MSc Thesis Abstracts

College of Natural and Computational

Sciences

Edited and Compiled by:

Nigussie Dechassa (PhD)

Mengistu Urge (PhD)
Mengistu Ketema (PhD)
Mulugeta Yitayih (MSc)
Kidesena Sebesibe(MSc)
Mulugeta Desta (MSc)
Kiros Tekle (BSc)
 Preface

This book of abstracts was compiled by the Office of Research Affairs and
College of Natural and Computational Sciences to provide quick reference for
students and researchers on what have been researched in the area of Biology,
Chemistry and Physics by MSc graduate students since 2010 of Haramaya
University. However, due to limited access to some of the graduate students‟
theses, it could not be possible to include all of the thesis abstracts in this first
edition.
 Table of Content

I. DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY ................................................................................. 1

1. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Species in Meat Samples Taken From A
Slaughterhouse and Selected Retail Houses in Mekelle Town, Northern Ethiopia...................... 1
2. Trypanosome Infection Rates of Glossina Species and Epidemiology of Bovine
Trypanosomosis in Birbir Valley, Baro Akobo River System Western Ethiopia .......................... 2
3. Genetic Diversity of Ethiopian White Lupine (Lupinus albus l.) Based on Inter Simple
Sequence Repeat Markers and Seed Protein Content Analysis ........................................................ 3
4. The Effects of Social and Environmental Variability on Malaria Epidemiology and
Transmission in Some Selected Rural Villages around Arbaminch Town, Southern Ethiopia .. 4
5. Genetic Diversity of Elite Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using Morphological and Inter Simple
Sequence Repeat Markers ....................................................................................................................... 5
6. Prevalence and Intensity of Human Schistosomiasis in Selected Rural Communities of Mecha
District and Bahir Dar Town Administration, West Gojjam, Northwestern Ethiopia ............... 6
7. Genetic diversity of sesame (Sesamum indicum) from north Western Ethiopia using inter
simple sequence repeat Markers............................................................................................................. 6
8. Participation and Performance of Female Students in Biology: The Case of Three
Government Preparatory Schools of Dire Dawa Provisional Administration .............................. 7
9. Quantitative Trait Variation by Induced Chemical Mutagenesis of Selected Varieties of
Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ......................................................................................................... 8
10. Bacteriological Quality and Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from Water Sources
and Household Water Samples of the Rural Communities of Dire Dawa Administrative
Council, Eastern Ethiopia ....................................................................................................................... 9
11. Safety and Immunogenicity of Ethiorab Rabies Vaccine ................................................................10
12. Effects of Conceptual Change Instructional Approach in Understanding Photosynthesis and
Respiration in Plants: The Case of Aysaita College of Teachers Education ................................10
13. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Escherichia Coli Strains amongst Patients with
Complaints of Urinary Tract Infection Visiting Dil-Chora Hospital, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.....11
14. Assessment of Quality and Safety of Camel Milk along the Milk Chain between Erer and Dire
Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia .........................................................................................................................12
15. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Ethiopian Traditional Medicinal Plants
against Some Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens of the Ear, Nose and Throat ..............................13
16. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and their associations with Hemoglobin Concentration
and Anthropometric Measurements of School Children in Ejaji Primary School, Oromia
Region, Western Ethiopia .....................................................................................................................14
17. Genetic Variability and Association between Agronomic Characters in Some Potato (Solanum
Tuberosum L.) Genotypes in Siltie Zone, Snnpr, Ethiopia ............................................................15
18. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Campylobacter Species and Eschericia Coli
O157:H7 in Bovine, Ovine and Caprine Carcasses in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia ...............................16
19. Prevalence of Salmonella, Entamoeba Histolytica and Giardia Lamblia among Diarrhoeal
Patients Visiting Hiwot Fanahospital, Harar .....................................................................................17
20. Heavy Metal and Microbial Contamination of Some Vegetables Irrigated using Waste Water
on Selected Urban Farms around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ..............................................................18
21. In Vitro Propagation of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata A.Braun) .......................................19
22. Chromosome Study of Lymnaeid Snails from Different Localities in Ethiopia .........................20
23. On Farm Study of Bovine Fasciolosis in Lemo District and its Economic Loss Due to Liver
Condemnation at Hossana Municipal Abattoir, Southern Ethiopia .............................................21
24. Frequency of ABO and Rh Blood Groups Genotypic and Allelic Distribution among
Students of Silti Secondary and Preparatory School, Siltie Zone, Ethiopia .................................22
25. Implementation of Student-Centered Learning Approach in Grade 11 Biology Classes: The
Case of Selected Secondary Schools in Awbere Woreda, Somali Region, Ethiopia ...................23
26. Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Parasites among HIV Sero-Positive Individuals in Tarcha
Hospital Dawuro Zone, Southern Ethiopia ......................................................................................24
27. Students‟ Misconceptions about Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants: The Case of Grade
10 Students in Selected Secondary Schools of Eastern Arsi Zone, Oromia ................................25
28. Prevalence of Intensity of Intestinal Protozoa and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and
their association with Anthropometric Measurements of Children in Primary School, Hossana
Town, Southern Ethiopia ......................................................................................................................26
29. Anther Cultures in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) .......................................................................27
30. Assessment on Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water in Dire
Dawa Administration Council ..............................................................................................................28
31. Genetic Variability and Association among Yield, Yield Related Traits and Oil Content in
Ethiopian Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) Accessions ..............................................................29
32. Study of Chromosome Number in Bulinus Truncatus /Tropicus Complex from Various
Localities of Ethiopia .............................................................................................................................30
33. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Selected Bacterial Uropathogens among
Patients with Urinary Tract Infection Cases in Wonji Hospital, Ethiopia ...................................31
34. Effects of Problem Based Learning on Students‟ Achievement and Attitude towards
Genetics: The Case of Doctor Abdulmajid Hussein College of Teachers Education ...............32
35. Evaluation of Some Invasive Weed Species as a Substrate for Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus
Spp.) Cultivation .....................................................................................................................................33
36. Phenotypic Variation for Salinity Tolerance at Germination and Seedling Stages of Sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Genotypes Grown in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia .....................34
37. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Their Associations with Anthropometric
Measurements of School Children in Selected Primary Schools, Wukro Town, Eastern Tigray,
Ethiopia ....................................................................................................................................................35
38. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Campylobacter Species Isolated Among
HIV Sero-Positive Patients in Hiwot Fana Specialized Teaching Hospital, Harar, Eastern
Ethiopia ....................................................................................................................................................36
39. Implementation of Continuous Assessment in Biology Teaching-Learning: The Case of Two
Secondary Schools in Awbere Woreda, Somali Region ...................................................................37
40. Chromosome study of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Biomphalaria sudanica from selected
localities in Ethiopia ...............................................................................................................................38
41. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Isolates in Patients Visiting
Worabe Health Center: Worabe, Southern Ethiopia .......................................................................39
42. Genetic Variability in Yield and Yield Related Traits in some Maize (Zea Mays L) Genotypes
Grown in Eastern Hararge, Ethiopia ..................................................................................................40
43. Hookworm Infection and Hemoglobin Concentration among Students in three selected
primary schools, Abobo Woreda, Gambella Region, Western Ethiopia ......................................41
44. Prevalence and Intensity of Intestinal Helminthes Infections and Associated Factors among
Children of Primary Schools of Shire Inda Silassie Town, Northern Ethiopia...........................42
45. Prevalence of Malaria and its Association with Hemoglobin Level among Patients Visiting
Arba Minch Hospital, Southern Ethiopia ..........................................................................................43
46. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Beef in Arbaminch,
Southern Ethiopia...................................................................................................................................44
47. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Species among HIV Positive Persons with and without
Antiretroviral Treatment in Patients Visiting Nekemte Hospital ..................................................45
48. On Farm and Abattoir Study of Lungworm Infection of Small Ruminants in Selected Areas
of Dale District, Southern Ethiopia ....................................................................................................46
49. Comparative Study of Beer Characteristics Produced by Wild and Domesticated Isolates of
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae .....................................................................................................................47
50. Screening selected accessions of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) From Ethiopia for salt
tolerance ...................................................................................................................................................48
51. Genetic Diversity of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Landraces from Major Coffee Growing Areas
of Southern Ethiopia as Revealed by Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Marker .............................49
52. Assessment of Students‟ Prior Knowledge, Misconceptions and Learning Difficulties in
Human Respiratory System: The Case of Grade Nine Students in Garba Gurracha Secondary
School... ....................................................................................................................................................50
53. Chromosome Study of Opuntia ficus-Indica (L) Mill from Different Localities of Ethiopia .......51

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54. Path Analysis of the Genetic Contribution of Agronomic Traits to the Seed Yield of Some
Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) Accessions .................................................................................52
55. Bacteriological and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Bottled Drinking Water Manufactured In
and Around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ....................................................................................................53
56. Seroprevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Brucella Melitensis among Sheep and
Goats of Selected Rural Kebeles in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia ................................................54
57. Genetic Variability in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Accessions and Interrelationship
among Yield and Yield Related Traits ................................................................................................55
58. Prevalence of Schistosoma Mansoni and Giardia Lamblia Infections and their Association
with Anthropometric Measurements in School Children in Adwa Town, Ethiopia ..................56
59. Malaria and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and Co-Infections among Outpatients of
Dimitu Health Center, Diguna Fango District in Southern Ethiopia ...........................................57
60. Effects of Co-Digestion of Cattle Manure with Organic Kitchen Waste using Rumen Fluid as
Inoculum on the Rate and Amount of Biogas Production .............................................................58
61. Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus species among Inpatients of Mekelle
University Aider Referral Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia ....................................................................59
62. Chromosome Study of Some Aloe Species of Ethiopia ..................................................................60
63. Effect of Different Seedbed on Growth and Yield of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)
Cultivars at Dilla .....................................................................................................................................61
64. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Shigella Species among Diarrheal
Patients Visiting Hiwot Fana Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia .................................................................62
65. Association of Intestinal Parasitic Infections between Iron Status and Growth of Children in
Enticho Elementary School, Ahferom Woreda, Northern Ethiopia ............................................63
66. Quality and Safety of Raw and Pasteurized Cow Milk Produced and Marketed in Dire Dawa
Town, Eastern Ethiopia ........................................................................................................................64
67. In Vitro Screening for Drought Tolerance in Different Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)
Varieties ....................................................................................................................................................65
68. In Vitro Propagation of Pepper (Capsium annum L.) Through Shoot Tip Culture ......................66
69. Heavy Metal and Microbial Contaminants of Some Vegetables Irrigated With Wastewater in
Selected Farms around Adama Town, Ethiopia ...............................................................................67
70. Prevalence of Ovine Fasciolosis and its Economic Significance in Basona Worana District,
Central Ethiopia ......................................................................................................................................68
71. Prevalence of Intensity of Intestinal Protozoa and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and
their association with Anthropometric Measurements of Children in Primary School, Hossana
Town, Southern Ethiopia ......................................................................................................................69
72. Awareness and Attitude of People towards using Biogas Technology as Alternative
Household Energy Source in Dire Dawa City ..................................................................................70
73. In Vitro Propagation of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) ............................................................................71
74. Enhancement of Tolerance to High Salinity and Extreme Ph Conditions in Broad Bean (Vicia
faba)-Nodulating Rhizobial Isolates from Hararghe Highlands, Ethiopia, through Chemical
and Physical Mutagenesis ......................................................................................................................72
75. In Vitro Plantlet Regeneration from the Bulbs of Shallot (Allium Cepa Var. Group
Aggregatum) ............................................................................................................................................73
76. Prevalence and Association of Opportunistic Diseases and Other Co-Morbidities with the
Cd4 Level of HIV Sero-Positive Patients of Dil-Chora Hospital, Dire-Dawa, Ethiopia ..........74
77. Morpho-Agronomic Variability, Inter-Relationships among Agronomic Traits and Protein
Contents of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes in Ethiopia ...................................75
78. Assessment of Medical Wastes Management and Associated Health Risks in Government and
Private Hospitals of Dire Dawa City Administration ......................................................................76
79. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and their Associations with Hemoglobin Concentration
and Nutritional Status of School Children in Jimma Arjo Primary School Children, Oromiya
Region, Western Ethiopia .....................................................................................................................77
80. Genetic Variability and Character Association among Yield and Yield Related Traits in Mung
Bean (Vigna radiata L.Wilczek) Accessions in Ethiopia ...................................................................78
81. Biogas Production from Co-Digestion of Coffee Pulp and Cow Dung ......................................79
82. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Bio-Efficacy of Crude Botanical Extracts of Three
Plant Species against Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.) of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) .......80
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83. Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Parasites among School Children in Durame District in
Relation to Different Sources of Drinking Water, Southern Ethiopia .........................................81
84. Anther Culture of Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) ...........................................................................82
85. Isolation and Phenotypic Characterization of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Nodulating
Rhizobia from Some Pulse Growing Areas of Ada‟a District, East Showa Zone, Ethiopia ....83
86. Enhancement of Tolerance to High Salinity and Extreme Ph Conditions in Common Bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)- Nodulating Rhizobial Isolates from Hararghe Lowlands and Mid
Altitudes, Eastern Ethiopia, through Physical and Chemical Mutagenesis ..................................84
87. Genetic Variability and Character Association among Agronomic Characteristics in Faba
Bean (Vicia faba) Genotypes .................................................................................................................85
88. Cyanide Reduction, Protein Enhancement and Improvement in Palatability of Cassava Based
Foods through Microbial Fermentation .............................................................................................86
89. In Vitro Regeneration of Garlic (Allium sativum l.) by Meristem Culture .....................................87
90. Prevalence of Malaria and Major Soil-Transmitted Intestinal Helminth Infections and Co-
Infections among Patients in Tercha Hospital, Dawro Zone, Southern Ethiopia .....................88
91. Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Ground Water Used In and Around Haramaya
University .................................................................................................................................................89
92. Current Status of Malaria: Prevalence, Knowledge and Awareness (about Malaria),
Anthropogenic, Climate and Abo Blood Groups in Adama District, Oromia Regional State,
Ethiopia ....................................................................................................................................................90
93. Microbiological Quality and Safety of Freshly Squeezed Fruit Juice Served in Cafes
/Restaurants of Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia ...............................................................................91
94. Variation in Fatty Acids Composition of Niger (Guizatia abyssinica) Grown under Different
Temperature ............................................................................................................................................92
95. Application of DNA Technology in Forensic Science ....................................................................92
96. Prevalence and Intensity of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and their Association with
Anthropometric Measurements and Major Risk Factors for Transmission among School
Children in Mojo Primary School, Oromia Region, Ethiopia ........................................................93
97. Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Co-infection with HIV from Patients of Selected
Public and Government Hospitals of Dire Dawa Town ................................................................94
98. Human Schistosomiasis and Associated Anemia among Abobo High School Students, Abobo
Woreda, Gambella Regional State, Ethiopia ......................................................................................95
99. Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis and its Risk Factors in Shambo Town, Western Ethiopia ....96
100. Genetic Variability and Correlation of Yield and Yield Related Characters of Some Potato
(Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties from Ethiopia ..................................................................................97
101. Phenotypic Characterization and Strain Improvement via Chemical Mutagenesis of Selected
Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Cow Milk for Developing a Potential Starter Culture .......98
102. Perceptions and Practices of Teachers and Students towards Active Learning Strategies in
Biology Class: The Case of Seid Mehammed and Kelafo General Secondary Schools in Godey
Zones of Somali Regional State, Ethiopia..........................................................................................99
103. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients with and without HIV Infection
and their Association with Diarrhea in Dire-Dawa Town, Eastern Ethiopia........................... 100
104. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasite Infection among HIV Sero-Positive Individual with and
without Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) in Dil-Chora Hospital, Dire-Dawa City
Administration, Eastern Ethiopia ..................................................................................................... 101
II. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY .......................................................................102
1. Synthesis, Structure and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Cu(ii) Complexes of Thiophene-2-
Glyoxal-P-Halogen Substituted Anils .............................................................................................. 102
2. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Investigations of Leaves of Fennel Herb (Foeniculum vulgare)
Extracts .................................................................................................................................................. 102
4. Phytochemical Investigation in Components of Ocimum Lamiifolium Leaves ........................ 104
5. Synthesis of Bioactive Tetrahydropyrdine Derivatives ................................................................... 104
6. Determination of Essential and Non-Essential Metal Contents of Khat (Catha edulis) Grown in
Eastern Ethiopia .................................................................................................................................. 105
7. Development of Three-Tier Test Diagonestic Instrument to Inverstigate Misconception on
Chemical Bonding among Grade 11 Students ............................................................................... 105

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8. Concentrations of some Heavy Metals (Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc) in High Traffic
Density Roadside Soils in Selected Towns of East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia ................................. 106
9. Evaluation of Universal Extractants for Determination of some Essential Micronutrients in
Selected Ethiopian Soils ..................................................................................................................... 107
10. Defluoridation of Water by Thermally Treated Local Available Clay Adsorbents ................. 108
11. Investigation of the Constituents of Resin of Commiphora Erlangeriana ............................... 108
12. Synthesis, Characterization and Analytical Application of a New Inorganic Cation Exchanger
– Titanium (IV) Tungstomolybdate ................................................................................................. 109
13. Phytochemical Investigation of the Flowers of Endod (Phytolacca Dodecandra) ................. 110
14. Photophysical Investigation of the Dual Fluorescence Phenomenon in N, N-diethyL-4-
nitrosoanilinE (Dena) ......................................................................................................................... 110
15. Synthesis, Structure Elucidation and Microbial Evaluation of Some 3d-Metal Ion Complexes
with Bis(2-Imino-1-Thiazolidinyl-4-One) 1, 2-Ethylene .............................................................. 111
16. The Use and Effectiveness of Teaching Models in Teaching Chemistry: The Case of West
Arsi Zone Secondary Schools............................................................................................................ 111
17. Desorption of Cadmium from Akaki Soil of Ethiopia as Affected by Low Molecular Weight
Organic Acids ....................................................................................................................................... 112
18. Biogenic Nitrogen Phosphorous Codoped Zinc Oxide: Synthesis, Characterization and
Photocatalytic Activity ........................................................................................................................ 112
19. Determination of Major, Minor and Trace Metal Elements in Anchote (Coccinia abyssinica)
Samples Collected from West Wollega, Ethiopia .......................................................................... 113
20. Comparison of Digestion Methods for Determination of Pb(II), Cr(VI) and Cd(II) Contents
in some Ethiopia Spices using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ............................................. 114
21. Synthesis of Ni-n co-doped tio2 Nanoparticles and Theirphotocatalytic Activity for
Rhodamine-B degradation ................................................................................................................. 114
22. Synthesis, Characterization and Ion Exchange Properties of a New Composite Cation
Exchanger: Polyaniline Tin (IV) Molybdophosphate ................................................................... 115
23. Synthesis and Characterization of Iron (III) Complexes of P- dimethylamino- and P-chloro-
anils of O-hydroxy Phenylglyoxal ..................................................................................................... 115
24. Phytochemical Investigation of Antioxidants from Wheat Germ Oil ....................................... 116
25. Photocatalytic activity of Mn-N co-doped ZnS Nanoparticles for Degradation of Methylene
Blue...... .................................................................................................................................................. 116
26. Effect of Five Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids on the Mobilization of Soil-P in Holleta
and Bako soils, Ethiopia ..................................................................................................................... 117
27. Kinetic Study of Silver Ions Bioreduction for the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their
Antibacterial Activity........................................................................................................................... 117
28. Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Ethanol |Over Silica Supported Bimetallic co–
cu Catalyst ............................................................................................................................................. 118
29. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of 2-Imino-3-(Substituted aryl)-1-Thiazolidin-4-
Ones..... .................................................................................................................................................. 118
30. Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Effect of Ag-N co-doped ZnO Nanoparticles
for Methyl Red Degradation .............................................................................................................. 119
31. Surface and Thermodynamic Studies of Micellization of Surfactants in Binary Mixtures of 1,
2-Ethanediol and 1, 2, 3-Propanetriol with Water ......................................................................... 119
32. The Relationship among Spatial Ability, Geometric Performance, and Students‟
Understanding of Chemical Structure: The case of Haramaya Preparatory and Secondary High
School... ................................................................................................................................................. 120
33. Efficiency of Raw and Exfoliated Digum Vermiculite for the Removal of Hexavalent
Chromium from Aqueous Solutions ................................................................................................ 121
34. Implementation of Learner-Centered Approach in Chemistry Lessons in Selected Preparatory
Schools of Addis Ababa ..................................................................................................................... 122
35. Determination of Physico-Chemical Properties of Surfactants in the Presence of Sucrose at
Different Temperatures ...................................................................................................................... 122
36. Photocatalytic Activity of Ag-S co-doped ZnO Nanoparticles for Degradation of Malachite
Green... .................................................................................................................................................. 123
37. Comparative Phytochemical Analyses of Ethiopian Resins of Boswellia Species (B.rivae,
B.neglecta and B.papyrifera) .............................................................................................................. 123
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38. Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Sized Iron/Aluminum Mixed Oxide Sorbent System
for Removal of Phosphate from Aqueous System ........................................................................ 124
39. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Investigations of Leaves of Fennel Herb (Foeniculum vulgare)
Extracts .................................................................................................................................................. 124
40. Efficiency of Rice Husk for Removal of Cu (II) and Zn (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution . 125
41. Determination of physico-chemical Parameters of Surfactants in the Presence of Urea at
Different temperatures ....................................................................................................................... 125
42. Phytochemical Investigation, Physicochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Activities
of Ethanol Extracts of Porpolis Collected from East and West Wollega, Ethiopia ............... 126
43. Spectrophotometric Study of some Thermodynamic Parameters and Stoichiometry of P-
Dimethylaminoanil of O-Hydroxyphenylglyoxal-Cu(ii) Complex in Different Solvents ....... 126
44. Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies for the Adsorption of Zn (II) and Ni (II) Ions from Water
using Pumice ......................................................................................................................................... 127
45. Separation and Identification of Isomeric 2-imino-1-Oxazolidin-4 Ones Using Thin-Layer
Chromatography .................................................................................................................................. 128
46. Lectrochemical Study of Aspirin at Glassy Carbon and Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode 128
47. Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Carbonized Banana (Musa acuminata) Peel ...................... 129
48. Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of cr-n co-doped zno Nanoparticles
for Degradation of Thymol Blue ...................................................................................................... 129
49. The effect of Lecture-Based Learning and Problem Based Learning on College Students‟
Achievement ......................................................................................................................................... 130
50. Efficiency of Raw Sugarcane Bagasse for the Removal of Copper(ii) and Nickel(ii) Ions from
Aqueous Solutions ............................................................................................................................... 131
51. Kinetic Study of Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye over Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
Nanoparticles under UV Radiation .................................................................................................. 131
52. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Cr(III) and
Fe(III) Complexes of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylmethyelene(2-hydroxyphenyl)amine ...... 132
53. Effects of Selected Operating Parameters on the Photocatalytic Efficiency of Nitrogen-doped
TiO2 /WO3 Nano-composite Materials for Photodegradation of Phenol Red in Aqueous
Solution.................................................................................................................................................. 132
54. Removal of Zn (II) and Cu (II) ions from Aqueous solution by Untreated Crushed Corn Cob
using FAAS ........................................................................................................................................... 133
55. Effects of Some Operational Parameters on Photo Catalytic Activity of Ag-S co-doped ZnO
Nanoparticles for Degradation of Malachite Green under Visible Radiation .......................... 133
56. Effect of Selected Operating Parameters on the Photocatalytic Efficiency of Nitrogen-doped
TiO2/Wo3 Nano-Composite Material for Photodegradation of Phenol Red in Aqueous
Solution.................................................................................................................................................. 134
57. Effects of some Operating Parameters on the Photocatalytic Activity of ag-n co-doped TiO2
Nanocomposite Materials for Photodegradation of Methyl Orange in Aqueous Solution ... 134
58. Biosorption of Chromium (VI) and Cadmium (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution on Peanut
(arachis hypogea l.) Husk ................................................................................................................... 135
59. Effect of Operational Parameters on Kinetics of Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl
Orange Dye using SnS Nanoparticles under UV Radiation ........................................................ 135
60. Spectrophotometric Study of some Thermodynamic Parameters and Stoichiometry of p-
dimethylaminoanil of o-hydroxyphenylglyoxal-Ni (II) Complex in Different Solvents ......... 136
61. Synthesis and Anti-Microbial Evaluation of some Isomeric Oxazolidinones .......................... 136
62. Synthesis, Characterization and Sorption Behavior of Nano Sized Ternary Al-Fe-Mn mixed
Oxide for the Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solutions ..................................................... 137
63. Biosorption of Cr (VI) and Pb (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution using Powdered Khat (Catha
Edulis Forsk) Leaves ........................................................................................................................... 137
64. Determination of Copper, Zinc and Chromium in the Milk of some Sample Cows‟ of
Haramaya University Dairy Farm using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ................. 138
65. Effects of some Operating Parameters on Photocatalytic Activity of Ag-N co-doped TiO2
Nano Composite Materials for Photodegradation of Methyl Orange in Aqueous Solution . 138
66. Spectrophotometeric study of some Thermodaynamic parameters and stoichiometry of P-
dimethylaminoanil of O-hydroxyphenylglyoxal-cr(iii) complex in different solvents ............. 139

