History of Computers

When we study the many aspects of computing and computers, it is important to

know about the history of computers. Charles Babbage designed an Analytical Engine
which was a general computer It helps us understand the growth and progress of
technology through the times. It is also an important topic for competitive and
banking exams.

What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic machine that collects information, stores it, processes it
according to user instructions, and then returns the result.

A computer is a programmable electronic device that performs arithmetic and logical

operations automatically using a set of instructions provided by the user.

Basic Computer Terminologies

1. CPU

CPU means ‘Central Processing Unit’. This is the place of computer data handling.
Moreover, it does all the data manipulation, calculations and formatting data for
output. Hence, whenever someone buys a computer he/she becomes more conscious
about the CPU and its capabilities.

The execution of the instructions within the computer system is very fast. It measures
it in cycles of time and refers it to as megahertz. That’s why the ‘Mhz’ of a
computer’s processor is sometimes referred to as the clock speed. Think about CPUs
(and aligned circuitry) beating like a heart, this pulsing/beating is expressed as “MHz”
e.g. 2000Mhz.

2. RAM

Specifically, RAM stands for “Random Access Memory” or “Ready Access

Memory”. It is a temporary notepad where your computer sends information to disk,
or to the storage place of instructions from other input devices. The term “random
access” indicates that memory locations in RAM are accessible in any order unlike
sequential access of a data cassette tape.
3. Hard-disk Drive

Your computers hard disk drive is like an audio CD that you possess at home – except
your computer can read and write to it. In other words, your computer can take data
from your hard drive (to process it in the CPU or place it in RAM to work with).

Also, it can record the results of the work it does back to the disk, which is “writing to
disk”. The abbreviation HDD stands for “hard disk drive”.

If you open your HDD, you would find a pancake stack on double-sided disks.

4. Floppy Disk

You can also read and write data in a floppy disk. Simply, it is smaller than HDD and
portable – you can take it to another computer and read from it there also. Floppy
disks are sometimes called “secondary storage devices”. They were known as ‘floppy’
originally because they were 5¼ inches in width and floppy. They could carry almost
720kb of data. Today, however floppy disks are smaller, rigid, and can carry more
data like 1.44Mb.

5. Hardware

Hardware is the term referring to all the physical parts in a computer system. It
includes the monitor, the keyboard, the mouse, the main case which stores
the RAM, CPU and the motherboard.

6. Software

‘Software’ is the term which refers to the instructions needed to make a computer
work. It is intangible in nature. The software is also known as a “program”. Also, it is
a set of computer files which are used to perform various actions on the computer.
You can have a program for ‘word processing’. The software can be transferred to a
compact disk and floppy disks, but usually, sit on the computers hard drive waiting to
be “run”.

Question on Basic Computer Terminology

Question: Define the term ‘Operating System’.

Answer: Every computer requires a set of programs known as the ‘operating system’
to run the system and make all the other programs work. Your word processor,
database or spreadsheet programs cannot work unless the operating system is there in
the pc. Programs written for one specific operating system cannot work on another
operating system.
Input and Output (I/O) Devices
The computer is a very versatile machine. It can easily process different types of data.
To work with these data, we require different types of devices. These devices can help
us enter data into the computer. These devices are called input and output devices.
They mainly cover devices like mouse, keyboard, printer, speaker, joystick, etc which
can be used with a computer.

What are the input and output devices?

The devices that are used to display the information of the results are known as output
devices. While the devices whose main function is to give instructions and data to the
computer are called input devices. Today we are going to discuss these devices in
detail. This is to help you have a basic idea about input and output devices. This will
also help you with the questions on the computer aptitude in banking exams. We will
start with the output devices.

What are the output devices?

Output devices can be viewed in the monitor or you can print it on the paper. And that
is why printer and monitor are one of the most common output devices.

Printer

The printer is a very important component of a computer. It gives you a printed result
of what is displayed on the monitor. The output received from the printer is called
hard copy because you can retain it even after you turn off the computer or are no
longer working on it. When you look at the printing techniques there are mainly three
types of printer:

1. Page printer

2. Character printer

3. Line printer

Page printer

Page printer can printer a whole page in one go. The examples of page printer are line
printer or an inkjet printer. This printer has to store each and every page in memory
before printing it. The inkjet printer works by spraying tiny drops of ink on the paper.
It can print in colour as well as in black and white format. The quality of printing is
good and it does not make any noise. The speed of this printer is measured in pages
per minute.
Character printer

Character printer is slow in comparison to the other two printers. It prints around 30 to
600 characters per second. The example of the character printer is a dot-matrix
printer. Dot-matrix printer works like a typewriter. It creates an impression on a paper
by pressing the ends of the pins that are fixed on its prints heads. The printer offers
the low-quality printing and is very noisy.

Line printer

This is one of the fast printer and prints one line at a time. Generally, it is used when a
large amount of output is required. Few of the examples of line printer are drum
printer and chain printer. The noise of these printers are also very high and the speed
of printing varies from 200 to 2000 line per minute.

Monitor

The monitor is another important component of a computer. It is used to display the

processed information. It is known as a visual display unit (VDU). The pictures that
are displayed on the screen are shown by using a large number of tiny dots known as
pixels. These pixels that are shown on the monitor is referred to as the resolution of
the screen.

There are mostly two types of monitors:

1. LCD or liquid crystal display monitor.

2. CRT or Cathode Ray tube monitor.

LCD monitors are lighter in weight can compare to CRT monitors and they are very
popular nowadays. The output that is displayed on the screen is known as the soft
copy output as it cannot be retained for a longer time.

Input devices
The main function of the input device is to enter the data in the computer. The various
examples of input data are a mouse, keyboard, light pen, etc.

Mouse

The mouse is found on every computer. It is an integral part of it. It is a pointing

device. The main principle it works on is point and click. The mouse uses the
trackball to give the motion to the pointer displayed on the screen. Usually, for the
windows based programs, a mouse is used. Nowadays wireless mouses are becoming
more popular among people.

Keyboard
The keyboard is used to enter all the data into the computer. It directs the computer
through instructions. Normally keyboard has 104 buttons called the keys. You can do
various tasks through the keyboard. You can program, type, etc through keyboard
only.

Scanner

The scanner is used to store photographs, picture, diagrams into the computer. It saves
the image in the form of a file by reading it.

Touchscreen

Touchscreen monitors are becoming more and more popular. It requires putting the
input to the computer through the touch by your finger, pen, stylus, etc. You can give
any sort of information to the computer by touching it.

Light pen

A light pen is another pointing device that can be used in the computer. It is normally
like a pen and is used to directly point at the objects seen on the screen. You can also
draw various objects on the computer screen through a light pen.

These were some of the basic input and output devices that every computer has. Now
we will provide you with some of the questions for practice below.

Practice Questions
Q. The pattern of the printed line that appears on the products are known as _______

A. OCR B.Scanners

C. Barcode D. Prices

Answer: C

Q. ______ limits the speed of the printer.

A. Cartridge used B.Paper’s length

C. Movements of paper D. All of the above

Answer: A

Q. ______ is the term used to define all output and input devices in the computer
system?

A. Software B.Hardware

C. Monitor D. None of the above

Answer: B

Q. What can you do with the help of output devices?

A. Scan the data B. Input the data

C. Store the data D. Print or view the data

Answer: D

Q. Out of the following options which device is not an output device?

A. Scanner B. Printer

C. Plotter D. Monitor

Answer: A

Q. A digital camera is a _____ type of device.

A. Output B. Software

C. Input D. Storage

Answer: C

Early Computing Devices

People used sticks, stones, and bones as counting tools before computers were
invented. More computing devices were produced as technology advanced and the
human intellect improved over time. Let us look at a few of the early-age computing
devices used by mankind.

1. Abacus

Abacus was invented by the Chinese around 4000 years ago. It’s a wooden rack with
metal rods with beads attached to them. The abacus operator moves the beads
according to certain guidelines to complete arithmetic computations.

1. Napier’s Bone

John Napier devised Napier’s Bones, a manually operated calculating apparatus. For
calculating, this instrument used 9 separate ivory strips (bones) marked with numerals
to multiply and divide. It was also the first machine to calculate using the decimal
point system.
 1. Pascaline

Pascaline was invented in 1642 by Biaise Pascal, a French mathematician and

philosopher. It is thought to be the first mechanical and automated calculator. It was a
wooden box with gears and wheels inside.

1. Stepped Reckoner or Leibniz wheel

In 1673, a German mathematician-philosopher named Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

improved on Pascal’s invention to create this apparatus. It was a digital mechanical
calculator known as the stepped reckoner because it used fluted drums instead of
gears.

1. Difference Engine

In the early 1820s, Charles Babbage created the Difference Engine. It was a
mechanical computer that could do basic computations. It was a steam-powered
calculating machine used to solve numerical tables such as logarithmic tables.

1. Analytical Engine

Charles Babbage created another calculating machine, the Analytical Engine, in 1830.
It was a mechanical computer that took input from punch cards. It was capable of
solving any mathematical problem and storing data in an indefinite memory.

1. Tabulating machine

An American Statistician – Herman Hollerith invented this machine in the year 1890.
Tabulating Machine was a punch card-based mechanical tabulator. It could compute
statistics and record or sort data or information. Hollerith began manufacturing these
machines in his company, which ultimately became International Business Machines
(IBM) in 1924.

1. Differential Analyzer

Vannevar Bush introduced the first electrical computer, the Differential Analyzer, in
1930. This machine is made up of vacuum tubes that switch electrical impulses in
order to do calculations. It was capable of performing 25 calculations in a matter of
minutes.

1. Mark I

Howard Aiken planned to build a machine in 1937 that could conduct massive
calculations or calculations using enormous numbers. The Mark I computer was
constructed in 1944 as a collaboration between IBM and Harvard.

History of Computers Generation

The word ‘computer’ has a very interesting origin. It was first used in the 16th century
for a person who used to compute, i.e. do calculations. The word was used in the same
sense as a noun until the 20th century. Women were hired as human computers to
carry out all forms of calculations and computations.

By the last part of the 19th century, the word was also used to describe machines that
did calculations. The modern-day use of the word is generally to describe
programmable digital devices that run on electricity.

Early History of Computer

Since the evolution of humans, devices have been used for calculations for thousands
of years. One of the earliest and most well-known devices was an abacus. Then in
1822, the father of computers, Charles Babbage began developing what would be the
first mechanical computer. And then in 1833 he actually designed an Analytical
Engine which was a general-purpose computer. It contained an ALU, some basic flow
chart principles and the concept of integrated memory.

Then more than a century later in the history of computers, we got our first electronic
computer for general purpose. It was the ENIAC, which stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer. The inventors of this computer were John W.
Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert.

And with times the technology developed and the computers got smaller and the
processing got faster. We got our first laptop in 1981 and it was introduced by Adam
Osborne and EPSON.

Generations of Computers
In the history of computers, we often refer to the advancements of modern computers
as the generation of computers. We are currently on the fifth generation of computers.
So let us look at the important features of these five generations of computers.

