Analysis and Design of a Multi-storey Residential Building

CHAPTER 1

TASK PERFORMED

2.1 INTRODUCTION:

As a first step towards gaining practical expertise in civil engineering. I am undergoing

industrial training at Jagadeesh associates, the leading Structural Engineering Consultants in
Karnataka. My work is guided by professor V S Jagadeesh.

In this project, I have analysed a multi-storeyed residential building proposed at

Chitradurga. The building was modelled and analysed using E-TABS.

The basic objectives of the industrial training planned as part of the curriculum for 3rd
semester M Tech (CADS), University of BDT College Engineering, Davanagere is to
understand the working of a design industry and to bridge the gap between the knowledge
and the Industrial procedures of the structural design.

2.2 Details of the structures:

The design of a structure involves two stages. The first stage is the selection an
appropriate type of structure and carrying out the analysis and the second stage involves
detailed design of various components. The detailed design-involves determination of the
most economical cross section and detailing conforming to safety and serviceability
requirements.

The functional requirements and the aesthetic aspect are looked into normally by an
architect while the safety requirement, durability and economy are to be attended by a
structural engineer.

The following requirements have to be satisfied:

 Serviceability
 Safety
 Durability
 Economy
 Aesthetic beauty

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 Analysis and Design of a Multi-storey Residential Building

2.2.1Serviceability:
The structure has to be designed to efficiently serve the intended function give
satisfactory performance throughout the life span. The performance is rated from its
ability to maintain deflection, performance, cracking and vibration within the
acceptable limits.

2.2.2 Safety:
It has been the prime requirement of structural design and the structure shall be
designed. So that it doesn't collapse in any way during the expected life span and this can
be achieved by adequate strength, ductility and stability.

2.2.3 Durability:
The structure is so designed to effectively resist the environmental action like
fire, wind, weather, temperature variation, chemical actions and other corrosive
actions.

2.2.4 Economy:
The design should be economical and this is achieved by utilization of the
strength of material or economy in the cost of construction as well as the cost of
maintenance andrepairs.

2.2.5 Aesthetic requirement:

The structure should not only be safe. Serviceable and durable, but should also
be aesthetically sound without affecting the economy to much extent.

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2.3CODES USED FOR DESIGN:

1. IS 456:2000Plain and Reinforced concrete code of practice.

2. IS :875 (PART 1) – 1987 Dead Loads- Unit Weight of Building Material and Stone
material
3. IS :875 (PART 2) – 1987 Imposed Loads
4. IS :875 (PART 3) – 1987 Wind Loads
5. IS :875 (PART 4) – 1987 Snow Loads
6. IS :875 (PART 5) – 1987 Special Loads and Load Combinations
7. IS :1893 (PART 1) – 2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure
8. SP-16Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456-2000
9. SP-34Hand book on concrete reinforcement and detailing

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 Analysis and Design of a Multi-storey Residential Building

2.4 SOFTWARS USED:

2.4.1 AUTOCAD.

CAD is the primary way in which drafters develop plans, drawings and sketches.
Using AutoCAD software, created by Autodesk. Drafters prepare a visual depiction of a
product to be constructed. Production and construction workers, including engineers,
surveyors, architects and scientists, use CAD images to create plans to build and manufacture
everything from buildings to toys to spacecraft. CAD drafters also have a working knowledge
of traditional drafting methods

There are many specialty areas in drafting, such as aeronautical, architectural,

electrical and mechanical drafting. AutoCAD drafter's duties vary depending on their area of
expertise. Drafters use CAD software to produce detailed drawings that include building
dimensions, required materials and construction procedures. They use multiple angles and
views to depict the association of components and systems. Drafters often consult with co-
workers on design and layouts.

In some cases, drafters coordinate with builders to establish requirements and

understand design concepts. When deficiencies occur, drafters revise designs to eliminate
problems. Entry-level drafters work under the direction of supervisors

2.4.2 ETABS.

ETABS is one of the leading analysis and design software used in the Industry. It
stands for “Extended Three dimensional analysis of Building System.” ETABS is a
sophisticated, yet easy to use, special purpose analysis and design program developed
specifically for building system. ETABS version 2009 features are intuitive and powerful
graphical interspaced coupled with unmatched modelling, analytical, and design procedures,
all integrated using a common data base. Although quick and easy for simple structures,
ETABS can also handle the largest and most complex building models, including wide range
of nonlinearbehaviours, making it the tool of choice for structural engineers in the building
industry.

