Panel Design

Specification
Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the
current edition for updated design and application recommendations.

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A PA
THE ENGINEERED
WOOD ASSOCIATION
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©2004 APA – THE ENGINEERED WOOD ASSOCIATION • ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. • ANY COPYING, MODIFICATION, DISTRIBUTION OR OTHER USE OF THIS PUBLICATION OTHER THAN AS EXPRESSLY AUTHORIZED BY APA IS PROHIBITED BY THE U.S. COPYRIGHT LAWS.

WOOD
The Miracle Material™
Wood is the right choice for a host of construction applications. It is the

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
earth’s natural, energy efficient and renewable building material.
Engineered wood is a better use of wood. The miracle in today’s wood
products is that they make more efficient use of the wood fiber resource
to make stronger plywood, oriented strand board, I-joists, glued laminated
timbers, and laminated veneer lumber. That’s good for the environment, and good for
designers seeking strong, efficient, and striking building design.

A few facts about wood.

■ We’re not running out of trees. One-third of the United States land base
– 731 million acres – is covered by forests. About two-thirds of that 731
million acres is suitable for repeated planting and harvesting of timber. But
only about half of the land suitable for growing timber is open to logging.
Most of that harvestable acreage also is open to other uses, such as
camping, hiking, and hunting. Forests fully cover one-half of Canada’s land mass. Of
this forestland, nearly half is considered productive, or capable of producing timber on a
sustained yield basis. Canada has the highest per capita accumulation of protected natural
areas in the world – areas including national and provincial parks.
■ We’re growing more wood every day. American landowners plant

more than two billion trees every year. In addition, millions of trees seed
naturally. The forest products industry, which comprises about 15 percent
of forestland ownership, is responsible for 41 percent of replanted forest
acreage. That works out to more than one billion trees a year, or about
three million trees planted every day. This high rate of replanting accounts for the fact that
each year, 27 percent more timber is grown than is harvested. Canada’s replanting record
shows a fourfold increase in the number of trees planted between 1975 and 1990.
■ Manufacturing wood is energy efficient.

Percent of Percent of
Wood products made up 47 percent of all Material Production Energy Use
industrial raw materials manufactured in the
Wood 47 4
United States, yet consumed only 4 percent
Steel 23 48
of the energy needed to manufacture all
industrial raw materials, according to Aluminum 2 8
a 1987 study.
■ Good news for a healthy planet. For every ton of wood grown,
a young forest produces 1.07 tons of oxygen and absorbs 1.47 tons of
carbon dioxide.
Wood, the miracle material for the environment, NOTICE:
for design, and for strong, lasting construction. The recommendations in
this guide apply only to

A PA
THE EN
RED
GINEE TION
IA
panels that bear the APA
trademark. Only panels
ASSOC
WOOD bearing the APA trademark
ING are subject to the
SHEATH CH
RATED 15/32 IN Association’s quality
32/1D6FOR SPACING auditing program.
SIZE RE 1
EXPOSU
000 PRP-10
8
C-D
PS 1-95

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 LO
N ( i ) CONTENTS

x N
his Specification presents recommended design

I
Designer Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

T capacities and design methods for wood structural

panels when used in building construction and

S
related structures. Design information on other
wood structural panel applications such as concrete
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1. Plywood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2. Oriented strand board . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3. Composite panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
5
5
6

Y P forming, trench shoring, pallets, bins, tanks, shelving 2. Selecting panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
O
2.1. Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

H and agricultural structures can be found in other APA

-
T
2.1.1. Voluntary Product
publications. The information stems from extensive Standard PS 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

N
G I
2.1.2. Voluntary Product
and continuing test programs conducted by APA – The

S
Standard PS 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Engineered Wood Association, by other wood associa- 2.1.3. Proprietary standards . . . . . . . . . 7
tions, and by the United States Forest Products 2.2. Veneer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1. Species groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Laboratory, and is supported by years of satisfactory

-1
2.2.2. Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
experience. Information in this Specification applies to 2.3. Panel grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

H Y Puntreated (except as noted) wood structural panels

made in accordance with Voluntary Product Standard
2.3.1. Unsanded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.2. Touch sanded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

PR
2.3.3. Sanded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
PS 1-95 or PS 2-92, promulgated by the United States 2.3.4. Overlaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
2.4. Bond classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Department of Commerce, and/or with APA manufac- 2.4.1. Exterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
turing standards and specifications. 2.4.2. Exposure 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
2.4.3. Other classifications . . . . . . . . . .10

∑
The technical data in this Specification are presented 2.5. Span ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

B
as the basis for competent engineering design. For 2.5.1. Sheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
2.5.2. Single floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

S
such design to result in satisfactory service, adequate
3. Code provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

G
materials and fabrication are also required. All wood
structural panels should bear the trademark of APA – 4. Mechanical properties . . . . . . . . . .11
4.1. Strength axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
The Engineered Wood Association. 4.2. Panel construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

E The wood structural panel use recommendations

4.3. Properties and stresses . . . . . . . . . . .11

S
4.4. Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

/
contained in this publication are based on the contin- 4.4.1. Panel flexure

N
R
uing programs of laboratory testing, product research (flat panel bending) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

R T
and comprehensive field experience of APA – The
Engineered Wood Association. However, there are wide
variations in quality of workmanship and in the condi-
4.4.2. Panel axial strength . . . . . . . . . .14
4.4.3. Panel axial stiffness (EA) . . . . . . .14
4.4.4. Shear in the plane of the
panel (Fs[lb/Q]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
4.4.5. Panel shear through the
tions under which wood structural panels are used. thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Because the Association has no control over those 4.4.6. Panel allowable bearing

P / R elements of fabrication, it cannot accept responsibility

for wood structural panel performance or for designs
stress (Fc⊥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
4.4.7. Dowel bearing strength . . . . . . .16
4.5. Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

f
4.5.1. Duration of load (DOL) . . . . . . .16
as actually constructed. 4.5.2. Service moisture conditions . . . . .16
Technical Services Division 4.5.3. Elevated temperatures . . . . . . . .21
4.5.4. Pressure treatment . . . . . . . . . . .21
APA – The Engineered Wood Association 4.5.5. Panel size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
4.6. Section properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
4.7. Uniform load computations . . . . . . .24
4.7.1. Uniform loads based on
bending strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
4.7.2. Uniform loads based on
shear strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

N
4.7.3. Uniform loads based on
deflection requirements . . . . . . . . . . . .24

O
4.7.4. Uniform load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
4.8. Design examples showing use
of capacity tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
4.8.1. Example 1 – Conventional roof . .25
4.8.2. Example 2 – Panelized roof . . . . .25
4.8.3. Example 3 – Floor . . . . . . . . . . .26
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5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
DESIGNER FLOWCHART

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
Panel Design
Specification

End-Use
Conditions
No Consistent With Yes
Reference
Conditions?

Load-Span
Select A Trial Panel No
Criteria Satisfied?

Yes

Determine Required Use Load-Span Tables

Allowable Capacities (APA Technical Note)

Adjusted Allowable
No Capacities ≥ Applied No
Capacities?

Yes

Calculated
No Deflections ≤ Deflection No
Criteria?

Yes

Accept The Panel

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4
PANEL DESIGN three existing plywood standards were are laid up in cross-laminated layers.
SPECIFICATION combined into one. And, for the first Sometimes a layer will consist of two or
time, span ratings for construction uses more plies with the grain running in the
were incorporated into the standard. same direction, but there will always be
The span rating concept would later be an odd number of layers, with the face
1. INTRODUCTION used as a basis for the development of layers typically having the grain oriented

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
performance standards. parallel to the long dimension of the
Wood structural panels available today panel.
At the same time, there was a growing
respond to changes in wood resources,
need to increase efficient use of forest Moisture-resistant adhesive is applied to
manufacturing, and construction trends,
resources. Working in cooperation with the veneers that are to be laid up. Laid-
meeting designer needs for excellent
the U.S. Forest Service, the American up veneers are then put in a hot press
strength and light weight while using the
Plywood Association (APA) (now APA – where they are bonded to form panels.
only renewable building material. A
The Engineered Wood Association) tested Wood is strongest along its grain, and
wood structural panel, also referred to as
panels manufactured with a core of shrinks and swells most across the
a structural-use panel, is a panel product
compressed wood strands and tradi- grain. By alternating grain direction
composed primarily of wood, which, in
tional wood veneer on the face and back between adjacent layers, strength and
its end use, is essentially dependent
for use in structural applications. By stiffness in both directions are maxi-
upon certain structural and/or physical
using cores composed of wood strands, mized, and shrinking and swelling are
properties for successful performance in
manufacturers were able to make more minimized in each direction.
service. Such a product is manufactured
efficient use of the wood resource and
to standards that clearly identify its 1.2. Oriented strand board
use a broader range of species. These
intended end use. Today, wood struc- Panels manufactured of compressed
panels are called composite panels.
tural panels include plywood and mat- wood wafers or strands have been mar-
formed panels such as oriented strand In the course of the research on com- keted with such names as waferboard
board (OSB). Composite panels contain- posite panels, performance standards and oriented strand board. Today, virtu-
ing a combination of veneer and wood- were developed that led to a system of ally all mat-formed wood structural
based material have also been produced. performance rated panels. Soon, manu- panels are manufactured with oriented
facturers were making wood structural strands or oriented wafers, and are
In the early days of plywood manufac-
panels composed entirely of wood commonly called oriented strand
ture, every mill worked with several
strands. Most current production of board (OSB).
species only and nearly identical tech-
these panels, intended for use in struc-
nology. Manufacturing techniques didn’t OSB is composed of compressed
tural applications, is referred to as ori-
vary much from mill to mill. To produce strands arranged in layers (usually three
ented strand board, or OSB.
panels under prescriptive standards, a to five) oriented at right angles to one
mill used wood of a certain species, 1.1. Plywood another, and bonded under heat and
peeled it to veneer of a prescribed thick- Plywood is the original wood structural pressure with a moisture-resistant adhe-
ness, then glued the veneers together in panel. It is composed of thin sheets of sive. The orientation of strands into
a prescribed manner using approved veneer, or plies, arranged in layers to directional layers achieves the same
adhesives. form a panel. Plywood always has an advantages of cross-laminated veneers in
odd number of layers, each one consist- plywood. Since wood is stronger along
As technology changed, mills started
ing of one or more plies, or veneers. the grain, the cross-lamination distrib-
using a broader range of species and
different manufacturing techniques. In plywood manufacture, a log is turned utes wood’s natural strength in both
With the development of U.S. Product on a lathe and a long knife blade peels directions of the panel. Whether a panel
Standard PS 1-66 for Softwood the veneer. The veneers are clipped to a is composed of strands or wafers, most
Plywood – Construction & Industrial1, suitable width, dried, graded, and manufacturers orient the material to
repaired if necessary. Next the veneers achieve maximum performance.