 1st Generation: This was from the period of 1940 to 1955. This was when machine language
was developed for the use of computers. They used vacuum tubes for the circuitry. For the
purpose of memory, they used magnetic drums. These machines were complicated, large,
and expensive. They were mostly reliant on batch operating systems and punch cards. As
 output and input devices, magnetic tape and paper tape were implemented. For example,
ENIAC, UNIVAC-1, EDVAC, and so on.
 2nd Generation: The years 1957-1963 were referred to as the “second generation of
computers” at the time. In second-generation computers, COBOL and FORTRAN are
employed as assembly languages and programming languages. Here they advanced from
vacuum tubes to transistors. This made the computers smaller, faster and more energy-
efficient. And they advanced from binary to assembly languages. For instance, IBM 1620, IBM
7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, and so forth.
 3rd Generation: The hallmark of this period (1964-1971) was the development of the
integrated circuit. A single integrated circuit (IC) is made up of many transistors, which
increases the power of a computer while simultaneously lowering its cost. These computers
were quicker, smaller, more reliable, and less expensive than their predecessors. High-level
programming languages such as FORTRON-II to IV, COBOL, and PASCAL PL/1 were utilized.
For example, the IBM-360 series, the Honeywell-6000 series, and the IBM-370/168.
 4th Generation: The invention of the microprocessors brought along the fourth generation
of computers. The years 1971-1980 were dominated by fourth generation computers. C, C++
and Java were the programming languages utilized in this generation of computers. For
instance, the STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1, CRAY-X-MP, and Apple II. This was when we
started producing computers for home use.
 5th Generation: These computers have been utilized since 1980 and continue to be used
now. This is the present and the future of the computer world. The defining aspect of this
generation is artificial intelligence. The use of parallel processing and superconductors are
making this a reality and provide a lot of scope for the future. Fifth-generation computers
use ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology. These are the most recent and
sophisticated computers. C, C++, Java,.Net, and more programming languages are used. For
instance, IBM, Pentium, Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Ultrabook, and so on.

Brief History of Computers

The naive understanding of computation had to be overcome before the true power of
computing could be realized. The inventors who worked tirelessly to bring the
computer into the world had to realize that what they were creating was more than
just a number cruncher or a calculator. They had to address all of the difficulties
associated with inventing such a machine, implementing the design, and actually
building the thing. The history of the computer is the history of these difficulties
being solved.

19th Century

1801 – Joseph Marie Jacquard, a weaver and businessman from France, devised a
loom that employed punched wooden cards to automatically weave cloth designs.

1822 – Charles Babbage, a mathematician, invented the steam-powered calculating

machine capable of calculating number tables. The “Difference Engine” idea failed
owing to a lack of technology at the time.

1848 – The world’s first computer program was written by Ada Lovelace, an English
mathematician. Lovelace also includes a step-by-step tutorial on how to compute
Bernoulli numbers using Babbage’s machine.
1890 – Herman Hollerith, an inventor, creates the punch card technique used to
calculate the 1880 U.S. census. He would go on to start the corporation that would
become IBM.

Early 20th Century

1930 – Differential Analyzer was the first large-scale automatic general-purpose

mechanical analogue computer invented and built by Vannevar Bush.

1936 – Alan Turing had an idea for a universal machine, which he called the Turing
machine, that could compute anything that could be computed.

1939 – Hewlett-Packard was discovered in a garage in Palo Alto, California by Bill

Hewlett and David Packard.

1941 – Konrad Zuse, a German inventor and engineer, completed his Z3 machine, the
world’s first digital computer. However, the machine was destroyed during a World
War II bombing strike on Berlin.

1941 – J.V. Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry devise a computer capable
of solving 29 equations at the same time. The first time a computer can store data in
its primary memory.

1945 – University of Pennsylvania academics John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

create an Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). It was Turing-
complete and capable of solving “a vast class of numerical problems” by
reprogramming, earning it the title of “Grandfather of computers.”

1946 – The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first general-
purpose electronic digital computer designed in the United States for corporate
applications.

1949 – The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), developed by a

team at the University of Cambridge, is the “first practical stored-program computer.”

1950 – The Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) was built in Washington,
DC, and it was the first stored-program computer completed in the United States.

Late 20th Century

1953 – Grace Hopper, a computer scientist, creates the first computer language, which
becomes known as COBOL, which stands for COmmon, Business-Oriented
Language. It allowed a computer user to offer the computer instructions in English-
like words rather than numbers.

1954 – John Backus and a team of IBM programmers created the FORTRAN
programming language, an acronym for FORmula TRANslation. In addition, IBM
developed the 650.
1958 – The integrated circuit, sometimes known as the computer chip, was created by
Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce.

1962 – Atlas, the computer, makes its appearance. It was the fastest computer in the
world at the time, and it pioneered the concept of “virtual memory.”

1964 – Douglas Engelbart proposes a modern computer prototype that combines a

mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI).

1969 – Bell Labs developers, led by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, revealed
UNIX, an operating system developed in the C programming language that addressed
program compatibility difficulties.

1970 – The Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access Memory (DRAM) chip, is unveiled
by Intel.

1971 – The floppy disc was invented by Alan Shugart and a team of IBM engineers.
In the same year, Xerox developed the first laser printer, which not only produced
billions of dollars but also heralded the beginning of a new age in computer printing.

1973 – Robert Metcalfe, a member of Xerox’s research department, created Ethernet,

which is used to connect many computers and other gear.

1974 – Personal computers were introduced into the market. The first were the Altair
Scelbi & Mark-8, IBM 5100, and Radio Shack’s TRS-80.

1975 – Popular Electronics magazine touted the Altair 8800 as the world’s first
minicomputer kit in January. Paul Allen and Bill Gates offer to build software in the
BASIC language for the Altair.

1976 – Apple Computers is founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, who expose
the world to the Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board.

1977 – At the first West Coast Computer Faire, Jobs and Wozniak announce the
Apple II. It has colour graphics and a cassette drive for storing music.

1978 – The first computerized spreadsheet program, VisiCalc, is introduced.

1979 – WordStar, a word processing tool from MicroPro International, is released.

1981 – IBM unveils the Acorn, their first personal computer, which has an Intel CPU,
two floppy drives, and a colour display. The MS-DOS operating system from
Microsoft is used by Acorn.

1983 – The CD-ROM, which could carry 550 megabytes of pre-recorded data, hit the
market. This year also saw the release of the Gavilan SC, the first portable computer
with a flip-form design and the first to be offered as a “laptop.”

1984 – Apple launched Macintosh during the Superbowl XVIII commercial. It was
priced at $2,500
1985 – Microsoft introduces Windows, which enables multitasking via a graphical
user interface. In addition, the programming language C++ has been released.

1990 – Tim Berners-Lee, an English programmer and scientist, creates HyperText

Markup Language, widely known as HTML. He also coined the term
“WorldWideWeb.” It includes the first browser, a server, HTML, and URLs.

1993 – The Pentium CPU improves the usage of graphics and music on personal
computers.

1995 – Microsoft’s Windows 95 operating system was released. A $300 million

promotional campaign was launched to get the news out. Sun Microsystems
introduces Java 1.0, followed by Netscape Communications’ JavaScript.

1996 – At Stanford University, Sergey Brin and Larry Page created the Google search
engine.

1998 – Apple introduces the iMac, an all-in-one Macintosh desktop computer. These
PCs cost $1,300 and came with a 4GB hard drive, 32MB RAM, a CD-ROM, and a
15-inch monitor.

1999 – Wi-Fi, an abbreviation for “wireless fidelity,” is created, originally covering a

range of up to 300 feet.

21st Century

2000 – The USB flash drive is first introduced in 2000. They were speedier and had
more storage space than other storage media options when used for data storage.

2001 – Apple releases Mac OS X, later renamed OS X and eventually simply macOS,
as the successor to its conventional Mac Operating System.

2003 – Customers could purchase AMD’s Athlon 64, the first 64-bit CPU for
consumer computers.

2004 – Facebook began as a social networking website.

2005 – Google acquires Android, a mobile phone OS based on Linux.

2006 – Apple’s MacBook Pro was available. The Pro was the company’s first dual-
core, Intel-based mobile computer.

Amazon Web Services, including Amazon Elastic Cloud 2 (EC2) and Amazon Simple
Storage Service, were also launched (S3)

2007 – The first iPhone was produced by Apple, bringing many computer operations
into the palm of our hands. Amazon also released the Kindle, one of the first
electronic reading systems, in 2007.

2009 – Microsoft released Windows 7.

2011 – Google introduces the Chromebook, which runs Google Chrome OS.

2014 – The University of Michigan Micro Mote (M3), the world’s smallest computer,
was constructed.

2015 – Apple introduces the Apple Watch. Windows 10 was also released by
Microsoft.

2016 – The world’s first reprogrammable quantum computer is built.

Types of Computers
1. Analog Computers – Analog computers are built with various components such as gears and
levers, with no electrical components. One advantage of analogue computation is that
designing and building an analogue computer to tackle a specific problem can be quite
straightforward.
2. Digital Computers – Information in digital computers is represented in discrete form,
typically as sequences of 0s and 1s (binary digits, or bits). A digital computer is a system or
gadget that can process any type of information in a matter of seconds. Digital computers
are categorized into many different types. They are as follows:

a. Mainframe computers – It is a computer that is generally utilized by large

enterprises for mission-critical activities such as massive data processing.
Mainframe computers were distinguished by massive storage capacities, quick
components, and powerful computational capabilities. Because they were
complicated systems, they were managed by a team of systems programmers who
had sole access to the computer. These machines are now referred to as servers
rather than mainframes.
b. Supercomputers – The most powerful computers to date are commonly referred to
as supercomputers. Supercomputers are enormous systems that are purpose-built
to solve complicated scientific and industrial problems. Quantum mechanics,
weather forecasting, oil and gas exploration, molecular modelling, physical
simulations, aerodynamics, nuclear fusion research, and cryptoanalysis are all done
on supercomputers.
c. Minicomputers – A minicomputer is a type of computer that has many of the same
features and capabilities as a larger computer but is smaller in size. Minicomputers,
which were relatively small and affordable, were often employed in a single
department of an organization and were often dedicated to a specific task or shared
by a small group.
d. Microcomputers – A microcomputer is a small computer that is based on a
microprocessor integrated circuit, often known as a chip. A microcomputer is a
system that incorporates at a minimum a microprocessor, program memory, data
memory, and input-output system (I/O). A microcomputer is now commonly
referred to as a personal computer (PC).
e. Embedded processors – These are miniature computers that control electrical and
mechanical processes with basic microprocessors. Embedded processors are often
simple in design, have limited processing capability and I/O capabilities, and need
little power. Ordinary microprocessors and microcontrollers are the two primary
types of embedded processors. Embedded processors are employed in systems that
do not require the computing capability of traditional devices such as desktop
computers, laptop computers, or workstations.
FAQs on History of Computers
Q: The principle of modern computers was proposed by ____

A. Steve Jobs
B. Adam Osborne
C. Alan Turing
D. Charles Babbage

Ans: The correct answer is C.

