1.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
As we know that there are four modes of conventional transportation.
First is rail which is relatively slow and expensive,another is road and
water which isrelatively slow and next is air which is too expensive.
Road travel is particularly problematic, given carbon emissions and the
fluctuating price of oil. As the environmental dangers of energy
consumption continue to worsen, mass transit will be crucial in the
years to come.
Developmentsin high-speed rail have historically been impeded by the
difficulties in managing friction and air resistance, both of which
become substantial when vehicles approach high speeds. Rail travel is
relatively energy efficient and offers the most environmentally friendly
option, but is too slow and expensive to be massively adopted. At
distances less than 900 miles, supersonic travel is unfeasible, as most
of the journey would be spent ascending and descending.
Given these issues, the Hyperloop aims to make a cost effective, high
speed transportation system for use at moderate distances.

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 2. INTRODUCTION
Hyperloop is a completely new mode of fastest transportation.
Hyperloop was firstly proposed by Elon musk and a team of engineer
from Tesla Motors and the Space Exploration Technologies
Corporation in August 2013. The concept of Hyperloop
includestravelling people from one place to another place in a capsule
which is propelling at a very high speed. Basically Hyperloop is
magnetically levitated train which runs inside a long tube or pipe. It
consists of low pressure tube with capsule that is transported at both
low and high speeds. It is driven by linear induction motor and
compressor. It includes 28 passenger pods.
For propulsion, magnetic accelerators will be planted along the length
of the tube, propelling the pods forward. The tubes would house a low
pressure environment, surrounding the pod with a cushion of air that
permits the pod to move safely atsuch high speeds, like a puck gliding
over an air hockey table.
Musk’s design recommends an air compressor on the front of the pod
that will move air from the front to the tail, keeping it aloft and
preventing pressure building up due to air displacement. A one way
trip on the Hyperloop is projected to take about 35 minutes (for
comparison, traveling the same distance by car takes roughly six
hours.) Passengers may enter and exit Hyperloop at stationslocated
either at the ends of the tube, or branches along the tube length.

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 3. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYPERLOOP
Hyperloop is based on a principle of magnetic levitation. The principle
of magnetic levitation is that a vehicle can be suspended and propelled
on a guidance track made with magnets. The vehicle on top of the track
may be propelled with the help of a linear induction motor.
The concept of Hyperloop transportation was first introduced by
Robert Goddard in 1904. Virgin Hyperloop One has made substantive
technical changes to Elon Musk's initial proposal and chose not to
pursue the Los Angeles–to–San Francisco notional route that Musk
envisioned in his 2013 alpha-design white paper.
The test combined Hyperloop components including vacuum,
propulsion, levitation, sled, control systems, tube and structures. As of
May 2019, the company had raised $400 million. Its publicly stated
goal is to provide a fully operational Hyperloop system by 2020 or
2021.

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 4. CONSTRUCTION
4.1 Tube:
The tube is made of steel. There are two tubes which are welded
together side by side configuration to allow the capsules travel in both
directions. The tube will be supported by pillars.

4.2 Capsule:
The capsule can carry 28 passengers at a time and it send at a very high
speed and it is levitated by a high pressure air cushion. The design of
capsule is start with the aerodynamic shape. There are two version of
capsule are being considered: a passenger only version and a
passenger plus vehicle version.

4.3 Compressor:
The compressor is fitted at the front side of the capsule. It supplies the
air to the air bearings which supports the weight of the capsule.The
compressor allowsthe capsule to traverse to the low pressure tube

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without choking the air flow that travels between tube walls and
capsule.

4.4 Suspension:
Air bearing suspension offers stability and extremely low drag at a
feasible cost. A stiff air bearing suspension is superb for reliability and
safety. When there is a gap between ski and tube walls is high then it
shows the nonlinear reaction and which results in large restoring
pressure.

4.5 Propulsions:
To accelerate and decelerate the capsule the linear induction motor is
used in hyperloop system. It provides some advantages over a
permanent magnet motor. To accelerate the capsules there islinear
accelerators are constructedon a length of the tube. Stators are placed
on the capsules to transfer momentum to the capsules via the linear
accelerator.

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 5. WORKING OF HYPERLOOP SYSTEM

Working of Hyperloop system is based on magnetic levitation

principle. As we know that the passenger pod travels through low
pressure tube which is pylon-supported tube.
In Hyperloop system an air compressor fan is fitted on front side of
pod which sucks the air. It transfer high pressure air front side to the
rear side of capsule (pod) and it propel the pod. It creates the air
cushion around the pod, so that the pod is suspended in air within the
tube.
On the basis of magnetic levitation principle the pod will be propelled
by the linear induction motor. By the linear induction motor the
capsule send from one place to another place to a subsonic velocity
that is slower than the speed ofsound. The pod will be self-powered.
There is solar panel fitted on top of the tube. By this solar panel there
is enough energy isstored in battery packs to operate at night and in
cloudy weather for some periods. The energy is also is stored in the
form of compressed air.