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5
Most OSB sheathing panels have a non- prescriptive standard approach provides group. Sometimes proprietary standards
skid surface on one side for safety on a recipe for panel layup, specifying the become the forerunners of consensus
the construction site, particularly when species of veneer and the number, thick- standards. This was the case with APA’s
used as sheathing on pitched roofs. ness and orientation of plies that are proprietary standard PRP-108,
1.3. Composite panels required to achieve panels of the desired Performance Standards and Qualification
nominal thickness and strength. A more Policy for Structural-Use Panels3, which

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
COM-PLY® is an APA product name for
composite panels that are manufactured recent development for wood structural became the foundation for the consen-
by bonding layers of wood fibers panels is that of performance-based sus-based Voluntary Product Standard
between wood veneer. By combining standards. Such standards specify perfor- PS 2, which was developed to achieve
reconstituted wood fibers with conven- mance levels required for common end broader recognition of performance
tional veneer, COM-PLY panels allow for uses rather than manufacturing aspects standards for wood structural panels.
more efficient resource use while retain- of construction. Performance standards 2.1.1. Voluntary Product Standard PS 1
ing the wood grain appearance on the permit oriented strand board and ply- Voluntary Product Standard PS 1,
panel face and back. wood to be rated similarly for uses in the Construction and Industrial Plywood1, is
construction market. a consensus standard that originated in
COM-PLY panels are manufactured in a
three- or five-layer arrangement. A three- Another distinction between standards is 1966 when it combined several preced-
layer panel has a wood fiber core and whether they are consensus-based or ing U.S. Commercial Standards, each
veneer for face and back. The five-layer proprietary. Consensus-based standards covering a different species of plywood.
panel has a wood veneer crossband in are developed following a prescribed set While originating as a prescriptive stan-
the center and veneer on the face and of rules that provide for input and/or dard, the 1983 version added perfor-
back. When manufactured in a one-step review by people of varying interests mance-based provisions as an alternative
pressing operation, voids in the veneers following one of several recognized method of qualifying sheathing and
are filled automatically by the reconsti- procedures. Other standards are of a single-floor grades of plywood for span
tuted wood particles or strands as the proprietary nature and may be devel- ratings. PS 1 continues to offer only
panel is pressed in the bonding process. oped by a single company or industry

At the present time COM-PLY panels as

described above are not being produced
and therefore should not be specified. FIGURE 1

TYPICAL TRADEMARKS

2. SELECTING PANELS A PA
THE ENGINEERED
A PA A PA
THE ENGINEERED THE ENGINEERED
WOOD ASSOCIATION WOOD ASSOCIATION WOOD ASSOCIATION

Wood structural panels are selected 1 RATED STURD-I-FLOOR 1 RATED SHEATHING 1 RATED SIDING
24SIZED 23/32 INCH
ocFOR SPACING 6 6 303-18-S/W 9
according to a number of key attributes. 2 2 48/24 23/32 INCH 11/32 INCH 6
3 T&G NET WIDTH 47-1/2 SIZED FOR SPACING
2 16 oc GROUP 1 10
4 EXPOSURE 1 SIZED FOR SPACING
These attributes are identified in the 4 EXPOSURE 1
7 000 7 4 EXTERIOR
000 000 7
5 PS 1-95 UNDERLAYMENT 5 PS 2-92 SHEATHING
APA trademark found on the panel. PRP-108 8 8 PRP-108 HUD-UM-40 11 5 PS 1-95 PRP-108
FHA-UM-40
8
11
Examples are seen Figure 1, and further CONSTRUCTION SHEATHING 12
13 2R48/2F24
explained in the paragraphs that follow. 14
17.5mm
CSA 0325

2.1. Standards STRENGTH AXIS

15 THIS DIRECTION
Manufacturing standards for wood struc-
tural panels are primarily of two types:
1 Panel grade 7 Mill number 1 3 Panel mark – Rating and
prescriptive or performance based. In the 2 Span Rating 8 APA’s performance rated panel end-use designation per
3 Tongue-and-groove standard the Canadian standard
past, plywood standards have been 9 Siding face grade 1 4 Canadian performance
4 Bond classification
rated panel standard
primarily of the prescriptive type. The 5 Product Standard 1 0 Species group number
1 5 Panel face orientation
6 Thickness 1 1 HUD/FHA recognition
indicator
1 2 Panel grade, Canadian standard

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6
prescriptive provisions for other panel and PS 2 are recognized in all model more expeditiously than would be pos-
grades such as a variety of sanded building codes and most local codes in sible with the rather time-consuming
plywood grades. the United States. Also developed in consensus process required by PS 2.
2.1.2. Voluntary Product Standard PS 2 concert with PS 2, with virtually identical 2.2. Veneer
Voluntary Product Standard PS 22, provisions, was CSA-O32512, Construc- Wood veneer is at the heart of a ply-
tion Sheathing, which is recognized in

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
Performance Standard for Wood-Based wood panel. The veneer used is classi-
Structural-Use Panels, was promulgated the National Building Code of Canada. fied according to species group and
in 1992 as the first consensus-based 2.1.3. Proprietary standards grade requirements of PS 1.
performance standard for wood struc- The prototype proprietary performance 2.2.1. Species groups
tural panels. The standard was based on standard for wood structural panels is While plywood can be manufactured
APA’s PRP-108. APA PRP-108, Performance Standards from nearly any wood species, under
PS 2 is not limited to plywood, but and Qualification Policy for Structural- PS 1 over 70 species of wood are rated
applies to all wood-based structural Use Panels. The APA standard includes for use based on strength and stiffness.
panels in general, regardless of composi- performance provisions for sheathing This grouping into five Groups is pre-
tion. It covers sheathing and single-floor and single-floor grades, but also sented in Table 1. Strongest species are
grades only, and includes performance includes provisions for siding. Although in Group 1; the next strongest in Group
criteria, qualification requirements and PRP-108, promulgated in 1980, is quite 2, and so on. The Group number that
test methods. Wood structural panels mature, it remains in effect to take appears in the trademark on most
manufactured in conformance with PS 1 advantage of technical developments

TABLE 1

CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
Apitong(a)(b) Cedar, Port Orford Maple, Black Alder, Red Aspen Basswood
Bigtooth
Beech, American Cypress Mengkulang(a) Birch, Paper Poplar, Balsam
Quaking
Birch Douglas-fir 2(c) Meranti, Red(a)(d) Cedar, Alaska
Cativo
Sweet Mersawa(a)
Fir Fir, Subalpine
Yellow Cedar
Balsam Pine Hemlock, Eastern Incense
Douglas-fir 1(c) California Red Pond Maple, Bigleaf Western Red
Grand
Kapur(a) Red
Noble Virginia Pine Cottonwood
Keruing(a)(b) Pacific Silver Jack Eastern
Western White
Larch, Western White Lodgepole Black (Western Poplar)
Spruce
Hemlock, Western Ponderosa Pine
Maple, Sugar Black Spruce Eastern White
Pine Lauan Red
Redwood Sugar
Caribbean Almon Sitka
Ocote Bagtikan Sweetgum Spruce
Mayapis Engelmann
Pine, Southern Tamarack
Red Lauan White
Loblolly
Tangile Yellow Poplar
Longleaf
White Lauan
Shortleaf
Slash
Tanoak
(a) Each of these names represents a trade group of woods consisting of a number of closely related species.
(b) Species from the genus Dipterocarpus marketed collectively: Apitong if originating in the Philippines, Keruing if originating in Malaysia or Indonesia.
(c) Douglas-fir from trees grown in the states of Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and the Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British
Columbia shall be classed as Douglas-fir No. 1. Douglas-fir from trees grown in the states of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico shall be
classed as Douglas-fir No. 2.
(d) Red Meranti shall be limited to species having a specific gravity of 0.41 or more based on green volume and oven dry weight.

