Seminar on “HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION” 1

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
CHH. SAMBHAJINAGAR

(An Autonomous Institute Of Government Of

Maharashtra)

Seminar Report On

“HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION”
Submitted By

Rohit Dipak Gurubhaiye

(Enrollment No. 212052)

Guided By:

Prof. R. N. Khadase sir

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
CHHATRAPATI SAMBHAJI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify Rohit Dipak Gurubhaiye (212052) the student

of Final Year Diploma Programme in Mechanical Engineering
from Government Polytechnic, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar has
successfully completed the seminar work entitled.

“Hyperloop Transportation” in the partial fulfillment for the award of

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering as prescribed by Government
Polytechnic, chhatrapati sambhajinagar during the academic year 2023-2024.

Prof. R. N. Khadase sir Dr. A. N. Pawar Dr. A. M. Jinturkar

(Guided by) sir (H.O.D) sir (principle)
 Seminar on “HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION” 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind of help and

guidance received from several people in preparation of this report. It would not have
been possible to prepare this report in this form without their valuable help, cooperatio n
and guidance.

I express My sincere gratitude to my guide, Prof. R. N. KHADSE for his

useful guidance, making available to me his knowledge and experience in
making “HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION”.

As a seminar. I am also thankful to HOD of Mechanical department Dr. A. N.

PAWAR sir & ESHHAN BHANGE for his constant motivation & help which has been
highly instrumental in making my seminar. I wish to record my sincere gratitude to
the Government polytechnic chhatrapati sambhajinagar.

Last but not the least, I wish to thank our parents for financing our studies in
this college as well as for constantly encouraging me to learn engineering. Their
personal sacrifice in providing this opportunity to learn engineering is gratefully
acknowledged.

Rohit Dipak Gurubhaiye

212052
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION” 4

ABSTRACT

The Hyperloop transportation is a cutting edge concept proposed by Elon Musk in

2013, The hyperloop transportation system is an innovative mode of high-speed travel
that utilizes sealed tubes to transport passengers or cargo at near-vacuum
conditions, significantly reducing air resistance and enabling rapid speeds. Propelled by
magnetic levitation or air compression, pods inside the tubes can achieve
speeds comparable to commercial airplanes, promising efficient and environmentally
friendly intercity transportation. Hyperloop technology has the potential to revolutionize
the way people and goods move, offering the prospect of faster, safer, and more
sustainable travel in the future. This system consist of a capsule traveling at high subsonic
speed Mach 0.7- 0.8, inside a low pressure tube (100pa) The Hyperloop.

The low pressure inside the tube minimizes the air friction which increases the speed
up to 1200KM/HR. It travels with the sound speed which is 1234.8 KM/HR. it
works on magnets and solar plates there is no pollution occurs and do not harm
to environment.
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INDEX

SR. NO TITLE PAGE.NO

1 INTRODUCTION 6

2 WORKING PRINCIPLE 8

3 CONSTRUCTION FEATURRS 12

4 BENEFITS &LIMITATIONS 30

5 FUTURE SCOPE 31

6 CONCLUSION 32

7 REFERANCES 33
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1. Introduction:

Transportation industry is one the important industries which shaped the human
development. This industry also has been developed along with the time and new
technology. Especially transportation has shown a drastic development in last
hundred years. The four transportation modes road, trains, ships and airplanes have
provided we convince in travelling. Airplanes can travel at about 853 kmp/h. However,
airplanes are very expensive to travel and also all other transportation modes are not
efficient enough to match the need of fast travelling at a longer distance and on a daily
basis. These modes are either too expensive or too slow. Hyperloop is an efficient enough
alternative to fulfill the needs of high-speed travelling at cheap cost.

Hyperloop was devised by Elon Musk and a team of engineers from SpaceX in 2013.
Basically, hyperloop is similar to the high-speed maglev trains that work on the principle of
magnetic levitation. Small capsules travel through near vacuum tubes at high speed.
The low pressure inside the tube minimizes the air friction which increases the speed to up
to 1220 kmp/h i.e. nearly at Supersonic speed (Speed of sound - 1234.8 kmp/h).
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The high-speed travelling capsules in a full sealed vacuum can create a block of air at
the nose of the capsule which can resist the speed of the capsule and may decrease the
speed or may also cause leakage in the tube due to high pressure. To avoid this problem a
compressor is provided in front of the capsule which will move this air block from the
nose to tail of the capsule adding in the thrust to the capsule.