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ADVANTAGES OF ETABS

 Most buildings are of straight forward geometry with horizontal beams and vertical
columns. Although any building configuration is possible with ETABS, in most
cases, a simple grid system defined by Horizontal floors and Vertical column lines
can establish building geometry with minimum effort.
 Many of the floor levels in buildings are similar. This commonality can be used
numerically to reduce computational effort.
 The input and output conventions used correspond to common building terminology.
with ETABS,the models are defined logically floor by floor , column by column , bay
by bay, and wall by wall and not as a stream of non-descript nodes and elements as in
general purpose program . Thus structural definition is simple, concise and
meaningful.
 In most building, the dimension of the members is large in relation to the bay widths
and story heights. Those dimensions have a significant effect on the stiffness of the
frame ETABS corrects for such effect in the formulation of the member stiffness,
unlike most general purpose program that work on center line to center line
dimensions .
 The results produced by the programs should be in a form directly usable by the
engineer. General purpose computer programs produce results in a general form that
may need additional processing before they are usable in structural design.

APPLICATIONS OF ETABS

 Multi-storey, commercial, tall structures.

 Staggered truss building.
 Building with steels, concrete composites.
 Building based on multiple rectangular and /or cylindrical grid systems.
 Flat and waffle slab concrete buildings.
 Building subjected to any number of vertical and lateral load cases and combinations,
including automated wind and seismic loads.
 Automated transfer of vertical loads on floors to beams and walls.

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 Analysis and Design of a Multi-storey Residential Building

CHAPTER 3

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PROPOSED G+3

RESIDENTIALBUILDING

3.1 Salient Features of Project:

It is a G+3 Storey Residential building .The building consists of 4 stories. The typical
floor layout along with the functionality is clearly indicated in drawings proceeding clear
overview of the site can be obtained from the drawings. The building is facilitated with stair
case to access different floors.

3.2 PROPOSED PROJECT

The propesed structure is an Residential building i.e.,ground floor with three story.This is
executing in Chitradurga.

1.Type of structure Residential building

2.Layout As shown in the plan

3.Number of storey G+3
4.Storey height 3m
5.Depth of foundation 1.8
6.Wall 230mm thick
7.Live Load IS 875(Part-2)1987
8.Material M20 grade concrete&Fe500 steel

9.Design Philosophy Limit state method conforming to

IS456-2000

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3.3 Structural Plan:

The structural plan of a building varies accordance with the client requirement from
floor to floor. Sometimes the architect will give the different plan for different floors,
considering the aesthetics view and space requirement of a building the structural plan mainly
deals with the column- beam layout of a building. In the present project the structural plan
will differ for different floors. The below figures gives the structural plans of different floors
of the given building.

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Fig-Ground Floor plan

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Fig: Typical Floor plan

3.4 Design Data:

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 Analysis and Design of a Multi-storey Residential Building

The structural analysis and design of fourstorey reinforced concrete asymmetrical frame
building has been done with the help of ETABS software. The building is an residential
building. The building floor is assumed to be infinitely rigid in its own plane and therefore
moves as a rigid body. Linear static analysis has been done. The structure is located in
seismic zone II on a block cotton soil.

3.5PRELIMINARY DIMENSIONING:

3.5.1 Thumb Rules and Preferred Dimensioning

 For economic design, we fix column for every 12-15 sq.-m usually.
 The span by depth relation for beams (on a preliminary basis) empirically, for 1 foot
span of beam, a depth of l inch is taken
 The width of beams and columns is taken as wall width usually 200or 230 mm.
 In general, the recommended ratio of overall depth (D) to width (b) in rectangular
beam sections is in the range 1.5 to 2.it may be higher (up to 3 or even more) for
beams carrying very heavy loads.
 The design practice the overall depth ratios 10 to 16 are generally found economical
in case of simply supported and continuous beams however In the case of cantilever.
lower ratios approximately 7 are adopted and beams are generally tapered in depth
along the length for economy
 The selection of cross section sizes of flexural member is often governed by the need
to control deflection under service load and crack width beam dimension is specified
by (l/d) ratio given in the code.
 The dimensioning of column is also done as for beam and generally one dimension
are kept fixed on the width of the beam, which runs continues across the other
dimension is determined depending on the load of the column.

3.5.2 Location of Beams and Columns:

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Columns and beams are the integral member of the multi storied building. The initial
cross section dimension have to be assumed in order to estimate dead load The adequacy of
the assumed dimensions should be verified and suitable changes is made. If required
 Beams are placed where ever walls come Even in the absence of walls, beams are
placed where slab panels are large

 Columns are placed in intersections of beams normally. In case there is any

inconvenience, the columns are not provided instead, we provide stronger beams.
 The position of beams and columns is fixed such that it does not hinder the aesthetics
and functionality of the buildings.