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67. Levels of Essential and Non-essential Metals in Edible Mushroom Cultivated in Haramaya,
Ethiopia ................................................................................................................................................. 139
68. Chemistry of P-Dimethylaminoanil of O Hydroxyphenylglyoxal Substituted Ammine
Complexes of Cr (III), Co (III), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II). ...................................................... 140
69. Kinetic Study of Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye using Cr-Doped zns
nanoparticles ......................................................................................................................................... 140
70. Study on the Effect of Glucose on Physico-Chemical Properties of Some Surfactant
Solutions. ............................................................................................................................................... 141
71. Effect of Operational Parameters on Kinetics of Photocatalytic Degradation of Thymol Blue
Dye using Cr-N co- doped ZnO Nanoparticles under Visible Light......................................... 141
72. Adsorption of Phenol Red on Barely (Hordeum vulgare) Husk Activated Carbon .................... 142
73. Biosorption of Cu(ii) and Cd(ii) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Neem (Azadirachtaindica)
Leaves (low cost biosorbent) using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ..................................... 142
74. Phytochemical Investigation on the Resin of Boswellia Neglecta (Borena Type Olibanum) 143
75. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies on Cr(iii), Fe(iii) and Co(ii) Complexes
of Ethylene Dianil of Ortho-hyroxyphenylglyoxal ........................................................................ 143
76. Analysis of Heat Exchanger Fouling and De-Scaling in Sugar Manufacturing: Fincha‟a Sugar
Factory, Ethiopia ................................................................................................................................. 144
77. Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of MnO2/Al2O3/FE2O3
Nanocomposite for Degradation of Malachite Green .................................................................. 144
78. Photocatalytic Removal of Methyl Orange Dye by Polyaniline Modified ZnO using Visible
Irradiation.............................................................................................................................................. 145
79. Determination of 145 copper, Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead Concentrations in High Traffic
Density Roadside Soils in some Selected Towns of East Ethiopia ............................................ 145
80. Synthesis, Dyeing and Antimicrobial Studies of 5-(2-oxo-indolinylidine)-2-imino-3-(para
substituted aryl)-1-oxazolidin-4-ones ............................................................................................... 146
81. Synthesis, Characterization and Sorption Study of Nano Sized Iron/Aluminum/Manganese
Mixed Oxide Sorbent System for Removal of Phosphate from aqueous solution .................. 147
82. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel Isomeric 1, 4-thiazolidinones ................... 147
83. Biosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticles using some Plant Leaf Extracts, their Characterization
and Anti-Bacterial Activity ................................................................................................................. 148
84. Spectro-magnetic and Antimicrobial Studies on Complexes of Ni(ii), Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) with
Ethylenedianil of O-hydroxyphenylglyoxal ..................................................................................... 148
85. The Effect of Continuous Assessment during Teaching–Learning Process of the Concept of
Chemical Bonding: The Case of Geresu Duki Secondary and Preparatory School ................ 149
86. Effect of Cooperative Learning Methods of Instruction Based on Tetrahedral in Zone of
Proximal Development Framework on Acids-Bases Concepts .................................................. 150
87. Removal of Pb2+ and Cu2+ Ions using Fe-Al Binary Oxide Nano Sized Sorbent ................... 151
88. Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Potable Surface and Ground water
Samples in Dubti, Amibara and Awash-Fentale Woredas of Afar Region ............................... 152
89. Removal of Zn(II) and Pb(II) ions from Aqueous Solution using Modified Sugar Cane
Bagasse................................................................................................................................................... 153
90. Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Nano-Titanium (iv) Tungstomolybdate as
Inorganic Cation Exchanger .............................................................................................................. 153
91. The Effectiveness of Homework on General Secondary Students‟ Academic Achievement in
Chemistry .............................................................................................................................................. 154
92. Chemical Fractionation of Selected Heavy Metals in the Soils in Thvicinity of Waste Water
Disposal Sites in Dire Dawa Textile Factory .................................................................................. 154
93. Determinants of Loan Repayment Performance of Smallholder Farmers: The Case of Kalu
District, South Wollo Zone of Amhara National Regional State ............................................... 155
94. Effect of Cation Valency of Electrolyte on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Some
Surfactant Solutions ............................................................................................................................ 155
95. Study on the Effect of Thiourea on Physico-Chemica and Thermodynamic Properties of Two
Ionic Surfactant Solutions (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium
Bromide)................................................................................................................................................ 156
96. Effect of Operational Parameters on Kinetics of Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl
Orange Dye Using N-doped ZnS Nanoparticles under Visible Radiation ............................... 156
vii
97. Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solutions using Cement Supported Fe-Al-Mn
Ternary Oxide Nanosorbent ............................................................................................................. 157
98. Effect of Anion Valency of Salt on Surface and Micellar Behavior of Surfactant Solutions 157
99. Synthesis, Characterization, Dyeing and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Indigoid
Thiazolidinones .................................................................................................................................... 158
100. Effects of Electrolytes on the Surface and Miceller Characteristics of Sodium Dodecyl
Sulphate Solution ................................................................................................................................. 158
101. Spectro-magnetic and Antimicrobial Studies on Nickel(ii) Complexes with 3-
(2hydroxyphenyl)-2-imino-1-thiazoli din-4-one and 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-imino-1-
oxazolidin-4-one .................................................................................................................................. 159
102. The Implementation of Continuous Assessment in Chemistry Teaching–Learning: The Case
of Selected Secondary Schools in Somali Region .......................................................................... 160
103. Determination of Selected Heavy Metals in Bottled Mango Drink Produced in Ethiopia . 160
104. Photocatalytic Activity of Ag-N-P Tridoped TiO2 Nanocomposite Material for
Photocatlaytic Degradation of 4-nitrophenol ................................................................................. 161
104. Synthesis and Characterization of 2-imino-3–(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-thiazolidin-4-one
Substituted Ammine Complexes of Cr(III), Co(iii), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ...................................... 161
105. Effectiveness of Constructivist Approach on Students‟ Understanding of Chemical bonding
Concepts and their Attitudes towards Chemistry: The Case of Jigjiga Preparatory and
Secondary School ................................................................................................................................. 162
106. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Study of 2-(3-oxo-3-Phenylpropanoyl)-3-
(Substituted aryl-1-Thiazolidin-4-ones. ............................................................................................ 162
107. Effects of Operational Parameters on Kinetics of Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl
Orange Dye Using CdS Nanoparticles under UV Radiation ....................................................... 163
108. Synthesis and Chracterization of Cr-N-P Tri-doped ZnO for Photocatalytic Degradation of
Malachite Green under Visible Radiation ....................................................................................... 163
109. Comparing the Effect of Cooperative Learning and Lecture Methods in Selected Chemistry
Topics: The Case of Grade 10 Students in Gedeo Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and
Peoples (SNNP) Region ..................................................................................................................... 164
III. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS .............................................................................165
1. Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Group Discussion versus Lecture-Based Learning
in Rotational Motion: The Case of Grade Eleven Fincha Senior Secondary and Preparatory
School... ................................................................................................................................................. 165
2. An assessment of Selected Lessons of Physics Textbook for Grade 12 ..................................... 166
3. Effects of Problem Based Learning on Students‟ Achievement and Attitude towards Physics
(Mechanics): The Case of Gilgel Beles College of Teachers Education .................................... 167
4. Level of practices and challenges of metacognitive Strategies in physics teaching at secondary
schools: the Case of bako and tibe secondary schools, western shewa Zone of Oromia
regional state, Ethiopia ....................................................................................................................... 168
5. Co-Existence of Ferromagnetism and Superconductivity in Superconductivity Homo6s8 .... 168
6. Analysis of wind power potential for Jijiga area ............................................................................... 169
7. Content Analysis of Selected Units of Ethiopian New Physics Grade 9 Student Textbook ... 169
8. Quantum Mechanical Study of Motion of Electron in the Periodic Potential in a Crystalline
Solid...... ................................................................................................................................................. 170
9. Four Dimensional Formulation of the Relativistic Dirac Equation of Electron and its Lorentz
Covariance............................................................................................................................................. 170
10. Effect of Concept Mapping on Learners‟ Attitude and Achievement in Learning Harmonic
Oscillation: The Case of Grade Twelve Students at Degahabour Senior Secondary School,
Somali National Regional Tate .......................................................................................................... 171
11. Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) Value Measurements from Mammography on Patients
Undergoing Breast Examination using Indirect Method: The Case of Black Lion and
Betazatha Hospitals. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ................................................................................. 172
12. Electronic Thermal Conductivity of Osmium Diboride in Normal and Superconducting
States.... .................................................................................................................................................. 172
13. Assessment of Solar PV Based Rural Electrification in Rema Village, Northern Ethiopia ... 173
14. Spatial and Short-Term Temporal Wind Speed Variability: Case Study of Dubbo Village ... 173
15. Electron Phonon Interaction in Metals and Low Temperature Resistivity .............................. 174
viii
16. Estimation of Wind Power and Identification of Potential Wind Farm From Among Three
Selected Sites in Ethiopia ................................................................................................................... 174
17. Solutions of Dirac Equation for an Electron in the Presence of Uniform Magnetic Field ... 175
18. A Perturbation Theory Approach for the Calculation of Long-Range Interaction between
Two Hydrogen Atoms ........................................................................................................................ 175
19. Temperature-Pressure Relationship of Ferromagnetism and Superconductivity in Zirconium-
Zinc Compound (zrzn2) ..................................................................................................................... 176
20. Assessment of Climate Change at Bahir Dar City over the Last Fifty Years in Relation to
Global Warming................................................................................................................................... 176
21. Prospects and Developments in Hydrogen Energy as Alternative Motor Vehicles Fuel ...... 177
22. Identification of Automotive Engine Condition Through its Sound using Spectral
Analysis....... ........................................................................................................................................... 177
23. Physical Characterization of Ground Water Serving Haramaya University and Quantification
of the Solid Particles at Different Levels of the Water Distribution System ............................ 178
24. Enhancing Mammogram X-Ray Image to Ameliorate its Visibility and Source of Information
for Breast Diagnosis ............................................................................................................................ 178
25. Estimation of entrance surface dose and dose area product to patients in intravenous
urography at public and private hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ......................................... 179
26. Feasibility Study of Standalone Wind-Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Hybrid Energy Systems for
Electrification for Rural Ethiopia (A Case Study Hadas Village) ................................................ 179
27. Level of Implementation and Challenges of Continuous Assessment in Physics Teaching: The
Case of Grade Nine Students in Chancho Aba Geda Secondary and Preparatory School .... 180
28. Content Analysis on the New and the Old Grade Nine Physics Textbooks for Scientific
Literacy Themes Coverage ................................................................................................................. 181
29. Mathematical Foundation of Heisenberg‟s Uncertainty Principle and its Significance in
Understanding some Important Physical Phenomena .................................................................. 181
30. Application of Quantum Tunneling to the Cold Field Emission of Electrons from a Metal
and Alpha Particle Decay of Nucleus .............................................................................................. 182
31. Quantum Collision .............................................................................................................................. 182
32. Aerosol Optical and Microphysical Properties: Case Study of Bahrain and Nairobi .............. 183
33. Analysis of the Validity of Content Coverage of Physics Examination: The Case of Ethiopian
General Secondary Education Certificate ....................................................................................... 183
34. Silicon Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Structure, Optical Properties and Technological
Application............................................................................................................................................ 184
35. Geothermal Energy Production in Ethiopia, Prospects and Limitations ................................. 184
36. Estimation of Global Solar Radiation by Direct Measurement and using Sunshine Duration at
Haramaya and Dire Dawa .................................................................................................................. 185
37. Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles ................................................................ 186
38. A Theoretical Study of the Detailed Structure of the Spectral Lines of the Hydrogen Atom
using Quantum Mechanics................................................................................................................. 186
39. Determination of Soil Moisture Contents Using Spectral Analysis ........................................... 187
40. Evaluating the Accuracy of Absorbed Dose using External Photon Beam in the Radiotherapy
Center of Black Lion Specialized Hospital...................................................................................... 188
41. Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Technological Applications ............................. 188
42. Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials using Sol-Gel Method 189
43. Quantization of the Orbital Motion of a Mass in the Presence of Einstein‟s Gravitational
field....... .................................................................................................................................................. 189
44. Zinc Oxide Nanorods: Growth, Structure, Optical Properties and Technological
Applications.. ........................................................................................................................................ 190
45. Synthesis and Characterization of Cr-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles............................................. 190
46. Path integral Formulation of Quamtum Mechanics ..................................................................... 191

ix
 I. DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

1. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Species in Meat

Samples Taken From A Slaughterhouse and Selected Retail Houses in
Mekelle Town, Northern Ethiopia
Desta Gebeya, Ameha Kebede and Tsehaye Asmelash
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: A study was conducted from July 2010 to November 2010 to determine the load,
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella species in swab, beef meat and water
samples of a slaughterhouse and 18 purposively selected retailers in Mekelle Town, northern
Ethiopia, using a combination of cross-sectional survey and laboratory-based work. These
samples were transported to RHRC laboratory and analyzed following standard methods to
detect, enumerate and identify the Salmonella species. The identified species were subsequently
exposed to selected antibiotics to test for development of resistance. The results revealed that the
load of Salmonella isolated from different samples were found to be contaminated with MPN
values of Salmonella ranging from 2.35 to 2.42 mean log MPN/cm2, 1.89 to 2.48 mean log
MPN/g and 1.71 mean log MPN/ml, respectively Of the 241 swab, beef meat and tap water
samples analyzed, 50 (20.8%) were positive for Salmonella species. In addition, subsequent
isolation showed a prevalence of Salmonella in 42.9% and 20.1% of the samples collected from
slaughterhouse and retail houses, respectively. Salmonellae were detected in 28.2% of the swab
samples and 14.3% of the beef meat samples. Identification procedures also indicated the
presence of Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori in 18.3% and 2.5% of the samples,
respectively. Furthermore, the antimicrobial sensitivity study showed that both Salmonella species
were sensitive to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim but resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline.
Resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, kanamycine and nalidixic acid and gentamicin were found in
70.5%, 15.9%, 11.4%, 11.4%, and 9.1% of the 44 isolates, respectively. On the other hand, 50%,
33.3% and 16.7% of the 6 isolates identified as Salmonella bongori were resistant to ampicillin,
tetracycline and kanamycine, respectively. Moreover, resistance of Salmonella isolates of beef
meat samples was found to be higher than that of the swab samples. Of the total of resistant
Salmonella isolates, 24% were shown to be multi-drug resistant. These results generally indicated
that Salmonella is an important food-borne pathogen prevalent among the purposively selected
slaughterhouse and meat retailers in Mekelle Town. Thus, based on these results,
recommendations were made to all concerned to devise ways on how to reduce the load,
prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella species in meat.

Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance; Multi-Drug Resistance; Prevalence; Retail Houses;

Salmonella Bongori; Salmonella Enteric; Slaughterhouse

1
2. Trypanosome Infection Rates of Glossina Species and Epidemiology
of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Birbir Valley, Baro Akobo River System
Western Ethiopia
Mulugeta Desta, Sissay Menkir and Ameha Kebede
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: The study was conducted in Birbir valley of Oromia Regional State, Western Ethiopia
from November 2009 to July 2010 to determine the trypanosome infection rate of Glossina
species and to relate with season, tsetse population density and epidemiology of bovine
trypanosomosis. A total of 384 flies of four species were dissected. The overall infection rate of
Glossina species was 5.98% among which 4 (1.04%) was male and 19 (4.94%) female flies. The
prevalence was significantly higher [226.04; P= 0.00] in female flies than male flies. Higher
infection rates (5.46%) were observed in the morsitans group [G. pallidipes and G. morsitans]
than the palpalis group (0.52%), [G. fuscipes and G. tachinoides]. In determination of tsetse flies
population density, both the morsitans group and palpalis group and mechanical vectors of
trypanosomosis that belong to the tabanidae family (Tabanus), Stomoxys and Chrysops were also
captured. Higher proportion of tsetse flies was caught in the riverine vegetation type followed by
savanna, forest, bush, and cultivated areas. Blood samples from 2219 randomly selected cattle of
both sex and different age groups were collected and examined with conventional hematological
and parasitological techniques. Out of the total examined animals, 195 (8.78%) cattle were
infected with trypanosomes. Most of the infections were due to T. congolense (65.6%) followed
by T.vivax (33.8%) and the rest were mixed infections of T. congolense and T.vivax (0.51%).
There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in infection between male and female,
young and adult animals and altitude levels. However, higher proportion of the infection was
detected in adult male animals, during wet season and in lowland areas; 9.03%, 10.33%, 10.11%
respectively. Mean packed cell volume (PCV) value of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals
was not significantly (P>0.05) different. The study revealed that trypanosomosis is the main
constraint to livestock production and agricultural activity in Birbir valley, western Ethiopia.
Hence, implementation of integrated tsetse and trypanosome control measures will save greater
economic loss of the region in particular and the country in general.