Hyperloop can use any renewable source of energy like wind, solar energy. The roofs
of the tubes are covered with solar arrays to produce energy which will be used to create
magnetic levitation. So, hyperloop is an eco- friendly transportation option. Also, it will
reduce the cost of travelling (same as of high-speed trains) and the travelling time.
To reach Mumbai from Aurangabad which requires about 8 hours by train,
hyperloop will need only 23 minutes. Thus, it will solve the problem of many people
living far from their working place.
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2. working principle :

Fig. 1: Working of Magnet Leviation & Proportional

The working principle of hyperloop technology is based on overcoming the two main
barriers to faster transportation- friction and air resistance. The concept builds on the idea
of the vacuum train to create a much more advanced and feasible model.

Vacuum trains were theorized to run using magnetic levitation in vacuum-sealed tubes
or tunnels, thereby reducing or even eliminating air resistance and friction. This
means that very little energy is required for running these trains at high speeds. But
building and maintaining full vacuum tubes is neither practical nor economical.

Musk proposed instead a low-pressure system, which could be maintained much more
easily. His design suggests mounting an electric compressor fan on the nose of the pod to
maintain pressure. This can also help in creating a low friction suspension system with air
bearings. An external linear electric motor is used to power the fan. Acceleration is only
needed to initially get the pod to high speeds and for periodic re-boosts.
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION” 9

So basically, capsules move along a low-pressure tube at high speeds. The capsules are
lifted using air cushions, and those in combination with the low-pressure system results in
an arrangement where there is minimum friction and air resistance, meaning high speeds
can be maintained without much external acceleration. When acceleration is needed, an
external motor is used.

The Hyperloop tube to capsule ratio needs to be minimum if the capsule has to move at
highest speed. This is because when the capsule starts moving in the tube at high speed, it
will also create a large block of air in front of it. So, now the capsule will have to propel
the air block with itself as well. This occurs because the air cannot move around
the capsule if the diameter is too small. If the diameter of the tube is simply increased it
will not only increase the cost of building it but also the cost of maintaining the vacuum in
it. This will cause consumption of more power required to propel the capsule. This
will increase the cost of ride. So to overcome this problem an air compressor is fitted in
front of the capsule. This compressor is rotor type of compressor which will move the air
block from the nose of the capsule to the tail of the same which will add to thrust to the
capsule. Also, this air could serve as an air cushion to the air capsules. This is know as Air
bearing which reduces the friction resulting in further increase in speed

Fig 2: Magnetic Propulsion Using Linear Induction Motor

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Most important component of hyperloop system is electromagnets used for propelling the
capsules forward. Electromagnets are currently used in maglev trains in maglev trains to
levitate and propel the bullet trains which currently are the fastest transportation option.
But in hyperloop, these magnets will only be used for propulsion. The levitation is caused
by the air bearings once the capsule starts moving. The electromagnets will only be used
for levitation at start only to levitate the capsule and then at about 70 miles gap to propel
the capsule. Thus, the stator located in the tube will be very rare. Only about 1% of the
wall will be made of magnets. This will reduce the cost of construction as well
as the power required to run the system would be less.

Fig 3: Description Capsule Traversing Inside Tube

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Another major feature of the hyperloop is the tube it travels in. The tube is maintained at a
very low near vacuum pressure of about 100 Pascal (1/1000th of the atmospheric pressure
i.e. 1. 013 bar). This low pressure reduces the drag force which is one of the important
reasons to keep objects from travelling at high speeds. A total vacuum inside the tube is
avoided to avoid any leakages. A total vacuum will also increase the cost and will be hard
to maintain.

The exact vacuum pressure used in the Hyperloop system can vary depending on the
design and engineering choices of different companies and projects. However, the general
idea is to create a low-pressure environment inside the tube to reduce air resistance and
increase the efficiency of capsule movement.