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The air between the capsule acts as a cushions to prevent two capsules
from colliding within the tube.

In above figure it shown that the air through the compressor is send
to a bypass nozzle at the rear end of the capsule. If capsule cover too
much area of the tube then, the air is not flow around the capsule and
ultimately the entire column of air in the tube is being pushed ahead
of the capsule and because of this there is friction between the air and
tube walls is increases tremendously. Therefore to avoid this problem
the compressor is fitted at the front of the capsule through which the
air will not flow around the capsule and send it to bypass nozzle
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 6. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
The objective of our project was to design a “High Speed Hyperloop
Based Transportation System” which will prove to be a source of fast
and economic transportation Initially we had taken a capsule of mild
steel which replicates the actual train (pod or capsule) and it would
pass through a PVC pipe 7ft long which serves the purpose of a channel
for the train. In practical approach, the train uses principle of
electromagnetic levitation or centrifugal principle, but in our model we
have used the principle of electromagnetic propulsion for propelling
the train

We used four 6 Volt batteries connected in series to give 24 Volt supply

required for energizing the coils We used 12 Volt supply (by tapping
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two 6 V batteries) which is feed ATmega16(microcontroller). Firstly,
this 12 V supply is given to capacitor filter to remove the ripple
content. Then it is being fed to 7805 series voltage regulator which
regulates the output voltage to 5 volts. This regulated output voltage
is again filtered through capacitor filter to remove the ripple content
and then it is being fed to ATmega16. The three main inputs of
ATmega16 are:
1. Power supply
2. Reset circuits
3. Clock
The main function of ATmega16 was to provide the necessary control
signals required for energizing the relay
after a specified time delay (by clock) so as to ensure sequential
excitation of the coils which facilitates the fast movement of the train.
As the output signals from ATmega16 are weak they were amplified
through Transistor BC549 and then fed to the relay. When the relay
gets energized the NO contact gets closed, thereby completing the
circuit of 24 Volt supply to the coils. In this way the first coil gets
energized then the capsule gets attracted towards it.

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After a time delay of 65ms, the second coil is energized and it’s NO
contact gets closed thereby completing its circuit which results in coil
to get attracted towards it, whereas the supply to the first coil is
stopped. Similarly, the procedure is repeated for the remaining coils
which ultimately results in fast movement of the train.
By exciting the coils in the sequence 1-2-3-4 we obtained forward
movement of the capsule. To obtain reverse movement, the excitation
sequence should be 4-3-2-1.
ATmega16 is programmed using C-language programming ATmega16
microcontroller is interfaced with 16x2 LCD display wherein we

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displayed name of the project, project guide, Time delay(eg:65ns),
command prompted(forward, reverse). ATmega16 is programmed
using C language. The frequency of crystal oscillator (clock) is
11.0592MHz.
From port D of ATmega16, TXD and RXD pins are interfaced to RXD and
TXD pins of the Bluetooth module. Software used is HC05. The
Bluetooth is connected to mobile app via B4A (Basics For Android)
software. By using this mobile app, we controlled the capsule
movement and provided the required time delay

The project proposed is a real time working project, and this can be
further improvised by using sensors (infrared, motion) and by
incorporating non-conventional sources of energy.

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PROGRAM: $prog &HFF , &HFF , &HDF , &H00
$regfile = "m16def.dat"
$crystal = 11059200
$baud = 9600

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Config Lcd = 16 * 2
Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db4 = Portc.4 , Db5 = Portc.5 , Db6
= Portc.6 , Db7 = Portc.7 , E = Portc.2 , Rs = Portc.0
Config Porta = Input
Config Portb = Output
Portb = 0
Dim T As Integer
Dim Indata As Byte
T = 65

Cls
Cursor Off
Lcd " Hyperloop"
Lowerline
Lcd " "
Wait 2

Cls
Lcd " M.H.S.S.P"
Wait 2
Cls
Lcd " Guided By: "
Lowerline
Lcd "Prof.M.K.Vani "
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Wait 2

Do
Indata = Inkey()
Cls
Lcd "Coil Time:" ; T ; "Ms"
If Pina.1 = 0 Then
Lowerline
Lcd "forward"
Portb.0 = 1
Waitms T
Portb = 0

Portb.1 = 1
Waitms T
Portb = 0
Wait 1
End If
'''''''''''''''''''
If Pina.3 = 0 Then
Lowerline
Lcd "Reverse"
Portb.3 = 1
Waitms T
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Portb = 0
Portb.2 = 1
Waitms T
Portb = 0
Wait 1
End If
''''''''''''''''''''
If Indata = "1" Then
Lowerline
Lcd "forward"
Portb.0 = 1
Waitms T
Portb = 0
Portb.1 = 1
Waitms T
Portb = 0
Wait 1
End If
'''''''''''''''''''
If Indata = "2" Then
Lowerline
Lcd "Reverse"
Portb.3 = 1
Waitms T
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Portb = 0
Portb.2 = 1
Waitms T
Portb = 0
Wait 1
End If