 The column position are fixed and rest of the things are planned accordingly

 We try to flush the beams within the slab and column within the walls, so that it does
not hinder the activities of inmates. For example, a beam coming outside in a bed
room decreases the floor head and disturbs fixing fans another reason for flushing
beams within the slabs is architectural concerns In addition this saves space.

3.6LOADS:

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The first step in design of a structure is the computation of loads that the structure is
required to support. Correct estimation of these loads are very important because
overestimation may result in uneconomic design and underestimation of loads may result in
the failure of the structure. Various loads which are likely to act on a structure are dead load,
live load, wind load, snow load, seismic load, soil and hydrostatic pressure, erection loads,
impact loads, vibrational effects, temperature effects etc. Various possible combinations of
these loads are considered and design is done to take care of the effect of the worst load
combination. IS 875-1987 Indian Standard Code of practice for structural safety of buildings'
gives details regarding the design loads to be considered.

3.6.1 Dead Load:

Dead loads are loads which are constant in magnitude and fixed in position throughout
the life time of the structure. The dead load in a building shall comprise of weight of walls,
partitions, floors and roofs and shall include the weight of all permanent construction in the
buildings.
The unit weight per mass of the materials and parts or components of the building that
applied to the determination of dead load calculation are obtained referring to IS-875-
1987(part 1)Super Imposed Dead load=18.5*0.23*(3.2-0.3) = 12.3 KN/ m

Floor finishes = 1 KN/m2

3.6.2 Live Load:

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Live load on floor comprises of all loads other than dead loads produced by intended
use or occupancy of a building including the weight movable partitions, distributed,
concentrated loads due to impact and vibration and dust load but exceeding wind,
earthquake, snow and stresses due to temperature changes ,creep& shrinkage etc.

Thelive load for floors, (depending on the use) shall be as given in the table 1 of IS875-1987
(part 2).

3.6.3 Earthquake load:

Imposed Load considered should be only 25 percentage of imposed load as per table 8
of IS1893 (Part 1):2002.

3.7Load Combination.

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The various loads are combined in accordance with the stipulations in IS875 (Part-
5)-1987. When earthquake forces are considered on a structure, these shall be combined as
per mentioned in 6.3.1.2 of IS1893(Part 1):2002, where the terms DL,IL and EL stand for
the response quantities due to dead load, imposed load and designated earthquake load
respectively.
The combinations of these loads are taken for the analysis with suitable factor of
safety.
 1.5(DL+IL) * 0.9DL+1.5EL
 1.2(DL+IL+EL) * 0.9DL-1.5EL
 1.2(DL+IL-EL)
 1.5(DL+EL)
 1.5(DL-EL)

Table - Salient features of proposed building

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LOCATION CHITRADURGA

TYPE OF BUILDING G+3 R.C.C FRAME STRUCTURE

HEIGHT B/W FLOORS 3m

DEPTH OF FOUNDATION 1.8m

BELOW G.L
WALL THICKNESS 230mm

3.8 INPUT DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS:

UNIT WEIGHT OF R.C.C (IS875-1987,P-1) 25 KN/m3

UNIT WEIGHT OF BRICKS (IS875-1987,P-1) 18KN/m3

GRADE OF CONCRETE (M20) 20N/mm2

GRADE OF STEEL (Fe-500) 500N/mm2

S.B.C OF SOIL 150 KN/m2

PROFILE OF BEAM 230x450mm, 300X460 mm

PLINTH BEAM 230x300 mm

PROFILE OF COLUMN 230x450mm

THICKNESS OF SLAB 150mm

LIVE LOAD 3KN/m2

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 Analysis and Design of a Multi-storey Residential Building

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3.9 Structural Analysis.

The structure is subjected to a static load case. The transfer of load follows a
conventional path in order to reach support and ultimately ground. While transferring the
load acting on the structure, the structure is subjected to internal forces like Axial forces,
Shear forces, Bending and torsional moments.

3.9.1 Analysis

Checking of model

GO to analyze→ check model

 Model is checked for errors and warnings. If any errors and warnings it should be
corrected and checked for errors and warnings until the model is free from errors and
warnings.
 These errors may due to intersection of lines, overlapping of lines, areas or poits, ets.
 All the errors must be corrected before analyzing model. As shown in fig

Fig: 3.9 check model

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Fig-3D Model

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Fig: Bending moment diagram

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Fig: Shear force diagram

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 Analysis and Design of a Multi-storey Residential Building

CHAPTER 4

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

The procedure for design of component members namely, slab, beam, column, and column
footing has been presented.

4.1 PRELIMINARIES

Before starting with the design, prepare a structural plan from the given
architectural/building plan. For this, first of all, plan the structural frame according to the
principles. This involves determination of positioning of columns, beams, spanning of slabs,
layout of stairs, and type of footing.