The target vacuum pressure for the Hyperloop tube is often in the range of 100 Pascals
(Pa), which is roughly equivalent to 0.001% of atmospheric pressure at sea level.
This level of vacuum helps minimize air resistance and allows the capsules to
achieve high speeds with relatively low energy consumption. Keep in mind that the
specific vacuum pressure used may vary based on engineering considerations
and technological advancements.
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3. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEACTURES:

The main components of hyper loop system are capsule, tube, compressor, pylons &
tunnels. These constructions provide feature like propulsion and suspension itself.
These components are described below in details.

3.1 Capsule:

The Hyper loop consists of a low pressure tube with capsules that are travelled at low
and high speed throughout the length of the tube.

These capsules are of two types.

1. Hyperloop passenger capsule

2. Hyperloop passenger plus cargo capsule

A “capsule” in the context of the Hyperloop refers to the passenger or cargo vehicle
that travels within the Hyperloop transportation system. The Hyperloop is a
proposed mode of high-speed transportation, first envisioned by Elon Musk, that
uses a low- pressure tube system to transport capsules at extremely high speeds.
Here’s a detailed explanation of the capsule in the Hyperloop system

The design and materials used for both the capsules are same. Just the passenger plus
cargo capsules are made a little thick walled

The passenger capsule can carry 28 passengers at a time and the other one can
the same number of passengers along with the 3 moderate sized vehicles

● .Infrastructure:

- To accommodate capsules, Hyperloop tubes are constructed with specific dimensions

and materials to maintain a low-pressure environment and minimize air resistance.
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Fig 4: Hyperloop passenger capsule subsystem notational location

● .Design and Purpose:

-The capsule is a streamlined, pod-like vehicle designed to travel within the Hyperloop
tube. It can be designed to carry passengers, cargo, or a combination of both.

-The primary purpose of the capsule is to transport people or goods in a highly efficient and
fast manner, with the potential for speeds of up to 760 mph (1,220 km/h) or more.

● .Aerodynamic Shape:

- Capsules are typically designed with an aerodynamic shape to minimize air resistance
within the low-pressure tube. This design helps reduce energy consumption and allows for
high-speed travel.

● .Levitation and Propulsion:

-Hyperloop capsules may use various methods for levitation and propulsion. These
can include magnetic levitation (maglev) or air-based levitation, similar to air hockey, to
reduce friction.

-Propulsion systems like linear induction motors or linear synchronous motors are used
to propel the capsule forward.
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The capsule is a critical component of the Hyperloop transportation system, designed

for safe, efficient, and high-speed travel. Its streamlined design, propulsion,
levitation, and communication systems are all optimized to make the Hyperloop a
futuristic mode of transportation. It’s important to note that as of my last knowledge
update in September 2021, Hyperloop technology was still in the experimental and
developmental phase, with several companies and organizations working on its
implementation. Therefore, there may have been further developments in Hyperloop
technology beyond that date.

The structure of capsule consists of five parts: the compressor, the middle, the
seat part, the LIM rotor holding beams and rear structure. The compressor is fitted in the
nose of the capsule. The middle part consists of firewall to separate the
compressor and the passenger seats compartment. The seating system is in the centre of
the structure and at the rear end; batteries are fitted inside the tail. The rotor beams are
brazed on the bottom of the capsule. Above figure (Fig. 4) show the structure of the
capsule.
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Fig 5: inside design of the capsule

The standard design of the capsule was inspired by the aircraft fuselage structure. It
consists of the transverse frames held apart by longer on channels and stringers. Flanges
are used to join the different parts of the structure by bolts. The stressed skin shells are
fixed to flanges by rivets. Panel's stiffeners are used in some regions in the skin
to overcome the bending loads created by the transverse pressure. Local reinforcements
are finally integrated in some areas such as the door cut-out. Sharp edging should be
avoided as possible to minimize the stress conduction effects.

For stability, the location of CG of the capsule is optimized by placing the compressor
motor at the front while the batteries are placed in the rear part. The rotor of the LIN is
placed at the bottom. A structural design is made to be compatible with all the
components of the capsule.

The main material is chosen to be mainly Steel (Grade 60) for its good
thermal properties besides the mechanical properties to avoid any effect of thermal
and drag stresses on the body while travelling at high speed. The skin material used is
generally aluminium (Al-7075) for its lower surface roughness and high strength to
weight ratio. The thicknesses of the sheets are variable according to the type of the
capsule.