Q: Who introduced the first computer from home use in 1981?

A. IBM
B. Apple
C. Microsoft
D. Sun Technology

Ans: Answer is A. IBM made the first home-use personal computer.

Q: Third generation computers used which programming language?

A. Java
B. Machine language
C. FORTRAN
D. C and C++

Ans: The correct option is C.

Basic Computer Terminology

Computers are an integral part of every part of human life. A computer in itself is a
wide term. It includes various concepts, terms, and terminologies. It is very essential
to understand each and every component of a computer and its terminologies to
understand a computer as a whole. In this article, we will look at the most basic
computer terminology.

Hardware and Software

Hardware and software related questions are very common in computer aptitude
exams. There is no fixed pattern from where you can prepare. Hence, it is important to
know the basics. In this article, we will learn about the hardware and software parts of
the computer.

Hardware and Software

Hardware and software form the main parts of any computing device. The physical
parts of the computer make up the hardware, while the apps or programs is the
software of any computing device. Furthermore, the hardware is often referred to as
the machinery of the computer. Let us learn more about each of them.

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Hardware

Hardware is the ‘soul’ of the computer. It is the physical entity. Moreover, not every
part of the computer hardware is visible to us. In fact, many hardware parts are
internal. For example, hardware components such as motherboard, RAM and CPU are
internal. Other examples of hardware include output devices such as printer and
monitor. Input devices such as the keyboard and mouse. Also, secondary storage
devices such as CD, DVD, hard disk, etc. are all hardware components of a computer.

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Software

Software is the applications and programs of a computer. It is a set of instructions to

perform the tasks. These instructions are given by a software developer. They are
written in a way that a computer can understand it. Furthermore, if you design a
program for a Linux operating system, it will only work for Linux systems. In short, a
software designed for a particular hardware is not compatible with other hardware.
For example, if we design software for Windows 7 then there might be a
compatibility issue if we use it for Windows 10.
A software developer creates software using a high-level programming language. A
high-level programming language is easy to read and understand for programmers.
But a computer cannot understand these instructions. So, these instructions should be
changed to ‘machine language’ which the computer understands. A machine language
consists of instructions in binary code. So, when you are installing software,
instructions are already in the binary form.

Computer hardware can only perform mechanical tasks. While software can perform
several complex tasks. This is because the software provides means required to
perform the tasks.

Furthermore, there are two types of software. Namely, system software and
application software. An application software performs specific tasks for users.
Examples of application software include a web browser, word processor, and other
software that we install on our computer. On the other hand, a system software helps
to run the computer system and its hardware. Examples of system software include
device drivers, operating system, diagnostic tools and many more. As compared to the
application software, the system software is always pre-installed on your PC.

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How are hardware and software connected to each other?

The hardware and software of the computer are interconnected with each other. In
other words, hardware cannot function without the software. As it requires supporting
software to run. Hence, it is important to have the relevant software installed on the
hardware to get the job done.

Furthermore, without the hardware, the software cannot perform the required tasks.
Software development is considered expensive because it needs regular updates. Also,
it is a continuing process. While hardware development is initially expensive but after
that, there are no expenses. It is only a one-time expense.

Moreover, we can run different software programs on the same hardware. The
software acts as an interface between the hardware and the user. We can say that
hardware is the soul of the computer while the software is the heart of the computer.
Both complement each other.

Practice Questions
In banking exams, we need expertise in all type of questions that can be asked. Here
are a few questions for your practice. Remember these are only given so that you get a
hold of it. Try and solve as many as you can.

Q. What is processed data is?

A. Input B. Output
C. Data D. None of these

Answer: B

Stay updated and don’t get stuck in an exam. Prepare your General Awareness topics
here.

Q. Full form of DTP?

A. Desktop publisher B. Differential protocol

C. Dot-matrix printing D. Desktop publishing

Answer: D

Q. What type of memory is RAM?

A. Main B. Internal

C. External D. Auxillary

Answer: A

Q. Out of the following keys which are not on the number pad?

A. Enter B. Ctrl

C. Del D. Num lock

Answer: B

Q. _____ manual instructs you on how to use the software.

A. Documentation B. Help

C. Technical D.User

Answer: D

Keyboard Shortcuts
There are some Keyboard shortcuts that everyone can use so that it becomes easy to
do your desired tasks. The shortcuts are useful in performing basic tasks as well as
complex tasks. Also, these shortcuts are not easy to remember. That is why we have
compiled a list of useful shortcuts for you to go through.

Keyboard Shortcuts

Keyboard shortcuts

This is the list of shortcuts that can be helpful in performing basic computer tasks
with ease. Also, these shortcuts can be asked in the exams. Below we have also
provided a list of useful shortcuts for MS Excel.

Keys Functions
CTRL + F Use this to search some word
CTRL + ESC list of the task (Start)
ALT + ESC use this to move from window to window
CTRL + END us to move to the end of file
CTRL + F5 For thumbnail file window
ALT + SHIFT for switching between languages
CTRL + U the line under the text
CTRL + X Cut
CTRL + C Copy
CTRL + Z Undo
CTRL + V Paste
CTRL + A Select all
ALT + S for formatting list
CTRL + ENTER starts a new page
CTRL + F6 used for moving between files
CTRL + F2 for previewing the page before printing
SHIFT + F10 digital and bullets
ALT + ENTER for repeating the last process
used when many windows are open and you need to choose the required
ALT + TAB
window
CTRL + END Latest document
SHIFT + F1 information about the type of coordination
CTRL + I Slash
F12 Save As
SHIFT + F12 Save the file
CTRL + H Replacement
CTRL + B black line
[+ ALT List Table
CTRL + S for saving the work done
ALT + F4 useful for closing the windows
CTRL + K Document Format
CTRL + P Print
CTRL + F4 Exit from the file
CTRL + N New File
CTRL + O open area
CTRL + E Center text
ALT + J Help Menu

MS Excel Shortcuts

Ctrl + 1 Use in opening the format cell window

Ctrl + A For selecting all the content
Ctrl + B make the selected content bold
Ctrl + U underlines the content selected
Ctrl + K inserts the link
Ctrl + P use for opening the print window
Ctrl + S saves the worksheet
Ctrl + ; for entering the current date
Alt + = for creating a formula to sum the above cells
Ctrl + F10 maximizes the current window
Ctrl + F6 For switching between two opened workbooks.
Ctrl + Shift
entering the current Time
+ ;
Ctrl + I makes the selected content Italic
Ctrl + Home for moving the cell A1
Ctrl + Page
for moving between the two opened worksheets
Down
Alt + Shift +
used for adding a new worksheet
F1
Ctrl + Z To undo the action
Ctrl + F3 opens the excel name manager
Ctrl + F9 minimizes the current window
Shift + F3 for opening the excel formula window
Shift + F5 opens the search box.
F2 edits the selected cell.
F3 used for pasting names after creating the name
F4 for repeat action
F5 for going to specific cell
F7 for checking the spelling for selected text
Practice Questions on Keyboard shortcuts
Q. Which key is used as a shortcut for opening a new window document?

A. Ctrl + S

B. Ctrl + F

C. Ctrl + N

D. Ctrl + T

Answer: C. Ctrl + N

Computer Abbreviations
These days it is very important to be computer literate. In every aspect of our lives,
technology has taken over and it is important to keep up with times. And when we
study computers and computing for competitive exams like bank exams, IBPS clerk
exams. PO exams etc. It is important to learn all aspects of it. Here we will be
focusing on some important computer abbreviations that are often used and important.
Let us begin.

Computer Abbreviations
There are thousands of computer abbreviations that come in use every day. Some of
these are the common ones, that even everyday folk know and use.

Then there are some technical computer abbreviations that deal with the technical
aspects of computers and networking.

And then there are computer abbreviations for personal communication as well. Let
us take a look at some of the most commonly used and important computer
abbreviations.

A to E
AI Artificial Intelligence

ALGOL Algorithmic Language

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

BCC Blind Carbon Copy

BINAC Binary Automatic Computer

BIOS Basic Input Output System

 CC Carbon Copy (on emails)

CAD Computer Aid Design

CDROM Compact Disc Read Only Memory

 COBOL Common Business Oriented Language

DBMS Database Management System

DBA Database Admin

DNS Domain Name System

DVD Digital Versatile Disk

e-Commerce Electronic Commerce

EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

EXE Executable

F to L
FAX Far Away Xerox

FORTRAN Formula Translation

FS File System
FTP File Transfer Protocols

GIF Graphics Interchange Format

GB Gigabyte
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

HTML Hyper Text Markup Language

ISP Internet Service Provider

IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol

JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group

KB Kilobyte

LED Light Emitting Diode

M to R
MB Megabyte

MMS Multimedia Message Service

MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group

MIPS Million Instructions Per Second

MICR Magnetic Ink Character Read

NOS Network Operating System

PC Personal Computer

PDF Portable Document Format

PAN Personal Area Networks

PPP Point to Point Protocols

PROM Programmable Read Only Memory

PING Packet Internet Gopher

RDBMS Relational Data Base Management System

RAM Random Access Memory

ROM Read Only Memory

RIP Routing Information Protocol

Source: Computerfizz.com

S to Z

SQL Structured Query Language

SRAM Static Random Access Memory

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SIM Subscriber Identification Module

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

TCPIP Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol

TB Terabytes
URL Uniform Resource Locator

URI Uniform Resource Identifier

USB Universal Serial Bus

VDU Visual Display Unit

VGA Video Graphics Array

WWW World Wide Web

WiFi Wireless Fidelity

WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

WORM Write Once Read Many

ZB Zettabyte

Practice Questions for You

Q: PPP is the computer abbreviation for Point to Point protocol and also ______

a. peer to peer protocol

b. point to peer protocol
c. peer to point protocol
d. none of the above

Ans: A

Q: What does RTF stand for?

a. Rich Text Form

b. Random Text Format
c. Rich Text Format
 d. None of the above

Ans: C

Q: What is the abbreviation for Software?

a. SS
b. SO
c. SA
d. SW

Ans: D

Computer Languages
How do you think we communicate with a computer? A computer cannot understand
any commands that you may give in English or in any other language. It has its own
set of instructions for communication, or what we call computer languages. This is an
important part of your syllabus for banking exams. Let us take a look.

Computer Languages
The user of a computer must be able to communicate with it. That means, he must be
able to give the computer commands and understand the output that the computer
generates. This is possible due to the invention of computer languages.

Basically, there are two main categories of computer languages, namely Low Level
Language and High Level Language. Let us take a brief look at both these types of
computer languages.

1] Low Level Languages

Low level languages are the basic computer instructions or better known as machine
codes. A computer cannot understand any instruction given to it by the user in English
or any other high level language. These low level languages are very easily
understandable by the machine.

The main function of low level languages is to interact with the hardware of the
computer. They help in operating, syncing and managing all the hardware and system
components of the computer. They handle all the instructions which form the
architecture of the hardware systems.