The structural plan drawing shows therein:

 Positioning of columns, beams, stairs, and spanning of slabs,

 Centre to centre dimensions between beams and columns to decide the span of slabs
and beams,
 Marking of slabs, beams and columns orientation using one of marking principles.

Once these preliminaries are over design the frame component starting from slabs,
followed by stairs, beams, columns and column footing provided sufficient time is available
for doing the design prior to commencement of construction work. However, if the work
started urgently, it may be necessary to give sizes of footing and ground floor columns first.
In such cases, the design of footing and columns shall be analysed by using finite element
software, after completion of analysis, accounting the values from base reactions, ground
floor column moments for design of footing, and columns.

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4.2 DESIGN OF SLAB

4.2.1 Design of slabs:

Introduction:

Slabs are the structural members used as coverings for roofs and floors. Slabs are to
be cast along with beams and columns. Therefore it can be assumed as restrained slabs that
are corners of slabs are prevented from lifting. They generally carry uniformly distributed
loads primarily by flexure. The load distribution along any direction depends upon the
relative stiffness of the slab along both direction is proportional to the stiffness of the slab
along that direction. The stiffness of the slab along any particular direction more is the flow
of load along that direction. The stiffness of the slab along any direction depends upon the
area of steel. When the slab is stiffened in that direction along which the load tend to
distribute, then the transfer of load from the slab to beams would be effective thus design is
economical on the basis of the direction of transfer of the load.

Based on the aspect of rotation the slabs are classified in to two types,

 One-Way Slabs
 Two-Way Slabs
One-way slabs:

The bending is predominant, when the radius of curvature is small or less, therefore x-
shorter direction then it is known as one way slab.

Two-way slabs:

Two way slab the radius of curvature is almost same in both direction, hence moment is also
similar in both direction therefore we provide main reinforcement in both the direction.

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4.2.2 Design of Slab

Data :

live load =3KN/m2, floor finishes=1KN/m2 ,fck=20 N/mm2 , fy=500 N/mm2

a) Depth of slab:
Since the slab is continuous and the percentage of reinforcement is small the
span/depth ratio may be assumed as 30
Depth=span/30=3200/30=106.6mm
Overall depth=150mm
b) Loads:
Self wt of the slab = D* density= 0.15* 25= 3.75 KN/m2
Floor Finishes =1 KN/m2
Total dead load=g=wd=4.75 KN/m2
Live load=q=wl=3KN/m2
c) Effective span
Centre to centre of supports=L=3.2m
d) Moment and shear forces
Referring table-12&13 of IS 456-200 code of practices pg no:36
Design moments: design moments at different sections are calculated using IS code of
practices

Bending moment at any section is given by

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Mu=1.5(αd*wd*L2+αL*wL*L2)
Maximum negative B M support next to the end support
Mu1=1.5{[(4.75*3.22)/10]+[(3*3.22)/9)=21.41 KN-m
Mu=1.5(αd*wd*L2+αL*wL*L2)
Mu2=1.5{[(4.75*3.22)/12]+[(3*3.22)/10)=10.68 KN-m
Maximum shear force at support
Vu=1.5*0.6[Wd+Wl]*L
=1.5*0.6[4.75+3]*3.2
Vu =22.32 KN
e) Check for depth
Mulim=0.133*fck*b*d2
dreq = √ (Mu/0.133*fck*b)
d=68.30mm<150mm
Hence the provided depth is safe
f) Reinforcement calculation:
Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*d[1-(Ast*fy)/(fck*b*d)]
fck
Ast = (0.5 bd ¿ ׿
fy
= 200 mm2
Min Ast: As per is 456-2000 cl 26.5.2.1
Astmin = 0.12%bD
= 180mm2
Astreq>Astmin
Hence Safe

Spacing: Taking 10 mm dia rods

Sv = 1000ast/Ast
= 160 mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 160 mm c/c.
g) Distribution steels:
Astdist = 0.12%bD
= 180 mm2
Spacing: Taking 8 mm dia rods
Sv = 1000ast/Ast

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= 230 mm
Hence provide 8mm dia bars @ 250 mm c/c.
h) Check for shear:
τv=Vu/bd=22.32*103/(1000*150)=0.148 N/mm2
Refer table-19 is 456-2000 & read out the permissible shear stress as
Pt=100Ast/bd=(100*201.06)/(1000*150)=0.13
According to IS456-2000 CLAUSE 40.2.1.1
K*c=1.3*0.28=0.36N/mm2
τc>τv
hence the slab is safe against shear failure.
i) Check for deflection control:
Considering end and interior span
(L/D)max>[(L/D)basic*kt*kc*kf]; IS 456-2000 P -38 kc=kf=1;kt=1.5
(L/D)max=34.5

(L/D)basic=21.33

21.33<34.5

Hence slab is safe against deflection.