3.2 Tubes:

The Hyperloop is a revolutionary transportation concept that utilizes a network

of sealed, low-pressure tubes to transport passenger pods or cargo at high speeds
through partial vacuum environments. Within these tubes, specially designed capsules or
pods are propelled using a combination of magnetic levitation and linear induction
motors,
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION” 16

minimizing friction and air resistance. This innovative mode of transportation has
the potential to drastically reduce travel times, with theoretical speeds exceeding 750
miles per hour (1200 kilometers per hour). The low-pressure environment inside the
tubes minimizes air resistance, allowing for efficient and high-speed travel, making
the Hyperloop a promising solution for future long-distance and intercity
transportation systems.

Fig 6: construction of tubes with solar arrays on the roof

The main hyper loop route consists of a partially evacuated cylindrical tube. The tube is
specifically sized for optimal air flow around the capsule improving the performance of
and energy consumption at expected travel speed. The pressure inside the tube is
maintained at around 100 Pascal, which is 1 / (1000 ^ (th)) of the atmospheric pressure.
This low pressure minimizes the drag force on the tube. The head surface of the tubes is
lined with solar arrays which provide required system energy.

The Hyperloop travel journey will feel very smooth since capsule is guided directly on
the inner surface of the tube via the use of air bearings and suspension which prevents the
Need of costly tracks. The capsule may bank off the walls; therefore it includes a control
system for smoothing returns to normal capsule location form banking as well.
Some specific sections of the tube are incorporated the stators which locally guides
and accelerates/decelerates the capsule.

A uniform thickness steel tube is reinforced with stringers is used as the material of
choice for the inner diameter tube section. Tube section are pre-fabricated and installed
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION” 17

between pillar supports spaced 30 meters on average. This relative short span
allows keeping tube material cost and deflection to a minimum.

The steel construction allows simple welding processes to join different tube sections
together. A specifically designed cleaning and boring machine makes it possible to
surface finish the inside of the tube and welded joints for a better gliding surface.
In addition to this, safety emergency exits, and pressurization ports are added in
key locations along the length of the tube.

3.3 Compressor:

Due to high speed of the capsules in a narrow tube, an air block is formed at the nose
of the capsule. This increases the drag and causes more power consumption to propel the
capsule as it also has to propel the air block with itself. As solution to this
problem a compressor is fitted in front of the capsule which reduces the air pressure at
the front of the capsule and transfers it to the back side of the capsule allowing the capsule
to traverse the relatively very narrow tube without choking flow of the air that flows in
front of the land in between the capsules.

Fig 7: compressor used in hyperloop

One important feature of the capsule is the onboard compressor, which serves two
purposes. This system allows the capsule to traverse the relatively narrow tube without
choking flow that travels between the capsule and the tube walls (resulting in a build-up
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION” 18

of air mass in front of the capsule and increasing the drag) by compressing air
that is bypassed through the capsule. It also supplies air to air bearings that support the
weight of the capsule throughout the journey.

The compressor used in hyperloop is rotary (axial) type of compressor (Fig 7). This
compressor has main two functions, viz., to compress and transfer the air block of at the
front the capsule which gives it thrust and to provide the capsules with air bearing which
avoids the friction between the route and the and the capsules. Both functions of
compressor increase the speed of the hyperloop.

3.4 Suspension:

Suspending the vehicle at a certain height moving with at supersonic speed is tough
challenge. Conventional methods of wheels and axles won’t work in case of hyperloop
due to their greater rate of drag and poor balance. Thus, magnetic levitation is the best
suited alternative to use but the cost of constructing and maintaining the magnetic
levitation system would be very expensive. So, magnetic levitation is only used at start
and the stations where the speed of the capsule is slow less than 160 kmph. Once
the capsule achieves the speed above 200 kmph, it can easily be elevated by using
air bearings generated by the air pressure.

These airs bearing used in the hyperloop are of to types, aerodynamic and externally
pressurized. These bearings retain their high stiffness even at higher (supersonic) speeds
which is required for stability.

In the context of Hyperloop technology, suspension is an important aspect. Hyperloop

pods are designed to travel at extremely high speeds within low-pressure tubes. To
achieve a smooth and stable ride, various suspension systems are considered, including:
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION” 19

Fig8: Aerodynamic Air bearings for Hyperloop

1. Magnetic Levitation (Maglev): Some Hyperloop concepts use magnetic
levitation technology to lift the pod off the track, reducing friction and allowing
for high-speed travel.