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7
non-span-rated panels – primarily and size of repairs that may be made 2.3.1. Unsanded
sanded grades – is based on the species during manufacture. See Table 2. The Sheathing panels are unsanded since a
used for face and back veneers. Where highest quality commonly available smooth surface is not a requirement of
face and back veneers are not from the veneer grade is A. The minimum grade their intended end use for subfloor, roof,
same species Group, the higher Group of veneer permitted in Exterior plywood and wall applications. Sheathing panels
number (the lower strength species) is is C-grade. D-grade veneer is used in are classified by span ratings, which

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
used, except for sanded panels 3/8 inch panels intended for interior use or appli- identify the maximum recommended
[9.5 mm] thick or less and Decorative cations protected from long-term support spacings for specific end uses.
panels of any thickness. These latter exposure to weather. Design capacities provided in 4.4 are on
panels are identified by face species 2.3. Panel grades the basis of span ratings.
because they are chosen primarily for Wood structural panel grades are gener- Structural I sheathing panels meet the
appearance and used in applications ally identified in terms of the veneer requirements of sheathing grades as well
where structural integrity is not critical. grade used on the face and back of the as enhanced requirements associated
Sanded panels greater than 3/8 inch [9.5 panel (e.g., A-B, B-C, etc.), or by a name with use in panelized roof systems,
mm] are identified by face species if C or suggesting the panel’s intended end use diaphragms, and shear walls (e.g.,
D grade backs are at least 1/8 inch [3 (e.g., APA Rated Sheathing, APA Rated increased cross-panel strength and
mm] and are no more than one species Sturd-I-Floor, etc.). See Table 3. stiffness, and increased racking shear
group number higher. Some species are Unsanded and touch-sanded panels, resistance).
used widely in plywood manufacture; and panels with B-grade or better veneer 2.3.2. Touch sanded
others rarely. The specifier should check on one side only, usually carry the trade- Underlayment, Single Floor, C-D
local availability if a particular species mark of a qualified inspection and test- Plugged, and C-C Plugged grades
is desired. ing agency (such as APA) on the panel require only touch sanding for “sizing”
2.2.2. Grades back. Panels with both sides of B-grade to make the panel thickness more uni-
Veneer grades define veneer appearance or better veneer, or with special overlaid form. Panels rated for single floor (com-
in terms of natural unrepaired growth surfaces (such as High Density Overlay) bination subfloor-underlayment)
characteristics and allowable number usually carry the trademark on the applications are usually manufactured
panel edge. with tongue-and-groove (T&G) edge
profiles, and are classified by span rat-
ings. Panel span ratings identify the
TABLE 2
maximum recommended support spac-
VENEER GRADES
ings for floors. Design capacities pro-
Smooth, paintable. Not more than 18 neatly made repairs, boat, sled, or

A router type, and parallel to grain, permitted. Wood or synthetic repairs

permitted. May be used for natural finish in less demanding applications.
Solid surface. Shims, sled or router repairs, and tight knots to 1 inch across grain
vided in 4.4 are on the basis of span
ratings. Other thinner panels intended

B
for separate underlayment applications
permitted. Wood or synthetic repairs permitted. Some minor splits permitted.
(Underlayment or C-C Plugged) are
Improved C veneer with splits limited to 1/8-inch width and knotholes or other
identified with a species Group number

C
Plugged
open defects limited to 1/4 x 1/2 inch. Wood or synthetic repairs permitted.
Admits some broken grain.
but no span rating.
2.3.3. Sanded
Tight knots to 1-1/2 inch. Knotholes to 1 inch across grain and some to 1-1/2 Plywood panels with B-grade or better

C inch if total width of knots and knotholes is within specified limits. Synthetic or
wood repairs. Discoloration and sanding defects that do not impair strength
permitted. Limited splits allowed. Stitching permitted.
veneer faces are always sanded smooth in
manufacture to fulfill the requirements of
Knots and knotholes to 2-1/2 inch width across grain and 1/2 inch larger
their intended end use – applications

D within specified limits. Limited splits are permitted. Stitching permitted. Limited
to Exposure 1 or Interior panels.
Note: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
such as cabinets, shelving, furniture,
built-ins, etc. Sanded grades are classed
according to nominal thickness and the

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8
TABLE 3

GUIDE TO PANEL USE

Panel Construction
Common
Nominal
Panel Grade Description & Use Thickness OSB Plywood

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
APA RATED Unsanded sheathing grade for wall, roof, subflooring, 5/16, 3/8 Yes Yes
SHEATHING and industrial applications such as pallets and for 15/32, 1/2
EXP 1 engineering design with proper capacities. 19/32, 5/8
23/32, 3/4
APA Panel grades to use where shear and cross-panel 19/32, 5/8 Yes Yes
STRUCTURAL I strength properties are of maximum importance. 23/32, 3/4
RATED
SHEATHING
EXP 1
APA RATED Combination subfloor-underlayment. Provides smooth 19/32, 5/8 Yes Yes
STURD-I-FLOOR surface for application of carpet and pad. Possesses 23/32, 3/4
EXP 1 high concentrated and impact load resistance during 7/8, 1
construction and occupancy. Touch-sanded. 1-3/32, 1-1/8
Available with tongue-and-groove edges.
APA For underlayment under carpet and pad. Touch-sanded. 1/4 No Yes
UNDERLAYMENT Available with tongue-and-groove edges. 11/32, 3/8
EXP 1 15/32, 1/2
19/32, 5/8
23/32, 3/4
APA For underlayment, refrigerated or controlled atmosphere 1/2 No Yes
C-C Plugged storage rooms, open soffits and other similar applications 19/32, 5/8
EXT where continuous or severe moisture may be present. 23/32, 3/4
Touch-sanded. Available with tongue-and-groove edges.
APA Generally applied where a high quality surface is required. 1/4, No Yes
Sanded Includes APA A-A, A-B, A-C, A-D, B-B, B-C and B-D grades 11/32, 3/8
Grades 15/32, 1/2
EXP 1 or EXT 19/32, 5/8
23/32, 3/4
APA Superior Exterior plywood made only with Douglas-fir or 1/4, No Yes
MARINE Western Larch. Special solid-core construction. Available 11/32, 3/8
EXT with MDO or HDO face. Ideal for boat hull construction. 15/32, 1/2
19/32, 5/8
23/32, 3/4
Note: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

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species group of the faces, and design irregular under prolonged moisture 2.5 Span ratings
capacities provided in 4.4 are on that exposure. Panels should be allowed to Sheathing and Single Floor grades carry
basis and assume Group 1 faces. dry, and panel joints and surfaces may numbers in their trademarks called span
2.3.4. Overlaid need to be sanded before applying some ratings. These denote the maximum
High Density Overlay (HDO) and finish materials. recommended center-to-center spacing
of supports, in inches, over which the

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
Medium Density Overlay (MDO) ply- 2.4.1. Exterior
wood may or may not have sanded faces, A bond classification for plywood suit- panels should be placed in construction
depending on whether the overlay is able for repeated wetting and redrying applications. The span rating applies
applied at the same time the panel is or long-term exposure to weather or when the long panel dimension or
pressed (one-step) or after the panel is other conditions of similar severity. strength axis is across supports, unless
pressed (two-step). For purposes of the strength axis is otherwise identified.
2.4.2. Exposure 1
assigning design capacities provided in A bond classification for panels suitable 2.5.1. Sheathing
4.4, HDO and MDO panels are assumed for uses not permanently exposed to the The span rating on Sheathing grade
to be sanded (two-step), which is con- weather. Panels classified as Exposure 1 panels appears as two numbers sepa-
servative, with Group 1 faces. are intended to resist the effects of mois- rated by a slash, such as 32/16, 48/24,
2.4. Bond classifications ture due to construction delays, or other etc. The left-hand number denotes the
Wood structural panels may be pro- conditions of similar severity. Exposure 1 maximum recommended spacing of
duced in three bond classifications – panels are made with the same types of supports when the panel is used for roof
Exterior, Exposure 1, and Interior. The adhesives used in Exterior panels. sheathing with the long dimension or
bond classification relates to adhesive However, because other compositional strength axis of the panel across three or
bond, and thus to structural integrity of factors may affect bond performance, more supports (two or more spans). The
the panel. By far the predominant bond only Exterior panels should be used for right-hand number indicates the maxi-
classifications are Exposure 1 and long-term exposure to the weather. mum recommended spacing of supports
Exterior. Therefore, design capacities Exposure 1 panels may, however, be used when the panel is used for subflooring
provided herein are on that basis. where exposure to the outdoors is on the with the long dimension or strength axis
underside only, such as at roof over- of the panel across three or more sup-
Bond classification relates to moisture
hangs. Appearance characteristics of the ports. A panel marked 32/16, for exam-
resistance of the glue bond and does not
panel grade should also be considered. ple, may be used for roof sheathing over
relate to fungal decay resistance of the
supports up to 32 inches [800 mm] on
panel. Fungal decay of wood products C-D Exposure 1 plywood, sometimes
center or for subflooring over supports
may occur when the moisture content called “CDX” in the trade, is occasionally
up to 16 inches [400 mm] on center.
exceeds approximately 20% for an mistaken as an Exterior panel and erro-
extended period. Prevention of fungal neously used in applications for which it Certain of the roof sheathing maximum
decay is a function of proper design to does not possess the required resistance spans are dependent upon panel edge
prevent prolonged exposure to moisture, to weather. “CDX” should only be used support as recommended in APA
of material specification, of construction for applications as outlined above. literature.
and of maintenance of the structure, or 2.4.3. Other classifications Sheathing panels rated for use only as
may be accomplished by pressure Panels identified as Interior and that wall sheathing are usually identified as
preservative treatment. See APA literature lack further glueline information in their either Wall-24 or Wall-16. The numeri-
regarding decay and moisture exposure. trademarks are manufactured with inte- cal index (24 or 16) corresponds to the
Aesthetic (nonstructural) attributes of rior glue and are intended for interior maximum wall stud spacing in inches.
panels may be compromised to some applications only. Panels classed Interior Wall sheathing panels are performance
degree by exposure to weather. Panel were commonplace prior to the 1970s, tested with the secondary axis (usually
surfaces may become uneven and but are not commonly produced today. the short dimension of panel) spanning
across supports, or studs. For this

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reason, wall sheathing panels may be capacities are based on actual character- illustrated in Figure 2. The orientation
applied with either the strength axis or istics of panels qualified under the per- of the face and back layer determines
secondary axis across supports. formance standards. Since it would be the direction of the strength axis.
2.5.2. Single floor difficult to manufacture a truly “mini- The panel strength axis is typically in the
The span rating on Single Floor grade mum” panel with regard to all proper- long panel direction; that is, the panel is
ties, most panel characteristics actually