Table:schedule of slab reinforcement

Reinforcement
Slab mark
Main Distribution
S1 10#@160mm c/c 8#@230 mm c/c
S2 10#@180mm c/c 8#@230mm c/c
S3 10#@150mm c/c 8#@230mm c/c

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4.3 DESIGN OF BEAMS:

4.3.1 Design of Beams:

Introduction

Beams are meant for supporting slabs and walls. Rectangular beams are known in
R.C.C structures since the beams ribs in almost all cases a slab with which it is monolithic.
Hence the beam becomes slab which stiffened by concrete ribs. The slab and rib due to their
monolithic nature forms a T-beam. The flange of the T-beam provides the necessary
resistance to the compression. While the vertical rib provides the depth and hence the
necessary lever arm. The width of the rib must be such as to accommodate the tensile
reinforcement.

Reinforced concrete beams provided with steel reinforcement in both the tension and
compression zones are called Doubly Reinforced Beams. It is essential to put steel in
compression zone also when the area of the concrete in the compression zone is inadequate to
develop full compression needed to resist the induced moments.

Reinforced concrete beams provided with steel reinforcement only in the tension zone
and in the compression zone minimum reinforcement is provided these type of beams are
called Singly Reinforced Beams.

In the design for ‘POSITIVE’ maximum bending moment, in the mid span of the
beam is designed as T-beam or L- beam depending on the position of the beam since the
flange is also effective in compression and edges for beams with ‘NEGATIVE’ bending
moment, the beam is designed as rectangular beam.

A beam is a structural member that is capable of withstanding load by primarily

resisting bending. The designing of the beam mainly consists of fixing the breadth and depth
of the beam and arriving at the area of steel and the diameter of bars to be used. The breadth
of the beam is generally kept equal to the thickness of the wall to avoid offset inside the
room. It shall also not exceed the width of the column for effective transfer of load from
beam to column. The depth of the beam is taken between L/10 to L/16

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Design of L-Beam

Data:

Beam size: 230x430mm, fck=20 N/mm2fy=500 N/mm2

Since L-beams are subjected to flexure, torsion & shear force, assume a trail section
having span/depth ratio=12
d=(4850/12)=404.16mm
D= 410+30=440mm
D =440mm
Bw=230mm D=440, d=410mm
a. Ultimate and bending moment and shear force:(Take values from Etabs analysis
result)
@ Support section
Mu=-55.17 KN-m Vu=93.81KN
@ Centre of supports section
Mu=50.61KN-m
Torsional moment @support section
Tu=-0.08KN-m
b. Main longitudinal reinforcement.

Mulim = 0.133*fck*b*d2
=118.44KN-m>Mu
Since Mu<Mulimit the section is under reinforced, Xu<Xulimit.( singly reinforced
section)
Area of steel required,
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast*d[1-(Ast*fy/b*d*fck)]
fck
Ast = (0.5 bd ¿ ׿
fy
= 283.76 mm2
Astmin = (0.85*b*d)/fy( IS 456-2000 P-47)
Astmin = (0.85*230*410)/500
Astmin = 160.31 mm²
Assuming 12mm dia bars,
No of bars= Ast/ast=283.76/314= 1.41
Provide 2 no of 12mm dia bars
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At support,
Mu= 55.17KN-m
Ast= 309.33mm2
Assuming 16mm dia bars, no of bars =2
Provide 2 no of 16mm dia bars.
d.Shear reinforcement.
Τv=Vu/bwd =1 N/mm2
Pt=(100*Ast)/bwd =0.8
From table-19 IS 456
τc= 0.43 N/mm2<τve
Hence shear reinforcement are required, using 8mm dia two legged stirrups with side cover
of 20mm and top and bottom covers 30 mm
We have b1=190mm, d1=360mm
Asv=(2*50.26)=100.52mm2
0.87∗fy∗Asv∗d 1
0.87∗fy∗Asv
Sv=
( )
Tu
b1
+(
Vu
2.5
)
or Sv=
( τve−τc )∗b

=165mm or =179mm
Provide 8mmdia two legged stirrups at a minimum spacing given by the clause IS 456
26.5.1.7
 X1=(190+20+10)=220mm
 (X1=Y1)/4=[(210+395)/4)=225mm
 300 mm
Provide 8mm dia two legged stirrups at a minimum spacing @ support section is 230mm c/c
@midspan section is 230mm c/c

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Table -Schedule of FloorL-Beamreinforcement