2. Air Cushion: Air bearings or air cushions can be used to create a cushion of air
between the pod and the track, reducing friction and vibration.

3. Passive Suspension: Passive suspension systems, such as springs and dampers,

can also be used to absorb shocks and vibrations during travel.

4. Active Suspension: Active suspension systems use sensors and actuators to

continuously adjust the pod’s position and maintain a smooth ride.

5. The specific suspension technology used in a Hyperloop system can

vary depending on the design and implementation chosen by the
company or organization developing it.
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION” 20

The aerodynamic method of generating pressure under the air bearings becomes
appreciable at moderate to high capsule speeds. As the capsule accelerates up to cruising
speed, the front tip of each ski is elevated relative to the back tip such that the ski rests at
a slight angle of 0.050. Viscous forces trap a thin film of air in the converging
gap between the ski and the tube wall. The air beneath the skin becomes pressurized
which alters the flow field to momentum, and energy conservation. The resultant
elevated pressure beneath the skin relative to the ambient atmosphere provides a net
lifting force that is sufficient to support a portion of the capsules weight

However, the pressure field generated by aerodynamics is not sufficient to support the
entire weight of the vehicle. At lower speeds, very little lift can be generated by
aerodynamic mechanisms. Temperature and density in the mud film begin to rise more
rapidly than pressure at high speeds, very little lift can be generated by
aerodynamic mechanisms. Temperature and density in the mud film begin to rise
more rapidly than pressure at high speeds, thus lift ceases to increase as the
capsule accelerates into the transonic regime.

Fig 9: Air bearing for hyperloop

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Suspending the capsule within the tube presents a substantial technical challenge due
to transonic cruising velocities. Conventional wheel and axle systems become impractical
at high speed due frictional losses and dynamic instability. A viable technical solution is
magnetic levitation, however the cost associated with material and construction is
prohibitive. An alternative to these conventional options is an air bearing suspension. Air
bearings offer stability and extremely low drag at a feasible cost by exploiting the ambient
atmosphere in the tube.

Externally pressurized and aerodynamic air bearings are well suited for the Hyperloop
due to exceptionally high stiffness, which is required to maintain stability at high speeds.
When the gap height between a ski and the tube wall is reduced, the flow field in the gap
exhibits a highly non- linear reaction resulting in large restoring pressures. The increased
pressure pushes the ski away from the wall. Allowing it to return to its nominal
ride height. While a stiff air bearing suspension is superb for reliability and safety, it
could create considerable discomfort for passengers onboard. To account for this,
each ski is integrated into an independent mechanical suspension. Ensuring a
smooth ride for passengers. The capsule may also include traditional deployable wheels
similar to aircraft landing gear for ease of movement at speeds under 160 kph and as a
component of the overall safety system.

Lift is supplemented by injecting highly pressurized air into the gap. By applying an
externally supplied pressure, a favourable pressure distribution is established beneath the
bearing and sufficient lift is generated to support the capsule. This system is known as an
external pressure (EP) bearing and it is effective when the capsule is stationary or moving
at very high speeds. The air is introduced via a network of grooves in the bearing's bottom
surface and is sourced directly from the high-pressure air reservoir on-board the capsule.

These air bearings being very cheap and stiff are the best option to use in hyperloop.
They provide very smooth ride along the path even at a higher speed.
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION” 22

As the working fluid used for these bearings is air there is no running cost of these
bearings except for the pumps used for external pressurized air bearings which are
powered by the solar energy.

3.5 Pylons and Tunnels

The tube will be supported by pillars which constrain the tube in the vertical direction
but allow longitudinal slip for thermal expansion as well as dampened lateral slip
to reduce the risk posed by earthquakes. In addition, the pillar to tube connection nominal
position will be adjustable vertically and laterally to ensure proper alignment
despite possible ground settling. These minimally constrained pillars to tube joints will
also allow a smoother ride. Specially designed slip joints at stations will be able to
take any tube length variance due to thermal expansion. This is an ideal location
for the thermal expansion joints as the speed is much lower nearby the stations. It thus
allows the tube to be smooth and welded along the high speed gliding middle section.

