Republic of the Philippines

CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

Institute of Arts and Sciences
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

Course Description:
Purposive Communication is a three-unit course that develops students’
communicative competence and enhances their cultural and intercultural awareness
through multimodal tasks that provide them opportunities for communicating effectively
and appropriately to a multicultural audience in a local or global context. It equips students
with tools for critical evaluation of a variety of responsibility. The knowledge, skills, and
insights that students gain from this course may be used in their other academic
endeavors, their chosen disciplines, and their future careers as they compose and
produce relevant oral, written, audio-visual and/or web-based output for various purposes.

This module talks about

intercultural communication and
globalization. It defines
globalization and its types, the
strategies to become effective
communicator, ethics across
cultures, communication
approach to intercultural
communication. Purposive
communication is a subject that
will educate you about the ethical
communication which helps you
to become a better and effective
communicator with the heart.
You will also learn that
communication is globally serves us a bridge that connects people all over the world.
This module is self-instructional. You can read, analyze concepts and ideas
presented, and reflect on them. The activities will help the students assess how
progressive as they go along on the module. The answered output will be evaluated by
the teacher and this forms as part of the formative evaluation.
The course will help the students know the different ways of looking at commutation. It
will also give them a good understanding of why communication should be studied at the
tertiary level, and this course is helping them transform themselves and the society.
Effective communication can breach peace, spark revolutions, and affect change in the
government. However, to communicate properly, one cannot simply strive to express
oneself and leave understanding to fate, one must also learn how to organize one’s
thoughts, control one’s emotion, use a one’s words to articulate concepts and arguments,
and express oneself in the best way as possible.

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LESSON 1 Communication Process, Principles, and
Ethics
Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Describe the nature, elements and functions of verbal and non-verbal

communication in various and multicultural contexts;
2. Introduce communication and to demonstrate the importance of communication
in a variety of contexts including that of the manager of innovation and change;
3. Evaluate and discuss the characteristics of good communication and how to
improve our daily communication;
4. Explain the principles and process of communication and the ethical
considerations in communication; and
5. Expound how communication skills help resolve problems, better understand
new concepts and aid in your profession.

Introduction
Since the beginning of time, humans have found ways to communicate with each
other from smoke signals, drawings and hand signs. Even with the help of animals and
use of structured hand signals, it would still take weeks, sometimes months, to send a
message. Communication has gone through creative forms and tools that are used to
gather and share information. Over time, the sharing of ideas, thoughts and messages
has become easier with shiny new technologies. With these changes, the need to make
students understand communication process, principles and ethics increases as
communication functions in our day to day activities.

Communication is understood as the process of meaning-making through a

channel or a medium. It comes from the Latin communicares, meaning to share or to
make ideas common. The connection that encompasses interaction among partakers is
at the center of your learning of communication.

Communication is inevitable. Our need for self-expression leads us to

communicate not only our thoughts but also our feelings. Communication may be done
verbally or nonverbally. A simple yawn from a member of the audience in a public
speaking engagement of a non-verbal message sent to the speaker. On the other hand,
a phone call inquiring about a certain product is an example of a verbal message.

Content Purposes

In the corporate world communication involves the interchange of thought or

information among persons in and is a systematic and continuous process of telling,
listening and understanding. The proper understanding of a message is an important
aspect of communication. If the receiver did not understand the message as intended by
the sender, there may be confusion, chaos and organizational inefficiency, leading to non-
fulfillment of goals which are set by the business concern. Communication therefore, is
not merely the transmission of message from one to another but also the correct
interpretation and understanding of the message. In the words of Theo Haimann:
“Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one person

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to another…it is the process of imparting ideas and making oneself understood by other
people.”

Communication process is the guide toward realizing effective communication. It

is through the communication process that the sharing of a common meaning between
the sender and the receiver takes place. Individuals that follow the communication
process will have the opportunity to become more productive in every aspect of their
profession. Effective communication leads to understanding.

The communication process is made up of four key components. Those

components include encoding, medium of transmission, decoding, and feedback. There
are also two other factors in the process, and those two factors are present in the form of
the sender and the receiver. The communication process begins with the sender and
ends with the receiver.

Understanding the communication process may help you become a better

communicator.
1. Source – The sender carefully crafts the message. The sender may be anyone;
an author of a book, a public speaker in a special occasion or even a traffic
enforcer.
2. Message – Is the reason behind any interaction. It is the meaning shared between
the sender and the receiver. Messages take many forms. They could mean
poems, songs essays, news articles, road signs and even symbols.
3. Channel – It is the means by which a message is conveyed. When we answer a
phone call, the phone is the channel. On the other hand, when your parents
receive a notification of your absences from the school, the channel is a letter. It
is the responsibility of both the sender and the receiver to choose the best channel
for the interaction.
4. Receiver – Is the person who receives the transmitted message. The receiver
may be a part of an audience in a public speaking event, a reader of a letter or a
diver who reads road signs. The receiver is expected to listed or read carefully, to
be aware of different kinds of sender to jot down information when needed, to
provide response and to ask questions for clarification.
5. Feedback – In any communication scenario, a feedback is essential to confirm
recipient understanding. Feedbacks, like messages, are expressed in varied
forms. A simple nod for a question of verification is considered a feedback. Thus,
feedbacks may be written, spoken or acted out.
6. Environment – The place, the feeling, the mood, the mindset and the condition of
both sender and receiver are called the environment. The environment may
involve the physical set-up of a location where communication takes place, the
space occupied by both the sender and the receiver, including the objects
surrounding the sender and receiver.
7. Context – It involves the expectations of the sender and the receiver and the
common or shared understanding through the environment signals.
8. Interference – Is also known as barrier or block that prevents effective
communication to take place.

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Kinds of Interference:
A. Psychological barriers are thoughts that hamper the message to be interpreted
correctly by the receiver.
B. Physical barriers include competing stimulus, weather and climate, health and
ignorance of the medium.
C. Linguistic and cultural barriers pertain to the language ad its cultural
environment. Words may mean another in different cultures.
D. Mechanical berries are those raised by the channels employed for
interpersonal, group or mass communication. These include cellphones,
laptops and other gadgets used in communication.

Michael Osborn (2009) claims that communication must meet certain standards
for effective communication to take place.

1. Clarity – It makes speeches understandable. Fuzzy language is absolutely

forbidden, as are jargons, cliché expression, euphemisms and doublespeak
language.
2. Concreteness – It reduces misunderstandings. Messages must be supported
by facts such as research data, statistics or figures. To achieve concreteness,
abstract words must be avoided.
3. Courtesy – It builds goodwill. It also involves being polite in terms of approach
and manner of addressing an individual.
4. Correctness – glaring mistakes in grammar obscures the meaning of a
sentence. Also, the misuse of language can damage your credibility.
5. Consideration – Messages must be geared towards the audience. The
sender of a message must consider the recipient’s profession, level of
education, race, ethnicity, hobbies, interests, passions, advocacies and age
when drafting or delivering a message.
6. Creativity – In communication means having the ability to craft interesting
messages in terms of sentence structure and word choice.
7. Conciseness – simplicity and directness help you to be concise. Avoid using
lengthy expressions and words that confuse the recipient.
8. Cultural Sensitivity – Today, with the increasing emphasis on empowering
diverse or cultures, lifestyles, and races and the pursuit for gender equality,
cultural sensitivity becomes an important standard for effective communication.
9. Captivating – You must strive to make messages interesting to command
more attention and better responses.

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that focuses

on issues of right and wrong in human affairs. The
following are considered as Ethical communicators:

1. Respect the audience

2. Consider the result of communication
3. Value the truth
4. Use information correctly
5. Do not falsify information

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 Successful and effective communication within an organization stems from the
implementation of the communication process. All members within an organization will
improve their communication skills if they follow the communication process, and stay
away from the different barriers. It has been proven that individuals that understand the
communication process will blossom into more effective communicators, and an effective
communicators have a greater opportunity for becoming a successful good speaker in the
future.

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)

Name: __________________Year & Section: _______Date: _____Score: ____

Activity #1

Instructions: 1. In your own understanding, discuss the following given statements

below.
2. Limit your discussion in two (2) sentences only.
3. Cut this ACTIVITY page and attach to your output.
4. Use the space below and the back page of this paper for your
answers.
5. Strictly! Follow the instructions.

Engaging: Putting things in the right Perspective:

1. What might happen to the world if communication does not exist?
2. Why do miscommunication and misunderstanding happen?
3. What is the importance of good and clear communication in group work?
4. In real life, what factors could hinder effective communication? Name or give at
least two factors.
5. How can you help improving effective communication?
6. Give at least 3 aspects you can share as an effective and ethical communicator.

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 LESSON 2 Communication and Globalization

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Describe the communication and globalization present in the Philippines;

2. Determine the problems accompanied by globalization;
3. Discuss how globalization affects world communication;
4. Write a reaction paper on communication challenges in a global atmosphere and
methods for effective and ethical global communication; and
5. Create a two-minute informative video about communication and globalization.

“Globalization is not the only thing influencing

events in the world today, but to extent that
there is a North Star and a worldwide shaping
force, it is this system.”

