R.N.

G PATEL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
[AFFILIATED WITH G.T.U& APPROVED BY A.I.C.T.E]
BARDOLI-NAVSARI ROAD, AT. ISROLI(TAJPORE) PO : AFWA, BARDOLI, SURAT, GUJARAT

Subject: Environmental and Pollution Management

Subject Code:1CH102
Prepared By:
Sr. No Name Enrollment no.
1 Pragni A. Patel 240840131128
2 Mishal A. Patel 240840131117
3 Rinal R. Chaudhari 240840131016
4 Hani H. Kheni 240840131047
5 Priyanshi M. Puranik 240840131164
6 Unnati M. Indve 240840131036
7 Yashasvi J. Dhimmar 240840131212
SOLID WASTE:
GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT
Solid Waste
Contents:
 Introduction
 Type and Sources
 Generation Rates
 Causes
 Effects
 Waste Management

l
INTRODUCTION:
 Solid waste are all the waste arising from the human and animal activities that are generally
solid except human excreta and sullage and that are discarded as useless or unwanted.
 It is also some time called refuse.
 It includes both homogeneous and heterogeneous mass of throwaways from residential,
industrial and commercial activities.
 It includes garbage, rubbish, ashes and residues, demolition and construction wastes, dead
animals etc.
 With increasing in human population and industrialization, most of the cities are facing the
issue of solid waste management.
 The quantity of the solid waste generated depends upon the type and size of community,
seasons and living standard of the people.
 As per survey,India generates about 62 million tons of municipal solid waste each year.
TYPES AND SOURCES:
 Solid waste can be broadly classified into
three types :
1. Municipal waste
2. Industrial waste
3.Hazardous waste
 CONT…
1.Municipal waste:
 Municipal wastes are those waste which arise from house hold activities, public places,
restaurants etc.
 The general sources of municipal solid waste are residential areas, commercial areas like
markets, hotels, institutions etc and open areas like park, beaches, highways, playgrounds etc.
 The average composition of municipal solid waste in India is:
45-50% Garbage is composed of organic fraction
20-30% Inert fraction ( ashes, demolition waste etc. )
20-25% Being plastics, paper, rags, metals, etc.

2.Industrial waste:
 Industrial waste are that waste which arises from industrial activities.
 It typically includes rubbishes, ashes, demolition and construction waste, special waste and
hazardous wastes.
 CONT…
3.Hazardous waste:
 Wastes that poses a substantial danger immediately or over a period of time to human, animal
or plant life are called hazardous waste.
 A waste is called hazardous if it exhibits any of the following characteristics:
1. ignitability
2. reactivity
3. corrosivity
4. toxicity
 Typically hazardous wastes are radioactive substances, chemical wastes, biological waste,
flammable wastes and explosives.
 The sources of hazardous wastes are industries, nuclear plants, hospitals, research institutes,
laboratories etc.
 GENERATION RATES:
 The average quantity of solid waste produced in an average Indian city varies from 0.5 to
0.8 kg per capita per day, with highest generation rate in larger cities followed by medium
and small cities.

Rates
5.60% 4.00% 4.90%
6.20%
24.00%
7.20%

8.80%

9.10% 21.20%

10.10%

Nagpur Mumbai Delhi Bangalore Chennai

Kolkata Ahemedabad Hyderabad Pune Surat
CAUSES:
 The main reasons for rapid growth in the quantity of solid wastes are:
1. Overpopulation : As the number of people producing pollutant increase, pollution will
naturally increase. Same is true for solid waste pollution too. Solid waste pollution increase in
pollution.
2. Technology: Rapidly growing technologies for most economic goods indicates a shift in
technology from the returnable packaging to non returnable packaging.
3.Urbanization: Solid waste is primarily an urban problem, though not exclusively urban.Solid
waste pollution increases with increase in urbanization.
4.Affluence:With increase in the affluence there is a tendency to declare items as being in or out
fashion and promptly throw away the ones which are out of fashion. This results in solid waste
pollution.
 EFFECTS:
 The improper handling and transfer of solid wastes results in various
environmental and health hazards like:
 Files breed on the refuse solid waste dumps from where they migrate to the food and water
and result in transmission of many diseases like bacillary dysentery , diarrhea and amoebic
dysentery in humans.
 Rats flourishing upon these solid wastes may also cause plague , salmonellosis , trichinosis
like diseases through direct bite.
 Improper disposal can cause contamination of crops and water supply and may result in
large scale epidemics of cholera , jaundice , gastro intestinal diseases hepatitis etc.
 Obnoxious odours arising from decomposing solid waste can cause air pollution and cause
problems in the surrounding areas.
 Solid waste dumps also creates aesthetically unpleasing surrounding environment.
 WASTE MANAGEMENT:
 Improper disposal of solid wastes leads to adverse environment and health effects . The main
objective of the solid waste management is to minimize these adverse effects before it
becomes too difficult to rectify in the future.
 Solid waste management is a manifold task involving many activities/functions like:
1. Collection of solid waste
2. Processing of solid waste
3. Disposal of solid waste
 CONT…
1.Collection of solid waste:
 Collection is the first fundamental function of solid waste management.
 Collection include all the activities associated with the gathering of the solid waste from the place
of generation and the hauling of the waste collected to the location where the waste is either
processed and at the site of final disposal
 There are three basic method of collection:
1.Kerbside Collection : The houseowner is responsible for placing the solid waste containers at the
curb on the scheduled day . The workman come , collect and empty the container and put back at the
curb . The house owner is required to take back the empty containers from the curb to his house.
2.Block Collection : Individuals bring the waste in containers and hand it over to the
collection staff who empties it into the waiting vehicle and returns the container to the
individual.
3.Community Storage Point: The solid waste is taken to a fixed storage bins and stored till the
waste collection agency collects it as per the schedule of collection.
 CONT…
2.Processing of solid waste:
 Processing is the second fundamental function of solid waste management. It refers to the
activities applied to the solid waste to prepare it for the subsequent operation.
 Processing improves the efficiency of solid waste disposal and prepares the solid waste for
subsequent recycling and recovery of the materials.
 Processing includes any of these or all the techniques like screening, shredding, compacting,
segregation, thermal volume reduction etc.
 Recycling and recovery forms an important part of processing which helps in achieving the basic
goal of sustainable development.
 It would reduce the quantities of the waste which will need final disposal and will also help in
resources conservation thus preventing the depletion of the precious natural resources.
 CONT…
3.Disposal of solid waste:
 Disposal is the last step of solid waste management. Due to the heterogeneity of the city
refuse, it is important to select the most appropriate waste disposal method keeping in
view the following objectives:
I. It should be economically viable. The RMO ( running, maintenance and operation) cost
should be carefully assessed.
II. It should not create health hazard.
III. It should not be aesthetically unpleasant. It should not result offending sights, odours
and noises.
IV. It should not cause adverse environmental effects.
V. It should preferably provide opportunities for recycling of materials.
 CONT…
 Various method of commonly used for solid waste disposal are:
1. Open Dumping
2. Sanitary Land Filling
3. Incineration
4. Composting
5. Pyrolysis