The spacing of the Hyperloop pillars retaining the tube is critical to achieve the design
objective of the tube structure. The average spacing is 30 m, which means there will be
roughly 25,000 pillars supporting both Hyperloop tubes and overhead solar panels. The
pillars will be 6 m tall whenever possible but may vary in height in hilly areas or where
obstacles are in the way. Also, in some key areas, the spacing will have to vary in order to
pass over roads or other obstacles. Small spacing between each support reduces
the deflection of the tube keeping the capsule steadier and the journey more
enjoyable. In addition, reduced spacing has increased resistance to seismic loading as
well as the lateral acceleration of the capsule.

Due to the sheer quantity of pillars required, reinforced concrete was selected as the
construction material due to its very low cost per volume. In some short areas, tunneling
may be required to avoid going over mountains and to keep the route as straight
as possible.
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION” 23

The cost for the pillar construction and tube joints is anticipated to be no more than

$2.55 billion USD for the passenger version tube and $3.15 billion USD for the
passenger
plus vehicle version tube. The expected cost for the tunneling is expected to be no
more than $600 million USD for the smaller diameter tube and near $700 million USD
for the larger diameter tube.

Fig 10: First mode shape of hyperloop at 2.71 Hz ( magnified ×1500

)

Fig 12: Maximum principal stress at 1g inertia in X ( psi ) (magnified ×10).

Seminar on “HYPERLOOP 2

3.6 Power Generation &Consumption :

The roof of the tube is covered with the solar arrays to provide required system energy.
The energy production rate of these solar arrays is about 120W / (m ^ 2) A route of 563
km (from Los Angeles to San Francisco) is expected to provide an annual average of 57
MW while the annual consumption of the hyperloop running on this route is expected to
consume a total of 21 MW which includes the power needed to make up for propulsion
motor (including elevation charges), aerodynamic drag, charging the batteries to
power on-board compressors, and vacuum pumps to keep the tube evacuated. This solar
energy is also stored in PV cells to use this energy at the times when solar energy is not
available.

The compressors at the front of the capsule also produce energy by gas turbines which
run the compressors once enough energy is produced as well as to power the aluminium
blades (stator) for induction purpose. The compressors are started with an electric motor
which is powered by the batteries provided in the back side of the capsules.
Theses batteries are rechargeable and are charged at every station by solar energy. The
capsule power system includes 2, 500 kg of batteries.

Fig 13: Arrangements Of solar systemon Hyperloop

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3.7 Route

The Mumbai-Pune Hyperloop will be an ultra modern, new superfast transport project
which will be implemented to connect the two cities, located approximately
200 kilometres apart.

India’s first Mumbai-Pune Hyperloop: Here’s some great news for frequent travellers
of Mumbai and Pune! In the coming years, commuting between the two cities will
become much easier with the new Mumbai-Pune Hyperloop transport project. The cities
which are located in the state of Maharashtra, often witness high number of commuters on
a regular basis. However, with the Mumbai Pune Hyperloop project, covering the distance
between the two cities will come down to just 25 minutes! The state government
of Maharashtra has also accorded the infrastructure status to ultra- fast Mumbai
Pune Hyperloop transport project.

The Mumbai-Pune Hyperloop will be an ultra modern, new superfast transport project
which will be implemented to connect the two cities, located approximately
200 kilometres apart. While speaking to Financial Express Online, Naushad Oomer,
Director of Operations, India, Virgin Hyperloop discussed key features and details
about the Mumbai Pune Hyperloop

Mumbai-Pune Hyperloop transport system: A Hyperloop is a very high speed transport

system having a pod which will be designed as a pressurized vehicle. The pod carrying
about 24-28 people at once runs on frictionless path at very high speeds. The Hyperloop is
also an on-demand system and gives point-to-point access, directly reaching
the destination. It does not stop at stations in between two destinations.

Mumbai-Pune Hyperloop route, distance:

The Hyperloop project will be built in two phases. The first phase will be for
11.5 kilometres which will mostly be to demonstrate and to certify the technology.
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP 2

The top speed has been proposed at 1100 kmph, while the operational speed of
the system has been proposed at 360 kmph or 100 metres per second.

