ALEXEJ MURAN

Hebrew
3 Rules of Gutturals

3 RULES ARE

1. Cannot be doubled (no dagesh)

2. Take “a” class vowels NOUNS
3. Take compound sheva

13
 Noun / Adjective / PTC Construct Rules
SHORT FORM
Absolute Construct (vowels shorten if 1.add “of” after the noun
possible)
2.short form of the absolute (see chart for the forms)
3.must be followed by a noun (construct or absolute)
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine 4.cannot take the definite article
5.If the absolute is definite the construct is also definite,
if the absolute is indefinite the construct is also
Singular
—— ‫ ת‬/ ‫—— ָה‬ ‫ת‬ indefinite.
6.If a noun has a pronominal suffix attached, that noun
is in construct.
Plural
‫ים‬. ‫וֹת‬ ‫ ֵי‬/ ‫י‬. ‫וֹת‬ 7.Two nouns joined by a maqef (short line, ‫ )ס־ס‬they are
most likely in construct relationship.

Irregular Nouns:

1.body parts that come in two are all feminine but

they all look masculine
2. human/animal that by nature have one gender
Irregular Nouns will always have the same gender (example:
father in plural takes feminine but is still
masculine)
3.list of irregular nouns (see the list)
 De nite Article
attached to a word
De nite Article
‫ָהאֱֹלהִים‬
Inseparable Prepositions • always attached to a word it modi es

• always immediately before the word it modi es

• translate as “the”

Conjunction “and/but”

Inseparable Prepositions Conjunction

attached to a word attached to a word

‫ֵל ָהאֱֹלהִים‬ ‫ְו ֵל ָהאֱֹלהִים‬

• always attached to a word it modi es • always attached to a word it modi es

• if there is def.art. it would be palced between the word • always as the beginning
and the preposition
• translation: and / but

• ‫( ב‬in, by, with, against) ‫( ל‬to, for) ‫( מ‬from) ‫( כ‬like, as)

• note: often at the beginning of a sentence!!!
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 Mitchel Vocabulary

•when Mitchel writes a short

line next to a word, that word is
always attached and will never ADJECTIVE
stand alone

ATTRIBUTIVE Adj. PREDICATE Adj.

directly describes the noun MUST supply verb “to be”
MUST agree in gender, number, NEVER takes definite article
definiteness USUALY stands before the noun
the good woman ‫ָה ִאשָּׁה הַטּוֹבָה‬ the woman is good ‫טּוֹבָה ָה ִאשָּׁה‬
a good woman ‫ִאשָּׁה טּוֹבָה‬ a woman is good ‫טּוֹבָה ִאשָּׁה‬
 Pronominal Suf xes

Plural Singular

1c
‫נוּ‬ ‫ני‬, ‫י‬
SUFFIXES 2m
‫כֶם‬ ‫יָך‬, ‫ָך‬
2f
‫כֶן‬ ‫יְך‬, ‫ְך‬
3m
‫הֶם‬, ‫הוּ ם‬, ‫נוּ‬, ‫וּ‬,‫וֹ‬,‫ו‬
3f
‫הֵן‬, ‫ן‬ ‫ נָה‬,‫ָ הּ‬

‫ י‬- 1 person
Pronominal Suf xes ‫ ת‬, ‫ ך‬, ‫ כ‬- 2 person
‫ ה‬- 3 person

Plural Singular
Suffix Pronoun Suffix Pronoun

some nouns take connecting ‫ י‬or ‫ה‬ ‫נוּ‬ ‫ֲאנַחְנוּ‬ ‫י‬ ‫ֲאנִי‬
1C
or ‫ נ‬between the suffix and the noun
2 M ‫כֶם‬ ‫אַתֶּ ם‬ ‫ָך‬ ‫אַתָּ ה‬
F ‫כֶן‬ ‫אַתֶּ ן‬ ‫ְך‬ ְ‫אַתּ‬
3 M ‫הֶם‬ ‫הֵם‬ ‫ו‬ ‫הוּא‬
F ‫הֵן‬ ‫הֵן‬ ‫ָהּ‬ ‫הִיא‬
‎
‎
‎
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 Pronominal Suf xes - Pronouns
on noun - on prepos./verb
Plural Singular

1c our/us/we
‫אֲנוּ נוּ‬, ‫נַחְנוּ‬, ‫ ֲאנַחְנוּ‬my/me/I ‫י‬ ‫אָנֹכִי‬, ‫ֲאנִי‬
VERBS
2m your/you/
you ‫כֶם‬ ‫ אַתֶּ ם‬your/you/
you ‫ָך‬ ‫אַתָּ ה‬
(Ya’ll)
2f your/you/
you ‫כֶן‬ ‫אַ תֵּ נָה‬, ‫ אַתֶּ ן‬your/you/
you ‫ְך‬ ְ‫אַתּ‬
(Ya’ll)
3m their/them/
they ‫הֶם‬ ‫הֵ מָּ ה‬, ‫ הֵם‬his/him/
he (it) ‫ו‬ ‫הוּא‬
3f their/them/
they ‫הֵן‬ ‫הֵ נָּה‬, ‫ הֵן‬her/her/
she (it) ‫ָהּ‬ ‫הִיא‬

root letters
verb ending 3 2 1 verbal preformative

OXXXOI
VERBS
vav - cnoj. / consecut
perfect
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 QAL
Perfect endings
perfect
SUBJECT of the action
‫ָקטַל‬
Plural Singular

1c
‫נוּ‬ooo ‫תִּ י‬ooo • ACTIVE
2m
‫תֶּ ם‬ooo ָ‫תּ‬ooo • Simple Completed Action = ‘past’
2f
‫תֶּ ן‬ooo ְ‫תּ‬ooo • David killed Uriah
3m
‫וּ‬ooo ooo • I built a house.
3f
‫ ָה‬ooo

NIFAL SIMPLE
perfect Qal/Piel
Active
Nifal/Pual
Pasive
Nif/Hitp
Re exive
He killed He was killed He killed himself

‫נִ ְקטַל‬
• PASSIVE / (REFLECTIVE)

• Simple Completed Action

• Uriah was killed (by David)

• REFLEXIVE: (subject and object are the same)

Judas killed himself
fl
 PIEL PUAL
perfect perfect
‫ִקטַּל‬ ‫ֻקטַּל‬
• ACTIVE • PASSIVE

• Intensive Completed Action • Intensive Completed Action

• David killed (murdered) Uriah • Uriah was murdered

NOTE: most of the time the emphasis doesn’t work in NOTE: most of the time the emphasis doesn’t work in
English. Translate as regular Qal English. Translate as regular Nifal

HITPAEL INTENSIVE
perfect
Piel Pual Hitpael
Active Pasive Re exive
He utterly destroyed He was utterly destroyed He utterly destroyed himself

‫הִתְ ַקטַּל‬
• REFLEXIVE

• Intensive Completed Action

• Judas murdered himself

NOTE: most of the time the emphasis doesn’t work in

English. Translate as regular Nifal-Re exive
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 PIEL - PUAL
HIFIL
perfect
‫ִה ְקטִיל‬
• Peil - He killed (intensive: murdered,
annihilated, totally destroyed) • ACTIVE

• Pual - He was killed (intensive:

• Causative

murdered, annihilated, totally

• NOTE: use word “cause” in your initial translation. If there
destroyed) is another way of saying it in English you can change that
later.
NOTE: most of the time the emphasis
doesn’t work in English. Translate as • David caused Joab to kill Uriah
regular Qal/Nifal
Piel Pual

HOFAL CAUSATIVE
perfect
Hi l Hofal
Active Pasive

‫ָה ְקטַל‬
He caused [someone] to kill He was caused to kill

• PASSIVE / (REFLECTIVE)

• Causative

• NOTE: this is qamets-chatuf not qamets

• NOTE: use word “cause” in your initial translation. If there is

another way of saying it in English you can change that later.

• Joab was caused to kill Uriah.

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 IMPERFECT STEM VOWELS
Perfect translation
Simple Intensive Causative
SUBJECT of the action
Plural Singular

Active Qal Piel Hifil

1c
We worked I worked
2m
You worked You worked Passive Nifal Pual Hofal
2f
You worked You worked
“nifal”
3m
They He worked Re exive Hitpael ——
(context)
3f worked She worked

IMPERFECT STEM VOWELS PERFECT STEM VOWEL

Simple Intensive Causative Simple Intensive Causative

I caused
Active I killed I killed (someone)
to kill
Active ‫ָקטַל‬ ‫ִה ְקטִיל ִקטַּל‬
I was
Passive I was killed I was killed caused to
kill
Passive ‫נִ ְקטַל‬ ‫ֻקטַּל‬ ‫ָה ְקטַל‬
I killed
Re exive
myself
—— Re exive ‫הִתְ ַקטַּל‬ ———
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 PERFECT STEM VOWELS Perfect
vowel sound Qal Nifal Piel Pual Hitpael Hifil Hofal

‫ִקטַּל נִ ְקטַל ָקטַל‬ ‫ָה ְקטַל ִה ְקטִיל הִתְ ַקטַּל ֻקטַּל‬

Simple Intensive Causative
• vowels are based on the NAMES OF THE STEMS
Qal - Nifal - Piel - Pual - Hitpael - Hifil - Hofal

Active a-a i-a hi-ə-i • Piel group (Piel/Pual/Hitpale) must have doubling of the middle letter
[dagesh]. ‫קטטל = קטּל‬

Passive ni-ə-a u-a ho-ə-a • Nifal must always have ‫ נ‬at the beginning

• Hitpael = ‫חִת‬

Re exive hit-a-a ——— • Hifil = ‫ ִח‬plus “ee” sound after the second root letter

• Hofal = ‫ָה‬

Imperfect endings
SUBJECT of the action
Plural Singular

1c
ooo‫נ‬ ooo‫א‬
VERBS 2m
‫וּ‬ooo‫ת‬ ooo‫ת‬
imperfect 2f
‫נָה‬ooo‫ת‬ ‫י‬ooo‫ת‬
3m
‫וּ‬ooo‫י‬ ooo‫י‬
3f
‫נָה‬ooo‫ת‬ ooo‫ת‬
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 Imperfect stem-vowels summary IMPERFECT STEM VOWELS

• ooo ִ‫י‬ QAL / NIFAL / HITPAEL Simple Intensive Causative

=Hitpael needs extra ‫ת‬
=Nifal needs dagesh in the FIRST root letter
=everything else is Qal
Active Qal Piel Hifil
• ooo ְ‫י‬ PIEL / PUAL
=Pual needs ֻ under the first root letter (or ‫ וֹ‬- review vowel chart)
=everything else is Piel
Passive Nifal Pual Hofal

• ooo ַ‫י‬ HIFIL Re exive

“nifal”
Hitpael ——
(context)
• ooo ָ‫י‬ HOFAL

IMPERFECT STEM VOWELS

IMPERFECT STEM VOWELS
vowel sound

Simple Intensive Causative Simple Intensive Causative

‫יִקְט ֹל‬
Active
‫ֶא‬ ‫י ַ ְקטִיל י ְ ַקטֵּל‬ Active i-ə-o ə-a-e a-ə-i
Passive ‫י ִ ָקּטֵל‬ ‫י ְ ֻקטַּל‬ ‫י ָ ְקטַל‬ Passive i-a-e ə-u-a o-ə-a
Re exive ‫י ִתְּ ַקטֵּל‬ ——— Re exive it-a-e ———
fl
fl
fl
 Imperfect translation
SUBJECT of the action
Plural Singular Special use of Imperfect (Context)

1c We will work I will work cohortative Let me/us work

2m You will work You will work imperatival Work! VERBS
2f You will work You will work imperatival Work!

3m They will work He will work jussive Let/may he

imperative
work.
3f They will work She will work jussive Let/may she
work.

SHORT FORM
Imperative (Short vowels) Imperative Translation
COMMAND COMMAND
Plural Singular Plural Singular

1c 1c

2m 2m
‫סִס ֹסוּ‬ ‫סְס ֹס‬ Work! Work!
2f 2f
‫סְס ֹסנָה‬ ‫סִס ֹסי‬ Work! Work!
3m 3m

3f 3f
 SHORT FORM
In nitive (Short vowels)

NOTE: the form is identical to Imperative 2 m s

VERBS ooo

in nitive

In nitive Translation In nitive Absolute

INTENSIFIES
• CONSTRUCT
EXAMPLE
- +‫ ב‬temporal “while, when, during”
- +‫ כ‬temporal “while, when, during”
- +‫ ל‬purpose/result “to, in order to” • ‫אֱֹלהֶיָך‬ ‫זָכ ֹר תִּ זְכּ ֹר אֵת ֲאשֶׁר־ ָעשָׂה י ְהוָה‬
- +‫ מ‬comparative “from, than” You/she will surely remember what LORD Your God did.
NOTE:
suffix on an infinitive construct is the SUBJECT of the action =note: same root as the cognate verb

• ABSOLUTE • ‫האִישׁ‬
ָ ‫מוֹת יוּמַת‬
-doubling the main verb (identical root). Expressing certainty This man must die.
NOTE:
infinitive absolute cannot take suffix or preposition • ‫אלֶיָך‬
ֵ ‫שׁוֹב אָשׁוּב‬
I will de nitely return to you.
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 In nitive Absolute In nitive Absolute
DOUBT IN A QUESTION CLIMAX OF A SERIES OF SITUATIONS

EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE

• ‫בָּנוּ‬ • ‫ספֵּנוּ‬
ְ ‫אֶת־ ַכּ‬ ‫וַיּ ֹאכַל גַּם־אָכוֹל‬
‫ֲהמָֹלְך תִּ מְֹלְך ָעלֵינוּ אִם־מָּשׁוֹל תִּ מְשׁ ֹל‬ He has even used up our money.
Will you actually reign over us and rule us?
climax = inf.absol will be always preceded by ‫גַּם‬

Participle
SHORT FORM
Absolute Construct (vowels shorten if
possible)

VERBS
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

participle
Singular
—— ‫ ת‬/ ‫—— ה‬ ‫ת‬
Plural
‫ים‬. ‫וֹת‬ ‫ ֵי‬/ ‫י‬. ‫וֹת‬
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 Participle Function
CONTEXT
EXAMPLE: “to judge”
Qal Nifal Piel Pual Hitpael Hifil Hofal
• Adjective (…+ing)
Judging man.
(adjective describes the noun. Gives extra details)
active
‫וֹ‬ Verb (tense determined by the main verb)
•
XX X The man was judging.
XXX ‫נ‬ XXX ‫מ‬ XXX ‫מ‬ XXX ‫מת‬ XXX ‫מ‬ XXX ‫מ‬ (depends on the main verb for tense)
passive
‫וּ‬
X XX
• Noun (the one …+ing)
Judge (the judging one - the one who judges)

Function
CONTEXT
EXAMPLE: “to listen”

• Adjective (…+ing)

VERBS
Moses had a listening heart.
(adjective describes the noun. What kind of heart?)

• Verb (tense determined by the main verb)

Moses will be listening to the people.
(depends on the main verb for tense) notes on verbs
• Noun (the one …+ing)
Moses was a good listener. (the one listening)
 NOTES

• If a verb has a preposition:

CANNOT be perfect/imperfect/imperative/in nitive
absolute/participle-used as a verb.
-in nitive construct (most likely)
VERBS
-participle, when used as a noun/adj.

• If verb has a de nite article:

stem vowels summary
-participle.

Perfect Imperfect PTC Imperat/Inf.Const Inf. Absol

Imperfect stem-vowels summary Qal Nifal Piel Pual Hitpael Hifil Hofal
• ooo ִ‫י‬ QAL / NIFAL / HITPAEL ‫ָה ְקטַל ִה ְקטִיל הִתְ ַקטַּל ֻקטַּל ִקטַּל נִ ְקטַל ָקטַל‬
=Hitpael needs extra ‫ת‬
=Nifal needs dagesh in the FIRST root letter
‫יִקְט ֹל‬ ‫י ָ ְקטַל‬
=everything else is Qal
‫יוּמַת י ַ ְקטִיל י ִתְּ ַקטֵּל י ְ ֻקטַּל י ְ ַקטֵּל י ִ ָקּטֵל‬
‫ֶא‬ ‫י ֻ ְקטַל‬
• ooo ְ‫י‬ PIEL / PUAL
‫קוֹטֵל‬
=Pual needs ֻ under the first root letter (or ‫ וֹ‬- review vowel chart)
‫ָמ ְקטַל ַמ ְקטִיל מִתְּ ַקטֵּל ְמ ֻקטַּל ְמ ַקטֵּל נִ ְקטָל‬
=everything else is Piel ‫קָטוּל‬
• ooo ַ‫י‬ HIFIL ‫קְט ֹל‬
‫ַקטֵּל ִה ָקּטֵל‬ –– ‫–– ַה ְקטִיל הִתְּ ַקטֵּל‬
‫ִק ְטלִי‬
• ooo ָ‫י‬ HOFAL
‫קַטּ ֹל ִהקָּט ֹל קָט ֹל‬ ‫קֻטּ ֹל‬ identical ‫ָה ְקטֵל ַה ְקטֵל‬
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 QAL
Similarities
NOTE THE DIFFERENCE!!!

• Qal active Participle xxOx xxx‫סֹוסס סֹסס‬

Qal Imperfect ֹXXִ ‫י‬ xOxx i

Qal Imperative/
• Qal passive Participle xUxx ‫ססּוס ססֻס‬ Infinitive Const. ֹXX
xOxx
Qal Infinitive
• Qal Inf. / Imper xOxx ‫ססֹוס‬ ‫ססֹס‬ X‫וֹ‬XX
Absol.
Qal Active PTC XX‫וֹ‬X xxOx

Qal Passive PTC X‫וּ‬XX xUxx

Unique Consonants
Qal Nifal Piel Pual Hitpael Hifil Hofal

‫ָקטַל‬
Perfect
‫נִ ְקטַל‬ ‫ִקטַּל‬ ‫ֻקטַּל‬ ‫הִתְ ַקטַּל‬ ‫ִה ְקטִיל‬ ‫ָה ְקטַל‬
‫ן‬/‫ְקטַלתֶּ ם‬
PLURAL SINGULAR
Suf x Perfect Imperfect Imperative Suf x Perfect Imperfect Imperat
‫יִקְט ֹל‬ ‫י ִ ָקּטֵל‬ ‫י ְ ַקטֵּל‬ ‫י ְ ֻקטַּל‬ ‫י ִתְּ ַקטֵּל‬
Imperfect
‫י ַ ְקטִיל‬ ‫י ָ ְקטַל‬ subject subject
‫ֶא‬ ‫ֶא‬ ‫ֲא‬ ‫ֲא‬ ‫ֶא‬ object object

‫נוּ‬ ‫נוּ‬ooo ooo‫נ‬ ‫ני‬, ‫י‬ ‫תִּ י‬ooo ooo‫א‬

1c

.act ‫קֹטֵל‬
PTC
‫נִ ְקטָל‬ ‫ְמ ַקטֵּל‬ ‫ְמ ֻקטָּל‬ ‫מִתְ ַקטֵּל‬ ‫ַמ ְקטִיל‬ ‫ָמ ְקטָל‬ 2m
‫כֶם‬ ‫תֶּ ם‬ooo ‫וּ‬ooo‫ת‬ ‫וּ‬ooo ‫ָך‬ ָ‫תּ‬ooo ooo‫ת‬ ooo
.pas ‫קָטוּל‬
‫כֶן‬ ‫תֶּ ן‬ooo ‫נָה‬ooo‫נָה ת‬ooo ‫ְך‬ ְ‫תּ‬ooo ‫י‬ooo‫י ת‬ooo
2f

‫נָה‬/ ‫קְט ֹל‬ ‫נָה‬/ ‫ַה ְקטֵל‬

Imperative
‫ִה ָקּטֵל‬ ‫ַקטֵּל‬ –– ––
‫וּ‬/ ‫ִק ְטלִי‬ ‫וּ‬/ ‫ַה ְקטִילִי‬
Inf.Const

‫ם‬, ‫הֶם‬ ‫וּ‬ooo ‫וּ‬ooo‫י‬ ‫נוּ‬, ‫וֹ‬, ‫וּ‬, ‫ו‬ ooo ooo‫י‬
3m

‫הִתְּ ַקטֵּל‬
‫ן‬, ‫הֵן‬ ‫נָה‬ooo‫ת‬ ‫ נָה‬,‫ָ הּ‬ ‫ ָה‬ooo ooo‫ת‬
3f
Inf. Absol
‫קָט ֹל‬ ‫ִהקַּט ֹל‬ ‫קַטּ ֹל‬ ‫קֻטּ ֹל‬ ‫ַה ְקטֵל‬ ‫ָה ְקטֵל‬
Xֹ
Xֹ
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 Terminology

1 Pe ‫פ‬
Weak Verbs
2 Ayin ‫ע‬

3 Lamed ‫ל‬

Vowel Review Guttural Rules

Example Extra Long Long Short Sheva

Aqua a - ָ‫א‬ ַ‫א‬ ֲ‫א‬

1. no dagesh (cannot double)

Red e ‫אֵי‬ ֶ‫א‬

ֵ‫א‬ ֱ‫א‬ 2. prefer “a” sound

Green (ee) i ‫אִי‬ ִ‫א‬ ְ‫א‬
3. cannot take sheva - must take compound sheva

Home o ‫אֹו‬ ָ‫א‬

ֹ‫א‬ ֳ‫א‬

Cool (oo) u ‫אּו‬ ֻ‫א‬

 Gutturals ‫–ה‬3
1. Q imperfect 1-guttural followed by rule of ‫ה‬ ‫גלה‬

‫יַעֲמ ֹד‬ consonant replace with ‫י‬ ‫ תי‬+ ‫גלה‬ ‫גליתי‬

2. Q imperfect 1-‫א‬
vowel dissapear ‫ וּ‬+ ‫גלה‬ ‫גלוּ‬
‫י ֹאכַל‬
3. N 1- guttural [lengthening of the vowel] ‫ה‬ replace with ‫ת‬ ‫ ה‬+ ‫גלה‬ ‫גלתה‬

‫י ֵ ָעמֵד‬ inf. construct ‫ות‬ ‫גלות‬

‫–נ לקח‬1 ‫–י‬2 ‫–ו‬2 doubling

A. If something is placed in front of it, nun will drop and move to

1. following letter as dagesh

1. two letter verbs
‫ינתן = יתּן‬

2. if rejected (guttural), it will lengthen the vowel before it 2. for yod/waw the lexical form is in nit. construct
‫י ִנאם = י ֵאם‬
3. Piel/Pual/Hitp have special forms Polel/Polal/
B. Two nuns cannot drop (nun with a dagesh cannot drop) Hitpolel
qal ‫ נתן = ינתן = יתּן‬+ ‫י‬

nifal ‫ נתן = יננתן = ינּתן‬+ ‫ נ‬+ ‫י‬

4. Q. and Hif imperfect take ָ (qamets)

C. Q. Imperative (short form!) - nun will drop and go into dagesh to create the short form. 5. Q Perfect and PTC take identical vowels
D. Q. inf const nun will drop to create short form and NOT GO into a dagesh, instead it
will take final ‫ת‬

fi
 ‫–ו‬1 ‫–י‬1

1. yod and waw are interchangeable Deciphering the root

2. there are no verbs that start with waw - if a rst root
letter is waw the lexical form has yod

letters you may be able to remove

searching for the root
• BEGINNING:
• remove all prefixes/suffixes imperfect: ‫א י ת נ‬
participle: ‫מ‬
note: vav at the beginning is ALWAYS prefix cases: ‫[ נ‬nifal] ‫[ ה‬hif/hof] ‫[ הת‬hitp]
definite article [participle]: ‫ה‬
waw: ‫ו‬
note: verb with lamed-prefix is almost always infinitive
construct (could be a participle!) • MIDDLE:
vowels: ‫י ו‬
note: vav/yod at the end are almost always SUFFIXES
• END:
perfect: ‫תי ת ה נו תם תן ו‬
note: he at the end, preceded by sere/segol (e class vowel) imperfect: ‫י ו נה‬
IS ALWAYS part of the root suffixes: ‫י ך ו ה נו כם כן הם הן‬
noun endings [participle]: ‫ה ת ים י ות‬

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 4 letters left 4 letters left
1. did you remove everything? 3. if the second is vav followed by two identical letters:

2. if the 2 or 3 letter is part of a vowel take it out a, take it out

example: ‫סבב = סוֹבֵב‬
note: if yod/waw has no vowel underneeth, it is only a vowel
and can be removed.
b, it is part of the root, either ‫ י‬or ‫ו‬
‫ִהבְדִּ יל – בְדִּ יל = בדל‬ example: ‫ חיל = חוֹלֵל‬/ ‫קום = קוֹמֵמ‬

3 letters left 3 letters left

1. most likely the root

2. rst is waw/yod with no vowel = root: yod 3. if second letter is yod and rst letter has dagesh =
remove yod and add nun at the beginning.
note: exception to this rule is verb “halach”
fi
fi
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4. if second is yod but there is NO dagesh before, the

5. if third letter is yod, the root is he
second root letter is yod or vav

3 letters left 2 letters left

6. if the third letter is tav and it is inf. construct form, tav

1. dagesh in the first letter = nun
drops off and the first root letter is either yod or nun
‫י ִתֵּ ן – תֵּ ן = נתן‬
‫שׂבֶת = ישׂב‬ֶ – ‫שׁבֶת‬ ֶ ‫ָל‬
‫עד־ ִגּשְׁתּוֹ – ִגּשְׁתּ = נגשׁ‬
note: except if the two letters are ‫קח‬
‫יִקַּח – קַּח = לקח‬
note: final he inf. constr. will end in “ot”
‫ַלעֲשׂוֹת – עֲשׂוֹת = עשׂה‬
 2 letters left 1 letter left
2. no dagesh options: final he
‫ָראוּ – ָרא = ראה‬
‫ָויִּבֶן – בֶן = בנה‬
3. no dagesh options: middle vav/yod
‫קָמוּ – קָמ = קום‬ rst letter is nun, last letter is he
‫שׂמָה – שָׂמ = שׂים‬ ָ
4. no dagesh options: first yod
‫ לך‬except if the two letters are :note
‫הלֵד – לֵך = ילך‬
5. no dagesh options: second double
‫סַבתִ י – סַב = סבב‬

• ‫ יוֹם‬day (‫)יָמִים‬
• ‫ יַם‬sea, large body of water (‫)יַמִים‬

VOCABULARY • ‫ עַם‬people (‫) ַעמִים‬

• ‫ עִם‬with
• ‫ אִם‬if
• ‫ אֵם‬mother
fi
• ‫אֶל‬ to

• ‫אֵל‬ God (‫)אֱֹלהִים‬ • ‫ אֵשׁ‬fire

• ‫אַל‬ no, negation • ‫ אִישׁ‬man (‫)אֱֹלהִים‬

• ‫עַל‬ on

• ‫ יָד‬hand
• ‫ָהיָה‬ to be (‫עמִים‬
ַ) • ‫ עָד‬until
• ‫ָחיָה‬ to live (‫ חַי‬life)

LORD - GOD
• ‫שָׁם‬ there Hebrew Pronunciation
English Bible
Translation
God: personal God of Israel -
‫י ְהוָה‬ LORD
• ‫שֵׁם‬ name Messiah (Jesus)
God: the master / husband /
‫אֲדֹנָי‬ adonai Lord owner

‫אֲדֹנַי‬ my lords
Person: lord, owner, husband
• ‫ אַין‬there is not (there ain’t) ‫אֲדֹנִי‬ adoni my lord
God: personal God of Israel -
‫י ְהוִה‬ GOD
• ‫ עַין‬eye, fountain Messiah (Jesus)

‫אֱֹלהִים‬ elohim God God: all powerful creator

‫אֱֹלהִים‬ gods other gods

 LORD - GOD Man - Woman
Absolute Construct
Hebrew Pronunciation English Bible Translation

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

‫י ְהוָה אֱֹלהִים‬ adonai elohim LORD God Singular ‫אִישׁ‬ ‫ִאשָׁה‬ ‫אִישׁ‬ ‫ֵאשֶׁת‬

Plural ‫ֲאנָשִׁים‬ ‫נָשִׁים‬ ‫אַנְשֵׁי‬ ‫נְשֵׁי‬

‫אֲדֹנָי י ְהוִה‬ adonai elohim Lord GOD