Beam Section Reinforcement
mark (mm) At Mid Span At Support
2-12# Top St 2-12# Top St
2-12# Bot. St. 1-16# Top. Curt.
B3 230x430
1-16# Bot.curt. 2-16# Bot. St.
2LVS- 8# @230mm c/c 2LVS- 8# @230mm c/c

Design of T-beam

I. Data
Fck=20 N/mm2fy=500 N/mm2
Beam =230x430mm
II. Cross sectional dimensions
Assuming effective depth=apan/15=4860/15= 324mm
Bw=230mm D=324+130=450 mm Df=130mm d=450-35=420mm
III. Effective span
c/c of bearing= 4.86=L
IV. Ultimate moment & shear force(take a values from etabs analysis result)
Mu=-78 KN-m (- moment at support).
Mu=68.46KN-m (+moment at mid span)
Vu=123 KN

V. Effective width of flange(bf)

.bf= [(Lo/6) +bw+6Df]
=1820mm
VI. Moment capacity of flange section (Muf)
Muf=0.36fck*bf*Df*(d-0.42Df)
=622.46 KN-m
Since Mu<Muf,
Hence the section is treated as rectangular with b=bf for designing reinforcement.
VII. Tension reinforcement.
fck
Area of steel required, Ast = (0.5 bd ¿ ׿
fy

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 Analysis and Design of a Multi-storey Residential Building

Ast=435 mm2 (@support section)

Assuming 12mm dia bars, no of bars = 2
20mm dia bars, no of bars =2
Ast=380 mm2 (@mid span section)
Assuming 20mm dia bars, no of bars =4
VIII. Shear reinforcement.
τv= Vu/bw*d=1.27 N/mm2
Pt= 100*Ast/bw*d=0.82
Refer table 19 IS 456 τc=0.50 N/mm2τv>τc shear reinforcement are required.
Balance shear=Vus=[Vu-τc*bw*d)]= 58.27 KN
Using 8mm dai 2 legged vertical stirrups spacing is given by
Sv=0.87fy*Ast*d/Vus
Sv=315.20 mm
IS 456 Page No=47
Sv max= 0.75*d=315mm
Sv should not be a more than 300mm
Provide 8mm dia 2 legged stirrups @ 230mm c/c
IX. Deflection check.
Area of Cross−section of steel required
fs =0.58*fy*
Area of Cross−section of steel provide
fs = 0.58*500*435/603.18
= 208.14 N/mm2
Pt = 0.8%
Taking modification factor =1.3
Span/depth = 20*M.F
Depth(required) = 4860/(20*1.3)
=157.7 mm <420mm
Therefore hence it is Safe.

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Table -Schedule of Floor T-Beam reinforcement

Beam Section Reinforcement
mark (mm) At Mid Span At Support
2-20# Top St 2-12# Top St
2-20# Bot. St. 1-20# Top. Curt.
B1 230x450
1-20# Bot. Curt. 2-20# Bot. St.
2LVS- 8# @230mm c/c 2LVS- #8 @230mm c/c
2-16# Top St. 2-16# Top St.
2-20# Bot. St. 1-16# Top curt.
B2 230x430
1-16# Bot curt. 2-20# Bot. St.
2LVS- 8# @ 230mm c/c 2LVS- 8# @ 230mm c/c

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 Analysis and Design of a Multi-storey Residential Building

4.4DESIGN OF COLUMNS:

4.4.1 Design of columns.

Introduction

A column is a ‘compression member’ of a structure which is subjected predominantly

to axial compressive forces. Compression members are most commonly encountered in
reinforced concrete buildings as columns, forming a part of the ‘framing system’. Other types
of compression members include truss members (struts), inclined members and rigid frames.
The code I.S 456- 2000 (Cl. 25.1.1) defines the column as a compression In reinforced
concrete construction, a compression member is one, which is having an effective length
greater than three times its least lateral dimension, and is defined as a column or strut.A
column with an effective length less than three times the least lateral dimension is considered
as a pedestal.

Based on type of loading

Depending upon the type of loading columns may be classified into the following three types.

i. Axially loaded columns supporting concrete loads are relatively rare. Interior column
of multistoried building with symmetrical loads from floor slabs from all sides.
ii. Column with biaxial eccentric loading are generally encountered in the case of
columns rigidly connected to beams from one side only such as the edge columns.
iii. Columns with biaxial eccentric loading is common in corner column with beams
rigidly connected at right angles on the top of the column

Based on slenderness ratio:

Depending on the slenderness ratio,(effective length / least lateral dimension)

Columns may be classified as

i. Short columns.
ii. Slender or long column.

Slenderness ratio about the major axis =lex/D

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Slenderness ratio about the minor axis = ley/b

Based on the discussion above, cl. 25.1.2 of IS 456 stipulates the following:

A compression member may be considered as short when both the slenderness ratios
lex/D and ley/b are less than 12 where lex = effective length in respect of the major axis, D =
depth in respect of the major axis, ley = effective length in respect of the minor axis, and b =
width of the member. It shall otherwise be considered as a slender compression member.

Effective length of column:

The vertical distance between the points of inflection of the compression member in
the buckled configuration in a plane is termed as effective length le of that compression
member in that plane. The effective length is different from the unsupported length l of the
member, though it depends on the unsupported length and the type of end restraints. The
relation between the effective and unsupported lengths of any compression member is
le = k l

Where k is the ratio of effective to the unsupported lengths. Clause 25.2 of IS 456
stipulates the effective lengths of compression members (vide Annex E of IS 456). This
parameter is needed in classifying and designing the compression members.

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Design of columns (biaxial C2)

Data:

b=230mm, D=450mm, fck=20N/mm2fy=500 N/mm2 d’=40mm

Pu=460KN Muy=24 KN-m Mux=14 KN-m (Etabssoftwere)
d’/D=0.1 d’/B=0.2
Effective length of columns
both the ends are fixed =0.65*L
Le=0.65*3=1.95m

le/D= 1.95/0.45= 4.33<12

le/b= 1.95/0.23= 8.47<12

i. Reinforcement.
Reinforcement are distributed equally on all the four sides
As a first trail adopt % of reinforcement in the cross section as p=1%
pbd
As= =1035 mm2
100
Provide 8#-16mm
P=1.08% p/fck=0.054
Pu/(fck*b*D)= 0.23
Refer chart -48 of SP-16and read out the ratio Mux1/(fck*b*D2) corresponding to the
ratio (pu/fck*b*D)=0.12 & d’/D=0.10 P/fck=0.054
Mux1/fck*b*D2=0.09
Mux1=83.8 KN-m
For the moment about the minor axis Y-Y b=450 D=230 d’/D=0.2 d’=40mm
Refer chart-50 of SP-16 read out the ratio Muy1/(fck*b*D2) corresponding to the ratio
(pu/fck*b*D)=0.23& p/fck=0.054
Muy1/(fck*b*D2)=0.08
Muy1=74.52KN-m
Puz=0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*As
=980.63 KN

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 Analysis and Design of a Multi-storey Residential Building

pu
Ratio= =0.46
puz
Refer fig 10.16 & read out the coefficient of corresponding to the ratio Pu/Puz=0.46
the value of αn=1.33
(Mux/Mux1)αn+(Muy/Muy1)αn<1
0.51<1
Hence the design is safe , provide suitable lateral ties as per codal provision.
ii. Designing of Lateral ties:(456 :2000pg no:49)
Diameter of lateral ties:
Greater of following
1. 6mm
2. Diameter of main bars/4 = 16/4 = 4mm
Provide 8mm dia of lateral ties
Provide 8mm dia bars of @ 230 mm c/c

Uniaxial bending.

1. Data.
b=230mm, D=450mm, fck=20N/mm2fy=500 N/mm2 d’=40mm
Pu=691 KN Muy=55 KN-m major axis (Etabssoftwere)
d’/D=0.1 d’/B=0.2

Effective length of columns

0.65 L
Both the ends are fixed =¿
k
Le=0.65*3=1.95m

le/D= 1.95/0.45= 4.33<12

le/b= 1.95/0.23=8.47<12

2. Non dimensional parameter.

Pu/fck*b*D=0.34
Mu/fck*b*D=0.06
3. Longitudinal reinforcement:
Adopting an effective cover as d’=0.1 d’/D=40/450=0.1
Refer chart-48 sp-16 read out the ratio the ratio p/fck=0.04
P=0.04*20=0.8

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Pt=1.2%
1.2∗230∗450
As= =1242 mm2
100
Adopt 6#-16mm dia + 2#12mm dia
4. Designing of Lateral ties:(456 :2000pg no:49)
Diameter of lateral ties:
Greater of following
1. 6mm
2. Diameter of main bars/4 = 16/4 = 4mm
Provide 8mm dia of lateral ties
Spacing of lateral ties:
Least of following
1. Least lateral dimension = 300 mm
2. 16*diameter of main bars = 400 mm
3. 300 mm
Provide 8mm dia bars of @ 230 mm c/c

Table Schedule of Column reinforcement.