The second phase is the commercial part of the project and will cover the remainder of the
route, covering a distance of around 100 km. The total distance of the Mumbai Pune
Hyperloop project will be around 120-125 km and once regular operations commence, it
will run from BKC in Mumbai to Wakad in Pune.

Fig 14 : Route Of Hyperloop Transportation From Mumbai To Pune

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3.8 Propulsion :

The propulsion in hyper loop is provided by simple linear induction motor on

the principle of the magnetic levitation. A linear induction motor is an alternating
current, asynchronous linear motor that works by the same general principle as of the
rotary motor but is typically designed to directly produce motion in a straight line. It
consists of a stator spread as a path and a rotor that moves along and above the
stator due to magnetic induction when an alternating current is provided to the stator.

For hyperloop, the skis (stator) are mounted on the tubes. These stators are windings of
copper wires and are supplied with alternating current with 3 phase configurations. The
rotors are blades of aluminium brazed at the bottom of the capsules. These
aluminium blades are kept hollow as the magnetic induction occurs mostly in the outer
surface (0.4 inch) of the blades to reduce the total weight and reduce expenses.

The propulsion system has the following basic requirements:

1. Accelerate the capsule from 0 to 480 kph for relatively low speed travel in urban
areas.
2. Maintain the capsule at 480 kph as necessary, including during ascents over the
mountains surrounding Los Angeles and San Francisco.
3. To accelerate the capsule from 480 to 1,220 kph at 1G at the beginning of the
long coasting section along the 1-5 corridor.

4. To decelerate the capsule back to 480 kph at the end of the 1-5 corridor.

The Hyperloop as a whole is projected to consume an average of 21 MW. This

includes the power needed to make up for propulsion motor efficiency (including
elevation changes), aerodynamic drag, charging the batteries to power on-
board compressors, and vacuum pumps to keep the tube evacuated. A solar array covering
the entire Hyperloop is large enough to provide an annual average of 57 MW,
significantly more than the Hyperloop requires.
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Fig 15 : Magnetic leviation and propulsion coil

Since the peak powers of accelerating and decelerating capsules are up to 3 times the
average power, the power architecture includes a battery array at each accelerator. These
arrays provide storage of excess power during non-peak periods that can be used during
periods of peak usage. Power from the grid is needed only when solar power is
not available.

This section details a large linear accelerator, capable of the 480 to 1,220 kph
acceleration at IG. Smaller accelerators appropriate for urban areas and ascending
mountain ranges can be scaled down from this system.

The Hyperloop uses a linear induction motor to accelerate and decelerate the
capsule.

This provides several important benefits over a permanent magnet motor.

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 Lower material cost the rotor can be a simple aluminum shape, and does
not require rare-earth elements.

 Lighter capsule.

 Smaller capsule dimensions.

Each accelerator has two 70 MVA inverters, one to accelerate the outgoing
capsule, and one to capture the energy from the incoming capsule. Inverters
in the 10 + MVA power range are not unusual in mining, drives for large cargo
ships, and railway traction. Moreover, 100 MVA drives are commercially
available. Relatively inexpensive semiconductor switches allow the central
inverters to energize only the section of track occupied by a capsule, improving
the power factor seen by the inverters. The inverters are physically located at the
highest speed end of the track to minimize conductor cost.

When the power is supplied to the coils within the skis to create a unique
system of magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the guide way. The
electrical supplied to the coils in the skis is constantly alternating to change the
polarity of the magnetic coils. This change in the polarity causes the magnetic
field in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field
behind the capsule adds more forward thrust.

Also, the compressor fitted at the front of the capsule adds on the thrust to the
capsule. These compressors compress the air block formed in the front of the
capsule & transfer it behind the tail of the capsule causes the capsule to push
forward due to difference in air pressure at the nose and the tail of the capsule. The
capsules are given a kingfisher beak like shape which is narrow at the nose and
gradually increases towards the central part of the capsule and again gradually
decreases towards the tail. Due to this shape, the capsule and the walls of the tube
combined act as a venture for the air. The air bypassing from around the capsule
is pressurized from nose to the central part and then releasing it onward to
the tail. Thus, the principle of airplane is used in the hyperloop capsule to
provide an additional thrust.
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP 3

4.Benefits & Limitations :

4.1 Benefits :

 The technology offers very fast speed of transportation which is twice that
of aircraft.