Keywords: Cattle; Epidemiology; Glossina Species; Infection Rate; Trypanosomosis;

Western Ethiopia

2
3. Genetic Diversity of Ethiopian White Lupine (Lupinus albus l.) Based
on Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Markers and Seed Protein Content
Analysis
Oumer Abdie, Yohannes Petros and Kassahun Tesfaye
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: Genetic diversity and seed protein content analysis of white lupine (Lupinus albus L.)
collected from two zones of Amhara region and one zone of Benishangul - Gumuz regional state
of Ethiopia were studied using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers and Kjeldahl
method of protein determination in an attempt to assess the genetic diversity and crued protein
content of white lupine populations growing in the two regions. Four ISSR primers of which
three were dinucleotide repeats and one, a penta nucleotide repeat amplified a total of 39 clear
and reproducible bands. Both UPGMA phenograms and a neighbor joining trees were
constructed for the individuals and populations using Jaccard‟s similarity coefficient. The
dendrogram clearly indicated four distinct groups/populations/ based on the area of origin. The
principal coordinates (PCO) analysis also recovered the UPGMA and neighbor joining tree
groups, although Amhara region white lupine were intermixed with each other. The genetic
diversity among white lupine population considered in the present study indicated that Merawi
was the highest (0.223) followed by Addis Kidam, Sekela and Wembera with genetic diversity of
0.198, 0.189 and 0.167 respectively. Generally, Amhara region white lupine (0.203) population
shows higher genetic diversity than white lupine population of B-Gumuz region (0.167). Analysis
of molecular variance (AMOVA) in both grouping and without grouping revealed larger genetic
diversity within the populations rather than among populations. A considerable proportion (74.6
%) of the total genetic diversity was distributed within populations (i.e., due to differences among
individuals within the populations). 25.4% of the total genetic diversity was due to differences
among populations. The Shannon‟s diversity index also confirmed the existence of higher genetic
diversity in Amhara region lupine populations than in Benishangul-Gumuz. Furthermore
AMOVA demonstrated highly significant (P=0.00) genetic differences among populations within
groups, among groups and within populations. Of the total variation, 64.64% was attributable to
within populations, 27.23% to among groups and the least, 8.13% to among populations within
groups. Generally, on the basis of samples of 39 bands in the four populations, ISSR was able to
reveal moderate to high levels of genetic diversity within and among Ethiopian white lupine
population. Among the samples collected from Amhara and BGumuz regions, those of Addis
Kidam, from Awi zone of Amhara region had higher percentage of crude protein (34.7) followed
by those from Merawi (34.125), Sekela (33.5), and Wembera (33.2). Generally Amhara region
white lupine has higher %CP than B-Gumuz.

Keywords: Amhara; Benishangul-Gumuz, Ethiopia; Genetic Diversity; ISSR; Kjeldahl

Method; Protein; White Lupine

3
4. The Effects of Social and Environmental Variability on Malaria
Epidemiology and Transmission in Some Selected Rural Villages
around Arbaminch Town, Southern Ethiopia
Yarcho Yaya, SissayMenkir and. Ameha Kebede
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: Malaria is the number one health problem in Ethiopia with an estimated 65% of the 80
million people exposed to malaria. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of social
and environmental variability on epidemiology and transmission of malaria in selected rural
villages. The study involved a cross-sectional household survey for monthly malaria cases, use of
retrospective clinical records from health institutions and meteorological data from weather
stations. Additionally, structured and pre-tested questionnaires were used to assess the socio-
demographic characteristics and the level of knowledge and awareness of the respondents related
to malaria. A total of 2244 thick and thin blood smears were collected from three ecologically
different villages. The overall prevalence of malaria parasite was 2.9%. The mean incidence rate
of malaria infection in Ganta Kanchama, Ganta Meche and Zigiti Merche was 4.7, 2.2 and 0.8%,
respectively. A significant variation of malaria infection was seen between male and females. In
contrast, the difference was not statistically significant by age groups. Malaria parasite prevalence
and incidence varied markedly with altitude, ranging from 1.0% to 7.9% and 0.8% to 4.7%,
respectively. Among sociodemographic factors, place of residence, educational status, monthly
income, gender and possession of bednet were significantly associated with monthly malaria
cases. Among climatic variables, maximum temperature was negatively associated with malaria
cases in lowlands and highlands. There was no association between minimum temperature and
malaria cases in highlands and lowlands. Rainfall was positively associated with prevalence of
malaria in lowlands whereas it had no association with prevalence of malaria in highlands. There
was no association between rainfall and incidence of malaria in highlands and lowlands. Humidity
was positively associated with malaria prevalence whereas it had no association with malaria
incidence in lowlands. The varied distribution of monthly malaria profile in the population
appears to be an indication of unstable epidemiological situation in the area. The interaction
between climatic factors and their biological influence on mosquito and parasite life cycle is a key
factor in the association between weather and malaria. These factors should be considered in the
development of malaria early warning systems in the area.

Keywords: Environmental Variability; Incidence; Malaria; Plasmodium; Prevalence

4
5. Genetic Diversity of Elite Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using
Morphological and Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Markers

Zerihun Jida, Firew Mekbib and Kassahun Tesfaye

Year: 2010/11

Abstract: Chickpea is a self-pollinating legume crop, grown mainly in West Asia, North Africa
and the Indian subcontinent, where it is a basic component of the human diet. The crop most
probably originated from the area of present-day southeastern Turkey and the adjoining areas of
Syria. Ethiopia and India were proposed as secondary centers of diversity. The chickpea
improvement in Ethiopia has released nineteen varieties. However, before this study, the released
varieties were not analyzed with morphological and ISSR molecular markers, and the diversity
among the released varieties was not quantified. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to
assess the genetic diversity of 19 elite chickpea varieties using morphological traits and ISSR
markers. For morphological diversity analysis, nineteen released chickpea cultivars were planted
in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at Debre Zeit Agricultural
Research Center during 2010/2011 cropping season. Both quantitative and qualitative
morphological traits were collected. ISSR diversity analysis was carried out on DNA extracted
from fresh leaves of nineteen released chickpea varieties in the Genetics Research Laboratory of
Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University. Four ISSR primers were used for the molecular
diversity assay. For both morphological and molecular data analysis appropriate software were
used. Genetic variations were evident among released chickpea cultivars as confirmed by high
phenotypic and genotypic variations for quantitative and qualitative traits. Strong and positive
significant correlation was observed between grain yield, biological yield, number of seeds per
plant, number of pods per plant and number of primary branches showing that their
improvement led to yield improvement in chickpea. Principal component analysis revealed that
quantitative traits contributed a lot for chickpea genetic variability. Amplification of genomic
DNA of the 19 genotypes using ISSR analysis yielded 38 fragments that could be scored. The
total number of bands amplified by 3‟ anchored primers varied from 7 to 12. The primers based
on poly (GGAGA) 3 and (AG)8YT repeat motifs produced highest number of fragments (10 and
12 respectively), whereas, primers xvi (GACA)4 and (GA)8T, produced minimum number of
fragments (7 and 9) respectively. Overall 81.58% of the loci were polymorphic loci and 96.17%
and 3.83% of variation were partitioned in to within and among population, respectively. The
least genetic similarity was recorded between Shasho and Minjar (0.41), and highest genetic
similarity (0.97) between Worku and Kutaye. The UPGMA denderogram clustered all genotypes
into four different clusters. Genetic diversity analysis of released chickpea cultivars can provide
practical information for selection of parental material and thus, assist in forecasting breeding
strategies chickpea.

Keywords: Cluster Analysis; Gene Diversity; Molecular Marker; Polymerase Chain

Reaction; Principal Co-Ordinate; Qualitative Traits; Quantitative Traits

5
6. Prevalence and Intensity of Human Schistosomiasis in Selected Rural
Communities of Mecha District and Bahir Dar Town Administration,
West Gojjam, Northwestern Ethiopia
Asmamaw Abat, Sissay Menkir and Negga Baraki
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Selected Rural Communities of

Mecha District and Bahir Dar Town Administration, West Gojjam, Northwestern Ethiopia, from
July 2010 to January 2011 to determine the prevalence and intensity of human schistosomiasis in
randomly selected households. Both stool and urine samples were collected aseptically from 490
study subjects using stool cup and test tubes, respectively and all samples placed in icebox and
carried to the nearest laboratories at Wotet Abay and Bahir Dar Health Center. The stool and
urine samples processed using Kato and sedimentation procedures, respectively, then the
parasites examined under microscope. The overall prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni
infection was 10.4% and 124.77 ± 8.668 eggs per gram of stool (EPG), respectively. Individuals
excreting S. mansoni eggs were found in all of the four Peasant Associations (PAs) surveyed with
the prevalence of infection ranging from 7.8% in Wotet Abay PA to 12.9% Kudmi PA. The
prevalence of S. mansoni infection among males and females was 13.2% and 7.5%, respectively,
and the intensity of infection was 125.75 ± 11.076 band 122.97 ± 14.232 EPG, respectively. The
prevalence of S. mansoni infection among different age groups ranging from 3.9% in ≥ 30 years
to 20.5% in 10-14 years, respectively, band the intensity of S. mansoni for corresponding age
groups were 84.47 ± 9.600, and 179.98 ± 13.896, EPG. S. haematobium infection was not found
from all the examined urine samples. The age groups 10-14, 15-19 years; and males were the
highest risk individuals in the study area, and serve as sources of infection and transmission. The
result of the present study indicated the necessity of community mobilization towards provision
of safe and adequate water supply, latrine construction to reduce open field defecation and health
education aimed at bringing behavioral change in the study areas.

Keywords: Intensity; Prevalence, Schistosoma Haematobium; Schistosoma Mansoni

7. Genetic diversity of sesame (Sesamum indicum) from north Western

Ethiopia using inter simple sequence repeat Markers
Admas Alemu, Yohannis Petros and Kassahun Tesfaye
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: Genetic diversity of six populations of sesame (Sesamum indicum L) each consisting of
ten individuals was analyzed using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers with the aim of
assessing the genetic diversity among the different populations as well as among the individuals
of each populations. The sesame materials collected from two regions (Amhara and Tigray) in
North West of the country were three populations from Humera, two populations from Metema
and one population from West Armacheho. These were analyzed using four ISSR primers. Four
ISSR primers were selected for the assessment of genetic diversity, yielding 37 amplification
products. Of these polymerase chain reaction products, 36 bands (97.30%) revealed
polymorphism among the six populations. The maximum similarity was observed between the
populations of Bounje collected from Humera and Besh Besh taken from Metema followed by
Gojjam Azene from Humera and Besh Besh from Metema and the least similarity was observed
between Hir Hir collected from west Armacheho and Gojjam Azene from Humera. The result of
the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a slightly higher percentage of genetic
variation among populations (54.37%) than individuals within each population (45.63%). The
unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis grouped most
of the studied samples to their populations.

Keywords: DNA markers; genetic diversity; inter simple sequence repeats; Sesamum
indicum
6
8. Participation and Performance of Female Students in Biology: The
Case of Three Government Preparatory Schools of Dire Dawa
Provisional Administration
Asfaw Alemayehu, Ameha Kebede and S. Srinivas
Year: 2011

Abstract: The main purpose of the study was to analyze the status of female students‟ classroom
participation and performance in biology in Dire Dawa Provisional Administration. All the three
government preparatory schools were selected for this study using available sampling techniques.
Three types of data gathering instruments (questionnaire, interview and FGDs) employed to
survey classroom interaction and teachers perception. Documents of the students were analyzed
to compare their performance differences. The relationships of the students‟ classroom
participation and performance were investigated by an experiment done in a purposefully selected
classroom. The subjects targeted in this study were 11th grade students. For the study purpose
150 students (half each sex) and eighteen biology teachers were chosen to fill the questionnaire.
One biology department head, one biology teacher and one female student were interviewed
from each school. For the focus group discussions, groups having eight members were set in
each school. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. For
qualitative data narrative way of presentation was used. On the other hand, for the experimental
set up, 48 students were selected and divided in two equal groups, again re-divided into two equal
sexes. Finally, the experiment was conducted and relationships of participation and performance
were compared. Based on the results, the following findings were obtained. Females were
subjugated by their male counter-parts in classroom participation. Not only in their biology
classroom participation, but also female students were overlooked in their performance by their
sex counter-parts. The perception of biology teachers were also towards the male, which in turn
affect the females participation, and hence, their performance. According to the finding of the
study, the relationship of classroom participation and performance of the female students had
positive relationship; however classroom participation did not affect the males‟ performance.

Keywords: Biological Science; Experiment; Females’ education, Perception; Physical

science

7
9. Quantitative Trait Variation by Induced Chemical Mutagenesis of
Selected Varieties of Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Girma Mosisa, Manikandan Muthuswamy and Yohannes Petros
Year: 2011

Abstract: Chemical mutagenesis is a simple technique used to create mutation in plants for their
improvement of their potential agronomic traits. Experiments were conducted at Haramaya
University experimental field stations, Rarre and in the seed laboratory of plant science
department with the objectives of identifying the quantitative traits variation produced by
induced chemical mutation; identifying the effect of mutagenic chemicals on morphology of root
nodules and determining the effectiveness of mutagenic chemicals in haricot bean growth. Two
mutagenic chemicals (Sodium azide and Hydroxylamine hydrochloride) were used as chemical
mutagens. Two varieties of haricot bean (Haramaya and Charcher) were used for inducing
mutation and planted in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) factorial with three replications. A
highly significant reduction at (P < 0.0001) in seed germination of Haramaya and Charcher
varieties was observed at higher concentrations of Sodium azide and Hydroxylamine
hydrochloride when compared with the control. Root length was highly reduced in Haramaya
and Charcher varieties in 0.05% concentration of Sodium azide. Plant height, number of
branches and internode length were significantly increased in 0.01% concentration of Sodium
azide in Haramaya varieties. At a lower dose of mutagenic treatments, days required for flowering
and days required for maturity were decreased in 0.02% concentration of Hydroxylamine
hydrochloride in Haramaya varieties when compared with control. In Charcher varieties the
number of pods per plants was increased in 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.03% concentration of Sodium
azide and decreased in 0.05% concentration when compared with control. The root nodule
number was drastically reduced in 0.04% and 0.05% concentration of Hydroxylamine
hydrochloride in Charter varieties. The mutagenic effectiveness was found to be the highest at
lower concentration in germination percentage, plant height, days of flowering and days of
maturity, pods per plants, internodes length, and root nodules in Haramaya varieties by Sodium
azide and Hydroxylamine hydrochloride.

Keywords: Effectiveness; Haricot Bean; Induced Chemical Mutagenesis

8
10. Bacteriological Quality and Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and
Giardia from Water Sources and Household Water Samples of the
Rural Communities of Dire Dawa Administrative Council, Eastern
Ethiopia
Desalegn Amenu, Sissay Menkir and Tesfaye Gobena
Year: 2011

Abstract: In Ethiopia, access to improved water supply and sanitation was estimated at 38%
and 12% respectively. Over 60% of the communicable diseases are arising from unsafe and
inadequate water supply, poor hygienic, and sanitation practices. Three-forth of the health
problems of children in Ethiopia are communicable diseases due to polluted water and improper
water handling practices. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the microbiological quality of
drinking water sources and water handling practices among households in rural communities of
DDAC (Adada, Legedini and Legebira PA). The study was conducted from February 2011 to
May 2011. A total of 90 water samples from different water sources (-protected and unprotected
well; protected and unprotected spring; and tap water) and bacteriological water quality
parameters were analyzed using the membrane filtration method. The water samples were also
analyzed for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Water analysis
demonstrated that all water sources in the study areas were contaminated with total coliforms,
fecal coliform and parasites. The average counts of TC were in the range of 1.5-133.05CFU/100
ml whereas the average counts of FC were found to be 0.34-54CFU/100 ml. The mean
concentration of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium ranges from 0 to 5.6 and 0 to 6.5,
respectively. In all samples, the TC, FC and parasitic counts were above the recommended limit
of WHO for drinking water quality (1-10CFU/100 ml for TC, 0CFU/100 ml for FC, 0 cyst/L or
0 oocyst/L for parasitic). The fact that, about 83.34% of the water sample was positive for
indicator bacteria shown that the three selected PA had risk of contamination in the three
selected PAs had high risk of microbiological water quality parameters. High concentration of
microbiological indicators in all water sources of this study area may demonstrated the presence
of pathogenic organisms which constitute a threat to anyone consuming or in contact with these
waters. This is due to lack of good water treatment, improper water handling practices and lack
of the protection of the water sources. Consequently, protection of water sources accompanied
by sanitation and hygiene promotion programs can improve the water quality of rural water
sources, where disinfection is not feasible.

Keywords: Cryptosporidium; Fecal Colifrom; Giardia; Total Coliform

9
11. Safety and Immunogenicity of Ethiorab Rabies Vaccine
Birhanu Hurisa, Belete Tegbaru and Dagmar Nölkes
Year: 2011

Abstract: Worldwide rabies in dogs is the source of 99% of human infections. This makes dogs
potential both as carriers and transmitters to human being. Pre and post-exposure prophylaxis are
means of protection against the rabies virus. The main objective of this experiment was to
determine the safety and immunogenicity of Vero cell culture based rabies vaccine
“ETHIORAB” manufactured by Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Vaccine and
Diagnostic Production Directorate. The obtained vaccine was tested on mice and satisfactory
safety results were observed. Random Clinical Trial (RCT) design was used for this experiment.
Twelve experimental dogs from local common breed were duly conditioned during a quarantine
period and assigned to two groups randomly. Group I (cases) were vaccinated subcutaneously
with 1 ml of ETHIORAB. Dogs in-group II served as non-vaccinated controls. To evaluate the
titer of the rabies neutralizing antibody, sera were analyzed by Fluorescent antibody Virus
Neutralization (FAVN) test. Serum neutralizing antibody titers to rabies virus was determined at
days 7, 15, 21, 30, 60 and 90. Mean titers were equal to 1.55, 1.73, 2.02, 3.45, 3.57 and 3.17 IU/ml
respectively. All dogs showed rabies neutralizing antibody titer higher than the 0.5 IU/ml
mandated WHO recommended threshold. This study indicated ETHIORAB rabies vaccine
manufactured in Ethiopia is safe and immunogenic.

Keywords: Dogs; ETHIORAB; Immunogenicity; Safety; Titer

12. Effects of Conceptual Change Instructional Approach in

Understanding Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants: The Case of
Aysaita College of Teachers Education
Derara Tefera, Sissay Menkir and Muthuswamy Manikandan
Year: 2011

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of conceptual change
instructional approach in the elimination of misconceptions about the selected topics of
photosynthesis and respiration in plants on pre-service science teachers. This study was
conducted with 46 pre-service science teachers at Aysaita College of Teachers Education who
enrolled in 2003 E.C. academic year. Each of the control and the experimental group consists of
23 pre-service science teachers, respectively. Photosynthesis and respiration in plants concept test
was prepared and administered as pre-test and two-tier diagnostic test to assess the pre-service
science teachers‟ level of prior knowledge and misconceptions on the selected topics. Control
group students were taught by traditionally designed methods of instruction (TMI), while
experimental group students were instructed by conceptual change methods of instruction i.e.
demonstration and small group discussions. After the treatment, post –test was administered.
The results were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics like mean, standard deviation,
percentage and t-test, to see the associations between the students‟ achievement and performance
before and after the treatments. The results showed that conceptual change methods of
instruction caused significantly better acquisition of the scientific conceptions related to
photosynthesis and respiration in plants than traditional method of instruction. The main finding
of this study was that the experimental group post-test mean scores (13.05) were much higher
than the pre-test mean score (9.45).Therefore, it is possible to conclude that conceptual change
instructional approach is more effective method of instruction as compared to traditional
dominated method of instruction.

Keywords: Conceptual Change Instructional Approach; Demonstration; Misconception;

Photosynthesis; Respiration; Small Group Discussion.

10
13. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Escherichia Coli Strains
amongst Patients with Complaints of Urinary Tract Infection Visiting
Dil-Chora Hospital, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
Girum Faris, Ameha Kebede and Genene Tefera
Year: 2011

Abstract: A cross sectional study involving laboratory and questionnaire based survey method
was conducted in Dire Dawa Dil Chora Hospital from February to May 2011 to determine the
prevalence of E.coli strains in patients complaining about UTI, to see the association between
risk factors and UTI and the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolated dominant E.coli strains.
In this study a total of 384 midstream urine samples were collected from 276(71.2%) females and
108(28.1%) males and examined in the hospital for UTI. The disease was more prevalent in
females. Results showed that of the 384 analyzed urine samples 204 (53.1%) were proved to be
positive for the presence of E.coli. After pure isolates obtained from positive for E.coli were
subjected to OmniLog for identification of their strains, 143 (70.1%) isolates were E.coli (USP5-
7085) strain and 61 (29.9%) isolates were E.coli O157: H7 strain. The antimicrobial sensitivity
study showed that all isolates were resistant to ampicillin erythromycin (100%, 100%) and
trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (70%) respectively and also sensitive to chloramphenicol,
norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin (33.3%, 30%, and 20%) respectively. Thus, on the basis of these
results Physicians may prescribe the appropriate drugs such as chloramphenicol, norfloxacin and
ciprofloxacin drugs and avoiding use of the antibiotics for which the pathogens had shown
resistance. In addition to these, there must be control of antibiotic distribution to prevent self-
treatment which leads to antibiotic resistance.

Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance; E.Coli; Omnilog; Prevalence; Strains

11
14. Assessment of Quality and Safety of Camel Milk along the Milk Chain
between Erer and Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia
Mulugojjam Adugna, Eyassu Seifu and Ameha Kebede
Year: 2011

Abstract: This study was conducted with the objectives of assessing the general handling
practices of camel milk along the milk chain between Erer and Dire Dawa town, assessing the
physico-chemical properties and the microbiological safety of camel milk along the milk chain in
the study area. This study had two parts: one was survey on camel milk handling practices that
was conducted among eighty camel milk producing households in Erer and among six camel milk
vendors at Erer and Six retailers at Harar and Dire Dawa. Selection of the households was done
using purposive sampling technique based on possession of milking camels and voluntary
involvement in camel milk marketing along the. All camel milk vendors and retailers were
interviewed individually using a semi–structured questionnaire. The camel milk sampling
procedure and sample size was determined based on the results of the preliminary survey work.
Milk samples (n=24) were aseptically collected from producers (12 samples) and
vendors/retailers (12 samples). Each sample was analyzed for physico-chemical and microbial
quality and safety attributes. Physico-chemical attributes including temperature, pH, titratable
acidity, specific gravity, total solids, fat, solids-not-fat, ash and crude protein were analyzed and
the overall mean and standard deviation values were 31.25 ± 2.275 oC, 6.6 ± 0.17, 0.166 ±
0.042% of lactic acid, 1.03 ± 0.003, 12.3 ± 1.672%, 3.87 ± 0.64%, 8.43 ± 1.56%, 0.75 ± 0.215%
and 3.3 ± 1.171%, respectively. The total solids, solids-not-fat, ash and crude protein contents,
and titratable acidity of milk samples collected along the chain were not significantly different (P
> 0.05). Microbial quality and safety attributes including total bacteria count (TBC),
Entrobacteriaceae count (EC), coliform count (CC), spore forming bacterial count (SFBC) and
yeast and mould count (YMC) were analyzed and the overall mean log10 counts per ml and
standard deviation values for each was 5.15 ± 1.902, 3.23 ± 2.302, 2.90 ± 2.265, 2.08 ± 2.412 and
2.72 ± 1.612, respectively. The total bacterial count (TBC),and counts for Enterobactericeae,
coliform and spore-forming bacteria were calculated the data shows that Harar and Dire Dawa
retailer milk samples were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than milk samples obtained from Erer
producers and vendors but there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) between yeast and
mould counts examined along the chain. Furthermore, the presence of selected pathogens viz,
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. were detected on standard differential media.
However, E.coli O157:H7 was not detected in all samples along the chain. In contrast,
Salmonella spp. were detected in all sites with different frequencies, i.e., with 66.67, 83.33, 100
and 100% positive results for Erer producers, Erer vendors, Harar retailers and Dire Dawa
retailers, respectively. In addition to these, 148 isolates were identified and found to belong to
Staphylococcus aureus (16.22 %), Entrobacter (14.86 %), Streptococcus (13.51 %), Escherichia
coli (8.11 %), Acinetobacter (7.43 %), Staphylococcus epidermidis (6.76 %), Klebsiella (6.08 %),
Bacillus (5.41 %), Corynebacterium (5.41 %), Micrococcus (4.73 %), Lactobacillus (4.05 %),
Listeria (4.05 %), Pseudomonas (2.03 %) and Shigella (1.35 %). This study indicated that the
quality of camel milk produced in the study area was generally poor and this could cause public
risks through the consumption of raw camel milk produced and sold under the present
production and handling conditions along the chain. Thus, this calls for strict hygienic measures
in order to improve the quality and safety of camel milk produced and marketed in the study area.

Keywords: Properties and Microbial Count; Safety; Value Chain

12
15. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Ethiopian
Traditional Medicinal Plants against Some Bacterial and Fungal
Pathogens of the Ear, Nose and Throat
Selamawit Tesfaye, Getachew Addis and Ameha Kebede
Year: 2011

Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the traditional uses of Rhamnus prinoides,
Phytolacca dodecandra and Plantago lanceolata against fungal (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus
fumigatus) and bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus
pneumoniae) pathogens of the ear, nose and throat; and to determine the effective solvents for
extraction of the bioactive phytochemicals of the respective traditional medicinal plants. The
leaves and roots of these three traditional medicinal plants were collected from Haramaya
Woreda, Ethiopia. Air-dried powdered plant parts were extracted using water and organic
solvents (acetone and methanol). The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated by
determination of the diameters of inhibition zones against the test microorganisms using paper
disc diffusion method. MICs of the extracts were determined by diluting them to various
concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 10 mg/ml. The results of the Phytochemical screening tests
revealed that the crude extracts of R. prinoides, P. dodecandra and P. lanceolata contain some
active phytochemical compounds such as saponins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids and triterpenes.
Percentage yield and the solubility of secondary metabolites depend on the polarity of solvents.
The active ingredients showed greater solubility in alcohol (i.e. methanol) than acetone and water.
Therefore, Methanol was found to be the effective solvent for the maximum extraction of active
phytochemicals of the three plants tested. The zone of inhibition of the extracts varied with the
concentration range of 1.25 to 5 mg/disc. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most resistant of all the
tested microorganisms in the current study. Root extracts of the three medicinal plants showed
greater activity than the leaf extracts against the tested pathogens except the methanolic leaf
extract of R. prinoides on A. niger. Of the extracts prepared using three different solvents,
methanolic extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms. The
antimicrobial activities of the extracts were dependent upon the species of the plants, the plant
part used, type of solvent used for extraction, the bacterial and fungal strains tested and the
concentration of the extracts.

Keywords: Antibacterial; Antifungal; Medicinal Plants; Phytochemical Compounds

13
16. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and their associations with
Hemoglobin Concentration and Anthropometric Measurements of
School Children in Ejaji Primary School, Oromia Region, Western
Ethiopia

Tesfaye Mitiku, Sissay Menkir and Mengistu Legesse

Year: 2011

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of major STH
infections and their associations with hemoglobin concentration and anthropometric
measurements of school children in Ejaji Primary School of Oromia Region. A cross‐sectional
study was carried out from February – April 2011 and 390 school-children were chosen using
stratified sampling technique and involved in the present study. Structured and pre-tested
questionnaires were also administered to gather relevant information on demographic data of the
study subjects. Stool samples of 390 subjects aged 5-18 years were examined using Kato-Katz
and formol-ether concentration methods. Direct smear was also employed only for watery stool
to detect some intestinal parasites using 0.85% saline solution. Height, weight and body mass
index (BMI) of each study participant were measured to determine nutritional status of children
as stunted, wasted or underweight. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social
sciences (SPSS version-16) and anthropometry calculating software program (AnthroPlus). The
National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth chart reference was used to determine the
proportions of underweight/thinness among 10‐18 year school-children. Hemoglobin level
(concentration) was determined using Hemocue HB 201 analyzer. The overall prevalence of STH
infection in the study area was 48.7%; and single, double, and triple infections were 38.7%, 8.7%,
and 1.3%, respectively. The prevalence of hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura,
Hymenolepis nana and Enterobius vermicularis infections were 31.5%, 20.8%, 5.4%, 1.5%, and
0.8%, respectively. The mean egg count of hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris
trichiura were 563.3, 1823.0 and 121 eggs per gram of feaces, respectively. The prevalence of
malnutrition in terms of stunting, underweight and wasting was 19.6%, 37.5% and 32.1%,
respectively, for those aged from 5-9 years and 32.0% underweight/thinness for those aged from
10-18 years. The average Hb level was 13.22 g/dl, 13.62 g/dl and 14.70 g/dl for 5-9 years, 10-14
years, and 15-18 years study subjects, respectively. The overall prevalence of anemia was 11.8%.
The study did not find any significant association of the three major intestinal nematode
infections with malnutrition and anemia. Even though, no association was observed, mass drug
administration and health education on proper personal and environmental hygiene practices is
recommended for school children to keep the prevalence rate of STHs low in the study area.

Keywords: Anemia; Anthropometry; Intensity; Malnutrition; Prevalence; School Children;

Soil-Transmitted Helminth

14
17. Genetic Variability and Association between Agronomic Characters in
Some Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Genotypes in Siltie Zone,
Snnpr, Ethiopia
Addisu Fekadu, Yohannes Petros and Habtamu Zeleke
Year: 2011

Abstract: Thirteen potato genotypes were evaluated for genetic variability and association of
agronomic characters among themselves and tuber yield. The genotypes were planted in plots at
Lera secondary school experimental field (235 km far from Addis Ababa) in Siltie Zone,
Southern Ethiopia. The plot design used for the experiment was a randomized complete block
design with two replication. Data were collected on 13 quantitative and 6 qualitative characters.
The analysis of variance showed the mean square due to genotype were highly significant
(p<0.01) for all characters studied, which indicates the existence of sufficient genetic variability
and the potential for selection and improvement within characters. The highest phenotypic and
genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for big and small sized tuber percentage. The
difference between genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were low for days to
maturity, tuber diameter and harvest index indicating less environmental influence on these
characters. Heritability estimates ranged from 44% for days to emergence to 95.96% for tuber
diameter, while the estimates of genetic advances as percent of mean ranged from 1.7% for days
to flowering to 87.3% for big tuber percentage. Genotypic correlation coefficient was found to
be higher in magnitude than that of phenotypic correlation coefficients, which clearly indicated
the presence of inherent association among various characters. Tuber yield was positively
correlated with plant height, biological yield, harvest index and big tuber percentage at both the
phenotypic and genotypic levels. In contrast, it was negatively correlated with small and medium
tuber percentage at both levels. Path coefficient analysis at the phenotypic level revealed that days
to flowering, plant height, tuber diameter, biological yield, harvest index and medium tuber
percentage showed positive direct effects on tuber yield. The genotypic path analysis also
indicated that biological yield per plant and harvest index showed positive and significant
correlation, Therefore, these characters are more important than other traits for the genetic
improvement of potato. Of the qualitative characters considered most of characters showed
notable morphological variation but some did not show any variation..

Keywords: Correlation; Genetic Variability; Genetic Advance; Heritability; Path

Coefficient Analysis

15
18. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Campylobacter Species
and Eschericia Coli O157:H7 in Bovine, Ovine and Caprine Carcasses
in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

Woinshet Lulle, Genenne Tefera andAmeha Kebede

Year: 2011

Abstract: Food-borne diseases remain an important public health threat worldwide. A cross
sectional laboratory based study was conducted in Dire Dawa slaughterhouse and retailers, from
May 2010 to August 2010 to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of
Campylobacter species and E. coli O157:H7 in bovine, ovine and caprine carcasses. A total of
384 carcass samples were collected using sterile plastic bags in a cooler box with ice packs. These
samples were carried to Dire Dawa Regional Laboratory and analyzed there following standard
methods to identify the Campylobacter species and E. coli O157:H7. The identified species of
Campylobacter and E. coli O157:H7 were subsequently exposed to selected antibiotics to test for
development of resistance. Of the 384 carcass samples analyzed, 38 (9.9%) proved to be positive
for Campylobacter species and E. coli O157:H7 43(11.2). Among the 38 isolates, Campylobacter
jejuni accounted for 81.6% and C. coli for 18.4% were identified. The antimicrobial sensitivity
studies showed that all Campylobacter isolates (100%) were sensitive to erythromycin. Resistance
to tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin; amoxicillin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol were
detected in 31.6%, 21.1%, 13.2%, 10.5%, 7.9% and 5.3% of the 38 isolates, respectively. On the
other hand, the antimicrobial sensitivity studies of` E. coli O157:H7 showed that the strain was
sensitive to chloramphenicol and gentamicin while at the same time it was also resistant to
ampicillin. Resistance to tetracycline, trimthoprim-sulphamethoxazole, norfloxacin and
streptomycin was found in 69.8%, 62.8%, 34.8% and 11.6% of the 43 isolates of the same strain,
respectively. The study also showed that antibiotic resistance is found only at relatively low
frequencies for most of the antibiotics tested. This study revealed that various raw meats from
foods of animal origin could serve as potential vehicles for transmitting thermophilic
Campylobacter species and E. coli O157:H7 and suggested the possible risk of infection in
humans through consumption of raw/undercooked meat. Thus, proper handling and cooking of
foods of animal origin are recommended as important methods of prevention for Campylobacter
and E. coli O157:H7 infections.

Keywords: Antibiotic Sensitivity Bovine; Campylobacter; Caprine; E. coli O157:H7;

Ovine; Prevalence

16
19. Prevalence of Salmonella, Entamoeba Histolytica and Giardia
Lamblia among Diarrhoeal Patients Visiting Hiwot Fanahospital,
Harar
Dinkineh abebe, Ameha Kebede and Sissay Menkir
Year: 2011/12

Abstract: Salmonella spp., Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia are ubiquitous
entropathogens that affect humans, domestic animals and wildlife throughout the world and have
been highlighted as significant foodborne and waterborne enteric pathogens. A cross sectional
descriptive study was conducted in Hiwot-Fana Hospital, Haramaya University, Harar, from
March 2011- June, 2011 to determine the prevalence of three entropathogens (Salmonella,
Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia) and the drug resistance patterns of Salmonella among
diarrhoeal patients visiting Hiwot Fana Hospital, Harar, Eastren Ethiopia. A total of 384 stool
samples were collected using wide mouth screw-capped sterile container. These samples were
delivered to Harari Regional Health Laboratory and analyzed following standard bacteriological
and parasitological methods to identify Salmonella spp., Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia
lamblia. Of the 384 stool specimens analyzed, 96(25%), 80(20.6%) and 56(14.6%) proved to be
positive for Salmonella spp., Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, respectively. The
identified Salmonella spp. was subsequently exposed to selected antibiotics to test for
development of resistance. The antimicrobial sensitivity study showed that 100% Salmonella spp
isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin while 85% of Salmonella spp isolates were sensitive to
nalidixic acid. Of the 56(14.6%) Salmonella isolates, 100%, 100%, 85% and 71.2% were resistant
to ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol, respectively. This
study indicated that Salmonella spp., Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia were prevalent
among diarrhoeal patients in Harar and this enterophathogens should be considered routinely in
the diagnosis of patients with diarrhoea. The physician should also prescribe the appropriate
drugs either after sensitivity testing or, in areas where there are no facilities for culturing; they
have to refer updated information on local sensitivity patterns. In addition to these, a large
multicenter study should be undertaken so that the extent of Salmonella spp., Entamoeba
histolytica and Giardia lamblia in our setting can be established.

Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance; Diarrhoea; Entamoeba Histolytica Prevalence;

Entropathogens; Salmonella spp.; Giardia Lamblia

17
20. Heavy Metal and Microbial Contamination of Some Vegetables
Irrigated using Waste Water on Selected Urban Farms around Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia
Ayelign Melesse, Dagmar Nölkes and Sissay Menkir
Year: 2011/12

Abstract: This study was conducted to assess the extent of heavy metal and microbial
contamination of vegetables due to irrigation with polluted Akaki and Bulbula river water of
Addis Ababa on agricultural land. Samples of three different vegetables i.e cabbage (Brassica
oleracea L. var.capitata), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. longifolia), spinach (Beta vulgaris var. cicla))
from Peacock and Akaki farm sites have been analyzed for three heavy metals Cd, Cr, and Pb
using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results show that the heavy metals in vegetables
of Akaki farm were higher than the vegetables in Peacock farm. The reason for this might be due
to the Presence of many industries around Akaki farm. Lettuce exhibited higher Cr, Pb and Cd
concentrations than other vegetables, whereas elevated Cd levels were shown by spinach.
However, cabbage was found to be the least accumulator of heavy metals. In all the samples
analyzed the concentration of Cd was more than the maximum limit and its level was observed to
be varying between 0.234 and 0.503 mg Kg-1; lowest in cabbage (0.234 mg/l) and highest in
lettuce plant (0.503 mg/l) in Peacock and Akaki farms, respectively. The Pb accumulation in
spinach (0.623 & 0.892 mg/l) and lettuce (0.747 & 0.944 mg/l) was noted to be above the safe
limits of vegetables under study. However, Chromium metal levels were generally within the
normal range in cabbage (0.560 & 0.114) and spinach (1.160 & 0.128) from Peacock and Akaki
farms, respectively, except in lettuce from Peacock farm (2.626 mg/l). Spinach was the most
contaminated vegetable by total aerobic count in terms of CFU/g was 1.5×108, 9.7×107, in
Akaki and Peacock vegetable farms respectively. High total coliform count was observed from
lettuce in Akaki vegetable farm (7.7×106). In the present study, high faecal coliform count was
obtained, especially in cabbage sampled from Akaki (6.0×105). Eggs of Ascaris, being the
predominant intestinal parasite were detected in 37.5% (27/72) of the vegetables examined in the
present work whereas Giardia cysts were detected in 25% (18/72) of fresh vegetables examined.

Keywords: Heavy Metals; Indicator Bacteria; Parasites; Vegetables

18
21. In Vitro Propagation of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata
A.Braun)
Getachew Tafere Abraha, Firew Mekbib and Admassu
Year: 2011/12

Abstract: Brassica carinata (A.Braun) is an amphi-diploid species that originated from interspecific
hybridization between B. nigra and B.oleracea in the highlands of Ethiopia and adjoining regions
of East African and Mediterranean coast. The crop has many desirable agronomic traits but with
oil quality constraints like high erucic acid and glucosinolate contents. Conventional propagation
alone was not successful enough in Brassica due to high degree of segregation upon cross-
pollination. Genotype and explants types affect in vitro response and are limiting factors for the
application of genetic engineering to a wide number of crops. Hence, the objective of this study
was to establish an in vitro regeneration and propagation protocol for B.carinata. Hypocotyl and
cotyledon explants of two brassica genotypes, Yellow Dodola and Holleta-1, were evaluated in
randomized complete design at Holleta Plant Biotechnology Laboratory. The genotypes and
explants were tested for callus induction, shoot and root regeneration in MS medium
supplemented with 3% sucrose and 6% agar under different concentrations of PGRs including
naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D), 6-benzyl amino purine
(BAP). Yellow Dodola cultivar showed the highest callus initiation percentage in both types of
explants and maintenance was achieved by the supplementation of 0.5 mg/l 2, 4-D for cotyledon
explants. Cotyledon proved to be most responsive for callus induction at a higher rate in short
period of time. Growth regulator type and concentration had a significant effect on the callus
induction and physical appearance. The highest frequencies of callus growth (80.7 and 95 %)
were observed on hypocotyl and cotyledon explants respectively cultured on MS basal medium
supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2, 4-D in Yellow Dodola. Two types of calli were obtained: white
and friable callus with large cells; green and compact callus with smaller cells. For shoot
induction, successful shoot regeneration from white/friable callus was achieved when MS
medium was supplemented with 6-benzyl amino purine (2 mg/l).Highly significant genotypic
difference was observed between the genotypes Yellow dodola giving the highest response.
Maximum shoot induction was recorded in hypocotyls of Yellow Dodola (90%) when MS
medium with 2 mg/l BAP was used. Highest percentage of shoots with roots (98.7%) and
highest mean number of roots per shoot (9) occurred on medium with 0.3 mg IBA, while the
maximum root length (4.7cm) was attained on MS medium without plant growth regulator
(MSO) in Yellow-Dodola. Plantlets were successfully acclimatized in potting medium containing
a mixture of 25% sand: 50% red soil: 25% compost on acclimatization pots (1:2:1). The in vitro
regeneration protocol developed can be used for further undertaking of other tissue culture and
genetic engineering work on B. carinata.

Keywords: Auxin; Callus; Cotyledon; Cultivars; Cytokinin; In Vitro Regeneration

19
22. Chromosome Study of Lymnaeid Snails from Different Localities in
Ethiopia
Gemechu Debela, Kifle Dagne and Yohannes Petros
Year: 2012

Abstract: Freshwater snails of the lymnaeids play a prominent role in the transmission of
helminths, mainly trematodes of medical and veterinary importance. The determination of taxa is
particularly important in the case of organisms that are involved in the spreads of disease. Indeed,
control and privation strategies require a thorough knowledge of the biology and ecology of
parasites and there vectors. One such example is that of fasciolosis, a cosmopolitan disease
caused by liver flukes (F. hepatica and F. gigantica) that is responsible for sever human health and
veterinary problems. The life cycle of liver flukes involves fresh water snail intermediate host, in
which an important asexual multiplication of the parasite occur. The cyto-taxonomic information
on such organisms gives relevant information to draw either a control or prevention strategies.
The present knowledge on the cyto genetics of lymnaeids is not sufficient. The family is
immersed in a systematic-taxonomic confusion. The necessity for a tool which enables species
distinction and population characterization is evident. This paper aims to examine the Ethiopian
lymnaeid snails based on the meiotic chromosome preparation from ovotestis. As lymnaeid snails
exhibit a great diversity in shell morphology and chromosome number (ploidy levels) but
extremely homogeneous anatomical traits, their systematics has long been controversial. Using
the most preferable method to date, we examined the chromosome number and ploidy levels
among some species of these snails that were collected from 9 different localities in Ethiopia. The
method used in this study is the Meiotic chromosome preparation (a protocol that was developed
by Kifle Dagne). Our chromosome number analysis demonstrated the existence of the diploid
lymnaeid snails at different localities in Ethiopia. The present study contributes to deepen our
understanding of Lymnaeid snail‟s chromosome number and ploid levels by sampling at
countrywide scale and combining information from various sources. Example, sources like the
phylogeny is used. This study highlights the importance of performing basic studies in cytology
of the lymnaeid snails with regards to chromosome number and ploid levels.