INTRODUCTION

Society is composed of individuals.

Communication makes humans a superior
animal. The process of communication has
always been and will always play a significant
role in the existence of human life. No human
can survive without communicating. It is
believed that prior to the time of human existence there were no symptoms of speech and
writing. When they came, it took them a very long time before they started to speak. At
first, their communication was only at intra-personal level and thus defining it as intra-
personal communication. Gradually interaction between the individuals increased which
was later termed as inter-personal communication. The people started thinking in wider
perspective. Communication broadened its horizon to group communication,
organizational communication and then to mass communication.

Globalization is the communication and assimilation among individuals, ethnicities,

races, institutions, governments of various nations supported by technology and
compelled by international trade. Due to globalization, the more you become exposed to
diversity---the valuing of the uniqueness or differences in gender preference, color, age,
religious affiliation, ethnicity, education, social and economic status and political beliefs.

Globalization is not a new process or concept. Years before the advent of

technology, people had been purchasing and selling each other properties, goods and
other objects of certain value.

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Content Purpose
Intercultural communication between people is an integral attribute of the human
society development. Not a single country, even the one considered most powerful in
political and economic aspect, can meet cultural and aesthetic requests and needs of the
humankind without apply8ing to the world cultural heritage, spiritual heritage of other
countries and peoples. The modern world is developing towards globalization. In this
regard, the issues about the role and the place of international communication become an
integral part of life both for the humankind in general, as well as for the individual. Before
getting deeper into these issues, we need to understand the way students perceive the
term “globalization.”

The 21st century is the period well known for its development in science and
information technology. Nowadays emails, internet, fax, phones, mobiles, television are
very common. And these are the tools that have made communication easier, faster, and
reliable. At present it takes no time to communicate from one corner of the world to other.
In this relation, the whole world is being looked at as a single community that is connected
by electronic communication systems. Thus, globalization can define as the integration
and democratization of the world’s culture, economy, and infrastructure through the
transnational investment, rapid proliferation of communication and information
technologies, and the impacts of free-makers on local, regional, and national economies.

Globalization mainly deals with the interconnectedness of the people in a global

manner. It is due to the globalization that we are so much adapted and accustomed to
not only the western cultures but other cultures as well. Globalization is a two-way
process. If there was no mass media, globalization would not have been possible. The
information disseminates from one part of the world to other part in seconds, this miracle
is because of the mass media are interdependent. Globalization is only possible because
of mass media and on the other hand mass media gets advanced due to globalization.
Globalization has helped the people to be updated with each and every happenings of the
world. The thoughts and ideas of individuals now work in wider perspective. Despite
having many advantages many people still argue that globalization cannot always be
useful to individuals since working technically is not always proper. It may confine an
individual to just himself being self-centered. Other critical issues may arise due to the
globalization. So globalization ca be seen both positively and pessimistically.

Concept Grounding

Communication has been increasingly global, blurring national boundaries. The

ability to communicate effectively in a global setting can be a challenge. Hence, to
effectively communicate in a global context, a general understanding of the differences in
conducting communication from one country to another or from one culture to another
helps avoid miscommunication.
People’s background and experiences influence their view of the world and the
values, beliefs and behavior patterns assumed to be good. The following are possible
cultural barriers to effective communication in a global environment:

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 1. Cultural relativism
2. Lack of knowledge of others’ culture
3. Discrimination and harassment
4. Language differences
To get the desired outcome or response, the above barriers must be properly
addressed. It is the responsibility of the parties involved in the communication process to
eliminate the possible hindrances in their exchange. The goal of effective global
communication is to achieve communication that gets the desired response leading to
harmonious connections. Krizan (2014) suggests these strategies to become an effective
global communicator:
1. Review communication principles.
2. Analyze the message receiver.
3. Be open to an accepting of other cultures.
4. Learn about cultures and apply what is learned.
5. Consider language needs.

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)

Name: _______________Year & Section: __________Date: ________Score: ____

Activity #2

Instructions: 1. In your own understanding, discuss the following given statements

below.
2. Limit your discussion in two (2) sentences only.
3. Cut this ACTIVITY page and attach to your output.
4. Use the space below and the back page of this paper for your
answers.
5. Strictly! Follow the instructions.

Engaging: Putting things in the right Perspective:

1. What do you think has contributed to the easy access and exchange of information
these days? Why?
2. Analyze the picture given below. What is the message conveying or saying about
the world today?

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 LESSON 3 Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Describe Local and Global Communication in Multicultural settings;

2. Determine communicative problems and solutions between and among cultures;
3. Discuss how multicultural communication affects world communication;
4. Write a reaction paper on communication challenges in a global atmosphere and
methods for effective and ethical global communication; and
5. Create a tw0-minute informative video about communication and globalization.

INTRODUCTION

In a global environment the ability to communicate effectively can be a challenge.

Even when both parties speak the same language there can still be misunderstandings
due to ethical and cultural differences. Over the last decade, there have been countless
examples from the business sector that demonstrate how poor communication can lead
to poor organizational performance. Understanding the impact of globalization on cross-
culture communication is imperative for organizations seeking to create a competitive
advantage in the global market. Recent economic challenges further highest the need for
organizations to develop the internal communication capacity necessary to control and
monitor external threats. As society becomes more globally connected the ability to
communicate across cultural boundaries has gained increasing prominence.

Living in a globalized world, you encounter people with diverse cultural

backgrounds. Such interactions occur in social, educational, political and commercial
settings. Hence, in today’s era of increased global communication, it is imperative to
understand intercultural communication for us to enhance our intercultural awareness and
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competence. Intercultural competence is essential for us to live harmoniously despite our
differences in culture.

Content Purposes

According to Genevieve Hilton, “cultural proficiency doesn’t mean memorizing

every cultural nuance of every market. It’s knowing when to listen, when to ask for help,
and when-finally-to speak.” When countries are able to exchange ideas and
communicate in an open society everyone can benefits. Kathleen Stephens, U.S.
Ambassador to the Republic of Korea, summed it up by saying…” we must use our shared
interests and values to compliment and transform each other’s growth.”

The purpose of communication is to transfer ideas and knowledge from one entry
to the other. The first step in communication is input; someone must say something that
is received by someone else. The communication loop is successful when the receiver
demonstrate that he/she understands what was being communicated. From an
organizational perspective there are many barriers than can impede the flow of
communication. These barriers include culture, technology, language, workforce, and
environment. For the purpose of this model culture refers to the traditions and customs
that are prevalent in the country where each company is located. These traditions and
customs influence policies and procedures implemented by businesses. Technology is
simply the use of mediums such as email, internet, text messaging, and cell phones to
communicate. When a company does not have experience using a particular
technological medium to communicate it may rely on older methods that the other
company views as inadequate. Language is what is spoken in the country where the
company is located. If the languages of the two companies are different, then one
company must learn the other language or a new language must be created. Workforce
refers to the internal structure of the company, including employees, managers, and
organizational leaders. Environment refers to the external forces that affect the company.
For example, the economy can have an adverse impact on an organization and present
an obstacle to cross-culture communication. Remember that communication is a two-way
process; listen before you speak. Many misunderstandings have occurred, not only
because of mistakes in the usage of words or expressions, but also because of the lack
of goodwill and cultural knowledge. Mistakes are normal part of life and times if we are
not careful, our mistakes can have lasting consequences. We can make mistakes as long
as we can correct them.

Concept Grounding

Intercultural communication refers to interaction with people from diverse cultures

(Jandt, 1998).

Forms of Intercultural Communication

1. Interracial communication – communicating with people from different races
2. Interethnic communication – interacting with people of different ethnic origins

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 3. International communication – communicating between representatives from
different nations
4. Intercultural communication – interacting with members of the same racial or ethnic
group or culture

According to Gamble and Gamble (2008), communication style among cultures

differs; it maybe high-context or low-context communication. A High-context
communication is a traditional-linked communication system which adheres strongly to
being indirect. A Low-context communication is a system that works on straightforward
communication.

Improving Intercultural Communication Competence

The following guidelines may help you enhance your ability to communicate
effectively across cultures (Gamble & Gamble, 2008).
1. Recognize the validity and differences of communication styles among people.
2. Learn to eliminate personal biases and prejudices.
3. Strive to acquire communication skills necessary in a multicultural world.

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)

Name: ________________Year & Section: _________Date: ________Score: ____

Activity #3

Instructions: 1. In your own understanding, discuss the following given statements

below.
2. Limit your discussion in two (2) sentences only.
3. Cut this ACTIVITY page and attach to your output.
4. Use the space below and the back page of this paper for your
answers.
5. Strictly! Follow the instructions.

Firming Up:
1. In what specific ways can you enhance your ability to communicate with people
from diverse cultures?
2. Identify the different problems in multicultural communication? Give at least
three problems.
3. What are the possible solutions you can suggest to the problem you have
identified? Give at least two solutions to each problems.

Engaging: Putting things in the right

Perspective:

How do you get to communicate effectively across cultures? Indicate whether you
agree or disagree with each of the following statements: Write C if you agree and
N if otherwise.