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
panels appears as a single number. typically stronger and stiffer along the
Single Floor panels are designed specifi- exceed requirements of the standards. panel length than across the panel
cally for single-floor (combined subfloor- Regardless of any increase in allowable width. Specification of panel orientation,
underlayment) applications under load based on calculations, always then, can be stated as “strength axis is
carpet and pad and are manufactured observe the maximum recommended perpendicular (or parallel) to supports”
with span ratings of 16, 20, 24, 32 and span (e.g., span rating). Maximum or, sometimes, “stress is parallel (or
48 oc. The span ratings for Single Floor span is established by test and is often perpendicular) to the strength axis.” In
panels, like those for Sheathing grade, controlled by concentrated load the case of plywood or composite pan-
are based on application of the panel considerations. els, the strength axis is sometimes
with the long dimension or strength axis referred to as the face grain direction.
across three or more supports. 4.2. Panel construction
4. MECHANICAL Plywood mills may use different layups
PROPERTIES for the same panel thickness and span
3. CODE PROVISIONS rating to make optimum use of their raw
Wood structural panels can typically be material resources. Design calculations
Recommendations given in APA litera- incorporated into construction projects must take into account the direction in
ture for construction applications are without the need for engineering design which the stresses will be imposed in
generally consistent with provisions of the panels themselves. They lend the panel. If stresses can be expected in
given in the model building codes in the themselves to tabular and descriptive both directions, then both the parallel
United States. However, most of the presentation of design recommenda- and perpendicular directions should be
information herein has been expanded tions and provisions. Occasionally, checked. For this reason, tabulated
compared to the code provisions, to be however, there is a need to engineer capacities are given for both directions.
more useful to designers. panel applications that call for panel
Capacities parallel to the face grain of
The general APA recommendations properties or capacities; or it may be
plywood are based on a panel construc-
apply primarily to conventional or non- necessary to evaluate specific panel
tion that gives minimum values in that
engineered construction, but can also constructions that yield superior
direction. (See Figure 3.) Capacities
be considered conservative for engi- mechanical properties compared to
perpendicular to the face grain are usu-
neered construction. On the other those that are the basis for general use
ally based on a different panel construc-
hand, for engineered construction, recommendations.
tion that gives minimum values in that
codes contain provisions for acceptance 4.1. Strength axis direction. Both values, therefore, are
of engineering calculations, and design A feature of most wood structural panel conservative. Capacities given for the
capacities given herein may be used. In types, primarily plywood and OSB, is two directions are not necessarily for the
many cases, calculations using values in that there is a strength axis associated same panel construction.
this document will lead to higher allow- with their manufacture. The layered
Similar layers occur also in OSB manu-
able design loads for sheathing. This is construction of both products, in which
facture. However, the layers are not
because the general APA and code rec- layers are oriented 90 degrees from one
defined and therefore cannot be speci-
ommendations are based on minimum another, creates dissimilar properties in
fied. For this reason, ply-layer options
structural requirements or criteria of the the two principal directions. This is
are not tabulated for OSB.
performance standards, while the design

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FIGURE 2

TYPICAL WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL WITH STRENGTH AXIS DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO OR ACROSS SUPPORTS (A) AND
PARALLEL TO SUPPORTS (B). NOTE THE STANDARD 4' x 8' SIZE, STRENGTH AXIS DIRECTION, AND REPRESENTATIVE PORTION
OF PANEL USED IN CALCULATION OF CAPACITIES FOR STRESS PARALLEL (A) OR PERPENDICULAR (B) TO THE STRENGTH AXIS.

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
4'

1'
8'

4'
8'

1'

Strength Axis Direction Direction of Principal Stress

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 4.3. Properties and stresses
FIGURE 3 Plywood properties have traditionally
TYPICAL THREE- AND FIVE-LAYER PLYWOOD CONSTRUCTION WITH been separately tabulated as section
PARALLEL-LAMINATED CROSS BANDS IN THE 4- AND 6-PLY PANELS. properties and design stresses. These
are, of course, multiplied together to
obtain a capacity. In many cases the

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
resulting capacity will be quite conserva-
tive. Design stresses are conservatively
developed, taking into account grade
factors and manufacturing factors, and
then the data is statistically analyzed
3-layer (3-ply)
such that it represents the “low end” of
possible values. The stress is then fur-
ther adjusted by a load factor or, as
some call it, a factor of safety.
At the same time, section properties are
3-layer (4-ply) developed for virtually all possible layup
combinations of veneer thickness and
species. The lowest property value for a
given panel thickness or span rating is
then chosen for tabulation. The result-
ing capacity combines two already con-
servative values. In the 1990s, this
procedure was largely replaced by
direct publication of panel capacities.
However, the section property and
design stress technique is still used
5-layer (5-ply) occasionally to analyze individual ply-
wood layup variations.
4.4. Capacities
Panel design capacities listed in Tables
4A and 4B are minimum for grade and
span rating or thickness. For Structural I
panels, the tabulated capacities shall be
permitted to be multiplied by the
“Structural I Multiplier” factors given in
the bottom of each property table. Since
Grain Direction of Veneers 5-layer (6-ply) Table 4B gives capacities for sanded

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panels marked as species Group 1, Table Compression (Fc A) when loads are applied or developed on
4C provides multipliers for sanded Allowable compression capacities are opposite faces of the panel, as they are
panel capacities that are identified as reported in Tables 4A and 4B based on during flat panel bending. See Figure 6.
species Group 2, 3 or 4. The tabulated testing according to the principles of The term Fs is the allowable material
capacities are based on data from tests ASTM D 35016 Method B. Compres- stress, while lb/Q is the panel cross
of panels bearing the APA trademark. To sion capacity is given as Fc A, where Fc is sectional shear constant. Units of

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
take advantage of these capacities and the allowable axial compression stress of Fs(lb/Q) are lb per foot of panel width.
adjustments, the specifier must insure the material, and A is the area of the 4.4.5. Panel shear through the thickness
that the correct panel is used in the final cross section. Units of Fc A are lb per Panel shear-through-the-thickness
construction. foot of panel width. Axial compression capacities are reported based on testing
4.4.1. Panel flexure (flat panel bending) strength is illustrated in Figure 5. according to the principles of ASTM D
Panel design capacities reported in 4.4.3. Panel axial stiffness (EA) 27198. See Figure 6.
Tables 4A and 4B are based on flat panel Panel axial stiffness is reported in Tables Panel shear strength through the
bending as measured by testing accord- 4A and 4B based on testing according thickness (Fvtv )
ing to the principles of ASTM D 30434 to the principles of ASTM D 35016 Allowable shear through the thickness is
Method C (large panel testing). See Method B. Axial stiffness is the capacity the capacity to resist horizontal shear
Figure 4. to resist axial strain and is represented breaking loads when loads are applied or
Stiffness (EI) by EA. The E is the axial modulus of developed on opposite edges of the
Panel bending stiffness is the capacity to elasticity of the material and A is the panel, such as they are in an I-beam, and
resist deflection and is represented in area of the cross section. Units of EA are is reported in Tables 4A and 4B. See
bending equations as EI. The E is the lb per foot of panel width. Figure 6. Where additional support is
modulus of elasticity of the material and 4.4.4. Shear in the plane of the panel not provided to prevent buckling, design
the I is the moment of inertia of the (Fs[lb/Q]) capacities in Tables 4A and 4B are
cross section. Units of EI are lb-in.2 per Allowable shear in the plane of the limited to sections 2 ft or less in depth.
foot of panel width. panel (or interlaminar shear, sometimes Deeper sections may require additional
Strength (FbS) called rolling shear in plywood) is reductions. The term Fv is the allowable
Allowable bending strength capacity is reported in Tables 4A and 4B based on stress of the material, while tv is the
the design maximum moment, repre- testing according to the principles of effective panel thickness for shear. Units
sented in bending equations as FbS. ASTM D 27187. Shear strength in the of Fvtv are lb per inch of shear-resisting
Terms are the allowable extreme fiber plane of the panel is the capacity to panel length.
stress of the material (Fb ) and the sec- resist horizontal shear breaking loads
tion modulus (S). Units of FbS are lb-in.
per foot of panel width.
FIGURE 4
4.4.2. Panel axial strength STRUCTURAL PANEL IN BENDING. (A) STRESS PARALLEL TO STRENGTH AXIS
Tension (Ft A) AND (B) STRESS PERPENDICULAR TO STRENGTH AXIS
Allowable tension capacities are reported A B
in Tables 4A and 4B based on testing
according to the principles of ASTM D
35005 Method B. Tension capacity is
given as FtA, where Ft is the allowable
axial tension stress of the material and A
is the area of the cross section. Units of
FtA are lb per foot of panel width.

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 Panel rigidity through the thickness
FIGURE 5 (Gvtv )
STRUCTURAL PANEL WITH AXIAL Panel rigidity is reported in Tables 4A
COMPRESSION LOAD IN THE PLANE OF THE PANEL and 4B and is the capacity to resist
deformation when under shear-through-
the-thickness stress. Rigidity is repre-

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
sented by Gvtv, where Gv is the modulus
of rigidity and tv is the effective panel
thickness for shear. The units of Gvtv are
lb per inch of panel depth (for vertical
applications). Multiplication of Gvtv by
panel depth gives GA, used by designers
for some applications.
4.4.6. Panel allowable bearing stress
(Fc⊥ )
Bearing stress is the compression stress
FIGURE 6 perpendicular to the plane of the plies or
TWO TYPES OF PANEL SHEAR: SHEAR THROUGH THE THICKNESS to the surface of the panel. As compres-
AND SHEAR IN THE PLANE OF THE PANEL sion load is applied to panels (such as by
columns or by reactions at supports),
Shear in the plane
bearing stress is induced through the
bearing area. The allowable bearing stress
of APA structural-use panels is derived
based on the load at a 0.04-in. [1.0 mm]
deformation limit. A design bearing stress
of 360 psi [2.5 N/mm2] shall be used for
structural-use panels under dry-use
conditions where moisture content is less
Shear area than 16%. Multiplying the allowable
bearing stress by the bearing area gives
the bearing capacity, Fc⊥A, in pounds.
A reduced design bearing stress may be
appropriate where bearing deformation
could affect load distribution or where
Shear-through-the-thickness total deformation of members must be
closely controlled. A conservative design
value for 0.02-in. [0.5 mm] deformation

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can be chosen as 50% of the allowable 4.5. Adjustments allowance should be made for creep.
bearing stress at 0.04-in. [1.0 mm] defor- Panel design capacities may be adjusted Limited data indicates that under such
mation. If necessary, use the following as required under the following conditions, creep may be taken into
regression equation to derive the design provisions. account in deflection calculations by
value for 0.02-in. [0.5 mm] deformation: 4.5.1. Duration of load (DOL) applying the applicable following adjust-
ment factor (CC) to panel stiffness, EI:

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
Fc⊥ 0.02" = 0.51Fc⊥ 0.04" + 28 Design capacities listed are based on
4.4.7 Dowel bearing strength “normal duration of load” as tradition-
Dowel bearing strength is a component ally used for solid wood in accordance Creep Adjustment
in fastener yield equations, as found in with U.S. Forest Products Laboratory Factor (Cc ) for
Permanent Loads
the National Design Specification (NDS) Report R-19169, and successfully used
Moisture
for Wood Construction13. The yield for plywood for approximately 40 years. Condition Plywood OSB
equations are also sometimes referred to Adjustment factors for strength Dry 1/2 1/2
as the European Yield Model (EYM). capacities (CD) are: 16% m.c.
1/2 1/6
or greater
Dowel bearing strength is measured by
testing according to the principles of
DOL
ASTM D 576414. Adjustment
Time Under Load Factor* (CD) See 4.5.2 for additional adjustments
Plywood trademarked Structural I or related to service moisture conditions,
Permanent 0.90
Marine grade can be taken as having a which for EI is cumulative with the
Normal 1.00
specific gravity of 0.50, based on the adjustment for creep.
Two Months 1.15
species limitations prescribed in PS 1.
Seven Days 1.25 4.5.2. Service moisture conditions
Plywood not identified as Structural I or
Wind or Earthquake 1.60** Design capacities apply to panels under
Marine grade can be taken as having a
*Adjustment for impact load does not moisture conditions that are continu-
specific gravity of 0.42, unless the apply to structural-use panels.
**Check local building code. ously dry in service; that is, where equi-
species of plies is known, in which case
librium moisture content is less than
the specific gravity listed for the actual
16%. Adjustment factors for conditions
species may be used. Dowel bearing
Creep where the panel moisture content in
strength of OSB listed below is conserv-
Wood-based panels under constant load service is expected to be 16% or greater
ative based on limited testing.
will creep (deflection will increase) over (Cm) are as follows:
The table below summarizes dowel time. For typical construction applica-
bearing strength of wood structural tions, panels are not normally under
panels using terminology contained in Moisture Content
constant load and, accordingly, creep Adjustment
the NDS. need not be considered in design. When Capacity Factor (Cm)
panels will sustain permanent loads that Strength
(FbS, FtA, FcA,
will stress the product to one-half or Fs [lb/Q], Fvtv) 0.75
more of its design strength capacity, Stiffness
(EI, EA, Gvtv) 0.85
Bearing (Fc⊥A)
Dowel Bearing Strength, Fe Plywood 0.50
Wood Structural Panel Specific Gravity, G For Nailed Connections OSB 0.20
Plywood
Structural I, Marine 0.50 4650 psi [32 MPa]
Other grades(a) 0.42 3350 psi [23 MPa]
Oriented Strand Board
All grades 0.50 4650 psi [32 MPa]
(a) Use G = 0.42 when species of the plies is not known. When species of the plies is known, specific
gravity listed for the actual species and the corresponding dowel bearing strength may be used, or the
weighted average may be used for mixed species.

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TABLE 4A

RATED PANELS DESIGN CAPACITIES

Stress Parallel to Strength Axis Stress Perpendicular to Strength Axis
Plywood Plywood
Span
Rating 3-ply 4-ply 5-ply OSB 3-ply 4-ply 5-ply OSB

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
PANEL BENDING STIFFNESS, EI (lb-in.2/ft of panel width)
24/0 66,000 66,000 66,000 60,000 3,600 7,900 11,000 11,000
24/16 86,000 86,000 86,000 78,000 5,200 11,500 16,000 16,000
32/16 125,000 125,000 125,000 115,000 8,100 18,000 25,000 25,000
40/20 250,000 250,000 250,000 225,000 18,000 39,500 56,000 56,000
48/24 440,000 440,000 440,000 400,000 29,500 65,000 91,500 91,500
16oc 165,000 165,000 165,000 150,000 11,000 24,000 34,000 34,000
20oc 230,000 230,000 230,000 210,000 13,000 28,500 40,500 40,500
24oc 330,000 330,000 330,000 300,000 26,000 57,000 80,500 80,500
32oc 715,000 715,000 715,000 650,000 75,000 165,000 235,000 235,000
48oc 1,265,000 1,265,000 1,265,000 1,150,000 160,000 350,000 495,000 495,000
Structural I Multiplier
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6
PANEL BENDING STRENGTH, FbS (lb-in./ft of panel width)
24/0 250 275 300 300 54 65 97 97
24/16 320 350 385 385 64 77 115 115
32/16 370 405 445 445 92 110 165 165
40/20 625 690 750 750 150 180 270 270
48/24 845 930 1,000 1,000 225 270 405 405
16oc 415 455 500 500 100 120 180 180
20oc 480 530 575 575 140 170 250 250
24oc 640 705 770 770 215 260 385 385
32oc 870 955 1,050 1,050 380 455 685 685
48oc 1,600 1,750 1,900 1,900 680 815 1,200 1,200
Structural I Multiplier
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5
PANEL AXIAL TENSION, Ft A (lb/ft of panel width)
24/0 2,300 2,300 3,000 2,300 600 600 780 780
24/16 2,600 2,600 3,400 2,600 990 990 1,300 1,300
32/16 2,800 2,800 3,650 2,800 1,250 1,250 1,650 1,650
40/20 2,900 2,900 3,750 2,900 1,600 1,600 2,100 2,100
48/24 4,000 4,000 5,200 4,000 1,950 1,950 2,550 2,550
16oc 2,600 2,600 3,400 2,600 1,450 1,450 1,900 1,900
20oc 2,900 2,900 3,750 2,900 1,600 1,600 2,100 2,100
24oc 3,350 3,350 4,350 3,350 1,950 1,950 2,550 2,550
32oc 4,000 4,000 5,200 4,000 2,500 2,500 3,250 3,250
48oc 5,600 5,600 7,300 5,600 3,650 3,650 4,750 4,750
Structural I Multiplier
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
PANEL AXIAL COMPRESSION, Fc A (lb/ft of panel width)
24/0 2,850 4,300 4,300 2,850 2,500 3,750 3,750 2,500
24/16 3,250 4,900 4,900 3,250 2,500 3,750 3,750 2,500
32/16 3,550 5,350 5,350 3,550 3,100 4,650 4,650 3,100
40/20 4,200 6,300 6,300 4,200 4,000 6,000 6,000 4,000
48/24 5,000 7,500 7,500 5,000 4,800 7,200 7,200 4,300
16oc 4,000 6,000 6,000 4,000 3,600 5,400 5,400 3,600
20oc 4,200 6,300 6,300 4,200 4,000 6,000 6,000 4,000
24oc 5,000 7,500 7,500 5,000 4,800 7,200 7,200 4,300
32oc 6,300 9,450 9,450 6,300 6,200 9,300 9,300 6,200
48oc 8,100 12,150 12,150 8,100 6,750 10,800 10,800 6,750
Structural I Multiplier
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

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TABLE 4A (Continued)

RATED PANELS DESIGN CAPACITIES

Stress Parallel to Strength Axis Stress Perpendicular to Strength Axis
Plywood Plywood
Span
Rating 3-ply 4-ply 5-ply OSB 3-ply 4-ply 5-ply OSB

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
PANEL AXIAL STIFFNESS, EA (lb/ft of panel width)
24/0 3,350,000 3,350,000 3,350,000 3,350,000 2,900,000 2,900,000 2,900,000 2,900,000
24/16 3,800,000 3,800,000 3,800,000 3,800,000 2,900,000 2,900,000 2,900,000 2,900,000
32/16 4,150,000 4,150,000 4,150,000 4,150,000 3,600,000 3,600,000 3,600,000 3,600,000
40/20 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000
48/24 5,850,000 5,850,000 5,850,000 5,850,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 4,500,000
16oc 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,200,000 4,200,000 4,200,000 4,200,000
20oc 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000
24oc 5,850,000 5,850,000 5,850,000 5,850,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 4,500,000
32oc 7,500,000 7,500,000 7,500,000 7,500,000 7,300,000 7,300,000 7,300,000 5,850,000
48oc 8,200,000 8,200,000 8,200,000 8,200,000 7,300,000 7,300,000 7,300,000 7,300,000
Structural I Multiplier
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
PANEL SHEAR IN THE PLANE, Fs(lb/Q) (lb/ft of panel width)
24/0 155 155 170 130 275 375 130 130
24/16 180 180 195 150 315 435 150 150
32/16 200 200 215 165 345 480 165 165
40/20 245 245 265 205 430 595 205 205
48/24 300 300 325 250 525 725 250 250
16oc 245 245 265 205 430 595 205 205
20oc 245 245 265 205 430 595 205 205
24oc 300 300 325 250 525 725 250 250
32oc 360 360 390 300 630 870 300 300
48oc 460 460 500 385 810 1,100 385 385
Structural I Multiplier
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.0
PANEL RIGIDITY THROUGH THE THICKNESS, Gvtv (lb/in. of panel depth)
24/0 25,000 32,500 37,500 77,500 25,000 32,500 37,500 77,500
24/16 27,000 35,000 40,500 83,500 27,000 35,000 40,500 83,500
32/16 27,000 35,000 40,500 83,500 27,000 35,000 40,500 83,500
40/20 28,500 37,000 43,000 88,500 28,500 37,000 43,000 88,500
48/24 31,000 40,500 46,500 96,000 31,000 40,500 46,500 96,000
16oc 27,000 35,000 40,500 83,500 27,000 35,000 40,500 83,500
20oc 28,000 36,500 42,000 87,000 28,000 36,500 42,000 87,000
24oc 30,000 39,000 45,000 93,000 30,000 39,000 45,000 93,000
32oc 36,000 47,000 54,000 110,000 36,000 47,000 54,000 110,000
48oc 50,500 65,500 76,000 155,000 50,500 65,500 76,000 155,000
Structural I Multiplier
1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0
PANEL SHEAR THROUGH THE THICKNESS, Fvtv (lb/in. of shear-resisting panel length)
24/0 53 69 80 155 53 69 80 155
24/16 57 74 86 165 57 74 86 165
32/16 62 81 93 180 62 81 93 180
40/20 68 88 100 195 68 88 100 195
48/24 75 98 115 220 75 98 115 220
16oc 58 75 87 170 58 75 87 170
20oc 67 87 100 195 67 87 100 195
24oc 74 96 110 215 74 96 110 215
32oc 80 105 120 230 80 105 120 230
48oc 105 135 160 305 105 135 160 305
Structural I Multiplier
1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0