Machine Language

This is one of the most basic low level languages. The language was first developed to
interact with the first generation computers. It is written in binary code or machine
code, which means it basically comprises of only two digits – 1 and 0.

Assembly Language

This is the second generation programming language. It is a development on the

machine language, where instead of using only numbers, we use English words,
names, and symbols. It is the most basic computer language necessary for any
processor.

2] High Level Language

When we talk about high level languages, these are programming languages. Some
prominent examples are PASCAL, FORTRAN, C++ etc.

The important feature about such high level languages is that they allow the
programmer to write programs for all types of computers and systems. Every
instruction in high level language is converted to machine language for the computer
to comprehend.

Scripting Languages

Scripting languages or scripts are essentially programming languages. These

languages employ a high level construct which allows it to interpret and execute one
command at a time.

Scripting languages are easier to learn and execute than compiled languages. Some
examples are AppleScript, JavaScript, Pearl etc.

Object-Oriented Languages

These are high level languages that focus on the ‘objects’ rather than the ‘actions’. To
accomplish this, the focus will be on data than logic.

The reasoning behind is that the programmers really cares about the object they wish
to manipulate rather than the logic needed to manipulate them. Some examples
include Java, C+, C++, Python, Swift etc.
Procedural Programming Language

This is a type of programming language that has well structured steps and complex
procedures within its programming to compose a complete program.

It has a systematic order functions and commands to complete a task or a program.

FORTRAN, ALGOL, BASIC, COBOL are some examples.

Practice Questions for You

Q: Which was the first computer language for an electronic device?

a. Machine Language
b. Assembly Language
c. Short Code
d. FORTRAN

Ans: C

Q: Visual Basic (VB) was derived from which of the following?

a. BASIC
b. ALGOL
c. PERL
d. C++

Ans: A

Q: FORTRAN was developed at ____?

a. Apple
b. Sun Technology
c. IBM
d. Intel

Ans: C

Basic Internet Knowledge and

Protocols
In this day and age, everything is digitalized. Technology has made our lives so much
simpler and faster. And of the biggest contributing factor of this has been the
development of the internet. Even from an IBPS, bank exam point of view, studying
the Basic Internet Knowledge and Protocols is important. So let us get started.
Basic Internet Knowledge and Protocols
What is the Internet?
We always associate the internet with the web. But essentially the internet is just a
massive networking infrastructure that connects millions of users and devices from
across the world.

It connects more than 190 countries of the world allowing is a free exchange of data
and information at lightning fast speeds.

Now comes the question of how does this information flow on the internet? The basic
function of the internet is to move computerized data from one place to another.

This happens as the internet is decentralized, i.e. not under any control. Every
computer or device is an independent host and the information just moves from one
host to another via the internet.

Let us learn some important terms related to the internet

 WWW: World Wide Web. This is what we call the web. It is a collection of information, data,
videos, pictures, multimedia etc on the internet. It is all linked together through the world
wide web.
 URL: It stands for Universal Resource Locator. This is the link that connects the user to the
remote locator on the world wide web. It is basically a link to a website, which opens when
you click on the URL.
 Host: Any computer or device that is used to transfer the data
 IP Address: IP Address is a unique code for each computer or device that connects to the
internet. It is four numbers between 0 and 255 separated by a dot. Example 23.187.09.65

What are Internet Protocols?

The internet is a massive networking infrastructure. So there have to be some rules
that regulate such a network. So internet protocols are a set of regulations and
protocols that define and govern the format of the data that is sent via the internet. It is
the method by which the data is sent over from one host to another.
When you send data over the internet this data is divided into smaller packets. Each
packet contains the senders and the receivers IP address.

These packs first go to the gateway computer which reads the destination address and
forwards it to the adjacent gateway. The next gateway will also do the same until the
packet ultimately reaches its destination address.

Let us take a look at some of the important types of internet protocols:

 TCP: Transmission Control Protocol. This is the protocol for communicating over a network.
The data is broken down into smaller packets, identifiable by their IP address.
 FTP: File Transfer Protocol. Used for transferring files over the internet. This includes text and
multimedia files as well. It is faster than the other methods.
 HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It follows the client and server model. It facilitates the
connection between web client and web server.

Practice Questions for You

Q: ____ manages the transmission of outgoing mail?

a. SMTP
b. FTP
c. HTTP
d. None of the above

Ans: A

Q: Who invented the world wide web?

a. Bill Gates
b. Alan Tuning
c. Tim Bernes Lee
d. None of the above

Ans: C

Q: ______ allows storing and making web pages available

a. Domain Name
b. Porting
c. Web Hosting
d. None of the above

Ans: C

Computer Organization
IBPS recently introduced a new topic called computer aptitude. It is important that
you prepare this section well. It is one of the topics asked in the computer section and
is very important. So let us study Computer organization in detail.

Computer organization
The questions from computer organization usually test the basic knowledge that one
acquires at the beginning of computer learning. It also tests the knowledge of
candidates on various computer parts and their functioning. The computer system is
formed when 2-3 parts combine and perform individually as well as coherently.

Source: Flickr

You will have various sets of questions in this article which can help you ease the
pressure for this section. You can also practice the questions at the end. The computer
consists of many different parts of input units, output units, memory units, etc. And
we will discuss with you in detail about each of these parts.

Output units

Output units allow the computers to send the data to other users. Usually, a display
device is considered as the output unit because it displays the texts, graphics, and
other information. The common examples of output units are speakers, monitors,
printers, etc.

Input units

The devices that are used to convey the information to the computer are called input
devices. The primary examples of input units are a keyboard, pointing devices,
audio/video devices, etc. With the help of input unit, a user can transfer the data to a
computer for storing, displaying and processing data.

Some of the functions of input devices:

1. Pointing devices: This will allow you to point to the software on the computer and
open it. It will interact with the graphical interface.
2. Keyboard: It will send the various alphanumeric data into the computer.
3. Audio/video devices: It will allow you to input the sound and pictures into the
computer.

CPU

CPU is known as the brains of the computer. Without CPU a computer cannot work.
It allows the computer to interpret and execute the various data through software and
hardware. There are three various functioning of CPU. They are:

1. Memory unit
2. Arithmetic-logic unit
3. Control unit

Solved Questions – Type I

Q. Which of the following device is the example of a trackball?

A. Output device B. Printing device

C. Programming device D. Pointing device

Ans: The trackball is used in mouse and therefore is an example of a pointing device.
The correct answer is D

Q. Out of the given options which term is related to the printer?

A. Cartridge B. Keyboard

C. DVD D. None of these

Ans: The cartridge is related to printer. An inkjet cartridge or ink cartridge is a

component of the ink printer that has ink used on paper during printing. The correct
answer is A.

Q. =Sum (D4: D10) is an example of

A. Cell address B. Formula

C. Function D. Value

Ans: This is an example of formula. It is used in excel to get the sum of the required
range. The correct answer is B.
Solved Questions – Type II

Q. Pokemon Go app, which became very popular in 2016 and made people wander
around their towns so that they can collect pokemon to score points which confine the
game by interacting with the characters, and then making progress in virtual
environments by going to real-life places. What type of technology was related to the
game?

A. Artificial Intelligence B. Sleeker

C. Virtual Reality D. Augmented Reality

Ans: The correct answer is D Augmented Reality is a type of technology that can
superimpose a virtually created image on a user’s view of the original world.

Q. Whose main purpose out of the following is to stop the unauthorized access to the
computer via the internet?

A. Firewall B. Spyware blocker

C. Popup blocker D. None of these

Ans: A firewall can act as a barrier between the untrusted and trusted network. It
keeps in check the access by controlling through a positive control model. This
ensures that only trusted traffic is allowed on the network which is pre-defined by the
firewall policy; other traffics are denied. These firewalls can be implemented in
software as well as hardware and combination of both. The correct answer is A.

Q. In advertising like entities in order to facilitate mail to many addresses, which is

the system that is used to automatically add the addresses and names from a database
like letters and envelops?

A. cc B. Bcc

C. Mail merge D. New

Ans: Through mail merge, you can create multiple documents at once. All these
documents will then have the same text, graphics, layout, and formatting. Specific
sections can vary and can be personalized. The correct answer is C.

Practice Questions
Q. ________ menu is also known as the drop-down menu.

A. cascading B. Pull-down

C. Fly-out D. Pop-up

Answer: B
Q. The first microprocessors that were developed by Texas Instruments and Intel
Corp. were mainly used to control small ________.

A. Calculators B. Microwave ovens

C. Robotics D. Personal Computer

Answer: A

Q. Out of the following which printer uses a combination of electrophotographic and

laser-beam techniques?

A. Daisy wheel B. Dot-matrix

C. laser D. None of these

Answer: C

Q. What is the process of writing down computer instructions known as?

A. assembling B. coding

C. executing D. Compiling

Answer: B

Q. Name the system from the following that can adjust and learn on its own as per the
circumstances.

A. Neutral networks B. Geographical systems

C. File-based systems D. Database management system

Answer: A

Computer Basics -
Basic Parts of a Computer
Computer case
The computer case is the metal and plastic box that contains the main components
of the computer, including the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), and power
supply. The front of the case usually has an On/Off button and one or more optical
drives.

Computer cases come in different shapes and sizes. A desktop case lies flat on a
desk, and the monitor usually sits on top of it. A tower case is tall and sits next to the
monitor or on the floor. All-in-one computers come with the internal components
built into the monitor, which eliminates the need for a separate case.

Monitor
The monitor works with a video card, located inside the computer case, to display
images and text on the screen. Most monitors have control buttons that allow you to
change your monitor's display settings, and some monitors also have built-in speakers.

Newer monitors usually have LCD (liquid crystal display) or LED (light-emitting
diode) displays. These can be made very thin, and they are often called flat-panel
displays. Older monitors use CRT (cathode ray tube) displays. CRT monitors are
much larger and heavier, and they take up more desk space.

Keyboard

The keyboard is one of the main ways to communicate with a computer. There are
many different types of keyboards, but most are very similar and allow you to
accomplish the same basic tasks.

Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn about the different parts of the
keyboard.

If you want to learn how to type or improve your touch-typing skills, check out our
free Typing Tutorial.

Mouse
The mouse is another important tool for communicating with computers.
Commonly known as a pointing device, it lets you point to objects on
the screen, click on them, and move them.

There are two main mouse types: optical and mechanical. The optical mouse uses an
electronic eye to detect movement and is easier to clean. The mechanical mouse uses
a rolling ball to detect movement and requires regular cleaning to work properly.

Mouse alternatives

There are other devices that can do the same thing as a mouse. Many people find them
easier to use, and they also require less desk space than a traditional mouse. The most
common mouse alternatives are below.

 Trackball: A trackball has a ball that can rotate freely. Instead of moving the device like a
mouse, you can roll the ball with your thumb to move the pointer.
 Touchpad: A touchpad—also called a trackpad—is a touch-sensitive pad that lets
you control the pointer by making a drawing motion with your finger. Touchpads
are common on laptop computers.
Lesson 4: Buttons and Ports on a Computer

Introduction

Take a look at the front and back of your computer case and count the number of
buttons, ports, and slots you see. Now look at your monitor and count any you find
there. You probably counted at least 10, and maybe a lot more.

