provides back-end storage for storing files.
3. Network: Network as a Service (NaaS) provides networking components such as
routers, switches, and bridges for the Vms.
4. Load balancers: It provides load balancing capability at the infrastructure layer.

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Advantages of IaaS cloud computing layer

There are the following advantages of IaaS computing layer -
1. Shared infrastructure
IaaS allows multiple users to share the same physical infrastructure.
2. Web access to the resources
Iaas allows IT users to access resources over the internet.
3. Pay-as-per-use model
IaaS providers provide services based on the pay-as-per-use basis. The users
are required to pay for what they have used.
4. Focus on the core business
IaaS providers focus on the organization's core business rather than on IT
infrastructure.
5. On-demand scalability
On-demand scalability is one of the biggest advantages of IaaS. Using IaaS,
users do not worry about to upgrade software and troubleshoot the issues
related to hardware components.

Disadvantages of IaaS cloud computing layer

1. Security
Security is one of the biggest issues in IaaS. Most of the IaaS providers are
not able to provide 100% security.
2. Maintenance & Upgrade
Although IaaS service providers maintain the software, but they do not
upgrade the software for some organizations.
3. Interoperability issues
It is difficult to migrate VM from one IaaS provider to the other, so the
customers might face problem related to vendor lock-in.

Some important point about IaaS cloud computing

layer
IaaS cloud computing platform cannot replace the traditional hosting method, but it
provides more than that, and each resource which are used are predictable as per the
usage.

IaaS cloud computing platform may not eliminate the need for an in-house IT
department. It will be needed to monitor or control the IaaS setup. IT salary
expenditure might not reduce significantly, but other IT expenses can be reduced.

Breakdowns at the IaaS cloud computing platform vendor's can bring your business
to the halt stage. Assess the IaaS cloud computing platform vendor's stability and
finances. Make sure that SLAs (i.e., Service Level Agreement) provide backups for
data, hardware, network, and application failures. Image portability and third-party
support is a plus point.

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The IaaS cloud computing platform vendor can get access to your sensitive data.
So, engage with credible companies or organizations. Study their security policies
and precautions.

Top Iaas Providers who are providing IaaS cloud

computing platform

IaaS Iaas Solution Details

Vendor

Amazon Web Elastic, Elastic Compute The cloud computing platform pioneer, Amazon offers
Services Cloud (EC2) MapReduce, auto scaling, cloud monitoring, and load balancing
Route 53, Virtual Private features as part of its portfolio.
Cloud, etc.

Netmagic Netmagic IaaS Cloud Netmagic runs from data centers in Mumbai, Chennai,
Solutions and Bangalore, and a virtual data center in the United
States. Plans are underway to extend services to West
Asia.

Rackspace Cloud servers, cloud files, The cloud computing platform vendor focuses primarily
cloud sites, etc. on enterprise-level hosting services.

Reliance Reliance Internet Data RIDC supports both traditional hosting and cloud
Communication Center services, with data centers in Mumbai, Bangalore,
s Hyderabad, and Chennai. The cloud services offered by
RIDC include IaaS and SaaS.

Sify Sify IaaS Sify's cloud computing platform is powered by HP's

Technologies converged infrastructure. The vendor offers all three
types of cloud services: IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS.

Tata InstaCompute InstaCompute is Tata Communications' IaaS offering.

Communication InstaCompute data centers are located in Hyderabad and
s Singapore, with operations in both countries.

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5.1.1Introduction to virtualization
Virtualization in Cloud Computing and Types
Virtualization is a technique how to separate a service from the underlying
physical delivery of that service. It is the process of creating a virtual version of something
like computer hardware. It was initially developed during the mainframe era. It involves
using specialized software to create a virtual or software-created version of a computing
resource rather than the actual version of the same resource. With the help of
Virtualization, multiple operating systems and applications can run on the same machine
and its same hardware at the same time, increasing the utilization and flexibility of
hardware.
In other words, one of the main cost-effective, hardware-reducing, and energy-
saving techniques used by cloud providers is Virtualization. Virtualization allows sharing
of a single physical instance of a resource or an application among multiple customers and
organizations at one time. It does this by assigning a logical name to physical storage and
providing a pointer to that physical resource on demand. The term virtualization is often
synonymous with hardware virtualization, which plays a fundamental role in efficiently
delivering Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) solutions for cloud computing. Moreover,
virtualization technologies provide a virtual environment for not only executing
applications but also for storage, memory, and networking.