Keywords: Chromosome; Gonad (Ovotestis); Karyotype; Meiotic Bivalent; Ploidy Level,

Snails

20
23. On Farm Study of Bovine Fasciolosis in Lemo District and its
Economic Loss Due to Liver Condemnation at Hossana Municipal
Abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
Bekele Chakiso, Sissay Menkir and Desta Beyene
Year: 2012

Abstract: Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica is a zoonotic helminth
infection of ruminants and causes of an important economic loss. The cross-sectional study was
conducted from February to April 2012 at Lemo district and Hossana municipal abattoir to
determine the prevalence of fasciolosis, identify the predominant Fasciola species and to
determine fluke burden, severity of liver pathological lesions of cattle slaughtered and assess the
direct economic loss because of bovine fasciolosis due to liver condemnation. In this study, the
sample population of 384 cattle from the Peasant Associations were randomly selected and
coprologically examined by sedimentation techniques and 384 cattle were selected by systematic
sampling techniques for postmortem examination at Hossana municipal abattoir. The overall
prevalence of bovine fasciolosis on farm and abattoir study was 34.9% and 30.5%, respectively.
The infection rate of bovine fasciolosis on farm and abattoir study was significantly associated
(p<0.05) with age, breed, body condition, origin of study animals as well as the type of Fasciola
species, liver pathology and worm burden. However, there was no statistically significant
association of bovine fasciolosis with sex of cattle (P > 0.05).It was noticed that a higher (37.5%)
prevalence rate was identified in young than adult (33.3%) cattle and higher (61.9%) in Holstein
than cross (35.7%) or indigenous (33.1%) breed. Cattle with thin body condition were higher in
infection rate than average or fat. The predominant Fasciola species identified was Fasciola
hepatica (55.6%) followed by Fasciola gigantica (19.6%).The average mean fluke burden was
27.48 flukes per affected liver. The mean fluke burden in mixed Fasciola species (34.00 ± 6.255)
was higher and least in Fasciola hepatica (27.85±3.620).The mean fluke burden that contributed
for the liver pathological lesion categories of moderately, severely and lightly affected livers was
(34.37±4.369), (26.76± 2.712) and (7± 0.513), respectively. A direct economic loss identified in
cattle due to liver condemnation by fasciolosis at Hossana municipal abattoir was estimated
88,806.85 Ethiopian birr Per annum. Bovine fasciolosis was a prevalent parasitic disease and
cause a considerable economic loss in the study area. Therefore, the role of host factors (age, sex,
breed and body condition) and conducive environment for the development of intermediate host
snails should be clearly recognized by all stakeholders in order to understand their effects on the
disease occurrences as well as in control and prevention of fasciolosis in cattle.

Keywords: Abattoir; Bovine; Economic Loss; Fasciolosis; Hossana; Lemo; Prevalence

21
24. Frequency of ABO and Rh Blood Groups Genotypic and Allelic
Distribution among Students of Silti Secondary and Preparatory
School, Siltie Zone, Ethiopia
Kassahun Tesfaye, Yohannes Petros and Mebasellasie Andarige
Year: 2012

Abstract: The ABO and Rh blood groups are the most important blood groups despite the long
list of several other blood groups discovered so far. The ABO and Rh blood groups frequency
varies worldwide and are not found in equal frequency even among ethnic groups. Therefore, this
study was aimed at determining the frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups among Students of
Silti Secondary and Preparatory School, SNNPR, Ethiopia. A total of 441 students were
randomly selected among the students of SSPS. The students were divided into 3 ethnic groups
i.e., Sodo, 147 (83 males, 64 females), Meskan, 147 (86 males, 61 females) and Silti, 147 (86 males,
61 females) students. Blood samples were collected by Open Slide test method between February
22 and 26/2012G.C. A drop of each of the antisera, anti- A, anti -B and anti- D was added and
mixed with each blood sample and rocked gently for 60 sec to observe agglutination. There are
frequency differences among the ABO blood types among students of the ethnic groups of the
students. Blood group O and Rh-positive has highest frequency while blood group AB and Rh-
negative has lowest frequency in the three ethnic groups. In this study, the frequency distribution
of blood group O is 36.74%, 42.86% and 49.66% followed by blood group A, 31.97%, 28.57%
and 23.81% and blood group B, 25.85%, 23.13% and 21.09% in Sodo, Silte and Meskan
respectively and the least percentage frequency is that of blood group AB in the three ethnic
groups which is 5.44% in all ethnic group. Whereas, that of Rh of the three studied ethnic groups
was 91.16% Rh positive in Sodo and 8.84% were Rh negative. Similarly in Silte 93.20% were Rh
positive and 6.8% were Rh negative and in Meskan 91.84% were Rh positive and 8.6% were Rh
negative. However, apart from the importance of ABO and Rh blood groups in blood
transfusion practice, it is therefore imperative to have information on the distribution of these
blood groups in any population group that comprise different ethnic groups.

Keywords: ABO Blood Group; Blood Groups; Meskan; Rh Blood Group; Sodo; Silte

22
25. Implementation of Student-Centered Learning Approach in Grade 11
Biology Classes: The Case of Selected Secondary Schools in Awbere
Woreda, Somali Region, Ethiopia
Yitages Assefa, Sissay Menker and Getnet Demissie
Year: 2012

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the implementation of student-centered
approach in teaching Grade 11 biology class in selected preparatory and secondary schools. The
study was conducted in two purposively selected schools, Awbere and Lefiesa preparatory and
secondary schools. The study was conducted using descriptive survey design. The subjects of the
study were 170 male and 66 female students of Grade 11 students selected by availability
sampling technique; furthermore I sampled four male and two female biology teachers and two
school principals who participated in the present study. Relevant data to the study were collected
using questionnaires, interviews, documents and classroom observations. All the quantitative data
were analyzed using SPSS software to determine descriptive statistics, such as frequency and
percentage. All the qualitative data were analyzed by thematic approaches. The results of the
study indicated that almost no student-centered instructions were implemented in all observed
grade 11 biology classes. The findings also revealed that the major reasons accountable to low
implementation of student-centered methods are: Large class size, lack of resources, shortage of
time, student‟s perception and influence of previous training. Although teachers seem to have
some clear and positive view about what‟s good and bad classroom behavior to promote student-
centered approach, there is still a mismatch between what they believe and what they do in
practice. In addition to this, the students had wrong perceptions towards the student-centered
methods. The teaching-learning materials as well as the physical layouts of classrooms were also
found to be not suitable for practicing and promoting student-centered instructional
methodology. Finally based on the above findings, it is advisable that the school organizes
seminars and workshops for experience sharing in collaboration with the wereda to implement
the student-centered strategies.

Keywords: Active Learning; Implementation; Student-Centered Methodology; Teacher-

Centered Methodology; Teaching-Learning Process

23
26. Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Parasites among HIV Sero-Positive
Individuals in Tarcha Hospital Dawuro Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Zinaw Dubale, Sissay Menkir and Berhanu Seyoum
Year: 2012

Abstract: A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out from February to June 2012 to
determine prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites among HIV sero-positive individuals in
Tarcha Hospital Dawro Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Using serial sampling method, a total of 384
HIV sero-positive individuals aged from 5 to 65 years were included in this study. The sample
was collected from all PLWH out and in patients, until the sample size was reached. A pre-tested
and structured questionnaire was utilized to collect socio-demographic characteristics of the
patients and to collect information on major risk factors that would predispose HIV sero-positive
individuals to infection by intestinal protozoan parasites. Single stool specimens were processed
for C. parvum using Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. G. lamblia and E. histolytica were
detected using formalin-ether concentration and by direct wet mount methods. Data was
analyzed using the SPSS version-16. Chi square and logistic regression was used to verify possible
association between intestinal protozoan parasitic infection and exposure with different risk
factors. Prevalence of C. parvum, G. lamblia and E. histolytica were 26.8%, 22.4% and 15.9%,
respectively. In this study, diarrhoea was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with an increased
prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasitic infections among HIV sero-positive individuals. The
prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasitic infection was significantly associated with ART
status; whereby, those who do not start ART were more affected by the parasites (P < 0.05).
Among the risk factors, source of food and feeding tradition, source of water and usage and
contact with animals and their faeces were found significant(P < 0.05) for acquiring protozoan
parasitic infections. Therefore, health education in relation to personal hygiene and
environmental sanitation, cost effective water purification mechanisms such as boiling and using
chemicals, appropriate management of domestic animals and proper handling of their faeces and
avoid eating contaminated food and raw or lightly cooked vegetables will help in enhancing the
health and well-being of the community particularly HIV sero-positive individuals.

Key words: Antiretroviral Therapy; Diarrhoea; HIV; Intestinal Protozoan Parasites;

Prevalence; Risk Factors

24
27. Students’ Misconceptions about Photosynthesis and Respiration in
Plants: The Case of Grade 10 Students in Selected Secondary Schools
of Eastern Arsi Zone, Oromia
Amente Wedajo, Sissay Menkir and Ybekal Alemayohu
Year: 2012

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify grade 10 students‟ misconceptions about
Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants using Two-tier diagnostic test, and to evaluate the
effectiveness of biology teachers‟ instructional methods whether it uses to remediate students‟
misconceptions. The study was carried out at Arboye Secondary School and Dera Secondary
School in Eastern Arsi Zone, Oromia. The Two-tier diagnostic test of Photosynthesis and
Respiration in Plants was prepared and administered to 150 Grade 10 students after students‟
prior conceptions about the selected topics of the study were collected from 10 students and 60
students through interview and open-ended questionnaires, respectively. Four biology teachers
were observed in classroom using observation checklist while they were teaching different topics
of Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants. The reliability coefficient, discrimination indices and
difficulty indices of the two-tier diagnostic test was 0.61 to 0.65, 0.47 to 0.45 and 0.31 to 0.33,
respectively. The results showed that the Two-tier diagnostic test was effective to identify
students‟ misconceptions. Using this test, fourteen common misconceptions those held by
students were identified and categorized into: definition of Photosynthesis and Respiration in
Plants, energy, biochemical reaction, food making, roles and relationship between Photosynthesis
and Respiration in Plants. Six target concepts and 35 propositional statements which are very
important for Grade 10 students to understand the selected topics of the study was identified.
The target concepts and propositional statements identified are complete and sufficient for
understanding of Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants. The results of the study also showed
that all the observed teachers did not implement effective instructional methods that are used to
remediate students‟ misconceptions. These includes facilitating group discussions, encouraging
students participation, using active learning strategies, considering the possible misconceptions
that the students brought into the classroom and within the content he/she teaching and etc. are
very important for teacher to teach and students to learn biology meaningfully and used to
remediate students‟ misconceptions. The findings of this study suggested that the two-tier
diagnostic test of photosynthesis and respiration in plants could be used for identification of
students‟ misconceptions.

Keywords: Instructional Methods; Misconception; Photosynthesis; Respiration; Two-

Tier Diagnostic Test

25
28. Prevalence of Intensity of Intestinal Protozoa and Soil-Transmitted
Helminth Infections and their association with Anthropometric
Measurements of Children in Primary School, Hossana Town,
Southern Ethiopia
Babulo Barda, Sissay Menkir and Berhanu Erko
Year: 2012

Abstract: Intestinal protozoa and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are the major
public health problems in many developing countries including Ethiopia. Intestinal protozoa and
STHs are one of the major factors that cause malnutrition. This study was aimed to determine
the prevalence and intensity of intestinal protozoa and STH infections in school children and
their associations with anthropometric measurements and associated risk factors. A cross-
sectional study was carried out and 390 school children were chosen using stratified sampling
technique and enrolled in the study, from Hosanna, Southern Ethiopia from January to April,
2012. Structured questionnaires were administered in both English and Amharic to gather
relevant information on demographic and risk factors that predispose for intestinal parasite
infections. Stool samples were processed for microscopic examinations using both Kato-Katz
and Formol-ether concentration method. Weight and Height were taken using measuring tape.
Anthropometry calculating software anthroplus was employed to evaluate anthropometric
parameters. The NCHS growth chart reference was used to estimate the prevalence of
underweight among 10-17 years old school children. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical
software version 16.0. The overall point prevalence of intestinal protozoa and soil transmitted
helimenth infections in the study area was 17.9% and 27.9% respectively. Double and triple
infections were being also prevalent in 8.2% and 1.5% of the samples respectively. The
prevalence of Ascais lubricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichuira, Entamoeba histolytica and
G.lamblia were 11.5%, 10%, 6.4%, 11% and 6.9%, respectively. Malnutrition in terms of
underweight, stunting and wasting was seen in 15.4%, 13.2% and 10.9%, of the samples
respectively. The findings showed that there was no significant association between intestinal
parasitic infections and nutritional status (P > 0.05). Factors like drinking water source, eating
unwashed vegetables, level of knowledge on mode of transmission of parasitic infection and
latrine availability in home vicinity were significantly associated with intestinal protozoa and STH
infection (P < 0.05). Local health sector should collaborate with school health program for
delivering health education to increase the knowledge, attitude and practice of school children
towards the transmission and prevention of protozoan and STH infections. Based on the
findings of the study, preventive measures including improvement of personal hygiene and
environmental sanitation, shoe wearing and use of safe water were recommended.

Keywords: Anthropometric Measurement; Hossana; Prevalence; Protozoa; School

Children; Soil-Transmitted Helminth

26
29. Anther Cultures in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Belay Anelay, Kebebew Assefa and Firew Mekbib
Year: 2012

Abstract: in an attempt to develop a suitable protocol for another culture of safflower

(chartamus tinctorus l.), the callus induction and regeneration responses two genotypes (local and
turkan) were investigated under different concentrations and combinations of phytohormones.
the phytohormone concentrations evaluated were: for callus induction, ms basal medium
supplemented with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg/l) concentrations of thidiazuron (tdz) along with
uniform supplementation of 1 mg/l indole butyric acid (iba); for regeneration, ms basal medium
supplemented with 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/l benzylamino-purine (bap) along with uniform
supplementation of 0.5 mg/l naphtahalene acetic acid (naa); and for rooting, half strength ms
basal medium supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l iba along with consistent
supplementations of 0.5 mg/l naa. in all the three cases, the 10 factorial treatments of the
phytohormone concentrations with the two genotypes were evaluated in completely randomized
design in three replications. in the analyses of variance, the main effects of both genotypes and
hormone concentrations and also the interaction between these two factors were significant on
all parameters considered for callus induction, shoot regeneration from anther-derived calli, and
rooting. of the two ge2014notypes, turkan was superior to the local genotype in all aspects of
callus induction with the callus formation amounting to about 32% in the former and 26% in the
local type. in contrast, the local safflower was better than turkan in all parameters of shoot
regeneration and rooting considered. Compared to the control treatments, supplementations of
the phytohormones tdz, bap and iba generally improved the callus induction, regeneration and
rooting responses, respectively. averaged over both genotypes, the best phytohormone ms media
supplementations were: for callus induction 0.25 and 0.50 mg/l tdz showing callus formation of
38-39%; for shoot formation, 2.0 mg/l bap (17%); and for rooting, 1.0 mg/l iba (18%). in line
with the significant genotype × media hormone composition interaction, the best callus
formation response (46%) was obtained with the turkan genotype cultured on ms medium
supplemented with 0.5 mg/l tdz. likewise, the highest shoot formation (20%) in regeneration
occurred with the local genotoype with supplementation of 2.0 mg/l bap, while the highest
rooting (21%) was noted for the local genotype with supplementation of 1.0 mg/l iba in the
medium. upon transfer of the plantlets with roots of the local genotype to plastic pots for
acclimatization in growth room and subsequently to glasshouse, the plantlets obtained showed
very poor survival in growth room and none of them survived in the glasshouse. overall, the
study revealed substantial effects of genotypes and media hormone composition on the anther
culture response of safflower. however, for practical use of the in vitro culture system, further
investigations would be needed to refine the technique and establish a working protocol to
enhance shoot regeneration from anther derived callus, reduce hyperhydricity of shoots, improve
root induction from developed shoots and enhance the acclimatization rate of in vitro developed
plantlets in glass house.

Keywords: Auxin; Callus Induction; Cytokinin; Root Regeneration; Shoot Regeneration

27
30. Assessment on Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of
Drinking Water in Dire Dawa Administration Council
Ephrem Demissie and Ameha Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstracts: A cross sectional study was conducted from September, 2011 to December, 2012 to
evaluate the drinking water quality of the Dire Dawa Administration Council by examining the
bacterial indicators and some physicochemical parameters (pH, Temperature, TDS & Turbidity).
The microbiological analysis was performed to trace the presence of indicators such as HPC, TC
& TTC by using the test method specified by ES 261 (2001). Membrane filtration method was
applied for all bacteriological indicators to evaluate the quality water samples which were
collected from nine PWs. For HPC, after filtration the filters were placed on plates of soybean-
casein digest agar medium and incubated at least for 5 days at 30-35 0C for bacterial enumeration.
For TC &TTC membrane Lauryl Sulfate-Broth medium (mLSB) was prepared with 500 mℓ de-
ionized water. The filters were placed on the membrane pad containing medium and incubated at
an ambient temperature of 37 °C for 24 hr to permit bacterial resuscitation or revival and 44.50 C
for TTC. Post-incubation, all yellow colonies were counted, using a colony counting lens. In the
physicochemical analysis the methods specified by ES 261 (2001) were used. Results of water
quality analyses were compared against standards and maximum permissible level specified by ES
261 (2001) & WHO. In all sample PWs the bacteriological parameters such as HPC,TC and TTC
were complied with both WHO and National Standards of drinking water ES 261 (2001) (< 1
cfu/100 ml). Except, PW4 and Mixed PWs all other production wells were found negative for
HPC. PW4 and Mixed PWs were found having 3 cfu. /100 ml and 5 cfu/100 ml of water,
respectively. Out of the total 51 tests have been made to TC counts of 74.5% to 88.2% were
complied with standards set by WHO and the Ethiopian Quality standard Authority. Out of the
total 51 tests have been done to TTC counts the complied level were found 90.2% to 98.0%. The
physicochemical results of all sample PWs were complied with both WHO guidelines &National
standards of the country. The relationship between bacterial counts and physicochemical
parameters were not uniform among PWs. There were no consistent relationship trends have
been observed in PWs that enables to arrive at generalizations in the correlation analysis .Even
though the quality of PWs in DDAC agreed to both WHO & National Standards of Ethiopia,
effective disinfection procedures should be inevitable to avoid the potential water contaminations
in pipelines and house hold water storages.

Keywords: Bacteriological Quality Indicators; Physicochemical Parameters; Production

Wells

28
31. Genetic Variability and Association among Yield, Yield Related Traits
and Oil Content in Ethiopian Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum L.)
Accessions

Temesgen Bedassa Gudeta, Million Eshete and Mebeasilassie Andargie

Year: 2012

Abstract: Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) is one of the aromatic plant species of Ethiopia
containing edible oil with several medicinal implications, though it is under-utilized crop. Forty
nine garden cress accessions collected from different regions of Ethiopia were evaluated in this
study. The study was initiated with the objectives of investigating variability and association of
different genetic traits with seed yield, fat and essential oil content and among each other. The
field experiment was conducted at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center during the main
cropping season of the year 2011; using randomized complete block design. The data were
subjected to analysis of variance using the SAS computer software. The analysis of variance
showed highly significant (P < 0.01) difference among the studied genotypes for all characters,
except for fatty oil content, indicating the existence of variability and the potential for selection
and improvement within characters. The genotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 4.91%
for fatty oil content to 37.18% for harvest index, whereas the phenotypic coefficient of variation
varied from 6.17% to 39.77% for the same traits. The estimated broad sense heritability ranged
from 61.01% for fatty oil content to 97.23% for seed yield per plot. Genetic advance as percent
of mean that could be expected from selecting the top 5% of the genotypes ranged from 7.92%
for fatty oil content to 71.69% for harvest index. Over 36.73% of the studied accessions were
yellow seeded. Both seed yield per plant and per plot had positive and highly significant genotypic
and phenotypic association with number of seeds per plant, harvesting index, number of
secondary branches, days to maturity, 1000 seeds weight, and biomass yield per plant. Fatty oil
content of the seed exhibited positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation with traits such as
harvesting index, 1000 seeds weight, days to maturity, seed yield per plant and seed yield per plot.
On the other hand, at P < 0.01 essential oil content of the seed showed positive relationship with
1000 seeds weight, harvesting index, seed yield per plant, days to maturity, numbers of seeds per
plant and fatty oil contents, at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis at
both phenotypic and genotypic levels showed that number of seeds per plant, days to flowering
initiation, biomass yield per plant, harvest index and 1000 seed weight had strong direct effect on
seed yield per plant. Fatty oil, at genotypic level, was positively and directly influenced by 1000
seed weight, days to maturity, essential oil content, harvest index, seed yield per plot and seed
yield per plant. At both phenotypic and genotypic levels the major characters with strong positive
direct effect on essential oil content were 1000 seed weight, seed yield per plant, harvest index
and fatty oil content. The 49 germplasm collections were grouped in to seven clusters based on
Mahalanobis D2 statistic. The maximum inter-cluster distance (D2=10.11) was observed between
cluster 5 and 6 whereas the lowest value (D2=3.07) was between cluster 2 and 4. In this study,
results obtained from one season and a single location showed the presence of genetic variability
and, hence, warrant for more location and year evaluation of the accessions.