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TABLE 4B

SANDED GROUP 1(a) PLYWOOD DESIGN CAPACITIES

Stress Parallel to Strength Axis Stress Perpendicular to Strength Axis
Nom.
Thick A-A, A-C Marine Other A-A, A-C Marine Other
PANEL BENDING STIFFNESS, EI (lb-in.2/ft of panel width)

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
1/4 15,000 15,000 15,000 700 980 700
11/32 34,000 34,000 34,000 1,750 2,450 1,750
3/8 49,000 49,000 49,000 2,750 3,850 2,750
15/32 120,000 120,000 120,000 11,000 15,500 11,000
1/2 140,000 140,000 140,000 15,500 21,500 15,500
19/32 205,000 205,000 205,000 37,500 52,500 37,500
5/8 230,000 230,000 230,000 48,500 68,000 48,500
23/32 320,000 320,000 320,000 90,500 125,000 90,500
3/4 355,000 355,000 355,000 115,000 160,000 115,000
7/8 500,000 500,000 500,000 185,000 260,000 185,000
1 760,000 760,000 760,000 330,000 460,000 330,000
1-1/8 985,000 985,000 985,000 490,000 685,000 490,000
Structural I Multiplier
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.4
PANEL BENDING STRENGTH, FbS (lb-in./ft of panel width)
1/4 115 105 95 17 20 14
11/32 185 170 155 31 36 26
3/8 245 225 205 44 52 37
15/32 425 390 355 130 150 110
1/2 470 430 390 175 205 145
19/32 625 570 520 270 315 225
5/8 670 615 560 325 380 270
23/32 775 710 645 455 530 380
3/4 815 750 680 565 660 470
7/8 1,000 935 850 780 910 650
1 1,300 1,200 1,100 1,150 1,350 975
1-1/8 1,600 1,500 1,350 1,500 1,750 1,250
Structural I Multiplier
1.0 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.4
PANEL AXIAL TENSION, Ft A (lb/ft of panel width)
1/4 1,800 1,650 1,650 660 990 550
11/32 1,800 1,650 1,650 840 1,250 700
3/8 2,350 2,150 2,150 1,250 1,900 1,050
15/32 3,500 3,200 3,200 2,400 3,600 2,000
1/2 3,500 3,200 3,200 2,450 3,700 2,050
19/32 4,400 4,000 4,000 2,750 4,150 2,300
5/8 4,500 4,100 4,100 3,000 4,500 2,500
23/32 5,100 4,650 4,650 3,400 5,150 2,850
3/4 5,250 4,750 4,750 4,150 6,200 3,450
7/8 5,350 4,850 4,850 5,200 7,850 4,350
1 6,750 6,150 6,150 6,250 9,350 5,200
1-1/8 7,000 6,350 6,350 6,300 9,450 5,250
Structural I Multiplier
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.8
(a) See Table 4C for multipliers for other species Groups.

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TABLE 4B (Continued)

SANDED GROUP 1(a) PLYWOOD DESIGN CAPACITIES

Stress Parallel to Strength Axis Stress Perpendicular to Strength Axis
Nom.
Thick A-A, A-C Marine Other A-A, A-C Marine Other
PANEL AXIAL COMPRESSION FcA (lb/ft of panel width)

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
1/4 1,710 1,550 1,550 605 990 550
11/32 1,710 1,550 1,550 715 1,150 650
3/8 2,200 2,000 2,000 1,050 1,700 950
15/32 3,300 3,000 3,000 2,050 3,350 1,850
1/2 3,300 3,000 3,000 2,100 3,400 1,900
19/32 4,150 3,750 3,750 2,350 3,850 2,150
5/8 4,200 3,800 3,800 2,600 4,250 2,350
23/32 4,800 4,350 4,350 2,900 4,750 2,650
3/4 4,900 4,450 4,450 3,500 5,750 3,200
7/8 5,000 4,550 4,550 4,500 7,400 4,100
1 6,350 5,750 5,750 5,350 8,750 4,850
1-1/8 6,550 5,950 5,950 5,400 8,800 4,900
Structural I Multiplier
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.0 1.8
PANEL AXIAL STIFFNESS, EA (lb/ft of panel width)
1/4 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 625,000 1,150,000 625,000
11/32 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 750,000 1,350,000 750,000
3/8 2,350,000 2,350,000 2,350,000 1,150,000 2,050,000 1,150,000
15/32 3,500,000 3,500,000 3,500,000 2,150,000 3,850,000 2,150,000
1/2 3,500,000 3,500,000 3,500,000 2,250,000 4,050,000 2,250,000
19/32 4,350,000 4,350,000 4,350,000 2,500,000 4,500,000 2,500,000
5/8 4,450,000 4,450,000 4,450,000 2,750,000 4,950,000 2,750,000
23/32 5,100,000 5,100,000 5,100,000 3,150,000 5,650,000 3,150,000
3/4 5,200,000 5,200,000 5,200,000 3,750,000 6,750,000 3,750,000
7/8 5,300,000 5,300,000 5,300,000 4,750,000 8,550,000 4,750,000
1 6,700,000 6,700,000 6,700,000 5,700,000 10,500,000 5,700,000
1-1/8 6,950,000 6,950,000 6,950,000 5,700,000 10,500,000 5,700,000
Structural I Multiplier
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.0 1.8
PANEL SHEAR IN THE PLANE, Fs(lb/Q) (lb/ft of panel width)
1/4 105 135 105 105 135 105
11/32 145 190 145 145 190 145
3/8 165 215 165 165 215 165
15/32 220 285 220 220 285 220
1/2 235 305 235 235 305 235
19/32 290 375 290 290 375 290
5/8 310 405 310 310 405 310
23/32 350 455 350 350 455 350
3/4 360 470 360 360 470 360
7/8 425 555 425 425 555 425
1 470 610 470 470 610 470
1-1/8 525 685 525 525 685 525
Structural I Multiplier
1.3 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.4
(a) See Table 4C for multipliers for other species Groups.

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 TABLE 4B (Continued)

SANDED GROUP 1(a) PLYWOOD DESIGN CAPACITIES

Stress Parallel to Strength Axis Stress Perpendicular to Strength Axis
Nom.
Thick A-A, A-C Marine Other A-A, A-C Marine Other
PANEL RIGIDITY THROUGH THE THICKNESS Gvtv (lb/in. of panel depth)

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
1/4 24,000 31,000 24,000 24,000 31,000 24,000
11/32 25,500 33,000 25,500 25,500 33,000 25,500
3/8 26,000 34,000 26,000 26,000 34,000 26,000
15/32 38,000 49,500 38,000 38,000 49,500 38,000
1/2 38,500 50,000 38,500 38,500 50,000 38,500
19/32 49,000 63,500 49,000 49,000 63,500 49,000
5/8 49,500 64,500 49,500 49,500 64,500 49,500
23/32 50,500 65,500 50,500 50,500 65,500 50,500
3/4 51,000 66,500 51,000 51,000 66,500 51,000
7/8 52,500 68,500 52,500 52,500 68,500 52,500
1 73,500 95,500 73,500 73,500 95,500 73,500
1-1/8 75,000 97,500 75,000 75,000 97,500 75,000
Structural I Multiplier
1.3 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3
PANEL SHEAR THROUGH THE THICKNESS, Fvtv (lb/in. of shear-resisting panel length)
1/4 51 66 51 51 66 51
11/32 54 70 54 54 70 54
3/8 55 72 55 55 72 55
15/32 80 105 80 80 105 80
1/2 81 105 81 81 105 81
19/32 105 135 105 105 135 105
5/8 105 135 105 105 135 105
23/32 105 135 105 105 135 105
3/4 110 145 110 110 145 110
7/8 110 145 110 110 145 110
1 155 200 155 155 200 155
1-1/8 160 210 160 160 210 160
Structural I Multiplier
1.3 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3
(a) See Table 4C for multipliers for other species Groups.