___ 1. I am interested in interacting with people who are both like me and different
from me.
___ 2. I am sensitive to the concerns of all minority and majority groups in our
multicultural country.
___ 3. I can sense when persons from other cultures seem not to understand me or
get confused by my actions.
___ 4. I have no fear communicating with persons from both minor and major cultural
groups.
___ 5. People from other cultures may get angry with my cultural affiliates.
____6. I deal with conflicts with people from other cultures depending on the situation
and their cultural background.
___ 7. My culture is inferior to other cultures.
___ 8. I can manage my behavior when dealing with people of different cultures.
___ 9. I show respect to the diverse communication practices of other people.
____10. Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature.

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LESSON 4 Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Describe the different varieties and registers of language;

2. Determine when and how to use the different registers of language;
3. Give examples of the different registers of language; and
4. Apply the varieties and registers of spoken and written language in the proper
context.

INTRODUCTION

Even if we only speak one language, but we can still speak many languages if
given a chance. For no language is a self-contained system. Every language shows
many different dimensions. Language is a living system. Speakers always orient
themselves towards their conversation partners. Therefore, people vary the language
they speak. These varieties appear in various forms. For example, every language has
a history. It has changed and will continue to change. This can be recognized by the fact
that old people speak differently than young people. There are also various dialects in
most languages. However, many dialect speakers can adapt to their environment. In
certain situations, they speak the standard language. Different social groups have
different languages. As an example to this is (youth language/jargon and gay language).
Most people speak differently at work than they do at home. Many also use a professional
jargon at work. Differences also appear in spoken and written language. Spoken
Language is typically much simpler than written. The difference can be quite large. This
is the case when written languages don’t change for a long time. Speakers then must
learn to use the language in written form first. The language of women and men is often
different as well (Verlag, 2015).

The spoken mode is often associated with everyday registers while the written
mode is strongly associated with academic registers. However, this is not always true.
For instance, in everyday communication, face-to-face conversations are usually
supplemented by text messaging. In academic contexts, significant forms of oral
communication are used along with written communication. Significantly, both every day
and academic communications are characterized by multi-modality or the use of multiple
modes of communication, including spoken, written modes and images, music, videos,
gestures, etc.

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 Concept Grounding

Varieties of Spoken and Written Language

Lin (2016) presents the following nature of language variation as prescribed by

most linguists based on the ideas of Mahboob (2014).

1. Language varies when communicating with people within (local) and outside
(global) our community.
2. Language varies in speaking and in writing.
3. Language varies in everyday and specialized discourses.

Mahboob (2014) identifies eight different domains in which language varies

depending on the combinations of different values on the three dimensions (field, tenor
and mode) of the context of communication.

The first four domains include language variations that reflect local usage
done in one local language or multiple local languages depending on the context.
They vary in the following ways:

1. Local everyday written – this may include instances of local everyday written usage
found in the neighborhood posters (example: a poster looking for transient’s/bed
spacers).
2. Local everyday oral may occur in local communication among neighbors in
everyday, informal and local varieties of languages.
3. Local specialized written – an example of local specialized written usage can be
found in the publications and web sites of local societies such as the Baguio
Midland Courier.
4. Local specialized oral involves specialized discourses. For example, in a computer
shop in the neighborhood, specialized local usage can be found (example:
specialized computer game-related vocabulary is used). On the other hand, the
other four domains involve global usage. These four domains of language usage
differ from the first four domains since they refer to contexts of language usage
where participants need to communicate with people not sharing their local ways
of using language. These are the following:
5. Global everyday written avoids local colloquialisms to make the text accessible to
wider communities of readers. This can be found in international editions of
newspapers and magazines.
6. Global everyday oral may occur in interactions between people coming from
different parts of the world when they talk about everyday casual topics.
7. Global specialized written expands to as many readers internationally, hence the
non-usage of local colloquial expressions (example: international research journal
articles).
8. Global specialized oral occurs when people from different parts of the world
discuss specialized topics in spoken form (example: paper presentation sessions
in an international academic conference).

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 Context Purpose
Four Categories in Language Registers

1. FAMILIAR – This register is normally used between people who know each other
well. Features of this register show a lack of grammar, spelling, and punctuation
usually contains slang and jargon.

Example: Hey,
Will arrive evening. Did not catch bus.
Later
John

2. INFORMAL – Generally journalism and occasionally academic writing use this

register. When using an informal register, there is usually a close relationship
between the writer, audience and topic with a degree of casualness. However,
care must be taken in order not to mistake informal for familiar registers. The
features of this register are different from the familiar register as more care is taken
with grammar etc. However, the tone is conversational, using colloquial language,
compared to the formal register.
Example: While I was on my way to the Science Lab., a thought struck me that
perhaps all that we think is possible, may not be. For example, a friend and I were
contemplating the prospect of dumping our classes and hanging out in our favorite
café instead. We found that what we thought was possible, actually wasn’t as our
lecture intervened on our way, ending up that we attended class anyway. Does
this mean that what we originally thought was possible, can’t be, as something will
always intervene? How does this affect prediction and planning?

3. FORMAL – A formal register is neither colloquial nor personal and is the register
that is mostly used in academic writing. It is a register where strong opinions can
be expressed objectively, it does not break any of the rules of written grammar and
often has a set of rules of what not to do when using this register. The following
extract is from Crystal’s book: A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (Crystal,
1997).
EXAMPLE: Several stages of development have been distinguished in the first
year of a child’s life when it develops the skills necessary to produce a successful
first word. According to Crystal (1997), primitive vocal sounds are displayed within
the first two months with basic features of speech such as the ability to control air
flow and produce rhythmic utterance. Sounds such as cooing, quieter sounds with
a lower pitch and more musical develop between six and eight weeks of age.
Cooing dies away around three and four months and then a period called vocal
play develops; an experimental stage, where a baby has more control and
experiments with vocal practice.

4. CEREMONIAL – Modern academic writing rarely uses this register. Sometimes,

it may be encountered when reading transcripts of speeches or historical
documents. Often, misunderstandings in recognizing the difference between
ceremonial and formal registers occur when writers are experimenting with new
vocabulary. A dictionary will help you make the right choices and reading
academic texts will help you become more familiar with the appropriate choices.

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 EXAMPLE: I stand on this rostrum with a sense of deep humility and great pride –
humility in the wake of those great architects of our history who have stood here
before me, pride in the reflection that this home of legislative debate represents
human liberty in the purest form yet devised.

As mentioned earlier, all of these world Englishes are equal in functionality, but not
all are equal in prestige. The idea, however, in writing, is to adhere to the standard English
of one’s country because each variety, including those of the United States and United
Kingdom, has its own peculiar or individual features. These features include differences
in spelling, punctuation, favored words and expressions, and sometimes grammatically
constructions. The table that follows gives an example of some of these differences for
American English and British English.

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)

Name: __________________ Year & Section: _______ Date:________ Score: ____

Activity #4

Instructions: 1. In your own understanding, discuss the following given statements

below.
2. Limit your discussion in two (2) sentences only.
3. Cut this ACTIVITY page and attach to your output.
4. Use the space below and the back page of this paper for your
answers.
5. Strictly! Follow the instructions.

Firming Up:

1. In what situations are the local and global varieties of spoken language used?
2. What register is appropriate in a friendship group discussion? Give the reason
why?
3. Why is it important to use appropriate varieties and registers of language in a
certain communication context?
4. Write or give at least three passages using the different registers of language.

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 LESSON 5 Evaluating Messages and/or Images of Different
Types of Texts reflecting Different Cultures

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Analyze media messages and/or images using Key Concepts of Media Literacy
framework;
2. Create a multimodal advertisement of a cause-oriented event;
3. Evaluate multimodal texts critically to enhance receptive (listening, reading,
viewing) skills;
4. Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual, and/or web-based presentations for
different target audiences in local and global settings using appropriate
registers; and
5. Adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas.

INTRODUCTION

You were not born knowing how to speak. You learned to speak by listening to
others and, eventually, by using word yourself. The more you speak, the better you
became at it. This is same with written communication, the more you write, the better you
became at it. Think for a moment about a usual school day. To whom do you talk? What
do you say? Chances are, you probably talk with your friends about life, friends, crush
most probably anything under the sun.

To communicate is to give message, with that it helps you to respond to the world.
Giving your opinions and building rapport to other people. To respond to someone’s
message you need to make sure that you understand the message very well this is same
with written communication; to evaluate a text it has qualities such as strong ideas,
organization as you present fluency, and conventions.

LEARNING CONTENT

What is Message? Messages refer to any form of communication (information, feelings,

and ideas) passed or transmitted using a channel. Turrow (2007) goes further by saying
that it is a collection of symbols that appear purposefully organized (meaningful) to those
sending or receiving them. The purpose of message is to inform, to persuade or goodwill.
It is important to think about what you want to say and how you want to say it.

Types of texts – Text types are genera semantic-functional concepts and are not to be
confused with text forms (advertisements, editorials, sermons, shopping lists, poems,
telephone, books, novel,etc.)

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 1. Narrative - Narrative texts have to do with real-world events and time. They may
be fictional (fairy tales, novels) or nonfictional (newspaper report). They are
characterized by a sequencing of events expressed by dynamic verbs and by
adverbials such as “and then”, “first”, “second”, “third.”