If Indata = "3" Then

T=T+5
Waitms 250
End If
'''''''''''''''''''

If Indata = "4" Then

T=T-5
Waitms 250
End If
Waitms 100
Loop

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21
 7. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
7.1 Merits:
1. It saves the travelling time and energy.
2. There is no problem of traffic.
3. It can be powered by the solar panel.
4. It can travel in any kind of weather.
5. Not disruptive to those along the route.
6. More convenient
7. Ensures jerk free and comfortable travel of passengers

7.2 Demerits:
1. Turning will be critical.
2. Less movable space for passenger.
3. High speed might cause dizziness in some passenger.
4. Punctured tunnel could cause shockwaves.

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 8. CONCLUSION
A high speed transportation system known as Hyperloop has been
developed in this report. Hyperloop transportation system can be used
over the conventional modes of transportation that are rail, road,
water and air as a fast and relatively economic means of transport.
Further, it does not contribute to carbon emissions and landfill,
thereby ensuring sustainable development.
The Hyperloop has the potential to revolutionize transportation with
its high-speed, low-friction system. However, its widespread adoption
and viability depend on overcoming numerous technical, regulatory,
and financial challenges. While promising, its ultimate success will
hinge on continued innovation, investment, and collaboration across
various stakeholders to address these hurdles and realize its full
potential as a sustainable, efficient mode of transportation for the
future.

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 9. HYPERLOOP IN INDIA
● Hyperloop Transportation Technologies are in process to sign a
Letter of Intent with the Indian Government for a proposed route
between Chennai and Bengaluru. If things go as planned, the
distance of 345 km could be covered in 30 minutes.
● HTT also signed an agreement with Andhra Pradesh government
to build India’s first Hyperloop project connecting Amravati to
Vijayawada in a 6 minute ride.
● On February 22, 2018, Hyperloop One has entered into a MOU
(Memorandum of Understanding) with the Government of
Maharashtra to build a Hyperloop transportation system
between Mumbai and Pune that would cut the travel time from
the current 180 minutes to just 20 minutes.

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 10 FUTURE SCOPE
Now a day’s cities are polluted, roads are crowed and travelling time
is more and travelling experiences are now defined by chaos and
calamities. Hyperloop is all about improving transportation
infrastructure. It is time to use resources smartly, travel green and the
cost of mass transit for everyone. Hyperloop can be made of two
versions namely Passenger only and Passenger plus Vehicle
Hyperloop. Hyperloop is indeed a next generation mode of transport
developed in this earlier generation.

The technology of Hyperloop is in its rudimentary stage. Although the

technology is triple-crown, it can be worked upon for improvement in
near future.
1. An in depth style for the stations, together with loading and
unloading of passengers
2. Improved safety options and propulsion of the capsule..

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One of the foremost challenges for Hyperloop is its adaptability to
topography sharp turns and altering altitudes. The current capsule
design permits solely 28 passengers to commute at a time.
Improvements can be made
1. By incorporating more space for passenger transport.
2. Effective and efficient use of Power Electronic Interface will
reduce the risk of shockwaves, and increase passenger comfort
and safety
3. Use of SCADA for remote monitoring and control
4. Employment of renewable energy resources like Solar, Wind etc.
thereby ensuing sustainable development The cost of Hyperloop
has always proven to be a challenging question to many. But if
observed practically, inspite of high initial cost, the payback
period of Hyperloop is much lower (3- 5 years) in comparison
with that of high speed maglev Trains (greater than 10 years) or
Airlines (above 15 years).

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11. WORKING MODELS OF HYPERLOOP

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 12 REFERENCES
1. Musk, Elon (August 12, 2013). "Hyperloop Alpha"(PDF). SpaceX.
Retrieved August 13, 2013.
2. Ahmed Hodaib, Samar, et al, international journal of
mechanical, aerospace, industrial, mechatronics and
manufacturing engineering Vol:10 No:5, (May 2016)
3. “Hyperloop One”. Hyperloop One. Retrieved November 25,
2016
4. http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/fil
es//hyperloop_alpha.pdf , 2013.
5. Paper by Mark Sakowski, “The Next Contender in High Speed
Transport Elon Musks Hyperloop”, 2016
6. N. Kayela, editor of scientific and technical department,
“Hyperloop: A Fifth Mode of Transportation”, 2014
7. Mohammed Imran, international journal of engineering
research, 2016
8. Compressor: https://patrickenewman.files.wordpress.co
m/2016/03/compressoriso.png
9. Operating principle of hyperloop
http://webjapan.org/kidsweb/hitech/maglev/images/004.jpg

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