Each computer is different, so the buttons, ports, and sockets will vary from
computer to computer. However, there are certain ones you can expect to find on
most desktop computers. Learning how these ports are used will help whenever you
need to connect something to your computer, like a new printer, keyboard, or mouse.

Watch the video below to learn about the buttons, ports, and slots on a desktop
computer.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Front of a computer case

Click the buttons in the interactive below to become familiar with the front of a
computer.
Back of a computer case

The back of a computer case has connection ports that are made to fit specific
devices. The placement will vary from computer to computer, and many companies
have their own special connectors for specific devices. Some of the ports may be
color coded to help you determine which port is used with a particular device.
Click the buttons in the interactive below to become familiar with the back of a
computer.

Other types of ports

There are many other types of ports, such as FireWire, Thunderbolt, and HDMI. If
your computer has ports you don't recognize, you should consult your manual for
more information.

Now you try it! Practice connecting the cables with the interactive game below.

Peripherals you can use with your computer

The most basic computer setup usually includes the computer case, monitor,
keyboard, and mouse, but you can plug many different types of devices into the extra
ports on your computer. These devices are called peripherals. Let's take a look at
some of the most common ones.

 Printers: A printer is used to print documents, photos, and anything else that
appears on your screen. There are many types of printers, including inkjet, laser,
and photo printers. There are even all-in-one printers, which can also scan and copy
documents.

 Scanners: A scanner allows you to copy a physical image or document and save it to your
computer as a digital (computer-readable) image. Many scanners are included as part of an
all-in-one printer, although you can also buy a separate flatbed or handheld scanner.
 Speakers/headphones: Speakers and headphones are output devices, which means
they send information from the computer to the user—in this case, they allow you
to hear sound and music. Depending on the model, they may connect to the audio
port or the USB port. Some monitors also have built-in speakers.


 Microphones: A microphone is a type of input device, or a device that receives

information from a user. You can connect a microphone to record sound or talk
with someone else over the Internet. Many laptop computers come with built-in
microphones.
 
 Web cameras: A web camera—or webcam—is a type of input device that can record videos
and take pictures. It can also transmit video over the Internet in real time, which allows for
video chat or video conferencing with someone else. Many webcams also include a
microphone for this reason.
 Game controllers and joysticks: A game controller is used to control computer games. There
are many other types of controllers you can use, including joysticks, although you can also
use your mouse and keyboard to control most games.
 Digital cameras: A digital camera lets you capture pictures and videos in a digital format. By
connecting the camera to your computer's USB port, you can transfer the images from the
camera to the computer.
 Mobile phones, MP3 players, tablet computers, and other devices: Whenever you buy an
electronic device, such as a mobile phone or MP3 player, check to see if it comes with a USB
cable. If it does, this means you can most likely connect it to your computer.

Lesson 5: Inside a Computer

Inside a computer
Have you ever looked inside a computer case, or seen pictures of the inside of one?
The small parts may look complicated, but the inside of a computer case isn't really
all that mysterious. This lesson will help you master some of the basic terminology
and understand a bit more about what goes on inside a computer.

Watch the video below to learn about what's inside a desktop computer.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still see it here:

Motherboard

The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate that holds
the CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to
control the video and audio, and connections to your computer's ports (such as USB
ports). The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer.

CPU/processor
The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the
computer case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer,
and its job is to carry out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or
start an application, you're sending instructions to the CPU.

The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside.
The chip is usually about the size of a thumbnail. The CPU fits into the motherboard's
CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat from the
CPU.

A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per

second; and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions per second. A faster
processor can execute instructions more quickly. However, the actual speed of the
computer depends on the speed of many different components—not just the
processor.

RAM (random access memory)

RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs
calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed.

This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're
working on a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to
avoid losing it. When you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts
as long-term storage.

RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more RAM you
have, the more things your computer can do at the same time. If you don't have
enough RAM, you may notice that your computer is sluggish when you have several
programs open. Because of this, many people add extra RAM to their computers to
improve performance.

Hard drive
The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. The
hard drive is long-term storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn
the computer off or unplug it.

When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from
the hard drive onto the RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied back to the
hard drive. The faster the hard drive, the faster your computer can start up and load
programs.

Power supply unit

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the
type of power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the
motherboard and other components.

If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure to unplug the
computer first. Before touching the inside of the computer, you should touch a
grounded metal object—or a metal part of the computer casing—to discharge any
static buildup. Static electricity can be transmitted through the computer circuits,
which can seriously damage your machine.

Expansion cards

Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add
various types of expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI (peripheral
component interconnect) cards. You may never need to add any PCI cards because
most motherboards have built-in video, sound, network, and other capabilities.
However, if you want to boost the performance of your computer or update the
capabilities of an older computer, you can always add one or more cards. Below are
some of the most common types of expansion cards.

Video card

The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have
a GPU (graphics processing unit) built into the motherboard instead of having a
separate video card. If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster
video card to one of the expansion slots to get better performance.

Sound card

The sound card—also called an audio card—is responsible for what you hear in the
speakers or headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can
upgrade to a dedicated sound card for higher-quality sound.

Network card
The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access
the Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless
connection (often called Wi-Fi). Many motherboards have built-in network
connections, and a network card can also be added to an expansion slot.

Bluetooth card (or adapter)

Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often
used in computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. It's
commonly built into the motherboard or included in a wireless network card. For
computers that don't have Bluetooth, you can purchase a USB adapter, often called a
dongle.

Lesson 6: Laptop Computers

What is a laptop computer?

A laptop is a personal computer that can be easily moved and used in a variety of
locations. Most laptops are designed to have all of the functionality of a desktop
computer, which means they can generally run the same software and open the same
types of files. However, laptops also tend to be more expensive than comparable
desktop computers.

Watch the video below to learn about laptop computers.

How is a laptop different from a desktop?

Because laptops are designed for portability, there are some important differences
between them and desktop computers. A laptop has an all-in-one design, with a built-
in monitor, keyboard, touchpad (which replaces the mouse), and speakers. This
means it is fully functional, even when no peripherals are connected. A laptop is also
quicker to set up, and there are fewer cables to get in the way.

You'll also have to the option to connect a regular mouse, larger monitor, and other
peripherals. This basically turns your laptop into a desktop computer, with one
main difference: You can easily disconnect the peripherals and take the laptop with
you wherever you go.

Here are the main differences you can expect with a laptop.

 Touchpad: A touchpad—also called a trackpad—is a touch-sensitive pad that lets

you control the pointer by making a drawing motion with your finger.

 Battery: Every laptop has a battery, which allows you to use the laptop when it's not plugged
in. Whenever you plug in the laptop, the battery recharges. Another benefit of having a
battery is that it can provide backup power to the laptop if the power goes out.
  AC adapter: A laptop usually has a specialized power cable called an AC adapter,
which is designed to be used with that specific type of laptop.

 Ports: Most laptops have the same types of ports found on desktop computers (such as
USB), although they usually have fewer ports to save space. However, some ports may be
different, and you may need an adapter in order to use them.
 Price: Generally speaking, laptops tend to be more expensive than a desktop computer with
the same internal components. While you may find that some basic laptops cost less than
desktop computers, these are usually much less powerful machines.

Lesson 7: Mobile Devices

What is a mobile device?

A mobile device is a general term for any type of handheld computer. These devices
are designed to be extremely portable, and they can often fit in your hand. Some
mobile devices—like tablets, e-readers, and smartphones—are powerful enough to
do many of the same things you can do with a desktop or laptop computer.

Tablet computers

Like laptops, tablet computers are designed to be portable. However, they provide a
different computing experience. The most obvious difference is that tablet computers
don't have keyboards or touchpads. Instead, the entire screen is touch-sensitive,
allowing you to type on a virtual keyboard and use your finger as a mouse pointer.
Tablet computers can't necessarily do everything traditional computers can do. For
many people, a traditional computer like a desktop or laptop is still needed in order
to use some programs. However, the convenience of a tablet computer means it may
be ideal as a second computer.

E-readers

E-book readers—also called e-readers—are similar to tablet computers, except they

are mainly designed for reading e-books (digital, downloadable books). Notable
examples include the Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook, and Kobo. Most e-
readers use an e-ink display, which is easier to read than a traditional computer
display. You can even read in bright sunlight, just like if you were reading a regular
book.

You don't need an e-reader to read e-books. They can also be read on tablets,
smartphones, laptops, and desktops.

Smartphones

A smartphone is a more powerful version of a traditional cell phone. In addition to the

same basic features—phone calls, voicemail, text messaging—smartphones can
connect to the Internet over Wi-Fi or a cellular network (which requires purchasing
a monthly data plan). This means you can use a smartphone for the same things you
would normally do on a computer, such as checking your email, browsing the Web, or
shopping online.
Most smartphones use a touch-sensitive screen, meaning there isn't a physical
keyboard on the device. Instead, you'll type on a virtual keyboard and use your fingers
to interact with the display. Other standard features include a high-quality digital
camera and the ability to play digital music and video files. For many people, a
smartphone can actually replace electronics like an old laptop, digital music player,
and digital camera in the same device.

Lesson 8: Understanding Operating Systems

What is an operating system?

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It

manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of its software and
hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing
how to speak the computer's language. Without an operating system, a computer is
useless.

Watch the video below to learn more about operating systems.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

The operating system's job

Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware
on the computer. Most of the time, there are several different computer programs
running at the same time, and they all need to access your computer's central
processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates all
of this to make sure each program gets what it needs.

Types of operating systems

Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer you buy. Most people
use the operating system that comes with their computer, but it's possible to upgrade
or even change operating systems. The three most common operating systems for
personal computers are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced

gooey). A GUI lets you use your mouse to click icons, buttons, and menus, and
everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and
text.
Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a
different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating
systems are designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic principles are the same.

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. There have been
many different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 10
(released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista
(2007). Windows comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the
most popular operating system in the world.

Check out our tutorials on Windows Basics and specific Windows versions for more
information.

macOS

macOS (previously called OS X) is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It

comes preloaded on all Macintosh computers, or Macs. Some of the specific versions
include Mojave (released in 2018), High Sierra (2017), and Sierra (2016).

According to StatCounter Global Stats, macOS users account for less than 10% of
global operating systems—much lower than the percentage of Windows users (more
than 80%). One reason for this is that Apple computers tend to be more expensive.
However, many people do prefer the look and feel of macOS over Windows.
Check out our macOS Basics tutorial for more information.

Linux

Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems, which

means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is
different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by
the company that owns it. The advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are
many different distributions—or versions—you can choose from.

According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than 2% of
global operating systems. However, most servers run Linux because it's relatively
easy to customize.

To learn more about different distributions of Linux, visit the Ubuntu, Linux Mint,
and Fedora websites, or refer to our Linux Resources. For a more comprehensive list,
you can visit MakeUseOf's list of The Best Linux Distributions.