2. Descriptive - Descriptive texts are concerned with the location of persons and
things in space. They will tell us what lies to the right or left, in the background or
foreground, or they will provide background information which, perhaps, sets the
stage for narration. It is irrelevant whether a description is more technical-objective
or more impressionistic subjective.

3. Directive - Directive texts are concerned with tangible future activity. Central to
these texts are imperatives (Hand me the paper) or forms which substitute for
them, such as polite questions (Would you hand me the pen?) or suggestive
remarks (I wonder what the paper says about the topic).

4. Expository - Expository texts identify and characterize phenomena. They include

test forms such as definitions, clarifications, summaries and may types of essay.
It may be subjective (essay) or objective (summary, explication, definition) may be
analytical or synthetic.

5. Argumentative - Argumentative texts depart from the assumption that the

receiver’s beliefs must be changed. They often start with the negation of a
statement which attributes a quality or characteristic activity to something or
someone (esp. scholarly texts). They also include advertising texts, which try to
persuade their readers that a product is somehow better, at least implicitly, than
others.

READING CRITICALLY

What is Critical Reading? - Reading critically does not, necessarily, mean being critical
of what you read. Critical reading involves scrutinizing any information that you hear or
read. It is an active process of discovery because when you read critically, you are not
just receiving information but also making an interaction with the writer.

Ramage, Bean, and Johnson (2006) identified the following requirements in critical
thinking:

1. The ability to pose problematic questions.

2. The ability to analyze a problem on all its dimensions.
3. The ability to find, gather, and interpret data, facts, and other information relevant
to the problem.
4. The ability to imagine alternative solutions to the problem and to see different ways
in which the question might be answered.
5. The ability to analyze competing approaches and answers.
6. The ability to write an effective augment justifying your choice while acknowledging
counter-arguments.

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Seven (7) Critical Reading Strategies

1. Previewing - Learning about a text before really reading it.

2. Contextualizing - Placing a text in its historical, biological, and cultural contexts.
3. Questioning to understand and remember – asking questions about the
content.
4. Reflecting on challenges to your beliefs and values – Examining your personal
responses.
5. Outlining and summarizing – Identify the main ideas and restating them in your
own words.
6. Evaluating an argument – Testing the logic of a text as well as its credibility and
emotional impact.
7. Comparing and contrasting related readings – Exploring likenesses and
differences between texts to understand them better.

Four Main Types of Reading Techniques

1. Skimming - skimming is sometimes referred to as substance reading. It may help

in order to know what the text is about at its most basic level. You might typically
do this with a magazine or newspaper and would help you mentally and quickly
shortlist those articles which you might consider for a deeper read.
Comprehension is very low and understanding of overall content very superficial.
2. Scanning – Scanning involves getting your eyes to quickly dart across sentence
and is used to get just a simple piece of information. Interestingly, research has
concluded that reading off a computer screen actually inhibits the pathways to
effective scanning and thus, reading of paper is far more helpful to speedy
comprehension of texts.
3. Intensive Reading – this type of reading has indeed beneficial to language
learners as it helps them understand vocabulary by deducing the meaning of words
in context. It moreover, helps with retention of information for long periods of time
and knowledge resulting from intensive reading persists in long term memory.
4. Extensive reading – Extensive reading involves reading for pleasure. Because
there is an element of enjoyment in extensive reading it is unlikely that students
will undertake extensive reading of a text they do not like. It also requires a fluid
decoding and assimilation of the text and content in front of you. If the text is
difficult and you stop every few minutes to figure out what is being said or to look
up new words in the dictionary, you are breaking your concentration and diverting
your thoughts.

LISTENING CRITICALLY

There is a lot more to listening than just hearing words. Listening involves active
participation. Listening critically involves evaluating and making judgments about what
you hear.

What is Listening? - Listening is the active intellectual process of decoding, interpreting,

understanding and evaluating messages. It is a mode of communication just as important
as the other modes like speaking, reading, and writing.

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Types of Listening

1. Critical – Listen for facts and supporting details to understand and evaluate the
speaker’s message.
2. Emphatic – Imagine yourself in the other person’s position, and try to understand
what he or she is thinking.
3. Appreciative – Identify and analyze aesthetic or artistic elements, such as
character development, rhyme, imaginary, and descriptive language.
4. Reflective – ask questions to get information, and use or reflect on the speaker’s
responses to form new questions.

Part of being critical listener is knowing how to adjust your listening according to the
situation.

Evaluating Your Listening (use the following strategies to help you):

1. Rephrase and Repeat statements

2. Compare and Contrast Interpretations
3. Research points of Interest or contention

Purposeful Stride:
Speaking, listening, viewing, representing are all unique forms of communication
used for conveying and receiving information. Speaking and listening both use language
to epitomize ideas. Therefore, understanding language reflecting diverse cultures is the
key to develop good speaking and listening skills. Altogether, speaking, listening, viewing
and representing are the building blocks of communication and of the one’s view of the
world.

The Key Concepts of Media Literacy framework serves as a basis for developing
a critical understanding of the content of mass media, the techniques used and the impact
of these techniques. Also, the Key Concepts of Media Literacy can be very helpful in the
construction of media texts for different purposes. The term “text” includes any form of
written, spoken or media work conveying meaning to an audience. Text may use words,
graphics, sounds and images in presenting information. It may also be in oral, print, visual
or electronic.

Key Concepts of Media Literacy (Center for Media Literacy, 2005)

Key Concepts Guide Questions in Media Text analysis
1. All media messages are “constructed.”
A) 1. What is the message of the text?
2. How effectively does it represent
reality?
3. How is the message constructed?
2. Media have embedded values and B) 1.What lifestyle, values and points of
points of view. view are represented in the text?
2. Who or what is missing?
3. Each person interprets messages C) 1. What message do you perceive from
differently. the text?
2. How might others understand it
differently?
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 Why?
4. Media have commercial, ideological o D) 1. What is the purpose of the text?
political interests. 2. Who is the target audience of the
text?
3. Who might be disadvantaged?
4. Who created the text and why?
5. Media message are constructed using a E) 1. What techniques are used and why?
creative language having its own rules. 2. How effective are the techniques in
supporting the messages or themes of the
text?
3. What are other ways of presenting
the message?

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)

Name: __________________ Year & Section: _______ Date:________ Score: ____

Activity #5

Instructions: 1. In your own understanding, discuss the following given statements

below.
2. Limit your discussion in two (2) sentences only.
3. Cut this ACTIVITY page and attach to your output.
4. Use the space below and the back page of this paper for your
answers.
5. Strictly! Follow the instructions.

Firming Up:

1. Print or (Cut out and paste) any advertisement picture.

a. Analyze the presented picture using the key concepts of letter D.
b. Find out if there are misconceptions that are used in the presented picture.
2. Choose a news about a recent national issue (an issue that has made it to the
past two weeks).
3. As a critical reader, evaluate the news article you have presented in #2 and find
out if there are flaws/faults in the way the article is presented.

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 CHAPTER 2 Communication Aids and Strategies
using Tools of technology

Introduction

For 21st century learners, the challenge is to be multi-literate and technology-

driven, shelled with ICT literacy, use of technology and digital network. Leaners
nowadays, are described as digital natives spending most of their time in technological
gadgets, social networking sites such as Facebook, twitter, etc., and in digital games.
These continuous access of learners and uncontrolled exposure to rich multimedia
content, to modern mobile devices and to social networking sites are guided opportunities
for them to learn how to communicate purposively.

Use of technology like networking encourages collaboration and engagement.

Facebook can be an avenue for group collaboration with the teachers providing students
the knowledge on ethical guidelines in the use of the social networking sites, (LIM, Lourdes
S., etc. Al, 2014).

To communicate effectively with a purpose requires not only knowledge of how to

use these tools and technology but also how to use them purposively.

Lesson 1 Preparing Multimedia Presentation

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Determine or identify aids and strategies for effective purposive communication;

2. Appreciate the value of technology in any assigned activities;
3. Utilize tools and technology judiciously in any class activities; and
4. Conceive and create works of art than demonstrate an understanding of how
communication of their
ideas relate to media, techniques and processes used.

INTRODUCTION

In today’s digital society, communication is mediated using technology. For

communication to be more effective, it is imperative to know how technology works, what

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purpose it can serve and how it can be used efficiently and effectively used to achieve
specific goals in the communication process.
It is inevitable that teachers and students use technology as an avenue for
learning. They use the computer to learn modern ideas and updated researches. Now
technological innovation shapes the future learners. Communicating with a purpose
requires effective use

of technology that continues beyond the classroom. Knowledge and awareness of the
various communication aids and strategies using tools and technology can lead to a
student’s development for life-long learning hence, they will be able to apply these
communication aids in their future workplace when necessary.

Concept Grounding

In preparing multimedia presentation for various communication purposes, it is

important to consider the following:

A. Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations

1. Multimedia presentations are visually oriented (displayed on a monitor or
projected onto a screen).
2. They allow users to use different modalities such as:
a. Text
b. Graphics
c. Photographs
d. Audio
e. Animation
f. Video

 Special features of computer-based presentations

1. Custom navigation (linking) between slides, to other media and to the
internet.
2. Can be made into hard copy printouts or transparencies.
3. Can be uploaded to the Web.