Virtualization

 Host Machine: The machine on which the virtual machine is going to be built is
known as Host Machine.

 Guest Machine: The virtual machine is referred to as a Guest Machine.

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Work of Virtualization in Cloud Computing

Virtualization has a prominent impact on Cloud Computing. In the case of cloud
computing, users store data in the cloud, but with the help of Virtualization, users have the
extra benefit of sharing the infrastructure. Cloud Vendors take care of the required physical
resources, but these cloud providers charge a huge amount for these services which impacts
every user or organization. Virtualization helps Users or Organisations in maintaining
those services which are required by a company through external (third-party) people,
which helps in reducing costs to the company. This is the way through which Virtualization
works in Cloud Computing.
Benefits of Virtualization
 More flexible and efficient allocation of resources.
 Enhance development productivity.
 It lowers the cost of IT infrastructure.
 Remote access and rapid scalability.
 High availability and disaster recovery.
 Pay peruse of the IT infrastructure on demand.
 Enables running multiple operating systems.

Drawback of Virtualization
 High Initial Investment: Clouds have a very high initial investment, but
it is also true that it will help in reducing the cost of companies.
 Learning New Infrastructure: As the companies shifted from Servers to
Cloud, it requires highly skilled staff who have skills to work with the cloud
easily, and for this, you have to hire new staff or provide training to current
staff.
 Risk of Data: Hosting data on third-party resources can lead to putting the
data at risk, it has the chance of getting attacked by any hacker or cracker
very easily.

Characteristics of Virtualization
 Increased Security: The ability to control the execution of a guest
program in a completely transparent manner opens new possibilities for
delivering a secure, controlled execution environment. All the operations of
the guest programs are generally performed against the virtual machine,
which then translates and applies them to the host programs.
 Managed Execution: In particular, sharing, aggregation, emulation, and
isolation are the most relevant features.
 Sharing: Virtualization allows the creation of a separate computing
environment within the same host.
 Aggregation: It is possible to share physical resources among several
guests, but virtualization also allows aggregation, which is the opposite
process.

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5.1.2 Different approaches to virtualization

Types of Virtualization
1. Application Virtualization
2. Network Virtualization
3. Desktop Virtualization
4. Storage Virtualization
5. Server Virtualization
6. Data virtualization

Types of Virtualizations

1. Application Virtualization: Application virtualization helps a user to have remote

access to an application from a server. The server stores all personal information and other
characteristics of the application but can still run on a local workstation through the
internet. An example of this would be a user who needs to run two different versions of the
same software. Technologies that use application virtualization are hosted applications and
packaged applications.
2. Network Virtualization: The ability to run multiple virtual networks with each
having a separate control and data plan. It co-exists together on top of one physical
network. It can be managed by individual parties that are potentially confidential to each
other. Network virtualization provides a facility to create and provision virtual networks,
logical switches, routers, firewalls, load balancers, Virtual Private Networks (VPN), and
workload security within days or even weeks.

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Network Virtualization

3. Desktop Virtualization: Desktop virtualization allows the users’ OS to be remotely

stored on a server in the data center. It allows the user to access their desktop virtually,
from any location by a different machine. Users who want specific operating systems other
than Windows Server will need to have a virtual desktop. The main benefits of desktop
virtualization are user mobility, portability, and easy management of software installation,
updates, and patches.