Operating systems for mobile devices

The operating systems we've been talking about so far were designed to run on
desktop and laptop computers. Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers,
and MP3 players are different from desktop and laptop computers, so they run
operating systems that are designed specifically for mobile devices. Examples of
mobile operating systems include Apple iOS and Google Android. In the screenshot
below, you can see iOS running on an iPad.
Operating systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully featured as those made
for desktop and laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all of the same software.
However, you can still do a lot of things with them, like watch movies, browse the
Web, manage your calendar, and play games.

To learn more about mobile operating systems, check out our Mobile Devices
tutorials.

Lesson 9: Understanding Applications

What is an application?

You may have heard people talking about using a program, an application, or an
app. But what exactly does that mean? Simply put, an app is a type of software that
allows you to perform specific tasks. Applications for desktop or laptop computers
are sometimes called desktop applications, while those for mobile devices are called
mobile apps.

When you open an application, it runs inside the operating system until you close it.
Most of the time, you will have more than one application open at the same time,
which is known as multi-tasking.

App is a common term for an application, especially for simple applications that
can be downloaded inexpensively or even for free. Many apps are also available for
mobile devices and even some TVs.

Watch the video below to learn more about applications.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Desktop applications

There are countless desktop applications, and they fall into several categories. Some
are more full featured (like Microsoft Word), while others may only do one or two
things (like a clock or calendar app). Below are just a few types of applications you
might use.

 Word processors: A word processor allows you to write a letter, design a flyer, and
create many other types of documents. The most well-known word processor is
Microsoft Word.

 Web browsers: A web browser is the tool you use to access the Internet. Most
computers come with a web browser pre-installed, but you can also download a
different one if you prefer. Examples of browsers include Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, Google Chrome, and Safari.

 Media players: If you want to listen to MP3s or watch movies you've downloaded,
you'll need to use a media player. Windows Media Player and iTunes are popular
media players.
 
 Games: There are many types of games you can play on your computer. They range from
card games like Solitaire to action games like Halo. Many action games require a lot of
computing power, so they may not work unless you have a newer computer.

Mobile apps

Desktop and laptop computers aren't the only devices that can run applications. You
can also download apps for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Here are a
few examples of mobile apps.
  Gmail: You can use the Gmail app to easily view and send emails from your mobile device.
It's available for Android and iOS devices.
 Instagram: You can use Instagram to quickly share photos with your friends and family. It's
available for Android and iOS.
 Duolingo: With a combination of quizzes, games, and other activities, this app can help you
learn new languages. It's available for Android and iOS.

Installing new applications

Every computer and mobile device will come with some applications already built in,
such as a web browser and media player. However, you can also purchase and install
new apps to add more functionality. You can review our lessons on Installing
Software on Your Windows PC, Installing Software on Your Mac, and Free Software
to learn more.
Lesson 10: Setting Up a Computer

Setting up a computer

So you have a new computer and you're ready to set it up. This may seem like an
overwhelming and complicated task, but it's actually a lot easier than you might think!
Most computers are set up in a similar way, so it doesn't matter what brand of
computer you have.

If you're setting up a new computer that's still in the box, you'll probably find a how-
to guide that includes step-by-step details. Even if it didn't include instructions, you
can still set up the computer in a few easy steps. We'll take you through the different
steps needed to set up a typical computer.

Watch the video below to learn how to set up a desktop computer.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Setting up a laptop computer

If you have a laptop, setup should be easy: Just open it and press the power button. If
the battery isn't charged, you'll need to plug in the AC adapter. You can continue
using the laptop while it charges.

If your laptop has any peripherals, like external speakers, you may want to read the
instructions below. Laptops and desktops generally use the same types of connections,
so the same steps will still apply.

Setting up a desktop computer

Step 1

Unpack the monitor and computer case from the box. Remove any plastic covering
or protective tape. Place the monitor and computer case on a desk or work area.

Be sure to place your computer case in an area that is well ventilated and has good air
flow. This will help to prevent the computer from overheating.

Step 2

Locate the monitor cable. There are several types of monitor cables, so the one for
your computer may not look like the one in the image below.
If you're having trouble finding your monitor cable, refer to the instruction manual for
your computer. (If you have an all-in-one computer that's built into the monitor, you
can skip to Step 4).

Step 3

Connect one end of the cable to the monitor port on the back of the computer case
and the other end to the monitor.
Many computer cables will only fit a specific way. If the cable doesn't fit, don't force
it or you might damage the connectors. Make sure the plug aligns with the port, then
connect it.

To figure out which cables belong in which ports, try our Connecting Cables
interactive.

Step 4

Unpack the keyboard and determine whether it uses a USB (rectangular) connector
or a PS/2 (round) connector. If it uses a USB connector, plug it into any of the USB
ports on the back of the computer. If it uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into the purple
keyboard port on the back of the computer.
Step 5

Unpack the mouse and determine whether it uses a USB or PS/2 connector. If it uses
a USB connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on the back of the computer. If it
uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into the green mouse port on the back of the computer.

If your keyboard has a USB port, you can connect your mouse to the keyboard
instead of connecting it directly to your computer.

If you have a wireless mouse or keyboard, you may need to connect a Bluetooth
dongle (USB adapter) to your computer. However, many computers have built-in
Bluetooth, so an adapter may not be necessary.

Step 6

If you have external speakers or headphones, you can connect them to your
computer's audio port (either on the front or back of the computer case). Many
computers have color-coded ports. Speakers or headphones connect to the green
port, and microphones connect to the pink port. The blue port is the line in, which
can be used with other types of devices.
Some speakers, headphones, and microphones have USB connectors instead of the
usual audio plug. These can be connected to any USB port. In addition, many
computers have speakers or microphones built into the monitor.

Step 7

Locate the two power supply cables that came with your computer. Plug the first
power supply cable into the back of the computer case and then into a surge
protector. Then, using the other cable, connect the monitor to the surge protector.
You can also use an uninterruptable power supply (UPS), which acts as a surge
protector and provides temporary power if there is a power outage.

Step 8

Finally, plug the surge protector into a wall outlet. You may also need to turn on the
surge protector if it has a power switch.
If you don't have a surge protector, you can plug the computer directly into the wall.
However, this is not recommended because electrical surges can damage your
computer.

Step 9

If you have a printer, scanner, webcam, or other peripherals, you can connect them
at this point. Many peripherals are plug and play, which means they will be
recognized by your computer as soon as they are plugged in.
Other peripherals may include software that needs to be installed before you can
begin using them. Use the instructions included with the device to install it if
necessary.

Generally, peripherals are optional, and you can add new ones at any time; you don't
have to add all peripherals during the initial setup of your computer.

Setup complete!

That's it—you've finished setting up your computer, so it's time to start using it! We'll
talk more about how to use your computer over the next several lessons.

Lesson 11: Getting Started with Your First Computer

Getting started with your first computer

A computer is more than just another household appliance. The vast amount of
information and possibilities can be overwhelming. But you can accomplish a lot with
a computer, and using one can be a good experience. Let's walk through getting
started with your first computer.

Turning on a computer for the first time can be different from one computer to the
next. Your experience could be different from this lesson. It's OK to ask someone for
help.
If you're using a desktop computer, you'll need to make sure that the keyboard,
mouse, and monitor are plugged into the computer case before you continue. Review
our lesson on Setting Up a Computer to learn how.

Turning on a computer

The very first step is to turn on the computer. To do this, locate and press the power
button. It's in a different place on every computer, but it will have the universal power
button symbol (shown below).

Once turned on, your computer takes time before it's ready to use. You may see a few
different displays flash on the screen. This process is called booting up, and it can
take anywhere from 15 seconds to several minutes.

Once the computer has booted up, it may be ready to use, or it may require you to log
in. This means identifying yourself by typing your user name or selecting your
profile, then typing your password. If you've never logged in to your computer before,
you may need to create an account.
The keyboard and mouse

You interact with a computer mainly by using the keyboard and mouse, or a
trackpad on laptops. Learning to use these devices is essential to learning to use a
computer. Most people find it comfortable to place the keyboard on the desk directly
in front of them and the mouse to one side of the keyboard.

The mouse controls the pointer on the screen. Whenever you move the mouse across
the desk, the pointer will move in a similar manner. A mouse usually has two buttons,
which are referred to as the left button and the right button. You will often interact
with the computer by moving the mouse pointer over something on the computer
screen, then clicking one of the buttons.
On laptops, you can use the trackpad, located below the keyboard, instead of a
mouse. Simply drag your finger across the trackpad to move the pointer on the
screen. Some trackpads do not have buttons, so you'll either press or tap the trackpad
to click.
The keyboard allows you to type letters, numbers, and words into the computer.
Whenever you see a flashing vertical line—called the cursor—you can start typing.

Note that the mouse pointer is also called a cursor, but it is shaped differently. The
keyboard cursor is also called the insertion point.

Using a computer

The main screen you'll start from is the desktop. This is sort of like a main menu or a
table of contents. From here, you can access the programs and features you need to
use your computer.

Icons are used to represent the different files, applications, and commands on your
computer. An icon is a small image that's intended to give you an idea at a glance of
what it represents, like a logo. Double-clicking an icon on the desktop will open that
application or file.

A button is a command that performs a specific function within an application. The

most commonly used commands in a program will be represented by buttons.
Menus are organized collections of commands and shortcuts. Click a menu to open it
and display the commands and shortcuts within. Then click an item in the menu to
execute it.

When you open an application or folder, it is displayed in its own window. A window
is a contained area—like a picture within a picture—with its own menus and buttons
specific to that program. You can rearrange multiple windows on the desktop and
switch between them.
What's next?

OK, so these are just the basics of using a computer. In the next lesson, we'll talk
about how to use your computer's specific operating system.

Lesson 12: Getting to Know the OS

Getting to know your computer's OS

Now that you know the absolute basics of using a computer, it's time to learn more
about your computer's operating system. We'll be talking about the two most
common operating systems in this lesson: Microsoft Windows and macOS.

Watch the video below to learn the basics of using Windows.

Watch the video below to learn the basics of using macOS.

Getting to know the interface

Both PCs and Macs use a graphical user interface (GUI), and they each have their
own look and feel. The interactives below will introduce you to the Windows and
Mac interfaces.

Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn more about the Windows interface.
Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn more about the macOS interface.
If you have difficulty seeing or hearing—or if you have trouble manipulating the
mouse or keyboard—there are many settings that can help make your computer easier
to use. To learn more, check out our lesson on Using Accessibility Features.

All about your computer's file system

No matter which operating system you use, your computer uses folders to organize all
of the different files and applications it contains. Folder icons on your computer are
designed to look like file folders full of documents or pictures.
Each operating system has its own file system, which helps you find your folders and
files. If you have a Windows PC, you'll use the File Explorer (also known as
Windows Explorer). If you have a Mac, you'll use Finder. Here, we'll talk about the
basic functions that are common to all computer file systems.