Keywords: Cluster Analysis; Correlation Coefficient; Genetic Divergence; Heritability;

Medicinal Plant

29
32. Study of Chromosome Number in Bulinus Truncatus /Tropicus
Complex from Various Localities of Ethiopia
Lijalem Etana, Kifle Dagne, Berhanu Erko and Yohannes Petros
Year: 2012

Abstract: Freshwater snails of Bulinus truncatus/tropicus complex is the intermediate host for
the trematode parasite, Schistosoma haematobium. This parasite is responsible for the human
urinary schistosomiasis. Specimens of Bulinus truncatus/tropicus complex were collected. This
possibility was investigated by making observations on snail samples from 9 localities, in respect
of shell morphology and chromosome number. Collection was made from June, 2011-
September, 2011. Lower altitude, medium altitude and higher altitudes of Ethiopia were covered
for study of ploidy level and chromosome number. The snails were studied using meiotic bivalent
chromosome count. The chromosomes preparation was made from the ovotestis. Different
ploidy levels were found occurring in Ethiopia. Polyploids mainly occurred at high altitude, where
octaploid occurred at Ambo, Bahir Dar and tetrapoloids inhabit Wando Genet area, whereas
diploids were found at Abaya, Bishangari, Burka Dita, Fincha‟a and Kombolcha. Snails of Bulinus
truncatus/tropicus complex varied widely in shell form, suggesting that more than one taxon
could be present in Ethiopia. Comparative data were obtained from snails from various localities
of Ethiopia identified definitely as Bulinus truncatus/tropicus complex. Higher ploidy was
common to high altitude and lower ploidy was common to lower attitude. For further study of
these snails Molecular and biochemical studies were recommended.

Keywords: Octaploid; Ovotestis; Ploidy; Tetraploid

30
33. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Selected Bacterial
Uropathogens among Patients with Urinary Tract Infection Cases in
Wonji Hospital, Ethiopia
Mulugeta Erifo, Ameha Kebede and Sissay Menkir
Year: 2012

Abstract: This study was conducted from February to April 2012 to determine the prevalence,
risk factors and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of selected bacterial uropathogens among
patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) cases in Wonji Hospital, Ethiopia. A hospital-based
cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the risk factors of UTI. In addition, laboratory
based work was conducted to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of
gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial uropathogens using standard procedures. The isolates
were identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. The identified
bacterial uropathogens were subsequently exposed to selected antibiotics to test for development
of resistance using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The results of the study revealed that
the prevalence of Gram-negative uropathogens (27.34 %) was higher than that of Gram-positive
uropathogens (25.26 %). Among these pathogens, E. coli (22.4 %) was the most dominant
uropathogen, followed by S. saprophyticus (17.45%). Next to these two, S. aureus, K.
pneumoniae and S. epidermidis were found in 5.4 %, 4.9 % and 2.3 % of the total samples
examined, respectively. The prevalence of E.coli and S.saprophyticus also varied with marital
status. Out of 86 E. coli isolates, 63.93 % and 33.72 % were in the age group of 19-39 years and
40-59 years, respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of S. saprophyticus within these age groups
was high. Very high prevalence of UTI was observed amongst the married females within the age
range of between 19 - 59 years than males. All the isolates showed greater sensitivity for
nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim – Sulfamethoxazole and nalidixic acid, respectively.
However, they were also highly resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin and gentamycin. S.
saprophyticus isolates were 100% resistant to novobiocin, but they showed high sensitivity for
nitrofurantoin (89.55 %), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (82.09 %) and ciprofloxacin (80.59 % ).
100 % of the S. aureus isolates were sensitive to both nitrofurantoin and novobiocinin in addition
to showing 85.71 % and 76.19 % sensitivity for nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol, respectively.
S.epidermidis isolates were also 100 % sensitive to novobiocin, nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole .Moreover, all of the isolates have developed multi-drug resistance. The isolates
have showed 55.45 %, 54.23 % and 49 % resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin and tetracycline,
respectively .Thus, on the basis of the findings, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim -
sulfamethoxazole and nalidixic acid may be selected as drugs of choice in the area. Frequent
sexual activity is the risk factors that had significant association with the prevalence of most
uropathogens.

Keywords: Antibiotic Susceptibility; Risk Factors; Urinary Tract Infection; Uropathogens

31
34. Effects of Problem Based Learning on Students’ Achievement and
Attitude towards Genetics: The Case of Doctor Abdulmajid Hussein
College of Teachers Education
Mahyewi Saduk FissehaGetnet DemissieAmeha Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: The study was conducted at Dr. Abdulmajid Hussein College of Teachers‟ Education,
Jigjiga Woreda, Somali Regional State, to determine the effects of problem-based learning (PBL)
on students‟ achievement and attitude towards the course “Genetics”. According to the College‟s
existing curriculum, the course is offered only during the second year of the students‟ enrolment.
Hence, all available second year students (i.e. 40) were allowed to participate in the study. Two
types of instruments were used for data collection: achievement test and the five point Likert
scale questionnaire to determine the effect of PBL on knowledge and attitude respectively. Pilot
study was carried out on 15 students of the same background in the Harar Teachers‟ College but
not in the sample group and the reliability of the questionnaire and achievement test items was
checked using the calculated values of Cronbach alpha coefficients i.e. 0.77 and 0.75, respectively.
In the experiment, data were obtained through the use of pre-test and post-test methods
involving experimental (N = 20) and control (N = 20) groups. The experimental group was
taught the course genetics using PBL approach while the control group was taught genetics
course using the conventional teaching method. The data obtained from both groups were
analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were
used to describe students‟ achievement test scores and their questionnaire responses.
Additionally, independent samples t-test was used to see significant difference between
experimental and control group in academic achievement and attitude towards genetics. A
frequency distribution of the experimental group was used to know students attitude towards
PBL. Results in table 4 and 6 indicated that implementing problem based learning approach
improved students‟ academic achievement by 19.62% and their attitude towards genetics by
5.15%. College Students developed positive attitude towards problem based learning. Moreover
their academic achievement and attitude towards genetics were positively correlated. Hence at
college level genetics teachers have to be encouraged to implement problem based learning
method in teaching genetics.

Keywords: Achievement; Attitude; College; Conventional Method; Genetics; Problem

Based Learning

32
35. Evaluation of Some Invasive Weed Species as a Substrate for Oyster
Mushroom (Pleurotus Spp.) Cultivation
Mintesnot Birara, Amare Ayalew and Ameha Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: Invasive weeds species with their large biomass production could be suitable
candidates for mushroom production. In view of this, an experiment was conducted to evaluate
some invasive weed species as a substrate for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species) cultivation
2011/12 at Mushroom Research, Production and Training Laboratory of Haramaya University.
The experiment was laid out in factorial combination of four substrates (Lantana camara,
Prosopis juliflora, Parthenium hysterophorus and wheat straw as a control) and three edible
oyster mushrooms in a completely randomized design with three replications. Phenological data
including days to onset of mycelium invasion, days to appearance of pin heads and days to
maturation of fruiting bodies of mushrooms were recorded. Yield and yield related parameters
viz. total yield, biological efficiency and production rate of mushroom were also recorded.
Furthermore, quality parameters of mushroom such as moisture content, crude protein, crude
fiber, total ash, organic matter, and dry matter percentage were examined. Pleurotus ostreatus on
Parthenium hysterophorus and Pleurotus ostreatus on wheat straw gave significantly higher total
yield of 1677.45 gm/2kg of dry substrate and 1538.77 gm/2kg of dry substrate, respectively,
while the lowest yield was obtained from Prosopis juliflora in the case of Pleurotus sajur-caju
(555.43 gm/kg of dry substrate). Highest biological efficiency (83.87%) was recorded for
Pleurotus ostreatus grown on dried Parthenium hysterophorus followed by Pleurotus ostreatus
on wheat straw (76.94%). Significantly lower biological efficiency (27.77%) was recorded for the
mushrooms grown on Prosopis juliflora. Higher production rate of 3.13 and 3.11 were recorded
for Pleurotus ostreatus grown on Parthenium and wheat straw, respectively. The highest total ash
content (13.90%) was recorded for Pleurotus Florida grown on Lantana camara while the lowest
(6.92%) was for Pleurotus sajor–caju grown on the Prosopis substrate. The protein content
(41.48%) of Pleurotus florida grown on Lantana camara was the highest and the crude protein
content (40.51%) of the same species grown on Parthenium hysterophorus ranked second. The
lowest crude protein (30.11%) was for Pleurotus ostreatus grown on wheat straw that was not
significantly much different from other combinations. The fiber content (12.73%) of Pleurotus
sajur caju grown on wheat straw was the highest the second highest crude fiber content (8.87%)
of Pleurotus florida grown on wheat straw. The lowest crude fiber (5.19%) was recorded for
Pleurotus ostreatus on Prosopis. Results of simple linear correlation analysis showed that TY had
a high positive and significant correlation with BE (r = 1.0***) and PR (r = 0.98***). Total yield
had strong negative correlation to phenological parameters such as time taken (days) for
mycelium invasion (r = -0.73***), for pin head formation (r = -0.79***) and also for fruit body
formation (r = -0.77***); in other words BE and PR were also negatively correlated to the
phenological parameters. On the other hand MOC showed positively significant correlation with
CF (r = 0.49**) and negatively significant correlation with DM (r = -1.0***). DM had negatively
and significant correlation with CF (r = -0.49**). A negative and significant correlation of TA
with OM (r = -1.0***) was observed but in case of CP (r = 0.69***) it was positive significant
and OM it was negatively correlated with CP (r = -0.69***). In general, results showed that with
wide C:N ratio organic substrates, the yield and quality of mushrooms declined. On the other
hand, weed residues with narrow C:N ratio, such as Parthenium hysterophorus, contributed to
the higher yield and improved quality of mushrooms. Considering the importance of mushrooms
as quality food and additional source of income for the rural poor and marginal farmers of
Ethiopia, future studies are justified to evaluate a large number of easily available organic
substrates for growing mushrooms and to standardize the production techniques under different
agro-climatic conditions across the country.

Keywords: Invasive Weed Species; Mushroom Cultivation; Pleurotus Spp

33
36. Phenotypic Variation for Salinity Tolerance at Germination and
Seedling Stages of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)
Genotypes Grown in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia
Endalew Tigabu Bazie Mebeaselassie and Andargie Kindie Tesfaye
Year: 2012

Abstract: Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is the fifth most economically important crop
among cereals in the world. Salinity is one of the major abiotic factors that reduce the
productivity of sorghum in many parts of the world. In Ethiopia, salt-affected soils are prevalent
in the Rift Valley and lowland areas. Exploiting genetic variability of available germplasm to
identify salt tolerant genotype is one of the strategies used to overcome salinity by exposing
several genotypes to the stress at different growth stages. Germination and seedling
characteristics are the most viable criteria used for selecting salt tolerant plants. Therefore, the
objective of this study was to evaluate phenotypic variation of sorghum genotypes for salinity
tolerance at germination and early seedling stages. The experiment was conducted at Haramaya
University from March – April, 2011. The experimental treatments were five NaCl salinity levels
(0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 dS m-1) and eleven sorghum genotypes (Gambella1107, Melkam, S-35, ESH-2,
Gobye, and 97MW6130, Meko, 76T1 #23, ICSV-111, Abshir and Teshale). The experimental
treatments were laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Data
were collected on germination rate (GR), final germination percentage (FGP), seedling shoot
length (SSL), seedling root length (SRL), seedling shoot to root ratio (SSRR), seedling fresh shoot
weight (SFSW), seedling fresh root weight (SFRW), seedling dry shoot weight (SDSW) and
seedling dry root weight (SDRW). Analysis of variance indicated that all the parameters collected
were significantly (p<0.001) affected by the main effects of the treatments and their interactions.
Genotypes ICSV-111, Melkam and 76T1#23 in the Petri dish experiment and Meko,
Gambella1107 and ICSV-111 in the pot experiment showed significantly faster germination rate
than the other genotypes at the highest (16 dS m-1) NaCl salinity level. Whereas, genotypes
97MW6130 and ESH-2 in the Petri dish experiment and ESH-2 and Gobye in the pot
experiment showed significantly slower germination rate than the other genotypes at higher
salinity level. Genotypes ICSV-111 and Meko in the Petri dish experiment and Meko,
Gambella1107 and ICSV-111 in the pot experiment showed significantly faster final germination
percentage than others at 16 dS m-1 NaCl salinity level. Genotypes 97MW6130 and ESH-2
showed significantly slower final germination percentage than the rest of the genotypes at 16 dS
m-1 NaCl salinity level of both experiments. Teshale, 76T1#23 and Gambella1107 were the
genotypes which produced significantly higher SSL, SRL and SSRR at the 8 dS m-1 NaCl salinity
level of the Petri dish experiment while genotype ESH-2 showed significantly lower values. In the
pot experiment, genotypes Meko, Melkam and Gambella1107 produced significantly higher SSL,
SRL and SSRR at 16 dS m-1 NaCl salinity level whereas most genotypes were salt sensitive.
Genotypes 76T1#23 and ICSV-111 showed significantly better SFSW, SFRW, SDSW and
SDRW at higher NaCl salinity levels of both the Petri dish and pot experiments while most of the
genotypes were salt sensitive. The study affirmed the presence of broad intra-specific phenotypic
variation among the sorghum genotypes for salinity tolerance.

Keywords: Biomass; Germination; Nacl, Salinity; Seedling Growth; Sorghum Genotypes

34
37. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Their Associations
with Anthropometric Measurements of School Children in Selected
Primary Schools, Wukro Town, Eastern Tigray, Ethiopia
Eleni Kidane, Sissay Menkir and Ameha Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to determine prevalence of intestinal parasitic
infections and their associations with anthropometric measurements among school children of
Wukro town, Eastern Tigray, Ethiopia. The design of the study was a cross-sectional
epidemiological investigation involving a sample population of 384 school children from grade
one to grade eight in two purposively selected primary schools located in Wukro town during
March-May, 2011/2012. A total of 384 fresh stool samples of school-children were examined
using direct wet-mount technique. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was
60.7% (58.2% in males and 62.8% in females). Multiple infections with two and above parasites
were found in 7.5% (29) of the positive stool samples. The prevalence of protozoan parasites,
E.histolytica, G.lamblia and I.beli was 23.2%, 16.9% and 4.4%, respectively. Similarly, the
prevalence of helminth infections, A.lumbricoides, Hookworm, T. trichiura, S.mansoni,
E.vermicularis, H.nana and Teania saginata. Was 5.7%, 3.9%, 3.1%, 3.1%, 1.3%, 1% and 0.8%,
respectively. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was significantly associated with
some of risk factors, such as family size, source of water and its handling, and availability of
latrines (p=0.000, p=0.003 and p=0.001, respectively). Even though there were high parasitic
infections, they were not statistically associated with some socio-demographic factors, such as
parents‟ educational level, personal hygiene, life skills, awareness to parasitic infections, residence
and wearing shoe or not. A significant association was found between intestinal parasitic
infections and underweight students (p=0.002). Underweight school-children (34.6%) had a
higher prevalence of parasitic infection as compared with other anthropometric indices (wasting
and stunting). In summary, intestinal parasitic protozoan infections represent a public health
problem in the school-children of Wukro town. Local health sector and any concerned bodies
should collaborate with school health program for delivering health education to increase the
knowledge, attitude and practice of school children as to how transmission of intestinal parasitic
infection is prevented such as improvement of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation,
and shoe wearing habit.

Keywords: Anthropometry; Intestinal parasites; Prevalence, School children, Wukro

35
38. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Campylobacter
Species Isolated Among HIV Sero-Positive Patients in Hiwot Fana
Specialized Teaching Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia
Yisehak Amele, Ameha Kebede and Sissay Menkir
Year: 2012

Abstract: A cross-sectional survey study was carried out from March to June 2012 to determine
the prevalence of Campylobacter species infection and its association with diarrhea, ART, WHO
clinical stages of HIV/AIDS and CD4 T cell count, major risk factors and antimicrobial
resistance of isolates among HIV sero-positive individuals attending Hiwot Fana Harar,
Haramaya University Specialized Teaching Hospital. Stool samples and socio-demographic data
with HIV/AIDs histories were collected from 384 confirmed HIV sero-positive patients aged
from 15-65 years old. The collected stool samples were delivered to Harari Regional Health
Laboratory and Campylobacter species were isolated using a selective medium, mCCDA. The
isolates were then identified using the standard method and tested against 8 selected antibiotics
for susceptibility following the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test. The results indicated that the
overall prevalence of Campylobacter species was 15.1 % (58/384). These isolates comprised of C.
jejuni (82.8%), C. coli (10.3%), C. lari (5.2%) and C. upsaliensis (1.7%). 100, 94.8, 93.1, 84.5, and
82.8% of the Campylobacter isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid,
ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, respectively. On the other hand, 100, 98.3 and 50%
of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole,
respectively. Erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline could still be used as the drugs of
choice for campylobacteriosis amongst HIV sero-positive patients in the study area. Significant
associations were found between Campylobacter infection and diarrhea, ART, WHO clinical
stages of HIV/AIDS and CD4+ T cell counts. Among the socio-demographic factors
investigated, consumption of unprotected water, consumption of raw meat, and close contact
with domestic animals had significant association (P<0.05) with infection by Campylobacter spp.
The implementation of a national surveillance and control program may be helpful in minimizing
the spread of the disease and the increase of drug resistance. Key words: Antimicrobial resistance,
ART, Campylobacter infection, CD4+Tcell counts, Diarrhea, HIV/AIDS, Prevalence.

36
39. Implementation of Continuous Assessment in Biology Teaching-
Learning: The Case of Two Secondary Schools in Awbere Woreda,
Somali Region
Tesfom Gebreslassie, Sissay Menkir and Muthuswamy Manikandanmy
Year: 2012

Abstract: This study was undertaken to examine the degree of implementation of continuous
assessment in biology classes of two selected Secondary Schools and to assess the perception of
biology teachers, students and school principals towards the implementation of continuous
assessment and to find out factors that hinder the proper implementation of continuous
assessment in grade 9 and 10 Biology classes. The study was conducted using descriptive survey
method. The subjects of the study were 102 male and 56 female students of Grades 9 and 10 that
represented 20 % of the total student population of the study, Furthermore, the samples included
in this study are 3 male and 3 female biology teachers, 2 principals and their deputies. Relevant
data to the study were collected using questionnaires, interviews, document analyses and
classroom observations. The quantitative data collected using the questionnaires were tabulated
and fed into statistical software to change the raw data into the percentage. Some qualitative data
collected using interviews were analyzed by thematic approaches. The study revealed that even-
though most principals and biology department heads had perception about continuous
assessment, they did not create conducive conditions for implementing it in schools, as described
in the education policy documents. According to the data gathered, the factors that affected the
implementation of continuous assessment were lack of adequate training for most of the
teachers, large class size, shortage of time, and lack of materials to implement CA. Generally, the
responses to the questionnaires, interviews and the information obtained through document
analyses and classroom observations, have revealed that there was no proper implementation of
continuous assessment in the two secondary schools so as to fulfill the objectives of continuous
assessment. Therefore, to improve the implementation of continuous assessment, awareness
creation through training, manual preparation and creating a standard class size are very essential.