4.5.3. Elevated temperature the increase in temperature. If drying required. The designer needs to exercise
Capacities in Tables 4A and 4B apply at occurs, as is usually the case, the judgment in determining whether high
temperatures of 70° F [21° C] and increase in strength due to drying can temperature and moisture content occur
lower. Wood structural panel parts of offset the loss in strength due to ele- simultaneously, and the corresponding
buildings should not be exposed to vated temperature. For instance, tem- need for temperature adjustment of
temperatures above 200° F [93° C] for peratures of up to 150° F [66° C] or capacities.
more than very brief periods. However, higher do occur under roof coverings of 4.5.4. Pressure treatment
between 70° F [21° C] and 200° F buildings on hot days, but they are Preservative treatment
[93° C] adjustments to capacity gener- accompanied by moisture content Capacities given in this document
ally do not need to be made, because reductions which offset the strength loss apply, without adjustment, to plywood
the need for adjustment of dry capaci- so that high temperatures are not con- pressure-impregnated with preservative
ties depends upon whether moisture sidered in the design of roof structures. chemicals and redried in accordance
content will remain in the 12 to 15% To maintain a moisture content of 12% with American Wood Preservers
range or whether the panel will dry to at 150° F [66° C], sustained relative Association (AWPA) Standard C-910.
lower moisture contents as a result of humidity of around 80% would be

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Due to the absence of applicable treat-
ing industry standards, OSB panels are TABLE 4C

not currently recommended for applica- MULTIPLIERS FOR SANDED GROUP 2, 3 AND 4 PLYWOOD DESIGN CAPACITIES
tions requiring pressure-preservative Species
Group A-A, A-C Marine Other
treating.
PANEL BENDING STIFFNESS, EI (lb-in.2/ft of panel width)

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
Fire-retardant treatment
2 0.83 NA 0.83
Discussion in this document does not 3 0.67 NA 0.67
apply to fire-retardant-treated structural 4 0.56 NA 0.56

panels. However, some general informa- PANEL BENDING STRENGTH, FbS (lb-in./ft of panel width)

tion on fire-retardant treated plywood 2 0.70 NA 0.73

3 0.70 NA 0.73
roof sheathing is available in a bulletin11 4 0.67 NA 0.67
from APA – The Engineered Wood PANEL AXIAL TENSION, Ft A (lb/ft of panel width)
Association. For fire-retardant-treated 2 0.70 NA 0.73
plywood, all capacities and end-use 3 0.70 NA 0.73
4 0.67 NA 0.67
conditions shall be in accordance with
PANEL AXIAL COMPRESSION, Fc A (lb/ft of panel width)
the recommendations and/or model
2 0.73 NA 0.71
code evaluation reports of the company
3 0.65 NA 0.64
providing the treating and redrying 4 0.61 NA 0.62
service. PANEL AXIAL STIFFNESS, EA (lb/ft of panel width)

4.5.5. Panel size 2 0.83 NA 0.83

3 0.67 NA 0.67
Strength capacity in bending and ten- 4 0.56 NA 0.56
sion are appropriate for panels 24 PANEL SHEAR IN THE PLANE, Fs(lb/Q) (lb/ft of panel width)
inches [600 mm] or greater in width. 2 1.00 NA 1.00
For panels less than 24 inches [600 3 1.00 NA 1.00
4 1.00 NA 1.00
mm] in width used in applications
PANEL RIGIDITY THROUGH THE THICKNESS, Gvtv (lb/in. of panel depth)
where failure could endanger human
2 0.83 NA 0.83
life, the following adjustment shall be
3 0.67 NA 0.67
made to capacity (x is the width, or 4 0.56 NA 0.56
dimension perpendicular to the applied PANEL SHEAR THROUGH THE THICKNESS, Fvtv
stress): (lb/in. of shear-resisting panel length)
2 0.74 NA 0.74
When x is 24 inches [600 mm] or 3 0.74 NA 0.74
greater, then 4 0.68 NA 0.68
Cs = 1.00
When x is a minimum of 8 inches
[200 mm] to a maximum of 24 inches Also, additional panel edge support is panel thickness given in Table 5.
[600 mm], then recommended in applications subject to Computed rectangular (geometric)
Cs = 0.25 + 0.0313x walking loads, such as floor or roof properties on a per-foot-of-panel-width
sheathing. basis are provided in Table 6.
When x is less than or equal to 8 inches
[200 mm], then 4.6. Section properties Similarly, where design stress is
Cs = 0.50 Where required, geometric cross- required, design capacity may be
sectional properties may be calculated divided by the applicable rectangular
Single strips less than 8 inches [200
by assuming a uniform rectangular cross section property in Table 6.
mm] wide used in stressed applications
section in conjunction with nominal
shall be chosen such that they are rela-
tively free of surface defects.

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TABLE 5

NOMINAL THICKNESS BY SPAN RATING

(The nominal thickness is given. The predominant thickness for each span rating is highlighted in bold type.)
Nominal Thickness (in.)
Span
Rating 3/8 7/16 15/32 1/2 19/32 5/8 23/32 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/8

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
APA Rated Sheathing
24/0 .375 .437 .469 .500
24/16 .437 .469 .500
32/16 .469 .500 .594 .625
40/20 .594 .625 .719 .750
48/24 .719 .750 .875
APA Rated Sturd-I-Floor
16 oc .594 .625
20 oc .594 .625
24 oc .719 .750
32 oc .875 1.000
48 oc 1.125
Note: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

TABLE 6

PANEL SECTION PROPERTIES(a)

Nominal Moment of Section Statical Shear
Nominal Approximate Thickness Area Inertia Modulus Moment Constant
Panel Weight(b) t A I S Q lb/Q
Thickness (psf) (in.) (in.2/ft) (in.4/ft) (in.3/ft) (in.3/ft) (in.2/ft)
3/8" 1.1 .375 4.500 .053 .281 .211 3.000
7/16" 1.3 .437 5.250 .084 .383 .287 3.500
15/32" 1.4 .469 5.625 .103 .440 .330 3.750
1/2" 1.5 .500 6.000 .125 .500 .375 4.000
19/32" 1.8 .594 7.125 .209 .705 .529 4.750
5/8" 1.9 .625 7.500 .244 .781 .586 5.000
23/32" 2.2 .719 8.625 .371 1.033 .775 5.750
3/4" 2.3 .750 9.000 .422 1.125 .844 6.000
7/8" 2.6 .875 10.500 .670 1.531 1.148 7.000
1" 3.0 1.000 12.000 1.000 2.000 1.500 8.000
1-1/8" 3.3 1.125 13.500 1.424 2.531 1.898 9.000
Note: 1 inch = 25.4 mm; 1 psf = 4.88 kg/m2; 1 in.2/ft width = 2116.67 mm2/m width; 1 in.3/ft width = 53763 mm3/m width; 1 in.4/ft width = 1.3656x106
mm4/m width.
(a) Properties based on rectangular cross section of 1-ft width.
(b) Approximate plywood weight for calculating actual dead loads. For OSB panels, increase tabulated weights by 10%.

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4.7. Uniform load computations formulas are provided for computing For a single span:
Computation of uniform-load capacity uniform loads on wood structural pan- 24 Fs(lb/Q)
ws =
of wood structural panels shall be as els over conventional lumber framing. l2
outlined in this section for such applica- Because it is assumed that no blocking For a two-span condition:
tions as roofs, floors and walls. The is used, the formulas are for one-way 19.2 Fs(lb/Q)
design capacities are subject to adjust- “beam” action, rather than two-way ws =
l2

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
ment as specified earlier in this docu- “plate” action. The resulting loads are
For a three-span condition:
ment. assumed to be applied to full-sized
20 Fs(lb/Q)
Three basic span conditions are pre- panels in standard sheathing-type appli- ws =
l2
sented for computing uniform-load cations. Loads are for the panels only,
and in no way account for the design of Where:
capacities of wood structural panels. For
normal framing practice and a standard the framing supports. Further considera- ws = uniform load based on shear
panel size (4 x 8 ft [1200 x 2400 mm]), tion should be given to concentrated strength (psf)
APA has used the following assumptions loads, in compliance with local building Fs(lb/Q) = design shear strength capac-
in computing recommendations for codes and with maximum span recom- ity (lb/ft)
load-span tables. When the panel mendations of APA – The Engineered l2 = clear span (in., center-to-
strength axis is across (perpendicular to) Wood Association. center of supports minus support
the supports, the three-span condition 4.7.1. Uniform loads based on bending width)
is assumed for support spacing up to strength 4.7.3. Uniform loads based on deflection
and including 32 inches [800 mm]. The The following formulas shall be used requirements
two-span condition is assumed for for computing loads based on design The following formulas shall be used for
support spacing greater than 32 inches bending strength capacity (FbS). computing deflection under uniform
[800 mm]. For a single span: load, or allowable loads based on deflec-
When the panel strength axis is placed 96 FbS tion requirements.
wb =
parallel to the supports, the three-span l12 For a single span:
condition is assumed for support spac- For a two-span condition: wl34
ing up to and including 16 inches [400 ∆=
96 FbS 921.6 EI
mm], the two-span condition is wb =
l12 For a two-span condition:
assumed when the support spacing is wl34
greater than 16 inches [400 mm] up to
For a three-span condition: ∆=
120 FbS 2220 EI
24 inches [600 mm], and a single span wb = For a three-span condition:
l12
is assumed for spans greater than 24 wl34
inches [600 mm]. Where: ∆=
1743 EI
To include the effects of support width wb = uniform load based on bending Where:
strength (psf)
in deflection and shear strength calcula- ∆ = deflection (in.)
tions, two-inch-nominal [38 mm] lum- FbS = design bending strength capacity
w = uniform load (psf)
ber framing is assumed for support (lb-in./ft)
EI = design bending stiffness capacity
spacings less than 48 inches [1200 l1 = span (in., center-to-center of
(lb-in.2/ft)
mm]. Four-inch-nominal [89 mm] lum- supports)
l3 = clear span + SW (in.)
ber framing is assumed for support 4.7.2. Uniform loads based on shear SW = support-width factor, equal
spacing of 48 inches [1200 mm] or strength to 0.25 inch [6.5 mm] for two-inch-
greater. The following formulas shall be used for nominal [38 mm] lumber framing and
The equations presented in this section computing loads based on design shear 0.625 inch [16 mm] for four-inch-
are standard beam formulas altered to strength capacity (Fs[lb/Q]). nominal [89 mm] lumber framing.
accept the mixed units noted. These

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4.7.4. Uniform load 96 FbS [1200 N/m2] snow load capacity is
wb =
For uniform load based on a deflection l12 achieved. The tongue-and-groove edges
requirement, compute bending deflec- 96 x (705 x 1.15) provide required edge supports.
tion with a uniform load (w) equal to = 482 4.8.2. Example 2 – Panelized roof
one psf. The allowable uniform load = 34 psf [1628 N/m2] An oriented strand board (OSB) panel
based on the allowable deflection is