B. Steps in Making Effective Multimedia Presentation

1. Know the purpose of the presentation.

2. Know the audience.
3. Gather information.
4. Use a variety of resources such as:
a. Textbooks
b. Digital resources (photographs or scanned images, and student
work/output)
c. Internet
5. Do not forget to cite sources.
a. Write the author’s name, title of the work and date of publication.
b. Include the website or Web page address of the source.

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 c. In general, non-profit educational use of online materials for a lecture
qualifies as “fair use” but it is better to ask the author’s permission to use
such materials.
d. Always have full bibliographic references for all citations.

6. Organized the information.

a. List the main points.
b. Have only one main idea per slide.
c. Present ideas in a logical order.
d. Place important information near the top.

7. Check technical issues.

a. Contrast (dark text on light background and white text on dark background)
b. Use only one design and color scheme throughout the slide presentation.
c. Avoid clutter.
d. Use large font size (minimum 18pts)
e. Use fonts that are easy to read. Don’t use fancy fonts.
f. Don’t use more than two types of fonts
g. Avoid patterned or textured backgrounds.
h. Avoid too much text. Don’t use the presentation as your notes.
i. Use no more than 3 or 4 bullets per slide.

8. Be creative.
a. Use transitions and animations to add interest.
b. But do not overdo it.

Communication Aids using tools and technology

1. Printed Media. This is considered one of the oldest forms of instructional media used
in the classroom. Printing has evolved from the previous Woodblock printing to the digital
printing we use nowadays. Printed media are used to inform, instruct, motivate readers
which we can be utilized in the classroom, as training materials in workshops, seminars,
or for information dissemination. In the classroom, this may come in the form of
worksheets, activity sheets, textbooks and modules. Likewise, training materials include
handouts and manuals while printed information materials may include brochures,
newspapers, journals and magazines.

2. Visuals and visual Media. Anything like pictures used to make communication
interesting to the audience are called visuals. They help convey the message more clearly
and more appealing to the intended audience. On the other hand, visual media pertains
to images, pictures and graphic organizers. Readers or listeners need to acquire visual
literacy (the ability to interpret images). We acquire visual literacy if we are endowed with
interpreting skills, can understand and appreciate the meaning of visual messages,
communicate more effectively with the use of visual designs, produce visual messages
using the computer and other technology devices, and use visual thinking to
conceptualized problem solutions at hand. Visuals may be categorized as the following:
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realistic visuals, mnemonic visuals, analogical visuals, organizational visuals,
transformational visuals, interpretive visuals, and decorative visuals.

3. Graphics, Tables, and charts. These are visual representation of numerical data,
may be used to illustrate relationships among units and trends of data. They may be used
to present statistical results to compare and contrast, present an eye-view of the whole
information. Graphs may be of different types as Bar Graphs, Pictograph, Pie graph,
Line graph, Posters, Cartoons, Maps, Photography. Tables and charts may also be
used for graphic communication.
4. Projected Visual. The most recent projected visual nowadays is with the use Liquid
Crystal display (LCD) projector.
5. Smart Television (smart TVs). The most recent device used inside the classroom for
audio-lingual presentation.
6. Digital Audio. Digital audio files come in different formats as wave (wav) files and
MPEG Layers-3 (mp3) files. Other audio formats are Windows Media Audio (wma). Real
Audio (ra., ram) or Musical Instrument Digital files are kept in digital storage as CD,
computer hard drive, flash drive, or digital recorder. Computers are digital devices.
Audio files can be accessed through streaming audio, podcasting, internet radio,
and digital players.

 Streaming audio is a method where audio signals are delivered to your

computer via the internet. It will let you hear the sound in your computer.
Among the most popular websites with audio streaming are Spotify
(www.spotify.com), Rhapsody (www.rhapsody.com).
 Podcast (Origin: Pod and broadcasting) audio files are recorded in MP3 format
and are distributed in the internet. Podcast.com are among the many websites
that provide podcast.
 Internet Radio. Wi-Fi radios provide access to thousands of internet radio
stations.
 Digital Players. These are mobile digital media players; portable electronic
gadgets used to store and play audio files.
7. Video. Video is a series of images that when combined will form moving visual images.
There are many popular video websites as YouTube, Vodcasts.
8. Video Conferencing. This can be used to give lectures, seminars to students who
cannot be present during the lecture.

* Skype is a program or an application used to communicate with other people

using webcams.
9. E-mail. This is the opposite of “snail mail”. Electronic mail may be used to send
message through a mailing website such as www.yahoo.com or www.gamail.com, etc.
10. Multi-modal Texts. “Multi-modal as defined in the Australian curriculum is the
strategic use of two or more communication modes to make meaning as image, gesture,

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music, spoken language, and written language.” (https://creatingmultimodaltexts.com by:
Annemaree O’Brien, 2013).
“A multimodal text can be paper – such as books, comics, and posters. A
multimodal text can be digital – from slide presentations, e-book, blogs, e-posters, web
pages, and social media, through to animation, film and video games. A multimodal text
can be live – a performance or an event.”
According to Jenkins in 2011, multi-nodal text can also be transmedia; that is
where the story is told using “multiple delivery channels” through a combination of media
platforms as book, comic, magazine, film, web series, video game mediums – working
together to form part of the same story.

Purposeful stride

The challenge for 21st century learners is to be able to communicate effectively

using appropriate communication aids and strategies and to be familiar or adept on using
various tools and technology devise. Communication aids come before us in the form of
printed media, visual media, graphics, projected visuals, smart television, and digital
audio, streaming audio, podcast, internet radio, digital player, video conferencing, skype,
e-mail and multi-modal texts. The challenge is for us to be able to use them purposively
and judiciously.

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)

Name: __________________ Year & Section: _______ Date:________ Score: ____

Activity #6

Instructions: 1. In your own understanding, discuss the following given statements

below.
2. Limit your discussion in at least two (2) sentences only.
3. Cut this ACTIVITY page and attach to your output.
4. Use the space below and the back page of this paper for your
answers.
5. Strictly! Follow the instructions.

Firming Up:

1. What new discoveries you have gain from this lesson? Why you said so? (5 pts)
2. What modern technological devices help you in an effective communication?
Why you said so? (5 pts)
3. Give at least two (2) disadvantages in communication that we may encounter if
we do not use technology judiciously. (10 pts)
4. Draw or print a picture that shows a group of people using technology in
communication.
 20 points – picture content
 10 points – picture presentation

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 Lesson 2 Blogging

Let’s achieve this: Create a blog promoting one’s unique culture and
tradition

In today’s digital world, blogging has become one of the effective ways of
communicating and networking among students, professionals, businessmen, public
officials, etc. In other words, blogging has become an indispensable medium of
communication. In the same manner, blogging can be used effectively for academic
purposes. According to Richardson (2006), the use of blogs has been an engaging and
effective way to promote writing skills of primary students, particularly when student peers
provide feedback to the blog.

Concept grounding

What is a Blog? - A shortened form of weblog, blogs are personal journal websites
on which a user can type an entry and add images, videos and links to other websites.
Usually, readers of a blog can post comments.
Similar with essay writing, there are effective ways of introducing a blog. Read
Michael Pollock’s blog at https://www.michaeldpollock.com/open-your-blog-post/

Remember these:

1. Be short and direct.

2. Ask a thought-provoking question.
3. Ask a multiple-choice question.
4. Share a shocking fact or statistic.
5. share something personal.
6. Withhold a compelling piece of information.
7. Refute conventional wisdom.
8. Lead with a success story.
9. Start with a reader’s question.
10. Share a quote.

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)

Name: __________________ Year & Section: _______ Date:________ Score: ____

Activity #7

Instructions: 1. Group activity…The group will decide a title and create a content
of the group vlog.
2. Limit your time of blogging for at least 5 minutes video.
3. Make your blog interesting to the viewers.
4. Blog presentation must be educational.
5. Record the activity and copy the video in the prescribed section USB.
6. Strictly! Follow the instructions.

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 Chapter 3 Communication for Various Purposes

Introduction

In school, good speaking and listening skills are essential for success. Learning
how to take part in a group discussions and how to give a well-prepared oral presentation
are two activities that require both oral and written skills. Critical listening skills are
important also. Learning how to become a critical listener will enable you to understand
and evaluate the most important points in speaker’s speech.

As discussed earlier in this book, communication is defined as it involves

interchange of thought or information among persons in an organization and is a
systematic and continuous process of telling and understanding. However, the fast pacing
of technology has changed this. Nowadays, we are considering the communicative
strategies that serve as the blueprints on how we should deliver a message. We use this
strategy to avoid problems of conveying the intended meaning.

Lesson 1 Informative, Persuasive, and Argumentative Commination

Objectives: at the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate mastery in obtaining, providing and disseminating information.