To find out more about file systems on Macs, check out the lesson on Working with
Files in our macOS Basics tutorial. To learn more about PC file systems, take a look
at the Working with Files lesson in our Windows Basics tutorial.

Opening your computer's file system

Whether you're using a PC or a Mac, the file system icon will be on the toolbar. On a
PC, the File Explorer icon looks like a folder, as in the image below.
On a Mac, the Finder icon looks like a face on the Dock, as in the image below.
In both operating systems, you can also open the file system by clicking a folder
from your desktop.

Basic navigation

Whether you're using File Explorer or Finder, basic navigation will work the same
way. If you see the file you want, you can double-click it with your mouse.
Otherwise, you can use the Navigation pane on the left side of the window to select a
different location.
Deleting files

macOS and Windows use a Trash can—or Recycle Bin—to prevent you from
accidentally deleting files. When you delete a file, it is moved to the Trash can. If you
change your mind, you can move the file back to its original location.
If you want to permanently delete the file, you will need to empty the Trash or
Recycle Bin. To do this, right-click the icon and select Empty.
Opening files and applications

Each application on your computer has a group of file types—or formats—it is able
to open. When you double-click a file, your computer will automatically use the
correct application to open it. In our example, we're opening a Microsoft Word
document (Cover Letter), which will open in Microsoft Word.

However, there may be times you may want to open an application directly, instead of
just opening a file.

 To open an application in Windows, click the Start button, then select the desired
application. If you don't see the one you want, you can click All Programs/All Apps
to see a full list, scroll through the application list in Windows 10, or simply type the
name of the application on your keyboard to search for it. In the example below,
we're opening Microsoft Edge from the tiles.
 
 To open an application on a Mac, click the application's icon on the Dock. If you don't see the
one you want, click the Spotlight icon in the top-right corner of the screen, then type the
name of the application on your keyboard to search for it. In the example below, we're
opening Safari.
Adjusting your computer's settings

When you start using a new computer, you may want to begin by adjusting the
computer's settings. Adjusting your settings can range from simple tasks such as
changing your desktop background to more advanced tasks like adjusting your
security or keyboard settings.

 In Windows 10, click the Start button, then select Settings.


 In Windows 8.1 and earlier, click the Start button, then locate and select the
Control Panel. Check out the Adjusting Your Settings lesson in our Windows Basics
tutorial to learn more about the Control Panel.

 On a Mac, click the Apple icon, then select System Preferences. Check out our
Adjusting Your Settings lesson in our macOS Basics tutorial to learn more about
System Preferences.
 

Shutting down your computer

When you're done using your computer, it's important to shut it down properly.

 To shut down Windows, click the Start button, then select Shut down from the
menu (in some versions, this may say Turn Off Computer or look like the power
symbol).


 To shut down a Mac, click the Apple icon, then select Shut Down.
 

Continue

Lesson 13: Connecting to the Internet

How do I connect to the Internet?

Once you've set up your computer, you may want to purchase home Internet access
so you can send and receive email, browse the Web, stream videos, and more. You
may even want to set up a home wireless network, commonly known as Wi-Fi, so
you can connect multiple devices to the Internet at the same time.

Watch the video below to learn about connecting to the Internet.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Types of Internet service

The type of Internet service you choose will largely depend on which Internet
service providers (ISPs) serve your area, along with the types of service they offer.
Here are some common types of Internet service.

 Dial-up: This is generally the slowest type of Internet connection, and you should probably
avoid it unless it is the only service available in your area. Dial-up Internet uses your phone
line, so unless you have multiple phone lines you will not be able to use your landline and the
Internet at the same time.
  DSL: DSL service uses a broadband connection, which makes it much faster than dial-up. DSL
connects to the Internet via a phone line but does not require you to have a landline at
home. And unlike dial-up, you'll be able to use the Internet and your phone line at the same
time.
 Cable: Cable service connects to the Internet via cable TV, although you do not necessarily
need to have cable TV in order to get it. It uses a broadband connection and can be faster
than both dial-up and DSL service; however, it is only available where cable TV is available.
 Satellite: A satellite connection uses broadband but does not require cable or phone lines; it
connects to the Internet through satellites orbiting the Earth. As a result, it can be used
almost anywhere in the world, but the connection may be affected by weather patterns.
Satellite connections are also usually slower than DSL or cable.
 3G and 4G: 3G and 4G service is most commonly used with mobile phones, and it connects
wirelessly through your ISP's network. However, these types of connections aren't always as
fast as DSL or cable. They will also limit the amount of data you can use each month, which
isn't the case with most broadband plans.

Choosing an Internet service provider

Now that you know about the different types of Internet service, you can do some
research to find out what ISPs are available in your area. If you're having trouble
getting started, we recommend talking to friends, family members, and neighbors
about the ISPs they use. This will usually give you a good idea of the types of Internet
service available in your area.

Most ISPs offer several tiers of service with different Internet speeds, usually
measured in Mbps (short for megabits per second). If you mainly want to use the
Internet for email and social networking, a slower connection (around 2 to 5 Mbps)
might be all you need. However, if you want to download music or stream videos,
you'll want a faster connection (at least 5 Mbps or higher).

You'll also want to consider the cost of the service, including installation charges and
monthly fees. Generally speaking, the faster the connection, the more expensive it
will be per month.

Although dial-up has traditionally been the least expensive option, many ISPs have
raised dial-up prices to be the same as broadband. This is intended to encourage
people to switch to broadband. We do not recommend dial-up Internet unless it's your
only option.

Hardware needed

Modem
Once you have your computer, you really don't need much additional hardware to
connect to the Internet. The primary piece of hardware you need is a modem.

The type of Internet access you choose will determine the type of modem you need.
Dial-up access uses a telephone modem, DSL service uses a DSL modem, cable
access uses a cable modem, and satellite service uses a satellite adapter. Your ISP
may give you a modem—often for a fee—when you sign a contract, which helps
ensure that you have the right type of modem. However, if you would prefer to shop
for a better or less expensive modem, you can choose to buy one separately.

Router
A router is a hardware device that allows you to connect several computers and
other devices to a single Internet connection, which is known as a home network.
Many routers are wireless, which allows you to create a home wireless network,
commonly known as a Wi-Fi network.

You don't necessarily need to buy a router to connect to the Internet. It's possible to
connect your computer directly to your modem using an Ethernet cable. Also, many
modems include a built-in router, so you have the option of creating a Wi-Fi
network without buying extra hardware.

Setting up your Internet connection

Once you've chosen an ISP, most providers will send a technician to your house to
turn on the connection. If not, you should be able to use the instructions provided by
your ISP—or included with the modem—to set up your Internet connection.

After you have everything set up, you can open your web browser and begin using
the Internet. If you have any problems with your Internet connection, you can call
your ISP's technical support number.

Home networking
If you have multiple computers at home and want to use all of them to access the
Internet, you may want to create a home network, also known as a Wi-Fi network.
In a home network, all of your devices connect to your router, which is connected to
the modem. This means everyone in your family can use the Internet at the same
time.

Your ISP technician may be able to set up a home Wi-Fi network when installing
your Internet service. If not, you can review our lesson on How to Set Up a Wi-Fi
Network to learn more.

If you want to connect a computer that does not have built-in Wi-Fi connectivity, you
can purchase a Wi-Fi adapter that plugs into your computer's USB port.

Lesson 14: Getting Started with the Internet

Getting started with the Internet

The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices.
With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with
anyone else in the world, and much more. You can do all of this on your computer.
Connecting to the Internet

A device has to be connected to the Internet before you can access it. If you plan to
use the Internet at home, you'll usually need to purchase an Internet connection from
an Internet service provider, which will likely be a phone company, cable company,
or the government. Other devices usually connect through Wi-Fi or cellular Internet
connections. Sometimes libraries, cafes, and schools offer free Wi-Fi for their patrons,
customers, and students.

If you're not sure how to connect your device, check out our lesson on how to connect
to the Internet, or ask someone for help.

Browsing the web

Most information on the Internet is on websites. Once you are connected to the
Internet, you can access websites using a kind of application called a web browser.

A website is a collection of related text, images, and other resources. Websites can
resemble other forms of media—like newspaper articles or television programs—or
they can be interactive in a way that's unique to computers. The purpose of a website
can be almost anything: a news platform, an advertisement, an online library, a forum
for sharing images, or an educational site like us!
A web browser allows you to connect to and view websites. The web browser itself
is not the Internet, but it displays pages on the Internet. Each website has a unique
address. By typing this address into your web browser, you can connect to that
website and your web browser will display it.

Navigating websites

Websites often have links to other sites, also called hyperlinks. These are often parts
of the text on the website. They are usually colored blue, and sometimes they are
underlined or bold. If you click the text, your browser will load a different page. Web
authors use hyperlinks to connect relevant pages. This web of links is one of the most
unique features of the Internet, lending to the old name World Wide Web.

Each website has a unique address, called a URL. You'll notice that when you click a
link, the URL changes as your browser loads a new page. If you type a URL in the
address bar in your browser, your browser will load the page associated with that
URL. It's like a street address, telling your browser where to go on the Internet.
When you're looking for specific information on the Internet, a search engine can
help. A search engine is a specialized website that's designed to help you find other
websites. If you type keywords or a phrase into a search engine, it will display a list of
websites relevant to your search terms.

Other things you can do on the Internet

One of the best features of the Internet is the ability to communicate almost instantly
with anyone in the world. Email is one of the oldest and most universal ways to
communicate and share information on the Internet, and billions of people use it.
Social media allows people to connect in a variety of ways and build communities
online.
There are many other things you can do on the Internet too. There are thousands of
ways to keep up with news or shop for anything online. You can pay your bills,
manage your bank accounts, meet new people, watch TV, or learn new skills. You can
learn or do almost anything online.

Other resources

 Internet Safety
 Internet Basics
 Search Better

Lesson 15: Understanding the Cloud

What is the cloud?

You may have heard people using terms like the cloud, cloud computing, or cloud
storage. But what exactly is the cloud?

Simply put, the cloud is the Internet—more specifically, it's all of the things you can
access remotely over the Internet. When something is in the cloud, it means it's
stored on Internet servers instead of your computer's hard drive.

Watch the video below to learn more about the cloud.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Why use the cloud?

Some of the main reasons to use the cloud are convenience and reliability. For
example, if you've ever used a web-based email service, such as Gmail or Yahoo!
Mail, you've already used the cloud. All of the emails in a web-based service are
stored on servers rather than on your computer's hard drive. This means you can
access your email from any computer with an Internet connection. It also means you'll
be able to recover your emails if something happens to your computer.

Let's look at some of the most common reasons to use the cloud.

 File storage: You can store all types of information in the cloud, including files and
email. This means you can access these things from any computer or mobile device
with an Internet connection, not just your home computer. Dropbox and Google
Drive are some of the most popular cloud-based storage services.

 File sharing: The cloud makes it easy to share files with several people at the same
time. For example, you could upload several photos to a cloud-based photo service
like Flickr or iCloud Photos, then quickly share them with friends and family.
 