Column Mark Section (mm) Main Bars Tie Bars

4LT- 8# @230mm
C1 230X450 8-16#
C/C
4LT- 8# @230mm
C2 230X450 4-12#+4p-16#
C/C
4LT- 8# @230mm
C3 230X450 4-16#-6-16#
C/C

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4.5 DESIGN OF FOOTING:

Introduction

Reinforced concrete columns are generally supported by the footing which are located
below the ground level and is referred to as the foundation structure. The main purpose of the
footing is to effectively support the super structure like columns by transmitting the applied
loads, moment and other forces to the soil without exceeding the safe bearing capacity and
also the settlement of the structure should be within tolerable limits and as nearly uniform as
possible.

The footing are generally designed to resist the bending moment and shear forces
developed due to soil reaction as specified in the Indian standard code IS 456:2000.

Design of Footing

Data:- UnFactored load on footing = 600 KN

Column size = 230mm X 450mm

SBC of soil = 150 KN/m2

Fck = 20 N/mm2

Fy = 500 N/mm2

Design:-

Step 1:- Calculation of load

Axial load on column = 600 KN

Self-weight of footing (10%) = 60 KN

Total load = 660 KN

Step 2:- Calculation of Area of footing and upward pressure

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Total load
Area of footing required =
SBC of soil

660
=
150

= 4.43 m2

Length of footing L= 2.4 m

Breadth of footing B= 1.8m

Area of footing provided = 4.86 m2

Axial load
Upward pressure (Qu) =
Area of footing provided

800
= 8.05

= 99.37 KN/M2< SBC (OK)

Thickness of Footing Based on

Step 3:- One Way Shear

One way shear failure occurs at a distance d from the face of the column

L−a−2 d
V=Qu*B¿
2

3.5−0.45−2 d 1
=149.05*2.3¿
2

Further, V=τvBd τv=0.36 N/mm2

V=0.36*2300*d=828d
2
Solving above equations

Depth, d= 440mm

Assuming cover of footing = 60mm

Overall Depth of Footing = 500mm

Step 4:- Two way Shear consideration (Punching Shear)

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Two way shear failure occurs at a distance d/2 from the face of the column

Shear Strength = 0.25*sqrt(fck) =0.25*sqrt(20) = 1.11 N/mm2

Perimeter = 2(0.45+0.44+0.23+0.44) = 3.12m

Area = 1*3.12-0.6/2= 1.26m2

V= 149.05*(8.05-1.26) = 1012kN

1012∗1000
Tv=
3.12∗1000∗440
= 0.73N/mm2 < 1.18 N/mm2

Hence Safe

Step 5:- Bending Moment

qu
Mu= *B*(B-C1)2
8

Mlong=149.05/8*3.5*(3.5-(0.23*0.45)2)

Mlong = 227.53kN-M

MShort = 98.10kN-M

Depth, Dreq =
√ 227.53 x 10 6
0.133 x 20 x 3500

= 158.12 mm

Hence Safe

Step 6 :- Calculation of Steel

A s t∗Fy
MLong = 0.87*Ast*d*fy*[1− ]
B∗d∗fck

Astpro = 1282 mm2

Check for Ast (min) = 0.12% * b*D= 0.12/100*1000*500= 600mm2

Ast( reqd ) = 600 mm2
Dia of bar (Adopt), φ =12mm
Area of one bar, ast = Π/4*122 = 113.09 mm2
Provide 12 mm dia bars @150 mm C/C

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Therefore, Provide 1.8 m X 2.4 m X 0.6 m footing

Table 4.5 Schedule of Footing reinforcement

FOOTING MARK FOOTING SIZE REINFORCEMENT

m PARALLEL TO B PARALLEL TO L

F1 1.8x2.4x0.6 10#-150mm C/C 10#-150mm C/C

F2 1.6x1.9x0.4 10#-200mm C/C 10#-200mm C/C

F3 1.6x1.9x0.4 10#-200mm C/C 10#-200mm C/C

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CHAPTER-5

STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

Structural drawing, a type of engineering drawing, is a plan or set of plans for how a
building or other structure will be built. Structural drawings are generally prepared by
registered professional structural engineers, and informed by architectural drawings. They are
primarily concerned with the load-carrying members of a structure. They outline the size and
types of materials to be used, as well as the general demands for connections. They do not
address architectural details like surface finishes, partition walls, or mechanical systems. The
structural drawings communicate the design of the building's structure to the building
authority to review. They are also become part of the contract documents which guide
contractors in detailing, fabricating, and installing parts of the structure.

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REFERENCES
1. IS 456: 2000, Indian standard - Plain and reinforced concrete – Code of practice,
Bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi.

2. IS 875 (Part 1&2): 1987, Indian standard code of practice for design loads (other
than earthquake) for building and structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

3. SP 16: 1980, Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456: 1978, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Del

4. SP 34: 1987 Hand Book on Concrete Reinforcement and Deta

5. Reinforced concrete design N Krishna Raju

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