2. Present ideas persuasively using appropriate verbal and non-verbal cues.
3. Create a public service announcement regarding environmental disaster
preparedness employing the concepts of informative, persuasive and
argumentative communication.
4. Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual, and web-based presentations for
different target audiences in local and global settings using appropriate
registers.
5. Present ideas effectively using various types of Speech.

Introduction

Communication is made for numerous purposes. The way messages are crafted
depends highly on the intention of the sender.

In a supermarket, a sales agent makes sure that the way a product is promoted
gets consumers buying. A news anchor delivers information in such a way that all the
facts are clearly stated doing away with words that may cause confusion. On the other
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hand, a criminal lawyer design his arguments supported by facts to convince the judge
and the jury.

Writing plays a vital role in our daily life. The writing you do can be as simple as
jotting down thought of your mind or writing a letter to your friend. You probably do some
form of writing - either simple or complex – just about every day. In this lesson you will
learn strategies to help you fully take advantage of each writing opportunity so that you
can continue to develop your writing skills.

Concept Grounding

1. Informative Communication

Involves giving information than asking something. As an informative

communicator, you want your receivers to pay attention and understand, but not
to change their behavior. By sharing information, ignorance is reduced, or better
yet, eliminated. The informative vale of a message is measured by how novel and
relevant the information is or the kind of understanding it provides the receivers.

Osborn (2009) purports that informative communication arises out of three

deep impulses:
a. We seek to expand our awareness of the world around us.
b. We seek to become more competent.
c. We have an abiding curiosity about how things work and how they are
made.

We preparing for an informative exchange, ask yourself the following questions:

1. Is my topic noteworthy to be considered informative?
2. What do mu recipients already know about my topic?
3. What more do they have to know?
4. Am I knowledgeable enough of my topic to help my receivers
understand it?

2. Persuasive Communication
Is an art of gaining fair and favorable considerations for our point of view.

1. It provides a choice among options.

2. It advocates something through a speaker.
3. It uses supporting material to justify advice.
4. It turns the audience into0 agents of change.
5. It asks for strong audience commitment.
6. It gives importance to the speaker’s credibility.
7. It appeals to feelings.
8. It has higher ethical obligation.

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 3. Argumentative Communication

Relies heavily on sound proof and reasoning. The nature of proof has been
studied since the Golden age of Greece and has been improved through time.
According to Aristotle, logos, ethos and pathos are the three primary forms of
proof. In our time, whoever, many scholars have confirmed the presence of a
fourth dimension of proof, mythos, which suggest that we respond to appeals to
the traditions and values of our culture and to the legends and folktales that
embody them.

Lucas (2007) claims that to avoid defective argumentation, the following

must be avoided:

1. Defective evidence
* Misuse of facts
* Statistical fallacies
* Defective testimony
* Inappropriate evidence

2. Defective Patterns of reasoning

* Evidential fallacies
a. Slippery slope
b. Confusing facts with opinion
c. Red herring
d. Myth of the mean

* Flawed proofs
* Defective arguments

The process of Writing

1. Prewriting – includes exploring topics, choosing a topic, and beginning to gather

and organize details before your write.

2. Drafting – involves getting your ideas down on paper. This will serve as your
blueprint, a plan on how to execute your writing.

3. Revising – this is the stage in which you rework your first draft to improve and
review details in your content and structure.

4. Editing and Proofreading – this process will involve checking of your grammar,
spelling, and mechanics.

5. Publishing and presenting – this is the stage wherein you share your works to
others and let them read your works.

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 Qualities of Good Writing

1. Strong Ideas – the good ideas are the starting point of any writing. Always try to
begin a writing about something that interests you. That would be your edge
among other writings.

2. Organization – you must present your ideas and details in a consistent and
organized manner.

3. Voice – this refers to the sum total of your tone in your writing. It includes the way
you use words and construct sentences.

4. Word choice – make sure you carefully chosen the word you will use because this
will be the building blocks of your writing.

5. Sentence Fluency – read your work and identify which word is better than his
word to make the sentence smooth. Use proper transitions to connect your
sentences.

6. Conventions – ensure that you follow the conventions of English grammar.

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND ACIENCES
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)

Name: __________________ Year & Section: _______ Date:________ Score: ____

Activity #8

Instructions: 1. Make your personal journal.

1.1 Create your own record book.
1.2 Record all your activities for one week (from home to school or to
other places you’ve been to. School activities and other extra
activities must be recorded with exact dates and time).
1.3 Summarize and make the final report.
1.4 Write your narrative report on the other extra pages of your record
book.
2. Strictly! Follow the instructions.

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND ACIENCES
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)

Name: __________________ Year & Section: _______ Date:________ Score: ____

Activity #9

Instructions: 1. Choose or select an environmental disaster preparedness.

2. Copy the chosen report then edit using green screen/awning.
3. Record the final copy for submission.
4. Strictly! Follow the instructions.

Concretizing:

Through a video, create a public service announcement regarding

environmental disaster preparedness. Employ the concepts learned about informative,
argumentative and persuasive communication.

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 Lesson 2 Making Inquiries

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Write effective letters of inquiry.

2. Create incidents report template.
3. Provide information accurately.

Introduction

An inquiry letter is written when a person needs more information about products,
service, internships, scholarship, or job vacancies offered by a companies, associations,
or individuals. Often, inquiry letters are sent when a person has specific questions that
are not addressed by the general information available provided by brochures, websites,
advertisements, classified ads, etc.

An inquiry may also be in the form of telephone or personal interview. Depending

on the immediacy and specificity of the need, one of these modes may prove more
responsive to your need.

Both interview and letter require correct and appropriate language use. Both
require correctness, conciseness, clarity of language, and courtesy. While letters require
correctness of spelling, punctuations, capitalizations, indentions, margins, etc., interview
require clarity of words, correct pronunciation, intonation and pauses, spontaneity,
pleasing personality, and confidence.

Putting things in the fight perspective:

Do these statements apply to you?

1. I have effective techniques in seeking for information online.

2. I can easily ask for information from anyone.
3. I can easily start a conversation with other people.
4. I feel that people easily comprehend what I say.
5. I am confident I can write a formal inquiry letter.
6. I avoid writing letters as much as I can.
7. I would rather call people than write them.

You probably texted or called people to obtain information you needed several times
already. Did you get the information you needed? Did you use the same language and
tone in all your queries through phone calls and text messages?

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 You might have also received queries via text messages, conversations, and
phone calls. Were there times when you felt the language or the tone of the caller or
message sender was inappropriate? Were you able to provide the information sought
satisfactorily?

Both obtaining and giving information are a part of our daily activities. Information
provide individuals basis for actions, plans, and decisions. An individual’s skill in finding
information helps him save time and make well-informed decisions, and actions. Likewise,
giving information effectively is of great help to others.

Content and Organization of Letter of Inquiry

Just like any business letter, letter of inquiry has the following basic parts:
A. Heading or Letterhead
B. Inside address
C. Salutation
D. Body of the letter

* First Paragraph – It provides a background of your inquiry such as how,

where, and when you first learned of the information. State your purpose in one
or two sentences.

* Middle Paragraph – This section should specify the information you are
seeking.

* Final Paragraph – Express your expectation from your addressee and thank
him/her in advance for the favorable action given.

E. Complimentary close
F. Signature

The Format of an inquiry letter follows any of the following most commonly
used like pure block, semi-block or modified block.

Emails
More frequently used now in inquiry are emails. Emails gained popularity because
of speed and convenience.

Generally, email messages are less formal than letters, although there are still
expectations for appropriate and effective email communication. The formality is
determined y the sender’s familiarity and relationship to the receiver, the classification and
objective of the message to be sent, and other factors that shape the context of the
communication. In academic emails, for example, it is more appropriate to sound formal
and professional. The use of ‘wanna, gonna,’ and abbreviations like “tnx” and gbu, and
emoticons is inappropriate. In other informal contexts, however, abbreviations and
emoticons may be effective. In academic and other more formal emails, correctness and
other qualities that apply to business letters should be observed.

For more effective email communications (and also letters), remember the following:

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 1. Be courteous. Courtesy does not only mean greeting, thanking, and using polite
expressions. It also means considering the feelings of the receiver, thus, the writer
needs to use the appropriate or positive tone.
2. Keep messages as concise and clear as possible.
3. Proofread and spellcheck before sending.
4. Provide a short but descriptive subject line. The subject line will help the receiver
readily identify the content type and the urgency of the message.
5. Although some parts of the email are optional, it is enabling to know all the other
parts.

Below is the list of all the parts of an email. The style may vary depending on the
system you are using.

From: Name of the person sending the email

Sent: Date and time
To: Name of the person receiving the email
CC: Other person receiving the message
Bcc: another person receiving the email without the other recipient knowing
Subject: Content (title) of the email
Attachment: Document sent separately, not included in the email (but attached)
Salutation: Greeting or opening
Body of the email: Message
Closing: Ending
Name/signature of the sender: Name and title
(below the name of the sender, the following information may be included:
company and address. Telephone number, URL or website address and social media
link)

Example: From: Marilou E. Palmere

Sent: 27 Dec. 1:25PM
To: Maep A. Ebana
CC: Malot G. Adaza
Bcc: Maebs B. Gadgude
Subject: Scholarship availability inquiry
Attachment: Form 137
Salutation: Dear Mr. Jose
Body of the email: (state the message)
Closing: Respectfully yours,
Name/signature of the sender: (email signature)

Interview

It is a special type of purposive conversation. Interviews are classified into different

types according to purpose, but basic to all types of interview is to obtain desired
information.