Keywords: Continuous Assessment; Examine; Implementation; Investigates; Perception

37
40. Chromosome study of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Biomphalaria
sudanica from selected localities in Ethiopia
Abdulkadir shewabez, Kifle Dagne, Berhanu Erko and Yohannes Petros
Year: 2012

Abstract: The freshwater snail Biomphalaria belongs to the taxonomic class Gastropoda (family
Planorbidae) and is integral to the spread of the human parasitic disease, schistosomiasis. In
Ethiopia, the proven snail intermediate hosts of intestinal schistosomiasis are Biomphalaria
pfeifferi and Biomphalaria sudan¬ica. No cytological studies have been done on biomphalarid
snails and hence chromosome number of these snails has not been known. Therfore, the present
objective was undertaken to determine the chromosome number and ploidy level of
biomphalarid snails in Ethiopia. Overall, the present study included seventeen localities.
Regarding the geographical distribution of the two snail species in Ethiopia, B. sudanica has
sporadic distribution and were collected from some Rift valley areas. B. pfeifferi has a wider
geographic distribution and it was collected from a number of sites both in lowland and highland
regions of Ethiopia. Chromosome preparations were made from ovotestis. Air-dried slide
preparation was made by splashing techniques after treating the cells with 0.075 M KCl
hypotonic solution for about 25 - 30 minutes followed by several rounds of centrifugation in
fixative (3 methanol: 1 acetic acid) Chromosome number was determined from meiotic
metaphase chromosome spreads following chromosome staining with Giemsa in phosphate
buffer (pH = 6.8). It was found out that both B. sudanica and B. pfeifferi have the same dipioid
chromosome number, 2n=36. The results obtained were compared to those previously reported
by different authors. In the present study, two species of Biomphalaria have the same number of
chromosome so that it is impossible to differentiate the species only on the basis of their
chromosome number.

Keywords: Bivalent chromosome; Chromosome number; Ovotestis; Shell morphology

38
41. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Isolates
in Patients Visiting Worabe Health Center: Worabe, Southern Ethiopia
Abdulmejid Muteba, Ameha Kebede and Sissay Menkir
Year: 2012

Abstract: Salmonellosis, a disease caused by Salmonella, remains an important public health

problem worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. A cross sectional hospital-based
survey was designed to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella
isolates among patients visiting Worabe Health Center (WHC) from July 2011 to January 2012. A
total of three hundred eighty four stool samples were collected from WHC. The samples were
transported to Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute laboratory within 48 hours
using Cary-Blair transport media kept in an ice box. Out of the 384 stool specimens analyzed, 19
(4.9%) were proved to be positive for Salmonella isolates. In this study, the high ratio of
Salmonella infection predominated children whose age were from six to fourteen year. Antibiotic
sensitivity test was performed for these Salmonella isolates against 9 currently recommended
antibiotics following the methods of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard by
using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique on Muller Hinton agar plate. The study indicated that
all Salmonella isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (5µg), amikacine (30µg) and norfloxacine
(10µg). In addition to this, 4/19(21%) of the isolates were found to be sensitive for all applied
antibiotics, however, least sensitivity was observed in amoxicillin. Likewise, 5.3%, 15.8%, 10.5%,
10.5% and 15.8% antibiotic resistant Salmonella were observed for ceftriaxone (30µg),
Chloramphenicole (30µg), Cotrimoxazole (25µg), Amoxicillin (30µg) and Tetracycline (30µg).
Thus, wise use of antimicrobials should be practiced in order to prevent further spread and large
scale emergence of Salmonella against new antibiotics. Moreover, the study indicated that
Salmonella infection was associated with drinking unprotected (river) water and consumption of
raw products of animals such as meat, eggs and milk.

Keywords: - Diarrhea; Fever; Headache, Salmonellosis

39
42. Genetic Variability in Yield and Yield Related Traits in some Maize
(Zea Mays L) Genotypes Grown in Eastern Hararge, Ethiopia
Abebe Gebre, Habtamu Zelleke and Yohannes Petros
Year: 2012

Abstract: Twenty five maize (Zea mays L) genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete
block design for genetic variability and association between agronomic traits at Haramaya
University campus. Data were collected on 19 quantitative traits. The analysis of variance showed
that the mean squares due to genotype were highly significant (p<0.01) for all trait studied, which
indicates the existence of sufficient genetic variability and the potential for selection and
improvement of the traits. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations were
observed for plant height, ear height and grain yield and aboveground biomass. Also the
difference between genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were low in the traits for
days to 75% maturity, leaf width, ear diameter, number of rows per ear and harvest index
indicating less environmental influence on these traits. High heritability estimates were obtained
from day‟s to 75% maturity, days to silking, plant height, leaf width, number of nodes per plant,
1000-kernels weight, and kernels texture, above ground biomass, grain yield per hectare and
internodes length. These traits, therefore, may respond positively due to selection. Estimates of
genetic advances as percent of mean at 5% selection intensity ranged from 3.6% for number of
plant at harvest to 76.4% for above ground biomass. Genotypic correlation coefficients were
found to be higher in magnitude than that of phenotypic correlation coefficients, which clearly
indicated the presence of inherent association among various traits. At phenotypic level, days to
silking, days to maturity, plant height, ear height, number of ears at harvest, internodes length, ear
length, days to anthesis, leaf width and number of nodes per hectare was observed to have
positive and highly significant (P<0.01) correlation with grain yield per hectare and negative and
highly significant (P<0.01) correlation with harvest index. Path coefficient analysis at phenotypic
level based on grain yield as dependent variable revealed that days to anthesis, days to maturity,
ear height, leaf width, number of nodes per plant, number of ears at harvest, above ground
biomass and harvest index showed positive direct effect. The genotypic path analysis also
indicated that above ground biomass and harvest index showed positive and significant
correlation, therefore, these traits are more important than other traits for the genetic
improvement of maize for yield.

Keywords: Genetic advance; Genetic variability; Heritability

40
43. Hookworm Infection and Hemoglobin Concentration among Students
in three selected primary schools, Abobo Woreda, Gambella Region,
Western Ethiopia
Abiot Gezahegn, Sissay Menkir and Yetbarek Getachew
Year: 2012

Abstract: Hookworm infections represent a major public health problem in poor and developing
countries. This is more so in school going children. To initiate prevention and control measure
for this neglected disease, adequate information is required among high-risk groups. The
objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of hookworm infection and evaluate its effect
on hemoglobin level, physical growth and nutritional status of school children in Abobo woreda,
Gambella region, western Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey design was employed to collect data
on hookworm infections, anthropometric indices and hemoglobin level among school children in
three selected primary schools in Abobo woreda during February to May, 2012. About 300
school children were selected using stratified random sampling technique. Structured and pre-
tested questionnaires were also administered to gather relevant information on socio
demographic characteristics of the study subjects. Parasitological examinations were done by
modified McMaster technique while hemoglobin level was determined by the HemoCue
Hemoglobin spectrometer. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences
(SPSS version-16) and anthropometry was calculated the software program (AnthroPlus). The
National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth chart reference was used to determine the
proportions of underweight/thinness among 10‐18 years also for 6-9 years to determine
underweight, stunting and wasting of school-children. The result showed that 124 of 300 stool
specimens (41.33%) were found positive for hookworm infection. The mean egg count of
hookworm was 769.9 epg. Out of 300 students examined for hemoglobin level determination,
156 (52%) were found anemic. Of these, 108 (69%) and 46 (31%) were hookworm infected and
non- infected by hookworm but anemic individuals, respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition
in terms of Stunting, Underweight and Wasting in examined school children was 10.25%, 30.78%
and 43.59%, respectively, for those aged from 5-9 years and 37.8% underweight/thinness for
those aged from 10-18 years. The study did not find any significant association of hookworm
infections with malnutrition. The mean hemoglobin concentration of the total study subjects
were 10.36 g/dl and it was below the standard of guideline. The study result showed that, there
was strong correlation between hookworm infections and hemoglobin level. Anti-helminthic
treatment for school children and health education on proper personal and environmental
hygiene practices are recommended to decrease the prevalence rate of hookworm infection in the
study area.

Keywords: Abobo; Hemoglobin; Hookworm, Intensity; Prevalence; School students

41
44. Prevalence and Intensity of Intestinal Helminthes Infections and
Associated Factors among Children of Primary Schools of Shire Inda
Silassie Town, Northern Ethiopia
Abraha Kiros, Sissay Menkir and Tsehaye Asmelash
Year: 2012

Abstract: Intestinal helminth infections represent a major public health problem in poor and
developing countries. This is more so in school children. The objective of this study was to
determine the prevalence and intensity of major Intestinal helminth infections and associated
factors among children of primary schools of Tigray Region. A cross sectional study was carried
out from February to April 2012 and 384 school-children were chosen using stratified sampling
technique and involved in the present study. Structured questionnaires were also administered to
gather relevant information on demographic data of the study subjects. Stool samples of 384
subjects aged 6-18 years were examined using Kato-Katz method. Height, weight and body mass
index (BMI) of each study participant was measured to categorize the nutritional status of
children as stunted, wasted or underweight. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for
social sciences (SPSS version-16) and anthropometry calculating software program (AnthroPlus).
The National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth chart reference was used to determine
the proportions of underweight/thinness among 10‐18 year school-children. The overall
prevalence of Intestinal heiminth infections in the study area was 48.6%; and single, double, and
triple infections were 43.2%, 5.2%, and 0.3%, respectively. The prevalence of Ascaris
lumbricoideshookworm, T.trichiura, E.vermicularis, S.mansoni and H. nana infections were
20.3%, 14.8%, 4.9%, 1.8%, 0.8%, and 0.5, respectively. The most frequent combinations of
intestinal helminthes diagnosed in single patient were double infection of A. lumbricoides + T.
trichiura, A. lumbricoides + Hookworm and H. nana with T. trichiura was 5(1.3%) and triple
infection of hookworm A. lumbricoides and H. nana was (0.2%) in the present study. The mean
egg count ofA. lumbricoides, hookworm and T.trichiura were 2665.6, 1414.6 and 1026.5 eggs per
gram of feaces, respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition in terms of stunting, underweight
and wasting was 15.6%, 43% and 46.9%, respectively, for those aged from 6 9 years and 34.4%
underweight/thinness for those aged from 10 18 years. The study was found statistically
significant association between intestinal helminth infections and some risk factors but not found
with malnutrition. Moreover, in-depth studies should be made on socio-demographic factors like,
latrine usage, family size, hand washing practice and family income to better evaluate the
epidemiology of intestinal helminth infections in the area.

Keywords: Anthropometry; Intensity; Intestinal Helminths; Malnutrition; Prevalence

School-children

42
45. Prevalence of Malaria and its Association with Hemoglobin Level
among Patients Visiting Arba Minch Hospital, Southern Ethiopia
Almaz Lemma, Sissay Menkir and Yitbarek Getachew
Year: 2012

Abstract: Human malaria is a common and life-threatening disease in many tropical and sub-
tropical areas. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of malaria and its association
with hemoglobin level among local inhabitants‟ patients visiting Arba Minch Hospital in Arba
Minch Town during one peak malaria transmission season, 2011, Southern Ethiopia. The study
was a Health Center in the study area. Clinical records of malaria for the last five years obtained
from the Hospital were analyzed .Malaria diagnosis was based on microscopic examination of
thick and thin Giemsa stained blood film from simple randomly selected samples of 204
individuals during the one peak malaria transmission season, March-April. Additionally,
structured and pre-tested questionnaires were used to assess the socio-demographic
characteristics and the level of knowledge and awareness of the respondents related to malaria.
The data from the clinical records showed that malaria was major infectious diseases constituting
a significant public health problem. Results of parasitological survey showed that an overall
prevalence of 39.7% malaria parasite among studied population of this, prevalence of P.
falciparum and P. vivax was 25.4% and 14.2%, respectively. But out of the total positive slides,
prevalence of P. falciparum and P. vivax was 64.2% and 35.8%, respectively. The most important
plasmodium species was P. falciparum. A total of 204 malaria patients 79 respondents were
anemic and there were no significance variations of anemic prevalence among age groups and
hemoglobin concentration also was not statistically associated with age status. In addition Regular
health education must provide to raise individual and community awareness about the mode of
malaria transmission, prevention and control.

Keywords: Anemia; Arba Minch; Hemoglobin, Malaria; Risk factors; Prevalence

43
46. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Beef
in Arbaminch, Southern Ethiopia

Amenu Amboma, Ameha Kebede and Dagmar Nölkes

Year: 2012

Abstract: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to June 2011 to determine
prevalence, bacterial load and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in beef samples collected
from abattoir and meat retailers at Arba Minch Town. Methods followed in the study were ISO
6579: 2002 procedures for Salmonella isolation which included pre-enrichment, selective
enrichment, plating out and confirmatory tests. Disk Diffusion method (NCCLS, 2000) was
employed for antimicrobial sensitivity testing and MPN enumeration method was used for
bacterial load determination in beef samples. Accordingly, the overall 120/400 (30%) prevalence
of Salmonella was revealed at abattoir and retailer. Among 120 Salmonella isolates subjected to
antimicrobial sensitivity testing, all were found to be resistant to amoxycillin whereas none were
resistant against ciprofloxacin. Concerning multiple drug resistance, all isolates were revealed
resistance to three and more antimicrobial drugs. Finally, bacterial load per milliliter of the beef
samples was determined by using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method of enumeration.
Based on enumeration results, maximum of 23 MPN/ml and minimum of 3 MPN/ ml of the
target bacteria was identified. In conclusion, results of the present study have indicated the
potential importance of beef as a source of Salmonella which has developed resistance to one or
more antimicrobial drugs.

Keywords: Abattoir; Antibiotic resistance; Disk diffusion; Enumeration; Retailer;

Salmonella

44
47. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Species among HIV Positive Persons
with and without Antiretroviral Treatment in Patients Visiting
Nekemte Hospital
Anteneh Mulat Sissay Menkir Ameha Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: A cross-sectional survey study was carried out from February to May 2011 to
determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species infection among HIV positive persons
visiting Nekemte Hospital. Using serial sampling method, a total of 259 HIV positive patients
aged from 18 to 65 years were selected to participate in this study. The participants included
those who had started ART and those who had not started ART. A pre-tested and structured
questionnaire was utilized to collect socio-demographic characteristics of the patients and to
collect information on major risk factors that would predispose HIV positive persons to
infection by Cryptosporidium species. A portion of preserved stool sample was processed by
formaline-ether concentration method. Modified Zeihl-Neelsen staining method was used for
detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and CD4+Tcell count was done by flow Cytometry in
Nekemte Hospital. Data was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS
version-12). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 25.1%. There was a significant relation
regarding ART showing that those who do not start ART were more affected by the parasite.
The significant association between parasite positivity and diarrhoea was also evident for
Cryptosporidium spp. infection. There was also significant relation between CD4+Tcell count
and prevalence of Cryptosporidium species. Marital status and educational status were found to
have no significant relation with infection of the parasite in this study. Among the risk factors,
occupation was found to have a significant relation with infection with Cryptosporidium spp.
Furthermore Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between the risk factors
(Drinking water source, food source, and contact with animals) and infection with
Cryptosporidium spp. Even though the statistical analysis showed no significant relation between
the risk factors and infection with the parasite HIV positive persons are advised to use safe water,
safe food and avoid direct contact with the feaces of animals.

Keywords: Antiretroviral therapy; CD4+Tcell; Cryptosporidiosis; diarrhea; HIV/AIDS;

prevalence; Risk factors

45
48. On Farm and Abattoir Study of Lungworm Infection of Small
Ruminants in Selected Areas of Dale District, Southern Ethiopia
Serkalem Kebede, Sissay Menkirand Desta Beyene
Year: 2012

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Dale district of southern Ethiopia from
February – April, 2012 to determine the prevalence and the predominant species of lungworms
in sheep and goats; and to relate lungworm infection with age, sex, species, breed, and body
condition of animals in the study area. Faecal samples were randomly collected from 200 sheep
and 200 goats in Dale district to examine first stage larvae (L1) using Modified Baerman
technique. In addition, 384 whole lungs of sheep and goats (240 sheep and 144 goats‟ lungs) were
systematically collected from Yirgalem municipal abattoir and they were subjected for
postmortem examination to detect the presence of adult lungworm parasites. The prevalence of
lungworm infection of sheep and goat in faecal examination was124 (62%) and 119 (59.5%),
respectively and similarly, in postmortem examination was 136 (56%) for sheep and 76 (66%) for
goat. The overall prevalence of lungworm infection in sheep and goat based on coprological and
postmortem examinations was 243(60.8%) and 212(55.2%), respectively. The predominant
lungworm species identified through the faecal and postmortem examination was Dictyocaulus
filaria with the prevalence of 104(26%) and 88(22.9%), respectively. The sex of animals in both
farm and abattoir study did not show significant association with the prevalence of lungworm
infection (P > 0.05). Statistical analysis of both farm and abattoir indicated that there was a
significant difference in the prevalence of lungworm infection between the age group categories
(P < 0.05). The highest prevalence was observed in age groups of young and the lowest in adult
age groups of both sheep and goats. The body condition of animals was found to be significantly
associated to the prevalence of lungworm infection (P < 0.05) and the association of lungworm
infection in sheep and goats by body condition score was significantly highest in animals with
very thin and thin body conditions than average or fat body condition scores. The present study
confirmed that lungworm infection was common problem of sheep and goat in the study area.
To reduce lungworm infection early treatment in young sheep and goat and feed those animals
having very thin and thin body condition should be conducted.

Keywords: Abattoir; Coprology; Dale District; Farm; Lungworm, Postmortem

examination; Prevalence; Small Ruminants; Southern Ethiopia

46
49. Comparative Study of Beer Characteristics Produced by Wild and
Domesticated Isolates of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Taye Birhanu, Ameha Kebede and Berhanu Andualem
Year: 2012

Abstract: The present day versions of beer contain water, malt (barley grain), hops and special
strains of yeasts. This paper aimed at evaluating the fermentation behavior of selected
Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates in tella and they were compared with commercial yeast
(brewery‟s yeast) for subsequent production of standard beer. The treatments consisted of
different volume of wort sugar (100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml and 1000 ml) and six isolates based on
biochemical test score (IT1, IT2, IT3, IT4, IT5 and commercial strain). The experiment was laid
out in a laboratory based comparative study of the performance of yeasts with three replications.
Yeast isolates were isolated from tella samples after dilution followed by plating aliquots of
appropriate dilution of samples on malt extract agar and sabouraud agar, the resulting sample
dilutions were then spread plated on both malt extract and SAB agar supplemented with 0.1
mg/ml chloroamphenicol and incubated at 30 0C for 24 to 48 hr. From these plates selected
colonies were picked and used to develop pure culture of yeast. Yeast cells were observed
microscopically to examine their size and shape, how they reproduce vegetatively. Isolates were
also subjected to biochemical tests such as their ability of fermentation capacity of each isolate
and was evaluated by looking for the formation of gas (CO2) production in Durham tube as well
as carbon assimilation were examined. Based on the biochemical scores, the strains were
propagated for fermentation. The results of the study showed that isolate type and wort sugar
volume had significant effect on degree of fermentation, alcohol production and other physico-
chemical characteristics of the mature beer as a whole. The apparent extract (op), real extract(op),
apparent degree of fermentation (%), real degree of fermentation(%), alcohol content volume by
volume(%) ranged from 2.152-2.983, 4.0250-4.6800, 75.16-82.08, 62.243-67.863 and 4.708-5.215,
respectively. Sensory evaluation ranged from 2.33-4.83 at a five level hedonic scale. The result
also showed that local isolates are physiologically adapted to extreme conditions of 130 ml/l
ethanol although all isolates were flocculent; specifically strain 2 and 4 showed excellent
flocculence that had decrease in optical density more than 0.5 per minute. In this study, we
demonstrate that humans can distinguish to use between beers produced using domesticated
strains and wild isolates of S. cerevisiae species. The differences that we observe between
domesticated and wild isolates provides further evidence that beer strains can be isolated from
tella which have accepted range of physic-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of taste
provided the bitterness should be studied .

Keywords: Beer; Biochemical; Contamination; Ethanol Tolerance; Flocculation Physico-

Chemical; Sensory Evaluation; S. Cerevisiae;

47
50. Screening selected accessions of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.)
Walp.) From Ethiopia for salt tolerance

Ashebir Gogile, Mebeasilassie Andargie and Manikandan Muthuswamy

Year: 2012

Abstract: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) is a grain legume with high protein content and
greater ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Salinity is one of the most significant abiotic factors
affecting growth and yield of cowpea in arid and semi-arid areas of the world. In Ethiopia, salt-
affected soils are prevalent in the Rift Valley and lowland areas. Exploiting genetic variability of
available cowpea accessions that have the mechanism to cope with such saline environment is
vital. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the potential for salt tolerance of cowpea
accessions during the germination and early vegetative growth. The experimental treatments were
19 cowpea accessions and 4 NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 200 mM) for Petri dish
experiment and 9 good performing accessions from the Petri dish experiment. These were tested
at the same concentrations in greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized
design in factorial combination with three replications. Data analysis was carried out using SAS
(version 9.1) statistical software. Germination rate, germination percentage, seedling shoot and
root traits, seedling shoot and root weight, number of leaves and total biological yield were
evaluated. The analyzed data revealed highly significant variation among cowpea
accessions/variety (p<0.001), treatments (p<0.001) and their interactions (p<0.001). It was found
that salt stress significantly decreased root length, shoot length, and seedling shoot and root
weight of cowpea plants. The extent of decrease varied with accessions and salt concentrations.
Most accessions were highly susceptible to 200 mM NaCl concentration. The correlation analysis
revealed positive and significant association among germination percentage, shoot and root
length and shoot and root weight. Accessions 210856, 211557 and variety Asebot were better salt
tolerant; as the result it is recommended to be used as a genetic resource for the development of
cowpea cultivars with improved germination under salt stress condition.