4. Storage Virtualization: Storage virtualization is an array of servers that are managed

by a virtual storage system. The servers aren’t aware of exactly where their data is stored
and instead function more like worker bees in a hive. It makes managing storage from
multiple sources be managed and utilized as a single repository. storage virtualization
software maintains smooth operations, consistent performance, and a continuous suite of
advanced functions despite changes, breaks down, and differences in the underlying
equipment.

5. Server Virtualization: This is a kind of virtualization in which the masking of server

resources takes place. Here, the central server (physical server) is divided into multiple
different virtual servers by changing the identity number, and processors. So, each system
can operate its operating systems in an isolated manner. Where each sub-server knows the
identity of the central server. It causes an increase in performance and reduces the
operating cost by the deployment of main server resources into a sub-server resource. It’s
beneficial in virtual migration, reducing energy consumption, reducing infrastructural
costs, etc.

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Server Virtualization

7. Data Virtualization: This is the kind of virtualization in which the data is collected from
various sources and managed at a single place without knowing more about the technical
information like how data is collected, stored & formatted then arranged that data logically
so that its virtual view can be accessed by its interested people and stakeholders, and users
through the various cloud services remotely. Many big giant companies are providing their
services like Oracle, IBM, At scale, Cdata, etc.

Uses of Virtualization

 Data-integration
 Business-integration
 Service-oriented architecture data-services
 Searching organizational data

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5.2 Hypervisors

What is Hypervisor?
Hypervisor is a program that allows multiple Operating Systems to share a single physical
hardware. Each operating system will share the host’s processor, memory, file storage, and other
resources. The hypervisor controls the host processor and resources, allocating what is needed to
each operating system. This ensures that he the guest operating systems (called virtual machines)
cannot interrupt each other.

Since Hypervisors help create and manage virtual machines (VMs), they are also known as Virtual
Machine Monitors or VMMs.

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Hypervisors help you retain control over a cloud environment’s processes and infrastructure and
protect sensitive data. It makes cloud-based applications accessible to users in a virtual
environment.

Types of Hypervisors
There are 2 types of Hypervisors, as detailed below:

Type 1 Hypervisor
Type 1 Hypervisor is installed directly on the physical server, also called a “bare metal”
Hypervisor. You can also have direct access to the resource of the physical server, which
makes the Type 1 Hypervisor highly effective. Furthermore, the design of the Type 1
Hypervisor is highly secure, as it limits the attack surface and the potential for
compromise.

Type 1 Hypervisors are the most common choice within the enterprise IT context as it
offers strong security, stability, and performance.

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Popular Type 1 hypervisors are Nutanix AHV, VMware ESXi, Citrix Hypervisor amongst
others.

Type 2 Hypervisor
Type 2 Hypervisors run as applications on a physical server’s pre-existing OS. The host
operating system, sits between the physical server and the Hypervisor. So, it is also called
“hosted” Hypervisors.

However, Type 2 Hypervisors are not a good choice for server-based environments, as they
have higher latency and risk exposure than Type 1. Type 2 Hypervisors are easy to install.
It can work well in specific use cases, like individual PC users who want to run only one
OS. In such cases, performance and security are not principal concerns.

Example: Installing Linux over Windows using VirtualBox

What is a Cloud Hypervisor?

A Cloud Hypervisor is a software solution that enables you to share the physical computing
and memory resources of a cloud provider across multiple virtual machines (VMs).

It was created for mainframe computers in the 1960s. Cloud Hypervisors gained worldwide
popularity with introduction of VMware for industry-standard servers in the 1990s.

Cloud Hypervisor allows the single physical server to run multiple guest Virtual
Machines. These VM’s each have their own operating systems (OSs) that run
independently and are logically separated from each other. Because of this problems or
crashes in one guest VM have no effect on the other guest VMs, OSs, or it’s running
applications.

Why do you need a Cloud Hypervisor?

Suppose you own a company with multiple servers that provide various services to
customers via the internet. In that situation, it isn’t easy to centrally handle them,
particularly those running different operating systems.