Interview requires real time for both the interviewee and the interviewer. Whatever
your specific purpose is, it is always advantageous to consider the following tips in
conducting an interview.

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 A. Before the interview

1. Remember that if you are asking for information from people (e.g. interview for
research), you are asking them a favor; thus make appointments with your
interviewee at their most convenient time.
2. Prepare the list of questions.

B. During the interview

1. Be punctual.
2. Wear appropriate attire.
3. Observe good manners.
4. Speak clearly and be attentive.
5. If you have follow-up questions, ask politely.
6. Ask the interviewee to validate your notes.
7. Allow the interviewee sufficient time to answer.
8. Rephrase questions to clarify vague points.
9. Acknowledge answers of the interviewee to assure him/her of your attention.
10. Graciously thank the interviewee for the given time.

Parts of the Interview

1. Opening – The opening includes the initial contact of the interviewer and the
interviewee. Report should be established by creating positive impression.
Although introduction might have been done during the appointment, introduce
yourself briefly.

2. Body – The body includes several questions to achieve your specific objectives.

3. Conclusion – The conclusion includes expressing gratitude and hope of meeting

the interviewee and in the future.

One way of providing comprehensive information is by writing an incident report.

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)

Name: __________________Year & Section: _______ Date:________ Score: ____

Activity #10

Instructions: 1. Answer the following questions given below honestly.

2. Limit your statements in at least two (2) sentences only.
3. Cut this ACTIVITY page and attach to your output.
4. Use the space below and the back page of this paper for your
answers.
5. Strictly! Follow the instructions.

Firming Up: Answer the following questions:

1. When is writing a letter of inquiry more advantageous than conducting an

interview?
2. What can interview achieve that letter of inquiry can’t achieve?
3. What determines the appropriateness of attire in conducting an interview?
4. Do the principles of seeking information can be applied to giving information?
Explain why you said so.
5. What are the factors that determine the formality level of tone in emails, letters
and interview?

Do you agree or disagree? Just simply answer Yes or No

_____ 1. You need not observe the writing conventions in writing e-mails.
_____ 2. English is the best language for interviews.
_____ 3. Emails are informal.
_____ 4. Abbreviations are encouraged in emails.

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 Chapter 4 Communication for Work Purposes

Introduction

Workplace communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas,

both verbally and non-verbally between one person or group and another person or group
within an organization…Effective communication is critical in getting the job done, as well
as building a sense of trust and increasing productivity.

Workplace communication ensures that organizational objectives are achieved.

Workplace communication is tremendously important to organization because it increases
productivity and efficiency. Ineffective workplace communication leads to communication
gaps between employees, which causes confusion, waste of time, and reduces
productivity. Misunderstandings that causes friction between people can be avoided by
communicating effectively.

Communication can be seen internally and externally. By associating yourself

internally and by establishing strong communication lines, you ensure the consistency of
the externally delivered message. Each growth project is based on solid communication
and the fact that all internal or external stakeholders are doing well effectively.

Lesson 1 Planning, writing and completing the Resume

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Explain the process of resume planning, including how to choose the best
resume organization.
2. Describe the problem of resume fraud.
3. Describe the tasks involved in writing resume, and list the major sections of a
traditional resume.
4. Characterize the completing step for resume, including the six most common
formats to produce a resume.
5. Write an effective and appropriate print and scannable resume.

Introduction

Although you will create many messages during your career search, your resume
will be the most important document in this process. You will be able to use it directly in

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many instances, adapt it to a variety of uses such as an e-portfolio, and reuse pieces of it
in social networking profiles and online application forms.
Writing a resume is one of those projects that really benefits from multiple planning,
writing and competing sessions spread out over several days or weeks. You are trying to
summarize a complex subject (yourself) and present a compelling story complete
strangers in a brief document.

In writing a resume, you start by doing an inward assessment of yourself and by

asking the questions, “how can I encourage the employer to pay attention to my resume?
And “What kind of resume should I use?” These questions may be your starting point in
fitting your qualifications, skills, and experiences in creating your effective advertisement.

A resume is a persuasive summary of your qualifications for employment. If you

are in the job market, having a resume makes you look well organized and prepared to
you prospective employers. Together with this text is an application letter or a cover letter
that introduces you to these employers. Writing these two texts may also serve as an
ego-building experience: the person wo looks so good on paper is you! When you send
both to your prospect employers, you are making an argument for why those employers
should want to meet you or even hire you. Moreover, writing a resume and application
letter is writing an advertisement selling your skills, talents, and abilities to the employers
who will likely sift through many applications to decide whom to grant an interview. Thus,
resume and application letters require a level of care that few other documents do.

Content Purposes

1. Analyzing your purpose and the audience

A resume is a structured summary of a person’s education, employment

background and job qualifications. Before you begin writing a resume, make sure you
understand its true function – as a brief, persuasive business message intended to
stimulate an employer’s interest in meeting you and learning more about you. In other
words, the purpose of a resume is not to get you’re a job but rather to get you an interview.

As you conduct your research on various professions, industries, companies and

individual managers, you will have better perspective on your target readers and their
information needs. Learn as much as you can about the individuals who may be reading
your resume. Many professionals and managers are bloggers, Twitter users, and LinkedIn
members, for example, so you can learn more about them online even if you have never
met them. Any bit of information can help you craft a more effective message.

By the way, if employers ask to see your “CV,” they are referring to your curriculum
vitae, the term used instead of resume in academic professions. Resume and CVs are
essentially the same, although CVs can be much more detailed.

2. Types of Resume

a. Print resume is printed on paper for prospective employers to scrutinize. They are
designed to emphasize key information using bold or italic typeface.

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 b. Scannable resume is designed to be read by computers, hence they are to be
formatted using typeface or without italics or bold.

3. Succinctness

A resume must be concise. Entries may not be written in sentences but should be
parallel. For instance, “Organized inventory records” rather than “I organized inventory
records.” For print resume, use action verbs (organized, designed, etc.) rather than nouns
(organized, designer etc.) to emphasize your accomplishments. For scannable resume,
use nouns than verbs as key words.

4. Comprehensiveness

A resume must present all important details that can gain the nod of the
prospective employer. In giving details, however, carefully choose the words that you use.
You may use the exact words in the advertisement provided that they really reflect your
experiences or qualifications. Check all the information you provided – from the contact
information down the references. Make sure that all information are reflected correctly
and that those whom you placed in the references know that you placed them as sources
of information for your employment before sending the resume.

5. Design

The resume should be reader-friendly and be professionally packaged. For print

resume, use appropriate spacing, section headings, and uniform typeface for each
headings. Scannable resume, on the other hand, shall only have one standard typeface.

6. Organization

There are different ways onhow you can organize your resume depending on your
goals, experiences, and qualifications. You can organize a resume chronologically,
functionally, or targeted.

a. Chronological resume – is the gerenal listing of all your academic and work
experience from the most recent to the oldest.
b. Fuctional resume – is organized around various kinds of experience. If you
wish to demonstrate a lot of experience in more than one area and if you wish
to downplay dates, you may write this type of resume.
c. Targeted resume – generally announces the specific goal up to top, just
beneath your name, and offers information selectively. You can show only the
experience and skill relevant to your goal.

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)

Name: __________________ Year & Section: _______ Date:________ Score: ____

Activity #11

Instructions: 1. Make your own sample of resume.

2. Choose one job advertisement related to your field.
3. Write or print your own resume for that certain position you are
applying for.
4. Final output must be printed on a short bond paper.
5. Strictly! Follow the instructions.

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 Lesson 2 The Application Letter

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Familiarize about various ways in finding a job.

2. Describe a job application letter and its characteristics and importance.
3. Enumerate and define the qualities, essential parts and formats of a job
application letter.
4. Write an effective and appropriate job application letter.
5. Can use the right tone in persuading a prospective employer.

Introduction

Job application letter, letter of intent, or cover letter is a correspondence of a

jobseeker writes to customize his application for a particular job. It is attached to his basic
resume or curriculum vitae before sending it to a prospective employer. Having your
application letter customized according to qualifications and job description reflected on
the job posting can bring you closer to getting your dream job.
Your mastery at writing a job application letter is an edge over other applicants.
Nowadays, the practice of sending unlimited resumes to different companies is quite
rampant among fresh graduate jobseekers. This is in hope that one of those companies
will contact them for interview. They are also driven by pressure of landing a job
immediately because they have family to support or simply out of competition with their
batch mates of who will get a job first. This attitude should not be encouraged. You must
think very carefully about the job you really want to get. Before sending your application,
ask yourself first, “Is this my dream job? Will I grow professionally with this job? Will I last
long in this job?
Statistics show that many employees are unhappy about their jobs. They spent
half of their lifetime in doing what they do not want to do. The only thing that keeps them
hanging on is they have family to feed and they need their job. Besides the fact that it is
quite challenging to land a job these days.
Falling into this kind of misfortune could have been avoided if they have knowledge
on job hunting and how to execute them properly.
Job hunting is very crucial. Employers do not just contact everyone who drops
them emailed resume. Their selection process is rigorous and they have qualifications to
consider before contacting applicants for interview and eventually hiring them. These
considerations you have to be aware of to level yourself higher among throng of job
hunters you are vying with for your dream job.