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
Shear Strength in the Plane trademarked APA Structural I Rated
then computed as: Sheathing 32/16 is to be used in a pan-
From Table 4A, a 4-ply plywood Rated
∆
wd = all. Sturd-I-Floor 24 oc panel with stress elized roof system over 2-in.-nominal
∆
applied parallel to the strength axis has [38 mm] framing members 24 in. [600
Where: shear strength in the plane (Fs[lb/Q]) of mm] on center. The long panel dimen-
wd = uniform load based on 300 lb/ft [4378 N/m]. This capacity is sion (strength axis) of the panel will be
deflection (psf) adjusted by a duration-of-load factor placed parallel to supports.
∆all. = allowable deflection (in.) (CD ) of 1.15 (see 4.5.1). Bending Strength
4.8. Design examples showing use of 19.2 Fs(lb/Q) From Table 4A, an OSB Rated Sheathing
ws =
capacity tables l2 32/16 panel with stress applied perpen-
Note: In these examples, panel type and 19.2 (300 x 1.15) dicular to strength axis (long panel
= (48 – 3.5) dimension parallel to supports) has a
construction are selected for illustrative
purposes. Normally specification is by grade bending strength capacity (FbS) equal to
= 149 psf [7134 N/m2]
and span rating without regard to panel 165 lb-in./ft [61.2 N•m/m]. This capac-
Bending Stiffness ity is adjusted by a multiplier of 1.5 for
type, and calculations should assume the
From Table 4A, a Rated Sturd-I-Floor OSB Structural I, and by a duration-of-
lowest capacities applicable to available
24 oc panel with stress applied parallel load factor (CD ) of 1.15 (see 4.5.1).
types and constructions as given in Table 7
to the strength axis has a dry stiffness This duration-of-load factor is normally
for the specified span rating.
capacity (EI) of 330,000 lb-in.2/ft [3107 associated with snow loads for roof
4.8.1. Example 1 – Conventional roof N•m2/m]. The deflection limit for live structures. From 4.7, a two-span condi-
A 4-ply plywood panel trademarked load is l/240. tion is assumed.
APA Rated Sturd-I-Floor 24 oc with
wl34
tongue-and-groove edges was inadver- ∆= wb =
96 FbS
2,220 EI l12
tently installed over 4-in.-nominal [89
mm] roof supports 48 in. [1200 mm] 1.0 (48 – 3.5 + .625)4 96 (165 x 1.5 x 1.15)
= 2,220 x 330,000 =
on center. The long dimension (strength 242
axis) of the panel was placed perpendic- = 5.66 x 10-3 in. = 47 psf [2250 N/m2]
ular to supports. The local building ∆all. 48/240 Shear Strength in the Plane
wd = =
code requires that the panel support a ∆ 5.66 x 10-3 From Table 4A, an OSB Rated Sheathing
25-psf [1200 N/m2] snow load.
= 35 psf [1676 N/m2] 32/16 panel with stress applied perpen-
Bending Strength dicular to strength axis has shear
Bending strength controls (provides the
From Table 4A, a 4-ply plywood Rated strength in the plane (Fs[lb/Q]) of 165
lowest capacity) for this application. The
Sturd-I-Floor 24 oc panel with stress lb/ft [2408 N/m]. This capacity is
bending strength capacity of 34 psf
applied parallel to the strength axis adjusted by a multiplier of 1.0 for OSB
[1628 N/m2] represents total load, from
(long panel dimension perpendicular to Structural I, and by a duration-of-load
which dead load is subtracted to arrive
supports) has a bending strength capac- factor (CD ) of 1.15 (see 4.5.1).
at live load capacity. The bending stiff-
ity (FbS) of 705 lb-in./ft [261 N•m/m].
ness capacity of 35 psf [1676 N/m2] 19.2 Fs(lb/Q)
This capacity is adjusted by a duration- ws =
represents live load only. Here, if dead l2
of-load factor (CD ) of 1.15 (see 4.5.1).
load (panel weight plus roofing) is no 19.2 (165 x 1.0 x 1.15)
From 4.7, a two-span condition is =
more than 9 psf [431 N/m2], the 25-psf (24 – 1.5)
assumed.
= 162 psf [7757 N/m2]

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25
Bending Stiffness Shear Strength in the Plane While the above calculations would
From Table 4A, an OSB Rated Sheathing From Table 4A, a 5-ply plywood Rated indicate that this Sturd-I-Floor construc-
32/16 panel with stress applied perpen- Sturd-I-Floor 24 oc panel with stress tion has a live load capacity of 143 psf
dicular to strength axis has a dry stiff- applied parallel to the strength axis has [6847 N/m2] (limited by bending stiff-
ness capacity (EI) of 25,000 lb-in.2/ft shear strength in the plane (Fs[lb/Q]) ness), it is important to note that some
[235 N•m2/m]. This capacity is equal to 325 lb/ft [4743 N/m]. structural panel applications are not

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
adjusted by a multiplier of 1.6 for OSB 20 Fs(lb/Q) controlled by uniform load. Residential
Structural I. The deflection limit for live ws = floors, commonly designed for 40-psf
l2
load is l/240. [1900 N/m2] live load, are a good exam-
20 x 325
wl34 = ple. The calculated allowable load is
(24–1.5)
∆= greatly in excess of the typical design
2,220 EI
= 289 psf [13837 N/m2] load. This excess does not mean that
= 1.0 (24 – 1.5 + .25)4
Bending Stiffness floor spans for Sturd-I-Floor can be
2,220 x (25,000 x 1.6)
From Table 4A, a 5-ply plywood Rated increased, but only that there is consid-
= 3.017 x 10-3 in. Sturd-I-Floor 24 oc panel with stress erable reserve strength and stiffness for
∆all. 24/240 applied parallel to the strength axis has uniform loads. Recommended maxi-
wd = =
∆ 3.017 x 10-3 a dry stiffness capacity (EI) of 330,000 mum spans for wood structural panel
= 33 psf [1580 N/m2] lb-in.2/ft [3107 N•m2/m]. The deflec- floors are based on deflection under
tion limit for live load is l/360. concentrated loads, how the floor
4.8.3. Example 3 – Floor
wl34 “feels” to passing foot traffic, and other
A 5-ply plywood panel marked APA ∆= subjective factors which relate to user
Rated Sturd-I-Floor 24 oc is to be used 1,743 EI
4
acceptance. Always check the maximum
in a floor system over supports 24 in. = 1.0 (24 – 1.5 + .25) floor and roof spans for wood structural
[600 mm] on center. The panels will be 1,743 x (330,000 x 1.1)
panels before making a final selection
placed with the long panel dimension = 4.657 x 104 in.
for these applications.
(strength axis) perpendicular to sup-
∆all. 24/360
ports. Supports are 2-in.-nominal [38 wd = = To assist in ascertaining the availability
∆ 4.657 x 10-4
mm] framing members. The capacity of of a specific panel type, the following
= 143 psf [6847 N/m2] table has been developed by APA.
the panel will be computed based on
bending strength, shear strength in the
plane and bending stiffness.
TABLE 7
Bending Strength
TYPICAL APA PANEL CONSTRUCTIONS(a)
From Table 4A, a 5-ply plywood Rated Plywood
Span
Sturd-I-Floor 24 oc panel with stress Rating 3-ply 4-ply 5-ply(b) OSB
applied parallel to the strength axis APA Rated Sheathing
(long panel dimension perpendicular to 24/0 X X
supports) has a bending strength capac- 24/16 X
32/16 X X X X
ity (FbS) of 770 lb-in./ft [285 N•m/m].
40/20 X X X X
From 4.7, a three-span condition is 48/24 X X X
assumed. APA Rated Sturd-I-Floor

120 FbS 120 x 770 16 oc

wb = = 20 oc X X X
l12 242 24 oc X X X
32 oc X X
= 160 psf [7661 N/m2]
48 oc X X
(a) Constructions listed may not be available in every area. Check with suppliers concerning availability.
(b) Applies to plywood with 5 or more layers.

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26
5. REFERENCES 5. Test Method for Structural Panels in 10. Plywood – Preservative Treatment by
Tension, ASTM D 3500, American Pressure Process, AWPA Standard C9,
1. Construction and Industrial Plywood, Society for Testing and Materials, American Wood-Preservers’ Association,
Voluntary Product Standard PS 1, Philadelphia, PA. Granbury, TX.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 6. Test Method for Testing Structural Panels 11. Fire-Retardant-Treated Plywood,
Washington, DC.

Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
in Compression, ASTM D 3501, Technical Bulletin TB-201, APA – The
2. Performance Standard for Wood-Based American Society for Testing and Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma, WA
Structural-Use Panels, Voluntary Product Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 12. Construction Sheathing, CAN/
Standard PS 2, U.S. Department of 7. Test Method for Structural Panels in CSA-O325.0, Canadian Standards
Commerce, Washington, DC. Planar Shear (Rolling Shear), ASTM D Association, Toronto, ON, Canada.
3. Performance Standards and 2718, American Society for Testing and 13. National Design Specification for Wood
Qualification Policy for Structural-Use Materials, Philadelphia, PA. Construction, American Forest & Paper
Panels, PRP-108, APA – The Engineered 8. Test Method for Structural Panels in Association, Washington, DC.
Wood Association. Shear Through-the-Thickness, ASTM D 14. Standard Method for Evaluating Dowel
4. Methods of Testing Structural Panels in 2719, American Society for Testing and Bearing Strength of Wood and Wood-Base
Flexure, ASTM D 3043, American Materials, Philadelphia, PA. Products, ASTM D 5764, American
Society for Testing and Materials, 9. Relation of Strength of Wood to Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA. Duration of Load, Report FPL R-1916, Philadelphia, PA.
USDA Forest Products Laboratory,
Madison, WI.

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27
 Note: This version is superseded by a more current edition. Check the current edition for updated design and application recommendations.
We have field representatives in many
major U.S. cities and in Canada who
can help answer questions involving APA
trademarked products. For additional
assistance in specifying engineered
wood products, contact us:

APA – THE ENGINEERED

WOOD ASSOCIATION
HEADQUARTERS
7011 So. 19th St.
Tacoma, Washington 98466
(253) 565-6600 ■ Fax: (253) 565-7265

Addres
eb s
W
@
www.apawood.org :

PRODUCT SUPPORT HELP DESK

(253) 620-7400
E-mail Address: help@apawood.org

Form No. D510A

Revised March 2004/0300

A PA
THE ENGINEERED
WOOD ASSOCIATION
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