 It has very low power consumption.

 It is low cost transportation system on long run.

 It is immune to bad weather conditions.

 There is no problem of traffic.

 It uses solar power.

 Not disruptive to those along the route.

2. Limitations :
 High speed of capsule (almost at speed of sound) may cause dizziness to
the passengers travelling due to vibration and jostling.
 Initial cost of investment to have the system in place is very high.
The long vacuum chamber manufacturing requires more technical
skills. Moreover this is costly and also risky to maintain.

 It has very high risk to life when something wrong happens to the system.

 It has limited space in the train and hence people can not move freely.
 The installation requires cutting of large number of trees. This leads
to environment loss.
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP 3

5. Future scope:

Currently three companies are at top in constructing an actual working

hyperloop; SpaceX the company that devised the idea of hyperloop. Virgin
Hyperloop One currently has achieved a working model of hyperloop and Chinese
company Aerospace Science and Industry (CASIC).

CEO and a team of SpaceX devised the idea of Hyperloop in 2013 with a
complete theoretical research paper of its construction and working. Elon
Musk has developed a route from San Francisco to Los Angeles for testing purpose
and anybody interested in developing the idea of hyperloop is allowed to
make the model of hyperloop and test it on this route. Musk hasn’t made any
patent on Hyperloops idea and has published it open for everybody to learn and
develop it. Various competitions are also held for students worldwide for
developing hyperloop pods and test it on the route by SpaceX.

Hyperloop one company jumped in the race to build hyperloop just one year after
Musk published his paper. It was later sponsored by Virgin group. CEO Pf Hyperloop
One Rob Lloyd has been working on this project for 5 years now and has achieved
the top position top position in building the hyperloop. The company has also
claimed to build a working hyperloop in practical to use for public in Dubai
and in India as debut. The construction will expectedly start in 2019.in testing
Hyperloop One has achieved speed above 553 which is currently the top speed of
maglev train (the fastest train in world.

In ‘Innovation & Entrepreneur Week’ in Sichuan, China CASIC presented the

design of working hyperloop. The company stated that the technology for this
design will be developed before 2020.thew test would be finalized before
2023 and the construction will start in 2025.
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP 3

6. Conclusion

A high speed transportation system known as Hyperloop has been developed in

this report. The work has detailed two versions of the Hyperloop: a passenger only
version and a passenger plus vehicle version. Hyperkoop could transport people,
vehicles, and freight between Los Angeles and San Francisco in 35 minutes.
Transporting 7.4 million people each way every year and amortizing the cost of $6
billion over 20 years gives a ticket price of $20 for a one-way trip for the
passenger version of Hyperloop. The passenger only version of the Hyperloop is
less than 9% of the cost of the proposed passenger only high speed rail
system between Los Angeles and San Francisco.

An additional passenger plus transport version of the Hyperloop has been

created that is only 25% higher in cost than the passenger only version.
This version would be capable of transporting passengers, vehicles, freight,
etc. The passenger plus vehicle version of the Hyperloop is less than 11% of the
cost of the proposed passenger only high speed rail system between Los
Angeles and San Francisco. Additional technological developments and further
optimization could likely reduce this price.

Hyperloop will be the future face of the transportation. The technology

has developed drastically since 2013 when the idea was devised by SpaceX.
Many companies have shown interest in developing hyperloop and many have
already achieved the desirable results and have claimed to construct the
working Hyperloop inn next decade.

In this way, the construction and working of hyperloop is explained in

this report, Hyperloop is just combination of many of current available
technologies. Just the feasible working of all these technologies together is the
challenge.
Seminar on “HYPERLOOP 3

7. References:

• Hyperloop, a mega-fast transportation system dreamed up in 2013 by

Tesla and SpaceX founder Elon Musk, was supposed to be a reality by now

• Ahmed Hodaib, Samar F.A. “Conception Design of Hyperloop

Capsule with Linear a induction Propulsion System”, World Academy of
Science, Engineering & Technology 2016.

• Chin, Jeffrey C., Gray, Justin S. (January 2015); Open-source Conceptual

Sizing Models for Hyperloop Passenger Pod”, 56 AIAA
Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference.

• Mohammed Imran “Hyperloop Technology – The Passenger Transport

System”. Vol. 4, Issue 3: May-June 2016