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Concept Grounding

A. What is an Application Letter?

Your application letter is generally the first thing of your prospective employers will
see, and it should motivate them to read your resume. It provides a positive impression
since it contains your claims that you have the qualifications they are looking for.

An application letter serves as a formal introduction of yourself to your prospective

employer. It goes with your resume, so you don’t have give much information. It does,
however, have to make favorable impression so you can get an interview. This is
achieving through how the letter is written and presented.

B. Features of an Application Letter

1. Qualifications – In an application letter, you need to make clear why you’re

interested in the position or the organization, to indicate what skills you possess
that matches what the company is looking for or to stipulate why the person you’re
writing to should at least want to meet you.

2. Pleasing Tone – When writing application, you need to go beyond si9mply stating
your accomplishments. Through your words, you need to demonstrate that you
will be the kind of employee the organization wants. Presentation is also important
(your letter should be neat and error-free).

3. Format – Application letter typically follows a prescribed format, which is a

conventional businesslike format. The most common is the block format. It
includes the writer’s address, the date, the recipient’s name and address, a
salutation, the message, a closing, and a signature.

C. Guidelines for Writing an Application Letter

1. Focus – application letter is not personal and should not be chatty. Keep it focused
on the purpose. When you’re applying for a position, include only information
relevant to the position. Don’t make your audience wade through irrelevant side
issues.
2. Stay on the Topic – State the reason for the letter. Unlike essays, which develop
a thesis over several paragraphs, or emails, which announce their topic in a subject
line, letters need to explicitly introduce their reason for being written, usually in the
first paragraph. When you’re applying for something, say so in the first sentence.
3. Think of your letter as an argument – When you’re asking for a job, you’re
making an ARGUMENT. You’re making a claim---that you’re qualified for a certain
position---and you need to support your claim with reasons and evidence.
Franchesa Morales, for example, cites his education and his work experience---
and he offers to supply references who will support his application.
4. Choose an appropriate salutation – If you know the person’s name and title, use
it like (Dear Attorney Lim). If you don’t know the person’s title, one good solution
is to address him or her by first and last name like (Dear Jean Chavez). If

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 sometimes happens, you must write to an unknown reader, use like (Dear Sir or
Madam). Another options might be to omit the salutation completely in such
situations and instead use a subject line, like (Public Relations Internship
Application). Whenever possible, though, write to a specific person, call the
organization and ask whom to write to or to address the application.

5. Proofread – few writing situations demand greater perfection than professional

letters especially application letters. Employers receive dozens, sometimes
hundreds, of applications, and often can’t look at them all. Typos, grammar, errors,
and other forms of sloppiness prejudice readers against applicants; they’re likely
to think that if this applicant can’t take the time and care to PROOFREAD, how
badly does he or she want this position? To compete strive for perfection.

The Essential parts of a job Application letter

1. Heading – Contains your full name, residential address, landline and cellphone
number, and email address. Your contact details must be updated and active so the hiring
manager can update you on the progress of your application.

Example: 1. MARY JOY C, HUGO (Optional)

No. 135 Masipag Cor. Adelfa Street
Bagong Bayan, Caloocan City, 1400 Philippnes
Email:maryjhugo@gmail.com
Mobile: 0975-6681934

2. Republic of the Philippines

CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE
Catarman Campus
Tangaro, Catarman, Camiguin

2. Date – Conforms with the convention used by the country or region. It is always proper
to write the name of the month instead of the abbreviation. The digital format should also
be used less as it oftentimes may cause confusion to some people who are not used to
the convention.
There are two acceptable ways of writing a dateline:
 October 15, 2020
 15 October 2020

3. Inside Address – Contains the recipient’s name, position, company and company
address.
Example: Dr. Rosario D. Padua
Director, Human Resources Department
Kapamilya Channel

Take an effort on researching the complete name and title of your letters
recipient. This creates a good impression for you that you did your assignment.
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4. Salutation – has common forms such as:
* Sir:
* Madam:
* Dear Sir:
* Dear Madam:
5. Greetings – It is like a gesture of courtesy in your letter. Words typically used are:

* Greetings!
* Compliments!
* Good day!

6. Body – Contains the actual message and is divided into:

a. Introductory part – that draws the attention to your application’s reference and
purpose.
Example: In response to your post at
https://www.kapamilyachannelexpressonline.com/p/o/20/career-opportunities
about your need of a smart and driven individuals to be part of your team, I am
interested to fill up the position of researcher and be part of the globally renowned
and trusted media conglomerate in the country.

b. Main part – here is where you market yourself to the employer by stating your
qualifications like education, experiences and achievements.

Example: I have two years of experience as Writer Editor and Content Provider of
Caloocan City Overview of Community Affairs, the City magazine of the City
Government of Caloocan. Apart from my editorial tasks, I was also writing press
releases published over the city’s website and social media accounts. As a
student, I was the Editor-in-Chief of the official student organ of the University of
Caloocan City (UCC) while leading the writer’s guild of our program origination.

I graduated in April 2020 with the degree AB English with specialization in

Broadcast Journalism at UCC. I am currently pursuing my MA in Communication
at University of the Philippines, Diliman.

I am a part time professor in UCC teaching Communication courses in the College

of Business and Accountancy.

c. Conclusion – May reflect the sender’s intentions and expectations as well as

expressions of gratitude.

Example: I hope that my educational and professional backgrounds meet

the qualifications of an employee you are looking for. I thank you in advance for
considering my application and I would very much like an opportunity to meet with
you in person to discuss my candidacy further.

7. Complimentary close – This hints the closure of your letter. Its usual forms are:
* Very respectfully yours,
* Very sincerely yours,
* Truly yours, (less formal)
* Cordially yours, (less formal)

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8. Signature line – It is basically your signature over your printed name. Signature
line has two parts:
 Handwritten signature
 Typewritten name

Example: MARY JOY C. HUGO (the signature above the printed name)

9. Enclosures – Lists of documents attached with the letter.

Example: Enc: 1. Curriculum Vitae
2. Transcript of Records
3. Certificates

Margin, Spacing and Format

Left margin - 1.5 inches

Top margin - 1 inch
Right margin - 1 inch
Bottom margin - 1 inch

Heading to dateline - 3 spaces

Dateline to inside address - 2 spaces
Inside address to salutation - 2 spaces
Salutation to greetings - 2 spaces
Greetings to body of the letter - 2 spaces
Body of the letter to complimentary close - 2 spaces
Complimentary close to signature line - 4 spaces

Single space between lines

Double space between paragraphs

Format: 1. Block style (all lines starts at the left side)

2. Modern style (commonly used in many offices)
* Headings at the center
* Datelines at the right side
* Inside address at the left side
* Salutation at the left side
* Greetings at the left side
* Complimentary close at the right side
* Signature lines at the right side

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Balbagon, Mambajao, Camiguin

GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)

Name: __________________Year & Section: _______ Date:________ Score: ____

Activity #12

Instructions: 1. Make your own sample of Application Letter.

2. An application letter for a chosen field of a vacant position.
3. Final output must be printed on a short bond paper.
4. Strictly! Follow the instructions.

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References:
1. Adler, R. Elmhorst, J.M. & Lucas. (2012). Communicating at Work: strategies for
Success in Business and the Professions. NY. Mcgraw Hill.
2. Bullock, R. and Goggin, M. (2013). The Norton Field Guide to Writing. 3rd ed. W.W.
Norton and Company,
3. Chase, R. and Shamo, S. (2013). Elements of Effective Communication. 4th ed.
Washington, Utah: Plain and Precious Publishing.
4. Crystal, D. (2003). English as a global language 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
5. Dainton, M. and Zelley E. (2015). Applying Communication Theory for
Professional Life. A Practical Introduction, 3rd ed. Sage Publications.
6. Flachmann, K. and M. (2011). The Prose Reader: essays for thinking, reading, and
writing. 9th ed. Boston: Printice Hall.
7. Flores, R. (2016). Oral Communication in context. Manila: Rex Bookstore.
8. Lucas, S. (2015). The Art of Public Speaking Communication Theory for
Professional Life. A Practical Introduction. 3rd ed., Sage Publications.
9. Mcquail, D. & Windahl, S. (2013). Communication Models for the study of Mass
Communication. New York: Routledge.
10. Mooney, A. et.al. (2010). Language, Society and Power: An introduction. 3rd ed.
London: Routledge.
11. Palmere, M.E. (2019). Purposive Communication. A learning guide. Camiguin
Polytechnic State College.
12. Searies, G. (2014). Work Place communication: The Basics. 6th ed. Boston:
Allyn & Bacon.
13. Uychoco, M. A. & Santos, M. L. (2018). Communication for Society. 1st ed. Rex
Book Store.

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