 Backing up data: You can also use the cloud to protect your files. There are apps such as
Carbonite that automatically back up your data to the cloud. This way, if your computer ever
is lost, stolen, or damaged, you'll still be able to recover these files from the cloud.
What is a web app?

Previously, we talked about how desktop applications allow you to perform tasks on
your computer. But there are also web applications—or web apps—that run in the
cloud and do not need to be installed on your computer. Many of the most popular
sites on the Internet are actually web apps. You may have even used a web app
without realizing it! Let's take a look at some popular web apps.

 Facebook: Facebook lets you create an online profile and interact with your friends.
Profiles and conversations can be updated at any time, so Facebook uses web app
technologies to keep the information up to date.

 Pixlr: Pixlr is an image editing application that runs in your web browser. Much like
Adobe Photoshop, it includes many advanced features, like color correction and
sharpening tools.

 Google Docs: Google Docs is an office suite that runs in your browser. Much like
Microsoft Office, you can use it to create documents, spreadsheets, presentations,
and more. And because the files are stored in the cloud, it's easy to share them with
others.
 

Continue

Lesson 16: Keeping Your Computer Clean

Keeping your computer physically clean

Dust isn't just unattractive—it can potentially damage or even destroy parts of your
computer. Cleaning your computer regularly will help you keep it working properly
and avoid expensive repairs.

Watch the video below to learn how to keep a computer clean.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.
Cleaning the keyboard

Dust, food, liquid, and other particles can get stuck underneath the keys on your
keyboard, which can prevent it from working properly. The basic cleaning tips below
can help keep your keyboard clean.

1. Unplug the keyboard from the USB or PS/2 port. If the keyboard is plugged into the PS/2
port, you will need to shut down the computer before unplugging it.
2. Turn the keyboard upside down and gently shake it to remove dirt and dust.
3. Use a can of compressed air to clean between the keys.

4.
5. Moisten a cotton cloth or paper towel with rubbing alcohol and use it to clean the
tops of the keys. Do not pour alcohol or any other liquid directly onto the keys.
 6.
7. Reconnect the keyboard to the computer once it is dry. If you are connecting it to a PS/2
port, you will need to connect it before turning on the computer.

Dealing with liquids

If you spill liquid on the keyboard, quickly shut down the computer and disconnect
the keyboard. Then turn the keyboard upside down and allow the liquid to drain.

If the liquid is sticky, you will need to hold the keyboard on its side under running
water to rinse away the sticky liquid. Then turn the keyboard upside down to drain for
two days before reconnecting it. Please note that the keyboard may not be fixable at
this point, but the method above is probably the best option.

To prevent this situation altogether, we recommend keeping drinks away from the
computer area.

Cleaning the mouse

There are two main mouse types: optical and mechanical. Each is cleaned in
basically the same way, although the mechanical mouse requires a bit more work.
 Optical mice require no internal cleaning because they do not contain any rotating
parts; however, they can get sticky over time as dust collects near the light emitter.
This can cause erratic cursor movement or prevent the mouse from working
properly.

 Mechanical mice are especially susceptible to dust and particles that can
accumulate inside the mouse, which can make it difficult to track—or move—
properly. If the mouse pointer does not move smoothly, the mouse may need to be
cleaned.
 

The basic cleaning tips below will help keep your mouse clean:

1. Unplug the mouse from the USB or PS/2 port. If the mouse is plugged into the PS/2 port, you
will need to shut down the computer before unplugging it.
2. Moisten a cotton cloth with rubbing alcohol, and use it to clean the top and bottom of the
mouse.
3. If you have a mechanical mouse, remove the tracking ball by turning the ball-cover ring
counter-clockwise. Then clean the tracking ball and the inside of the mouse with a cotton
cloth moistened with rubbing alcohol.
4. Allow all of the parts to dry before reassembling and reconnecting the mouse. If you are
connecting it to a PS/2 port, you will need to connect it before turning on the computer.

If you just want to give the mouse a quick cleaning, place it on a clean sheet of paper
and move the mouse back and forth. Some of the dust and particles should rub off
onto the paper.

Cleaning the monitor

Dirt, fingerprints, and dust can make your computer screen difficult to read; however,
it's easy to clean your screen when needed. There are monitor-cleaning kits you can
buy, but they may damage your monitor if they're designed for a different type of
monitor. For example, a monitor cleaner that is designed for glass screens may not
work with some non-glass LCD screens. The safest method is simply to use a soft
clean cloth moistened with water.

Do not use glass cleaner to clean a monitor. Many screens have anti-glare coatings
that can be damaged by glass cleaner.

1. Turn off the computer.

2. Unplug the monitor from the power. If you are using a laptop, unplug the laptop.
3. Use a soft clean cloth moistened with water to wipe the screen clean.

Do not spray any liquids directly onto the screen. The liquid could leak into the
monitor and damage the internal components.

Tips for cleaning other computer surfaces

From time to time, you should clean your computer case and the sides and back of the
monitor to avoid a buildup of dust and dirt. Here are a few tips you can use when
cleaning these surfaces.
 Dust is your computer's main enemy. Use an anti-static cloth to lightly dust your computer
casing. Do not use furniture cleaners or strong solvents.
 Use a can of compressed air to blow out debris from the air intake slots.


 Ammonia diluted with water—or glass cleaner comprised mostly of ammonia and water—is
a safe cleaning solution for computer surfaces. The milder the solution, the better.
 Clean the monitor housing and case (but not the monitor screen) by spraying a safe
cleaning solution onto a paper towel or anti-static cloth and wiping in a downward
motion.
 

Keep it cool

Don't restrict airflow around your computer. A computer can generate a lot of heat,
so the casing has fans that keep it from overheating. Avoid stacking papers, books,
and other items around your computer.
Many computer desks have an enclosed compartment for the computer case. If you
have this type of desk, you may want to position the case so it is not against the back
side of the desk. If the compartment has a door, you may want to leave it open to
improve airflow.

Continue

Lesson 17: Protecting Your Computer

Protecting your computer

Your computer faces many potential threats, including viruses, malware, and hard
drive failure. This is why it's important to do everything you can to protect your
computer and your files.

Watch the video below to learn how to protect your computer from viruses, as well as
how to back up your files.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still watch it here.
Safeguarding against malware

Malware is any type of software that is designed to damage your computer or gain
unauthorized access to your personal information. It includes viruses, worms,
Trojan horses, and spyware. Most malware is distributed over the Internet and is
often bundled with other software.

The best way to guard against malware is to install antivirus software, such as
Bitdefender, Norton, or Kaspersky. Antivirus software helps to prevent malware
from being installed, and it can also remove malware from your computer.

It's also important to stay smart when you're browsing the Web or using email. If a
website or email attachment looks suspicious, trust your instincts. Keep in mind that
your antivirus program may not catch everything, so it's best to avoid downloading
anything that might contain malware.

To learn more about protecting your computer from malware, check out How to
Avoid Malware in our Internet Safety tutorial.

Backing up your computer

Imagine what would happen if your computer suddenly stopped working. Would you
lose any important documents, photos, or other files? It may be possible to repair your
computer, but your files may be lost forever. Luckily, you can prevent this by
creating backup copies of all of your files (or just the important ones) on an external
hard drive or an online backup service.

External hard drives

You can purchase an external hard drive and copy the contents of your computer to
it. The initial backup could take several hours, so you will need to select a period
of time when you do not need access to your computer. Running the backup overnight
usually works best. Follow-up backups should be conducted on a regular basis, but
they should not take as long.

One drawback is that an external hard drive can be lost, damaged, or stolen—just as
your computer might be. This is why it's important to keep your drive in a secure
location when not in use.

Online backup services

You can also back up your files to an online backup service like Mozy, Carbonite, or
Box. These services will back up your your files in the cloud, which means you'll be
able to recover them from any computer with an Internet connection. The amount of
storage provided by these sites varies, and you will probably need to pay a fee for
adequate storage space.

One drawback to online backup services is that the initial backup can be slow and
may even take days to upload if you have a lot of files. However, subsequent backups
should not take as long.

Other maintenance techniques

To keep your computer running smoothly, it's important to keep files and folders
uncluttered. Cluttered or unorganized folders make it more difficult to find the files
you need. Additionally, unwanted files can eventually fill up your hard drive, which
will make your computer slower and more difficult to use. Here are a few things you
can do to delete unwanted files and improve your computer's performance.

 Delete files: If you have any unwanted files, you can delete them manually. To do this, drag
them to the Recycle Bin or Trash, then empty it to permanently delete the files.
 Run the Disk Defragmenter: Windows includes a Disk Defragmenter program in the
Control Panel. If your computer is running slowly, running Disk Defragmenter can
help to speed it up.


 Run a Disk Cleanup: Windows also includes a Disk Cleanup program in the Control
Panel. It scans your computer for temporary files and other files that can be
deleted. You can then delete the files to free up space on your hard drive.
 

Lesson 18: Creating a Safe Workspace

Creating a safe workspace

In addition to keeping your computer healthy, it's important to think about your own
health. Using a computer involves a lot of repetitive motions such as typing and
using the mouse. Over time, these motions can begin to negatively impact your body,
especially your wrists, neck, and back. Staring at a monitor for long periods of time
can also cause eye strain. To minimize these risks, you should take a few moments to
make sure your workspace is arranged in a comfortable and healthy way.

Watch the video below to learn more about arranging your workspace to avoid strain
and injury.
Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Avoiding strain and injury

Computer ergonomics is the science of equipment design and how specific

equipment usage and placement can reduce a user's discomfort and increase
productivity. Some equipment is designed with special attention to ergonomics, like
ergonomic keyboards and ergonomic chairs.
Here are a few tips to help you avoid injury in your workspace.

 Adjust your chair: Make sure your chair is adjusted to allow you to sit in a natural,
comfortable position. Many office chairs are specially designed to support the lower
back and promote good posture.

 Keep the keyboard at a comfortable height: Try to place the keyboard in a position
that allows you to keep your wrists straight and relaxed to avoid wrist strain. Many
desks have a keyboard tray that can keep the keyboard at a better height. You can
also buy an ergonomic keyboard that is designed to minimize wrist strain.
 
 Keep the mouse close to the keyboard: If possible, place the mouse right next to the
keyboard. If the mouse is too far away, it may be uncomfortable or awkward to reach for it.
 Place the monitor at a comfortable distance: The ideal position for a monitor is 20
to 40 inches away from your eyes. It should also be at eye level or slightly lower.

 Avoid clutter: The computer area can quickly become cluttered with paper,
computer accessories, and other items. By keeping this area as uncluttered as
possible, you can improve your productivity and prevent strain and injury.
<="" div="">


 Take frequent breaks: It's important to take breaks while you're working at your
computer. To avoid eye strain, you should look away from the monitor every once
in a while. You can also stand up and walk around to avoid sitting in the same
position for long periods of time. Programs such as Workrave can automatically
remind you to take breaks.
 

For more information on setting up a computer workspace, visit the Computer

Workstations eTool from the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA).