An assignment submitted towards the ful ilment of the requirements for

the award of the degree of Bachelors of Technology.

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

(Formerly Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi- 110042

JULY, 2022

Submitted by - Jasjeet Singh Mann

2K21/B8/02
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 INDEX

S.No. TITLE
1. Introduction.
2. Types of Solid Waste.
3. Disposal of Waste.
4. Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management.
5. Measures for Proper Solid Waste
Management.
 INTRODUCTION

Solid Waste Management Rules (SWM), 2016 de nes solid waste as solid or
semi-solid domes c waste, sanitary waste, commercial waste, ins tu onal waste,
catering and market waste and other non residen al wastes, street sweepings, silt
removed or collected from the surface drains, hor culture waste, agriculture and
dairy waste, treated bio-medical waste excluding industrial waste, bio-medical waste
and e-waste, ba ery waste, radio-ac ve waste generated in the area.

India produces 277.1 million tones of solid waste every year, which is likely to
increase in the coming years due to "rapid urbanisa on, popula on growth and
economic development.” On a daily basis, the country produces more than 1.50 lakh
metric tonne (MT) of solid waste. Urban areas alone generate 1,70,000 tones of
waste per day.

Delhi topped the list of Indian ci es with maximum waste genera on (30.6 lakh
tonnes), and was followed by Greater Mumbai at 24.9 lakh tonnes, Chennai at 18.3
lakh tonnes, Greater Hyderabad at 16.4 lakh tonnes, Bengaluru at 12.8 lakh
tonnes, Ahmedabad at 12.2 lakh tonnes.

Solid Waste around us

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 TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Municipal waste is roughly classi ed into ve categories -

• Recyclable material (glasses, bo les, cans, paper, metals, certain plas c, etc)
• Composite wastes (tetra packs, toys)
• Biodegradable wastes (kitchen waste and green waste such as owers,
vegetables, fruits and leaves)
• Inert waste (rocks, construc on material, debris)
• Domes c hazardous and toxic waste (e-wastes, medica on, light bulbs,
uorescent tubes, shoe polish).

DISPOSAL OF WASTE

The process of waste disposal and handling varies in di erent countries. In India, the
processes di er according to the source and types of solid waste. As men oned
above there are roughly 5 types of solid waste which on further classi ca on can be
classi ed as -

• Municipal Solid Waste

• Hazardous Solid Waste

In any region, proper waste disposal is very essen al as it reduces environmental

pollu on and prevents various types of Health Hazards.

Land lls are the most common and e cient method of disposing of solid wastes.
Modern-day land lls are designed by taking care of various environmental factors
and types of waste, so as to minimise pollu on and health risks.
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 EFFECTS OF POOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Due to improper disposal of solid waste par cularly by waste management

organisa ons, the collected waste gets heaped up (one near Delhi Technological
University) and becomes a problem for both the environment and also for the local
public. These heap of waste a er a few days of decomposi on becomes a breeding
ground for di erent types of disease-causing insects as well as infec ous organisms.
A foul smell is produced too which spoils the aesthe c value of the area.
The solid wastes collected from di erent industries include toxic metals, chemicals,
and other hazardous wastes. When these wastes are released into the environment,
they’ll produce biological and physicochemical problems to the environment, the
chemicals may drain into the soil and pollute the groundwater and also alter the
produc vity of the soils in that par cular area.

The major e ects of poor Solid Waste Management are -

• Soil Contamina on
• Water Contamina on
• Climate Change
• Harm towards aqua c life
• Various Health hazards

Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management

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 MEASURES FOR PROPER SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT

Waste management is a collec ve ac vity involving segrega on, collec on,

transporta on, re-processing, recycling and proper disposal of various types of
wastes. The following methods should be used for proper waste management -

A. Land lls

This method involves burying the waste in vacant loca ons around the ci es. The
dumping site should be covered with soil to prevent contamina on. Suitable trees
should be planted to hold the soil. (of shallow roots).

Advantages of Land lls: If designed carefully they can serve as an economical and
well-sani sed method for waste dumping.

Disadvantages of Land lls: Mostly unplanned dumping occurs in suburbs and slums
which causes serious environmental and health hazards, such as the release of
poisonous gases, secre on of toxic liquid/acids, and destruc on of vegeta on.

B. Incinera on

It is controlled high temperature oxida on (burning/thermal treatment) of

primarily organic compounds that produce thermal energy, CO2 and water.

Advantages of Incinera on: Useful to deal with large quan es of organic hazardous
waste and can be used as a source of electricity.

Disadvantages of Incinera on: The installa on of the equipments is expensive (high

cost of equipment and requires skilled operators) and it generates ash and toxic
gases such as HCL, CO, and SO2.
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 C. Bioremedia on

Bioremedia on is the use of living organisms (primarily microorganisms) to degrade

various types of environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. e.g.:
Pseudonymous bacterium can decompose synthe c pes cide.

Bioremedia on techniques are more economical than tradi onal methods of Solid
Waste Management and the pollutants can be treated on-site, thus reducing
exposure risks for personnel.

D. Other Thermal Methods

• Pyrolysis: In this process, the solid waste is rst converted into a liquid state and
then the liquid waste is converted into gaseous waste. The products/residue
formed a er the treatment can then be used for the produc on of energy.

• Gasi ca on: The material to be treated is directly converted in to SynGas

(synthe c gas) which has hydrogen and carbon dioxide as its components and can
be used for various processes the major one being the produc on of energy.

E. Government Programs and Awareness Drives

• With rapid urbanisa on, industrialisa on and an explosion of popula on in India,

solid waste management will be a key challenge for governments and local
municipal bodies in the 21st century.

• Various programs like the "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan" (Clean India Mission) were
created to tackle these very issues related to waste management, cleanliness and
sanita on on a na onal level. The government should focus on crea ng more such
programs for the be erment of the na on.

• Government should introduced ne on o enders for not following the men oned
rules and regula ons related to Solid Waste Management.

• Solid waste management is one among the basic essen al services that should be
provided and taken care of by municipal authori es in the country to keep urban
centres clean.
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