A Hypervisor allows you to virtualize these servers and manage them all in one physical
machine, making them more efficient. It also helps you to control the data flow into the
virtual machines managed by the Hypervisor.

Hypervisor also acts as a storage center where all the data is stored virtually.

How does a Cloud Hypervisor work?

Following 3 modules are used in a HyperVisor

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 Dispatcher: This module acts as an entry point for the Virtual monitor. It also
reroutes all the virtual machine instructions to one or both modules listed below.
 Allocator: The allocator is responsible for deciding the system resources to be
provided to the virtual machine instance. In other words, the dispatcher invokes the
allocator whenever a virtual machine executes an instruction that results in
changing machine resources associated with the virtual machine.
 Interpreter: The interpreter module contains routines executed whenever a
virtual machine executes specific privileged instructions.

Benefits of a Cloud Hypervisor

Here are some important advantages/pros of Cloud Hypervisor:

 Portability: Applications that experience spikes in demand can connect two

additional machines to scale as needed. It becomes possible as hypervisors allow
workloads to move between two different virtual machines.
 Efficiency: One physical server can be used more effectively when multiple virtual
machines run on one physical machine’s resources, thanks to Hypervisors.
 Utilization: Hypervisors allow multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single
physical server and share resources. Thus, it increases server utilization while
saving on power, cooling, etc.
 Hardware neutral: Hypervisor-based replication is hardware neutral, meaning
duplicate data can easily be stored on any device.
 Flexibility: The Hypervisor guest VMs and OSs on a wide range of hardware.
 Time to use: Cloud Hypervisors enable virtual machines (VMs) to be instantly
turned up or down. It allows projects to be created and teams to work on the same
day.
 Reliability: Hardware failures can be remedied by moving virtual machines to
different machines.

5.2.1 Machine Image

What is Amazon Machine Image (AMI)?

An Amazon Machine Image is a special type of virtual appliance that is used to instantiate
(create) a virtual machine within EC2. It serves as the basic unit of deployment for services
delivered using EC2. Whenever you want to launch an instance, you need to specify AMI.
To launch instances, you can also use different AMI’s. If you want to launch multiple
instances from a single AMI, then you need multiple instances of the same configuration.
An AMI has the following properties:-

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A template for the root volume for the instance (for example, an operating

system, an application server, and applications)
 Launch permissions that control which AWS accounts can use the AMI to
launch instances
 A block device mapping that specifies the volumes to attach to the instance
when it’s launched
When you want to use AMI, select the following characteristics:-
 Regions
 Permissions for launching AMI
 Operating System
 Root device Storage
 Architecture
Why do we need AMI ?
Let us suppose that we want to launch 5 servers with the same configuration. One way of
doing that would be to launch a new EC2 instance every time and install the required
packages every time. While the other way of doing it would be to configure your EC2
instance once and then create an image of that instance. Using that image you can deploy 4
more EC2 servers.

Creating your Own AMI

Prerequisites: AWS Account
Step 1: Click on the launch instance button on the AWS management console.

Step 2: Now you will be asked to select an already available AMI. Select Free tier and then
select the Amazon Linux 2 AMI.

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Step 3: Select t2.micro eligible for the free tier. Now click on next: configure Instance
details.

Step 4: Here you can select the various configurations related to EC2 instance. Click on
Next: Add storage.

Step 5: Select the amount of storage you want for the EC2 instance. Click on next: Add
tags and then click next: configure security groups.

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Step 6: Here you can add the security groups to allow the desired traffic for your instance.
Click on review and launch.

Step 7: Review all the configurations regarding the EC2 instance. Click on Launch.

Step 8: Choose to create a new key pair option and write the key pair name. Download the
key pair and then click on the launch instance.
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Step 9: We can see that the instance is launched and running in a healthy state. Now It is
required to create the Amazon Machine Image of this instance.

Step 10: Click on actions. Go to the image and then click on create image.

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Step 11: A prompt will open wherein you are required to write the name of the image.
Click on create image.

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Step 12: The image creation request is received. Now the image will be created. Click on
close. Now go to AMI services in AWS management console.

Step 13: The AMI image of our instance is created successfully.

5.2.2 Virtual Machine (VM)

Types of Virtual Machines

we will study about virtual machines, types of virtual machines, and virtual machine
languages. Virtual Machine is like fake computer system operating on your hardware. It
partially uses the hardware of your system (like CPU, RAM, disk space, etc.) but its space
is completely separated from your main system.

Types of Virtual Machines : You can classify virtual machines into two types:

1. System Virtual Machine: These types of virtual machines gives us complete

system platform and gives the execution of the complete virtual operating system.
Just like virtual box, system virtual machine is providing an environment for an OS
to be installed completely. We can see in below image that our hardware of Real
Machine is being distributed between two simulated operating systems by Virtual
machine monitor. And then some programs, processes are going on in that
distributed hardware of simulated machines separately.

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2. Process Virtual Machine : While process virtual machines, unlike system virtual
machine, does not provide us with the facility to install the virtual operating system
completely. Rather it creates virtual environment of that OS while using some app
or program and this environment will be destroyed as soon as we exit from that app.
Like in below image, there are some apps running on main OS as well some virtual
machines are created to run other apps. This shows that as those programs required
different OS, process virtual machine provided them with that for the time being
those programs are running.
Example – Wine software in Linux helps to run Windows applications.

Virtual Machine Language : It’s type of language which can be understood by

different operating systems. It is platform-independent. Just like to run any
programming language (C, python, or java) we need specific compiler that actually
converts that code into system understandable code (also known as byte code). The
same virtual machine language works. If we want to use code that can be executed
on different types of operating systems like (Windows, Linux, etc) then virtual
machine language will be helpful.

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Unit-6
6.1 Resource Virtualization: Server, Storage, Network
Resource virtualization plays a significant role in abstracting and managing various
types of resources in the context of server, storage, and network infrastructure. Let's
explore how resource virtualization applies to each of these domains:
1. Server Virtualization: Server virtualization involves abstracting physical servers into
virtual machines (VMs) or containers. This process allows multiple VMs or containers to
run on a single physical server, effectively consolidating server resources and optimizing
utilization. Server virtualization enables the decoupling of the operating system and
applications from the underlying hardware, making it easier to provision, manage, and
migrate server instances. It offers benefits such as improved resource utilization, flexibility,
scalability, and easier disaster recovery.
2. Storage Virtualization: Storage virtualization abstracts physical storage devices, such as
hard drives or storage arrays, into virtual storage pools. These virtual pools can then be
divided into logical units, such as virtual disks or volumes, which can be provisioned to
users or applications. Storage virtualization provides a unified and scalable storage
infrastructure that simplifies management, enhances data protection, and enables advanced
storage features like snapshots, replication, and thin provisioning. It also enables the
aggregation and utilization of storage resources from diverse storage systems.
3. Network Virtualization: Network virtualization involves abstracting and combining
network resources, such as switches, routers, and firewalls, into virtual networks. Virtual
networks are created on top of the physical network infrastructure, allowing multiple
virtual networks to coexist and operate independently. Network virtualization enables the
segmentation and isolation of network traffic, providing enhanced security, improved
network agility, and simplified network management. It also enables the creation of virtual
network functions (VNFs) and the deployment of software-defined networking (SDN)
technologies for flexible and programmable network architectures.
In summary, resource virtualization in the domains of server, storage, and network
provides the foundation for creating flexible, scalable, and manageable infrastructures. By
abstracting physical resources into virtual entities, organizations can optimize resource
utilization, improve operational efficiency, and deliver services in a more agile and cost-
effective manner.

6.1.1Virtual Machine (resource) provisioning and manageability

Virtual machine (VM) provisioning and manageability refer to the processes and tools
involved in creating, deploying, and managing virtual machines in a virtualized
environment. These environments can be hosted on-premises or in cloud computing
platforms.
Here are some key aspects of VM provisioning and manageability:
 Provisioning: VM provisioning involves creating and configuring virtual machines
according to specific requirements. This process typically includes defining hardware
resources such as CPU, memory, storage, and network connectivity. Provisioning can be
done manually or through automated tools and scripts.
 Image Management: VM images serve as templates for creating new instances of virtual
machines. Image management involves creating, maintaining, and versioning these images.
It includes installing and configuring operating systems, applications, and necessary
software components on the base image. Organizations often use image repositories or
registries to store and distribute these images.

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 Deployment: VM deployment refers to the process of launching virtual machines from the
provisioned images. Depending on the environment, deployment can be done on-demand
or based on predefined schedules or events. In cloud computing, deployment can be
automated using infrastructure-as-code tools and templates.
 Configuration Management: Once VMs are deployed, configuration management
ensures that they are properly configured and managed throughout their lifecycle. This
includes managing operating system settings, network configurations, security policies, and
software installations. Configuration management tools help maintain consistency across
VMs and enable efficient scaling and updates.
 Monitoring and Performance Management: VM management involves monitoring the
performance and health of virtual machines. This includes tracking resource utilization
(CPU, memory, disk, network) and identifying potential bottlenecks or issues. Monitoring
tools provide insights into VM performance, enabling administrators to optimize resource
allocation and troubleshoot problems.
 Scaling and Resource Management: Virtual machines can be scaled horizontally
(increasing the number of instances) or vertically (increasing the resources allocated to a
VM). Scaling is crucial for handling changing workload demands. Resource management
tools assist in dynamically allocating and deallocating resources, ensuring efficient
utilization and cost optimization.
 Patching and Updates: Keeping VMs up to date with the latest security patches and
updates is essential for maintaining a secure environment. Patch management tools
automate the process of applying patches, minimizing downtime and vulnerabilities.
 Backup and Disaster Recovery: Virtual machine backups are crucial for data protection
and disaster recovery. VM backup tools create periodic snapshots or copies of VM
instances and associated data, allowing for quick recovery in case of system failures or data
loss.
To facilitate VM provisioning and manageability, various tools and platforms are
available, including virtualization platforms like VMware vSphere, Microsoft Hyper-V,
and open-source solutions like KVM and Xen. Cloud service providers also offer VM
provisioning and management capabilities, such as Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure Virtual
Machines, and Google Cloud Compute Engine, along with their associated management
consoles and APIs.

6.2 Examples Applications

6.2.1 Examples Applications: Amazon EC2,
Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) is a popular Infrastructure-as-a-Service
(IaaS) offering by Amazon Web Services (AWS). It provides resizable compute capacity in
the cloud, allowing developers to create and run virtual machines (known as instances) for
a variety of applications. Here's how you can develop applications using Amazon EC2 as
an IaaS platform:
1. Launch EC2 Instances: Start by launching EC2 instances that match your application's
requirements. You can choose from a wide range of instance types with varying compute,
memory, and storage capacities. EC2 instances can run various operating systems,
including Linux and Windows.
2. Configure Security: Set up security groups and configure network access rules to control
inbound and outbound traffic to your EC2 instances. This ensures that your application's
environment is secure and accessible only to authorized users or systems.

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3. Install and Configure Software: Connect to your EC2 instances using SSH (for Linux) or
remote desktop (for Windows) and install the necessary software components and libraries
required for your application. This includes web servers, databases, application
frameworks, development tools, and any other dependencies.

4. Code and Develop: Use your preferred development tools and languages to write your
application code. You can leverage Integrated Development Environments (IDEs),
command-line interfaces, or remote development environments to write, test, and debug
your code directly on the EC2 instances.
5. Store and Manage Data: Choose an appropriate data storage solution based on your
application requirements. AWS offers various storage services like Amazon S3 for object
storage, Amazon EBS for block storage, and Amazon RDS for managed databases. You
can integrate these services with your EC2 instances to store and manage data.
6. Scalability and Load Balancing: If your application needs to handle increased traffic or
demand, you can leverage EC2's scalability features. Auto Scaling enables you to
automatically adjust the number of instances based on predefined conditions, while Elastic
Load Balancing distributes incoming traffic across multiple EC2 instances to improve
performance and availability.
7. Monitoring and Management: Utilize AWS monitoring and management services, such
as Amazon CloudWatch, to collect metrics, monitor performance, and set up alarms for
your EC2 instances. You can also leverage AWS management tools like AWS Systems
Manager to automate administrative tasks and perform system updates.
8. Continuous Integration and Deployment: Implement a continuous integration and
deployment (CI/CD) pipeline to automate the process of building, testing, and deploying
your applications on EC2 instances. AWS provides services like AWS CodePipeline and
AWS CodeDeploy that integrate with EC2 to facilitate this process.
9. Backup and Disaster Recovery: Implement backup and disaster recovery strategies to
ensure data protection and business continuity. This can involve regular data backups to
Amazon S3, creating snapshots of your EC2 instances or leveraging services like AWS
Backup and AWS Disaster Recovery.
By leveraging Amazon EC2 as an IaaS platform, developers can create and deploy
applications in a flexible and scalable manner, taking advantage of AWS's robust
infrastructure and services.

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6.2.2 drop box. Developing applications Using IaaS

Dropbox

With Dropbox, you can store files, sync them with your cloud, and use the client
software. Dropbox creates a special folder on the user’s computer that keeps all files together
in one place. Dropbox’s servers and other devices where the Dropbox software has been
installed sync the contents or files of this folder now.

The site uses a freemium business model, meaning users can sign up for a free
account and pay for additional storage and features if they wish.

Through password-protected links, Dropbox users can invite teammates to access any
folder and send specific files and images. It slashes costs, improves scalability, enables easy
upgrades, and saves businesses time to focus on what they do best: running their business.

The main features are as follows:

 Store and access files from anywhere.

 Allows you to create and edit your work, including cloud content and Microsoft Office files.
 Provides desktop experience with smart content suggestions.
 Notifies of progress updates and to-dos added to descriptions.
 Connect your tools (Slack, Zoom, HelloSign, and other Dropbox integrations) to Dropbox.
 Paper, a collaborative doc for your team-create content easily and organize your projects
using timelines, to-dos, and tables.

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Is Google Drive a SaaS?

Yes, Google Drive is a SaaS. The reason is that all you need to do is to log in, and
you immediately have access to a spreadsheet application, a word processor, and a
presentation creator. Also Google drive is a SaaS cloud computing service because it gives
you access to store, compute and access different software functions. If you already have a
gmail account then you have Google Drive, since your free Google account gives you
access to all Google services like Gmail, Google Drive, Photos, Youtube, Play store and
more.
Google Drive is a cloud based storage solution that enables you to store your media,
files and media in the servers in the cloud. You can easily access these files with your
phone, tablet or laptop. The Drive is available in both android and iOS stores, in fact it
comes pre-installed in most new android phones. With your documents on Google Drive,
you can free up space in your system and access them anywhere on any device with internet
access.
You can access the Drive through the web by going to drive.google.com. You can
also download the software for use on your PC. Once you visit the website, you will see
‘Get drive’ for desktop; click on download and start using. Google Drive storage gives you
15MB of storage free and that is enough for most people’s needs.

This storage is shared between documents in the drive, gmail and photos. But you
can increase the storage capabilities by paying for it, either using a monthly or yearly
subscription. This payment gives you access to Google One which gives you more than both
storage and also rebates to the Google store.
How businesses can use Google drive
Most corporate organizations are moving over to cloud as 48% of businesses store their
most important data in the cloud; and Google Drive is the most used cloud storage software.
Now that we’ve gotten some basic knowledge about Google Drive, let’s see how Google
Drive can help businesses. Here are 8 ways this SaaS can help you as a business owner.
1. Work with your business files: You can work with, edit, download, and convert
Microsoft Office files in Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides through the drive. After
working with your Google Documents, you can save it and export it as an Office file to
be able to share with others
2. Share and organize office files: You can share your drive files with anyone in your
office. Just send them the link and they can work on it. You can also share files
between you and your team in a Google group. Apart from that, you can also control
who can edit, view or just comment on the file you shared. You can also block people
from sharing unwanted files with you.
3. Sync your documents across all devices: With Google Drive, you can sync all your
documents across all your devices as long as you are connected to the internet.
Therefore you can upload a file with your mobile now and get it on your laptop in
seconds. This works for other members of your team as well.
4. Backup your documents: A good way of backing up your documents is using Google
Drive especially when the external hard drive is not available or you have a problem
with yours. If you have a Chromebook it is the best way to save your documents as the
space on a Chromebook is quite small. On your smartphone, Google Drive can
automatically upload your documents and images to the cloud.
5. Work offline and save when online: With Google Drive you can work offline on your
google docs, sheets, slides and save them automatically whenever internet comes up on
your device. You can do this on your laptop, device or smartphone. Just turn on
‘available offline’ on your document to save your files offline.
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6. Facilitate collaboration: Google Drive makes it easy to check, edit files and correct
mistakes made by other members of your team. You can take collaboration with your
staff and colleagues to another level by creating chat. You can have a chat around some
spreadsheets and documents by clicking on the speech bubble icon at the top right side
of a document. This eliminates the need to send email attachments to and fro. This is
also great as Google Drive saves every update up to 30 days or 100 revisions.
7. Safe and secure information: Every data in Google Drive is encrypted with the same
security protocol used on Gmail and other Google services using SSL. This means your
data is very safe no matter what happens to your tablet, smartphone or laptop. Once
you get a new device, you log into your google account and you can access all your
information again. Google Drive and Google Drive data centres are SSAE 16 / ISAE
3402 Type II SOC 2-audited and have gotten the ISO 27001 certification.
8. App integrations: Google drive can easily integrate with third-party apps and services.
This comes handy when you share collaboration from other programs with team
members. Google Drive can easily and automatically put the documents in a google
docs friendly document so you can work on it.
Conclusion
Google Drive is a great SaaS that every business needs as it is not just for storing files in the
cloud, it has a lot of other uses. Employees can easily and effectively move and edit files
across each through the drive as they can access files from a single cloud account. What’s
more, the software can be used and easily synced across Linux, iOS, and android devices.

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Summary
This module showcase most recent alterations to computer environments and
facilitate VM provisioning and manageability, various tools and platforms are available,
including virtualization platforms like VMware vSphere, Microsoft Hyper-V, and open-
source solutions like KVM and Xen. Cloud service providers also offer VM provisioning
and management capabilities, such as Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines,
and Google Cloud Compute Engine, along with their associated management consoles and
APIs.

Activity

1. Briefly answer the following questions on virtualization levels. Highlight the key points
and identify the distinctions in different approaches. Discuss their relative advantages,
shortcomings and limitations. Also identify example systems implemented at each level.

2.Explain the differences between hypervisor and para-virtualization and give one example
VMM (virtual machine monitor), that was built in each of the two categories.

Terminal Questions
1. Explain the cloud computing service models?
2. Explain the different levels of virtualization implementation?
3. Explain in details the tools and mechanisms for virtualization?
4. How do you manage the resources in virtual environment?
5. Explain the programming on Amazon EC2?
6. Describe the basic component of an IaaS-based solution for cloud computing?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

External References

1.R. Buyya, J. Broberg, A. Goscinski (Eds.), Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms,
Wiley Press, New York, 2011.

2. V. Chadha, R. Ilikkal, R. Iyer, I/O Processing in a virtualized platform: a simulation-driven

approach, in: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Virtual Execution
Environments (VEE), 2007.

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