Fluid

Machinery

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 Classification

• Motion
o Rotating
o Reciprocating

• Function
o Pumps/ Compressors
o Engines

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 Pumps

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 HISTORY

• Early man needed to move river and wells water.

Manual Hand Pump

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 APPLICATIONS

Pumps are used to raise liquid pressure. The pressure rise inside the
pump serves to one of the following applications:-
• Liquid transportation
• Liquid Injection
• Liquid Metering/ Dosing

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 LIQUID TRANSPORTATION

Where the pressure rise is just

sufficient to overcome the pipe friction
(resistance). The pressure at suction
reservoir and discharge reservoir is
almost the same (atmospheric). Usually
flow rate is relatively high.

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 LIQUID INJECTION

• Where the liquid is required to be moved to a discharge reservoir with

higher pressure relevant to the suction. Pressure rise inside the pump
is needed to overcome the high pressure in discharge reservoir.
• Usually flow rate is relatively small.

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 METERING/ DOSING

Adding a defined quantity of liquid to certain process. The added quantity

should be within very limited tolerances.

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 CLASSIFICATION

• Two major groups of pumps are identified based on the pumping

action.
• Each group is further divided into different types depending on the
pumping element and other considerations.

PUMPS

POSITIVE
DYNAMIC
DISPLACEMENT

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 Positive displacement pumps

• The liquid is entered inside the pump cavity during suction stroke.
• Pumping element and valves work as a barrier to separate the liquid
physically from the suction reservoir.
• Pumping element moves the liquid from suction port to discharge port
where it is expelled to discharge reservoir.
• Sealing surfaces between the pump element and the casing is
essential for liquid movement.

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 POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT
PUMPS

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 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

RECIPROCATING ROTARY

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 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

• The pump element movement defines

further classification :
o Reciprocating pumps, the pump element
moves linearly in reciprocating motion, such as
piston, plunger, diaphragm pumps.
o Rotary pumps, where the pump element has a
rotating movement, such as gear, screw, lobe,
vane pumps.

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 RECIPROCATING
PUMPS

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 PLUNGER PUMP

• Reciprocating motion.
• Plunger diameter is less than cylinder diameter.
• Seal rings fitted to the cylinder (packing)
• Liquid displaced is equal to plunger volume.
• Relatively small flow rate and high pressure

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 PLUNGER PUMP COMPONENTS

• Pump End
• Power End

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 SUCTION AND DISCHARGE VALVES

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 PISTON PUMP

• Reciprocating motion.
• Piston diameter is equal to cylinder diameter.
• Seal rings fitted to the piston (Piston rings)
• Liquid displaced is equal to cylinder volume.
• Flow rate is relatively high with moderate pressure.

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 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE

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 SINGLE ACTING PISTON PUMP

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 DOUBLE ACTING PISTON PUMPS
• The piston is working on both sides.
• Double the flow rate.
• Pressure is the same.
• Economic advantage, saving in material.

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 Steam pump

• The actuator is steam or pneumatic motor (left), which actuates the rod
with the piston on its end (right)

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 FLOW AND PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS

• Due to reciprocatig motion, half the time (suction stroke) the pump
discharge no flow and pressure is zero.
• To overcome this disadvantage two solutions are in place.
o Multiplexing: multiple heads are working in parallel
o Pulsation dampener (Hydraulic accumulator)

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 PULSATION DAMPENER

• PART of the liquid is forced inside the accumulator during discharge

stroke, resisting the flexible bladder.
• The bladder is pressurized on the other side with gas (Nitrogen)
• During suction stroke the bladder pressure displaces the liquid out to
the discharge reservoir.
• Flow is smoothened and fluctuations are ceased.

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 PRESSURE FLUCTUATION -DAMPENER EFFECT

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 HEAD MULTIPLEXING

1. SIMPLEX
2. DUPLEX
3. TRIPLEX
4. QUARTIPLEX
5. QUINTPLEX

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 PRESSURE FROM MULTIPLEX PUMP

• Adding multiple pistons, smoothen the pressure fluctuation.

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 FIRST DIAPHRAGM PUMP

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE

• Diaphragm enclose the liquid and pump it out through the disch. valve.
• Diaphragm is manufactured from thin flexible polymer.
• Working fine with corrosive liquids
• Wide range of viscosity and solid content in liquids.

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 TWIN DIAPHRAGM PUMP

• Two diaphragm pumps

connected back to back.
• The diaphragms are actuated via
one rod.
• Rod is actuated through
pneumatic valve.
• One pump in suction and the
other in discharge stroke.

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 TWIN DIAPHRAGM PUMP, PNEUMATIC ACTUATED

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 DIAPHRAGM PUMP, HYDRAULIC ACTUATED

• The piston pressurize the hydraulic oil, which in turn actuates the
diaphragm to pump the product.
• The product pumped is totally isolated from the lubrication oil and
contamination is excluded.

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 MULTIPLE HEAD DIAPHRAGM PUMPS

• Adding several pumps serves to smoothen the pressure fluctuation

due to reciprocating action and achieve continuous flow.

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 ROTARY
PUMPS

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 GEAR PUMPS

• Liquid enters the cavity between the gear teeth and the enclosure.
• The mesh between gear teeth is sealing.
• Rotation enforces the liquid to discharge port.
• Gear timing is essential for pump operation.
• Economic and capable to pump liquid with large range of viscosity..
• Internal and External gears are available.

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 EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP

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 INTERNAL GEAR PUMP

• Crescent seal work to prevent liquid leakage between the two gears.

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 INTERNAL GEAR PUMP

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 LOBE PUMP

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 LOBE PUMP, SECTION VIEW

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 Rotary Vane Pump

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 Progressive cavity pump

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE

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 Screw pump

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 RECIRCULATION LINE

• A line that connects the discharge port to suction port.

• Pressure relief valve (PRV) is mounted on the line, keeping it closed
as far as the pressure within allowable limits.

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 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE (PRV)

• As long as the pressure in the line is

normal, the valve is closed.
• Once the line pressure exceed the
set point, the valve opens to release
the pressure.
• As the pressure is restored to
normal value, the valve closes
again.

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 INTEGRAL PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

• The valve is built in the pump inside its cavity.

• Recirculation line is an internal passage that connects inlet and outlet
ports, closed by the PRV.

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 SUMMARY

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 DYNAMIC
PUMPS

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 IMPELLER ACTION

• The liquid enters the impeller at

the center.
• Kinetic energy is added to the
liquid due to centrifugal action on
the impeller vanes.
• The flow passage between the
vanes is like a diffuser to allow for
kinetic energy conversion into
pressure.
• Direction of rotation is essential for
impeller performance.

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 FLOW DIRECTION ON THE IMPELLER

• The fluid acquires kinetic energy due to the action of the impeller.
• Fluid kinetic energy is converted into pressure by diffuser action.
• Unlike positive displacement pumps, There is no physical barrier
between the suction and discharge port..
• Based on impeller vanes direction, three classes are available

DYNAMIC
PUMPS

REGENERATIVE
PUMP

CENTRIFUGAL AXIAL MIXED

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 REGENERATIVE PUMP

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 AXIAL FLOW

• Flow in axial direction.

• Large flow rate, low pressure rise.

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 MIXED FLOW

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 RADIAL FLOW

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 COMPARISON OF PUMP PROFILES

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 CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE

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 CENTRIFUGAL ACTION

• A body rotating around a

center point, suffer a
centrifugal force working to
expel the body away from the
center.
• Centrifugal force is
proportional related to the
body speed of rotation.

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 DIFFUSER ACTION

• Liquid speed is decreased while moving from small to larger cross

section area.
• As the flow velocity decreases, the pressure increases (Bernoulli
theorm)

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 Casing

• Volute casing also diffuser-like shape, for pressure recovery.

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 DOUBLE VOLUTE CASING

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 Diffuser vanes

• A set of stationary vanes that surround the impeller, allowing more

gradual expansion, resulting in increased pump effieceincy.

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 IMPELLERS TYPES

CLOSED SEMI-OPEN OPEN

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 DOUBLE SUCTION IMPELLER

• Like two impeller attached back to back.

• Double the flow rate of single impeller.
• Thrust force from one side cancels the other.
• Less duty on thrust bearing, resulting in smaller bearing size
required.

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 AXIAL THRUST ON IMPELLER

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 BALANCE HOLES

• Small holes drilled in the impeller.

• Serve to balance the pressure difference across the impeller surfaces.
• Reduce the thrust force and size of thrust bearings

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 DOUBLE VS. SINGLE SUCTION IMPELLER THRUST

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END SUCTION CASING

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BASIC COMPONENTS NOMENCLATURE

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 DOUBLE SUCTION CASING

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 DOUBLE SUCTION- SCHEMATIC

• Two impellers with common suction and common discharge.

• Pressure rise across each impeller is the same.
• Flow rate is increased, pressure head remains the same compared
with single pump (single suction impeller)

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 VERTICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

• Advantage keeping the pump immersed in the liquid, eliminates

virtually all pressure losses in suction line

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 MULTISTAGE PUMP

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 ADVANTAGES

• Higher pressure are achievable economically.

• Sealing duty is less.
• Impeller size is less.
• Thrust load on the shaft is less.

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 PERFORMANCE CURVES

• As flow rate increases, pressure head gradually decreases.

• Power consumption increases with flow rate increase.
• Efficiency increases gradually until certain flow rate, then decreases.

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 LINE ACCESSORIES

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 SUCTION AND DISCHARGE LINES ARRANGEMENT

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 SUCTION LINE

• Should be large enough to supply the liquid and avoid pump

starvation.
• Keep restrictions and direction change to minimum to avoid pressure
losses.
• On/off valve for isolation purposes.
• Strainer serves to prevent solids from entry to the pump.

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 ATTENTION

• Make the pipe diameter on both the inlet and the outlet sides of the
pump at least one size larger than the nozzle itself.
• On the horizontal inlet side, an eccentric reducer with the flat side on
top, as shown in Figure, eliminates the potential problem of air pockets
at a high point in the suction line.
• Suction tank should be positioned carefully to avoid cavitation.

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 SUCTION STRAINER

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 DISCHARGE LINE

• Usually less in diameter compared with suction.

• Fitted with following valves
• Check valve for preventing flow reversals
• Globe valve for flow regulation.
• On/off valve for isolation purposes.

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 • A concentric increaser should be bolted directly to the vertical
discharge flange prior to the location of any valves.
• This increaser will slow down the velocity of the liquid leaving the
pump to an acceptable rate within the system itself and, in particular,
through the check valve and isolating valve.
• Keeping the velocity low (usually less than 10 ft/sec) reduces friction
losses in the line and power draw at the pump.

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 GATE VALVE

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 GLOBE VALVE

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 CHECK VALVE

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 DRIVE SYSTEMS

Role is to provide the power needed to drive the pump at the right speed
and torque, composed of:-
• DRIVER, ELECTRICAL MOTOR OR ENGINE
• COUPLING
• SPEED REDUCER (GEAR BOX)

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 DRIVER

• ELECTRICAL MOTORS
o CONSTANT SPEED
o VARIABLE SPEED
• INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
o Gas engine
o Diesel engines
• TURBINES
o Gas turbines
o Steam turbines

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 ELECTRICAL MOTORS

• ADVANTAGES
o Clean. No polution.
o Very wide range of power. capacity
o High efficiency
o Economic
• RESTRICTIONS
o Need electrical power supply, not viable for remote area.
o Complex construction at high power capacities.

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 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

• DIESEL ENGINES
• GAS ENGINES
Selection depends on availability and economy of fuel (gas or diesel).
Very wide range of power.
Standalone. No need for electricity grid can operate at remote area.
Fuel supply is an issue.
Gas engines are perfect for Natural gas fields applicationos.

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 Turbines

• Gas turbines
o High power capacity
o Economic for remote area
• Steam Turbines
o Very high power capacity
o Complex. Need a steam plant.

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 SHAFT COUPLING

• Connects the driver shaft to pump shaft.

• Absorb residual shafts misalignment.
• Selection of type depends on power and speed as well as
misalignment allowance.

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 SPEED REDUCER (GEAR BOX)

• Adjust the speed of the driver to match the pump speed.

• Set of gears that manipulate the speed and torque.
• Power = speed x torque

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 PROCESS FLOW
DIAGRAM
SYMBOLS

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 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS SYMBOLS

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 Positive Displacement pumps (ASME)

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 DIN Standard Pump Symbols

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 JIS-ISO & ISO Standard Pump Symbol

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 SAMPLE

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