Keywords: Accession; Cowpea; Germination; NaCl; Salinity Tolerance

48
51. Genetic Diversity of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Landraces from Major
Coffee Growing Areas of Southern Ethiopia as Revealed by Inter
Simple Sequence Repeat Marker
Shimekit Tadele Gebabo, Kassahun Tesfaye and Firew Mekbib
Year: 2012

Abstract: Despite its importance, the genetic variability of landraces Coffea arabica L. from
Southern Ethiopia has not yet been examined with molecular markers. Hence, in this study the
genetic diversity of 87 arabica coffee collections from Southern Ethiopia were studied using five
ISSR primers. The result indicated high genetic variability among coffee landraces. The
proportion of polymorphic bands within populations varied from 20 % for Sidama-Gedeo to 100
% for Gamo Gofa populations, with a mean of 62.8 %. The Shannon‟s diversity index (I) for
each population computed across primers varied from 0.11 for Sidama-Gedeo populations to
0.55 for Debub Omo population with an overall mean across populations (Ipop) of 0.33. The
mean for the entire data, when individuals of all populations were considered together (Isp) was
0.47. Likewise, the Nei's gene diversity showed Debub Omo populations were the most diverse
(h =0.38) and Sidama-Gedeo populations were the least diverse (h = 0.07). The overall mean
values across population and the mean for the entire data were (h = 0.22) and (h = 0.3),
respectively. AMOVA also revealed 78.05% variation is attributed to within population while
21.95% variation is due to the among population variation which is highly significant at (P=0.00).
The dendrogram derived from NJ and UPGMA analysis of the whole ISSR data using the
Jaccard similarity coefficient showed most of the individuals fails to cluster on the basis of their
respective populations. UPGMA analysis of the populations revealed two major groups (Debub
Omo and Gamo Gofa). The second major cluster again forked into two sub groups the first
containing Dawuro and Basketo populations, while the second contained Sidama and Gedeo
populations. PCO analysis using Jaccard‟s coefficients of similarity shows with the exception of
few accessions that come from Debub Omo, Dawuro and Gamo Gofa in 3D most of the
individual accessions that represent different populations spread all over the plot. The data clearly
indicated the existence of higher diversity that deserve conservation attention. Some populations
are also observed to be more uniform which could be caused by specialty coffee extension
program.

Keywords: Fixation Indices; Genomic DNA; Germplasm, Jaccard Coefficient;

Polymorphism; Repeat Motifs; Shannon’s Index

49
52. Assessment of Students’ Prior Knowledge, Misconceptions and
Learning Difficulties in Human Respiratory System: The Case of
Grade Nine Students in Garba Gurracha Secondary School
Tijani Hussen, Sissay Menkir and Getnet Demissie
Year: 2012

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to overcome the students‟ prior knowledge,
misconceptions and learning difficulties on human respiratory system on grade nine students at
Garba Gurracha secondary school. The study used an experimental design. Each of the control
and the experimental group consisted of 60 grade nine students. Control group students were
taught by lecture methods of instruction, while experimental group students were taught by
conceptual change model of instruction i.e. role play and group discussions. This study was
conducted with 120 grade nine students at Garba Gurracha secondary school who enrolled in
2004 E.C academic year. The participants were randomly selected. Human respiratory system
concept test was administered as pre-test and two-tier diagnostic test to assess the grade nine
students ‟ prior knowledge and misconceptions on the selected topics. And also classroom
observation using structured checklist was conducted to identify the learning difficulties in
human respiratory lessons. After the treatment, post test was administered. The results were
analyzed using descriptive, percentage, and chi- square, to see the connections between the
students‟ achievement and performance before and after the treatments. The results of the study
showed that students in both control and experimental groups had low prior knowledge before
treatment and misconceptions as well as learning difficulties were reduced after application of
conceptual change model of instruction on experimental groups and also instruction based on
conceptual change approach enhances students understanding on the given topic. The researcher
concludes that the instruction based on the conceptual change model enhances prior knowledge
and minimize misconceptions and learning difficulties of students understanding on the given
topic.

Keywords: Breathing, Conceptual Change Model; Group Discussion; Misconception;

Respiration; Role Play Demonstration

50
53. Chromosome Study of Opuntia ficus-Indica (L) Mill from Different
Localities of Ethiopia
Bahiru Wabela, Kifle Dagne and Yohannes Petros
Year: 2012

Abstract: Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller is a dicotyledonous plant of the cactus family
(Cactaceae) native to Central Mexico and the Caribbean region, but it is presently cultivated in
many countries, including Ethiopia. Specimens of Opuntia ficus-indica were collected from
various localities in Ethiopia such as Adama, Adami Tulu, Robe, Afar, Maki, Chencha, Wolayta,
Dessie, Jijiga, Deber Zeit Wolidya and Haramaya through cutting the cladodes which were
planted in pots at the Faculty of Life Science, Addis Ababa University. Additional specimens of
five local farmers‟ varieties of Opuntia ficus-indica from Tigray region were included in the study.
The roots that were developed by the cladodes were used for chromosome preparation. Roots
harvested from the cladode were treated with 0.002 M 8-hydroxyquinoline solution for
metaphase arrest, followed by fixation in 3:1 ethanol: acetic acid. The fixed roots were hydrolyzed
in 1N HCl at 600C for 10 minutes, followed by pectinase- cellulose maceration at 37OC. The
prepared slides were air dried and stained in Giemsa stain. The results of the chromosome count
showed that all samples, except two, were octaploid (2n=8x=88), whereas the other two were
hexaploid (2n=6n=66). Partial karyotype constructed showed that the majority of the
chromosome of Opuntia ficus-indica are metacenteric and sub metacenterics. One pair of
subtelocenteric chromosomes has been noted in the partial karyotype. Staining of interphase
nucleoli with silver nitrate revealed a single large nucleolus cell in the majority of the cases but
two nucleoli were also observed. It has not been possible to infer the number of nucleolus
organizer regions present in the genome of Opuntia ficus-indica from the number of interphase
nucleoli observed. Pollen stainability test using lactophenolblue stain showed that most of the
specimens had over 95% normal pollen grains.It was only in one of the samples collected from
Jijiga that percentage (33.3%) of pollen abortion was observed.

Keywords: Chromosome; Hexaploid; Octaploid; Opuntia Ficus-Indica

51
54. Path Analysis of the Genetic Contribution of Agronomic Traits to the
Seed Yield of Some Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) Accessions
Berhanu Abegaz, Yohannes Petros and Mebeaselassie Andargie
Year: 2012

Abstract: Thirty six Kabuli chickpea genotypes were tested in 6 x 6 simple lattice design at
Haramaya University Research Farm in off season of 2012. The objectives of the study were to
estimate the genetic variability, associations among characters, and to determine the direct and
indirect effect of yield related traits on grain yield. Analysis of variance using simple lattice design
revealed that the presence of significant difference among the thirty six genotypes for all the
characters studied. High phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was recorded for number of
pod per plant, days to maturity, number of grains per plant, harvest index, plant height and 100-
seed weight. Similarly, high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was observed for number of
pod per plant, number of grains per plant, days to maturation, harvest index, biological yield and
100 seed weight. This indicated that the presence of sufficient variability among genotypes which
selection could be effected to improve the crop. High heritability coupled with high expected
genetic advance as percent of mean were estimated for number of pods per plant followed by
number of grains per plant, number of secondary branches; moderate heritability value coupled
with relatively higher genetic advance were observed for harvest index, which indicates that these
characters could be improved through selection. Grain yield had positive and significant
phenotypic association with biological yield, harvest index and number of pod per plant. Grain
yield had exhibited positive environmental correlation with days to flowering, number of pods
per plant, biological yield, 100-seed weight and number of primary branches per plant.
Phenotypic path analysis showed that harvest index exerted the maximum positive direct effect
on seed yield followed by biological yield and number of secondary branches per plant while
plant height, 100-seed weight and number of seed per pod had exhibited negative direct effect.
Genotypic path analysis revealed that maximum direct effect on grain yield was exerted by
harvest index, biological yield and number of secondary branches. However, plant height, 100-
seed weight and number of seed per pod had exerted negative direct effect on grain yield. Thus,
the present study might suggest that harvest index biological yield and number of secondary
branches per plant could be used as an indirect selection criterion for better grain yield.

Keywords: Direct Effect; Genetic Advance; Genetic Variability; Heritability; Indirect

Effect

52
55. Bacteriological and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Bottled Drinking
Water Manufactured In and Around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Beshatu Abera, Fassil Assefa and Ameha Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: Transmission of waterborne disease is a major concern of public health and it is

important to know the microbial as well as the physico-chemical qualities of bottled water. This
study was conducted to determine the bacteriological and physico-chemical qualities of different
brands of bottled drinking water manufactured in and around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Seventy
five water samples were collected randomly from 5 brands at three sampling points (from the
source factory, wholesaler and retailer). The samples were examined bacteriologically for Total
coliforms, fecal coliforms and Heterotrophic plate count and analyzed for various physico-
chemical qualities using standard methods of examination of drinking water. Results showed that
2(8%) of the samples tested from the source factory, wholesalers and retailer of brand A were
contaminated with total coliform and 3(12%) of samples tested from the source factory 4(16%)
of samples tested from wholesaler and 3(12%) of the samples tested from retailer of brand C
were also contaminated with total coliforms. Overall, 16(21.3%) of the bottled water samples
collected and analyzed from the source factory, wholesalers and retailers were positive for total
coliforms. However, none of the samples were positive for fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci.
There was statistically significant difference among bottled brands that were positive for TC.
From the five brands analyzed two brands don‟t meet the standard drinking water quality for
HPC. The mean HPC in the examined bottled water was 816.64(±160.7) cfu/ml. The results also
indicated that there were highly statistically significant differences among the brands and the
three selected sites where samples were collected. The physico-chemical result showed that the
mean values of all parameters were in the permissible limits of QSAE. However, the pH of brand
E (6.32±0.26) was lower than the recommended 6.5-8.5 range by WHO. Comparison of the
results of this study with reported values indicated good agreement. However, the mean±SD
value of bicarbonates, TDS, Ca and Mg (101.5±63.71, 168.5±102.6, 12.61 ±15.37 and 4.17±4.8
mg/l, respectively) were found to be significantly different from the respective concentrations
provided on the labels of the bottles. Total alkalinity values were not mentioned in all the brands
that were included in this study. These results suggest the need for more stringent standardization
of the chemical composition of marketed bottled water and giving particular attention to quality
control, labeling, and continuous monitoring.

Keywords: Brand Bottled Water; Faecal Coliforms; Faecal Streptococci; HPC; Total
Coliforms

53
56. Seroprevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Brucella
Melitensis among Sheep and Goats of Selected Rural Kebeles in Dire
Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia
Desalegn Jote, Ameha Kebede and Dagmar Nölkes
Year: 2012

Abstract: A cross sectional survey study involving laboratory and questionnaire was carried out
from April to August, 2011 to determine the sero-prevalence, risk factors and antibiotic
susceptibility patterns of Brucella melitensis among small ruminants of selected kebeles in Dire
Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. The selection of both the study sites and the animals was done using a
simple random sampling technique. A total of 384 serum samples were collected from 124 sheep
and 260 goats with no history of vaccination in the selected areas. All serum samples were initially
screened by Rose-Bengal-Plate Test (RBPT) and positive serums (n= 17) were further tested by
complement fixation test (CFT) for confirmation. Accordingly, the overall prevalence of
brucellosis in small ruminants was found to be 3.6 % by CFT. Sero-prevalence was higher in
female small ruminants compared to male small ruminants. The questionnaire survey showed that
most respondents had no accurate knowledge about the transmission of this zoonotic disease. It
was also found that some of their activities, such as raw animal product consumption, close
contact with the animals, and backward slaughtering practices were probably facilitating the
transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans. . Antibiotic sensitivity tests made using eight
different antibiotics showed that 100%, 95%, and 95% of the isolates were sensitive to
gentamycin, erythromycin and streptomycin, respectively. On the other hand, 100%, 100%, and
70% of the isolates were found to have developed resistance to ampcillin, amoxicillin and
tetracycline, respectively. In conclusion, even though the prevalence of brucellosis observed in
this study was not high, it can be a potential hazard for economic loss and public health in the
study area; therefore, the public, especially small ruminant producers should be informed about
the risk of small ruminant brucellosis.

Keywords: Antibiotic Susceptibility; Brucellosis; CFT; RBPT

54
57. Genetic Variability in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Accessions
and Interrelationship among Yield and Yield Related Traits
Diriba Shanko Boke, Mebeaselassie Andergie and Habtamu Zelleke
Year: 2012

Abstract: Forty nine Cowpea accessions were tested in 7 x 7 triple lattice design at Haramaya
University research farm, Dire Dawa in 2010/011. The objectives of the study were to estimate
the extent of genetic variability for yield and yield related agronomic traits and to estimate
heritability in broad sense and expected genetic advance due to selection among the forty nine
cowpea accessions. The analysis of variance using triple lattice design revealed that there was
statistically significant difference among the forty nine accessions for all the traits studied. High
phenotypic coefficient of variation (PVC) was recorded for number of pod per plant, yield per
plant, seed yield (kg/ha), plant height. Similarly, high genotypic coefficient of variation (GVC)
was observed for 100-seed weight, plant height, number of pods per plant, yield per plant, pod
length and seed yield. High heritability coupled with high expected genetic advance were
estimated for days to 50% flowering; moderate heritability value coupled with relatively higher
genetic advance were observed for seed yield and plant height. This indicates that these traits
could be improved through selection. Seed yield had positive and significant phenotypic
association with number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant,
number of pod per plant and yield per plant. And also seed yield had positive and significant
genotypic association with number of pod per plant, yield per plant and plant height. However,
Seed yield exhibited positive and significant environmental correlation with number of primary
branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, number of
pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and plant height. Phenotypic path analysis showed that,
yield per plant exerted the maximum positive direct effect on seed yield followed by number of
pods per plant, while number of secondary branches per plant, days to flowering, days to
maturity and number of seed per pod exhibited negative direct effect. Genotypic path analysis
revealed that, maximum direct effect on seed yield was exerted by number of pods per plant and
yield per plant. However, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of secondary branches
per plant and number of seed per pod were exerted negative direct effect on seed yield. Thus,
yield per plant and number of pods per plant could be used as an indirect selection criterion for
better seed yield.

55
58. Prevalence of Schistosoma Mansoni and Giardia Lamblia Infections
and their Association with Anthropometric Measurements in School
Children in Adwa Town, Ethiopia
Elsabet Amare, Sissay Menkir and Tsehaye Asmelash
Year: 2012

Abstract: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February-April, 2012 to determine the
prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of the S. mansoni and G. lamblia infections and
their association with anthropometric measurements of school children, in Adwa town, northern
Ethiopia. Single stool specimens were collected from 369 subjects aged 6-18 years and examined
using Kato-Katz and direct wet mount methods. Structured questionnaire was also used to obtain
the socio-demographic information and associated risk factors for the parasite infection. Height,
weight and body mass index (BMI) were measured to determine nutritional status of children as
stunted, wasted or underweight. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) median
reference was used as cut-off point to determine malnourishment. Data was analyzed using the
SPSS version 16. Out of the 369 children examined, 194 (52.6%) and 87 (23.6%) were found
positive for S. mansoni and G. lamblia, respectively. Schistosomiasis is significantly associated in
male and in age group of 10-14 years of students (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences
was observed for giardiasis among gender and age groups (P > 0.05). The mean egg count of S.
mansoni was 141.53 eggs per gram of feaces. The prevalence of wasting, underweight and
stunting for 6-9 years old was 12.8%, 32.0% and 25.6%, respectively, and 38.8%
underweight/thinness for aged 10-18 years. There was no statistically significant association
observed between the two parasitic infections and malnutrition (P > 0.05). Significant relation
was found between S. mansoni infection and age groups, sex, bathing in stream, washing cloth in
stream, swimming habit in stream, and contact of water during crossing the stream (P < 0.05).
Similarly source of water for drinking showed statistically significant association with G. lamblia
(P < 0.05). The present study indicated that schistosomiasis, giardiasis and malnutrition were
highly prevalent in the study area. Even though, no association was observed between the
parasitic infections and malnutrition, mass drug treatment, health education on personal and
environmental hygiene practice and awareness about balanced diet was recommended to keep the
prevalence of infections low and to improve nutritional status of school children in the study
area.

Keywords: Anthropometry; G. Lamblia; Intensity; Malnutrition; Prevalence; Risk Factors;

School Children; S. Mansoni.

56
59. Malaria and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and Co-Infections
among Outpatients of Dimitu Health Center, Diguna Fango District
in Southern Ethiopia
Tafesse Goa, Sissay Menkir and Yetbarek Getachew
Year: 2012

Abstract: The distribution of malaria and intestinal helminths are known to overlap in
developing tropical countries of the world. In the tropics, Plasmodium infections are the most
deadly and helminths are among the most common chronic infections of humans. The objective
of the current study was to assess the prevalence of malaria and soil transmitted helminth (STHs)
infections and co-infections among outpatients of Dimitu Health Center. A health center based
laboratory investigation was conducted in one peak malaria transmission season from April to
May, 2012 with the whole of 402 sample populations. Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood
smears were used for observation of malaria and Plasmodium species, respectively. Stool samples
prepared using direct wet mount techniques were used to examine for intestinal STHs.
Questionnaires were administered to gather some socio-demographic characteristics of sample
populations. Bivariate logistic regression analysis based on Odds Ratio was conducted to show
the association of some socio-demographic characteristics of sample populations with malaria
and STH infections and co-infections. An overall prevalence of 33.3% malaria infection, 30.6%
of major STH infections and 7.9% of co infections were determined. Malaria were due to P.
falciparum (24.6%), P. vivax (6.5%) and mixed infection (2.2%).The major intestinal STHs
detected were A. lumbricoides (13.4%), hookworm (8.5%) and T. trichiura (6.7%). The study
found significant association of malaria and major intestinal STH infections and co infections
with some sociodemographic characteristics of sample populations. Based on the present
findings control and preventive methods for example bed net use for malaria and maintenance of
personal hygiene for intestinal STH infections are recommended to the communities around the
study area.

Keywords: Co-Infection; Dimitu, Malaria; Prevalence; Soil-Transmitted Helminths

57
60. Effects of Co-Digestion of Cattle Manure with Organic Kitchen Waste
using Rumen Fluid as Inoculum on the Rate and Amount of Biogas
Production
Tamrat Aragaw, Mebeaselassie Andargie and Amare Gessesse
Year: 2012

Abstract: Traditionally biogas technology is well known only from a single substrate particularly
using cow dung as raw material. Since, it is partially digested in the gut of the ruminants its
organic matter content is reduced and mostly gives less gas yield. Moreover, this situation made
people especially in rural areas to generally believe that biogas can only be derived from cow
dung. In this study anaerobic digestion and co-digestion of rumen fluid inoculated cattle manure,
organic kitchen waste and their three different mix ratios have been experimentally tested to find
out an optimal mix ratio for faster and higher biogas production. Laboratory scale batch
anaerobic digestion of 100% CM, 100% OKW and co-digestion of 75% CM: 25% OKW, 50%
CM: 50% OKW and 25% CM: 75% OKW were conducted in microbiology lab of Haramaya
University for 45 days. The batch reactors used in this study had total volumes of 10 L and 2 L
with working volumes of 8 L and 1.6 L, respectively. The ambient temperature and pH values in
all experiments were within the range of 30± 80 0C and 7.1±0.3. In all experiments, the contents
of total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS), and pH values were measured and analyzed before,
during and after digestion. The daily biogas production was subsequently measured by water
displacement method which was collected using a gas measuring cylinder. The results of the
study showed that, the third sample (C) with mix ratio of 50% CM: 50% OKW produced biogas
earlier than the rest samples. The total biogas production obtained from sample A (100% CM),B
(75% CM : 25% OKW), C (50% CM : 50% OKW), D (25% CM : 75% OKW) and E (100%
OKW)were 7,954.75 ml, 10,628.25 ml, 10,703.25 ml, 12,814.25 ml, and 14,653.50 ml,
respectively. In addition, the co-digestion of 25% CM with 75% OKW produced the highest total
biogas 14,653.50 ml from the reduction of 65.24% (14,176 mg) of the initial TS or 76.20%
(14,496 mg) of the initial VS compared to the other co-digestion ratios and single digestions. The
experimental results also revealed that due to synergistic effect, from the co-digestion of CM with
OKW in the three different mixtures 24.12-47.13% additional biogas yields were obtained. The
synergistic effect is mainly attributed to more balanced nutrients and increased buffering capacity.
Biogas yield was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by variations in the mixing ratios. Therefore,
based on the results of this study it was concluded that the Co-digestion of CM with OKW using
rumen fluid as inoculum is highly feasible, and can significantly improve the biogas production
efficiency and the economics of the digester system with 25% CM and 75% OKW mix ratio.

Keywords: Anaerobic Digestion Process; Biogas; Cattle Manure; Co-Digestion; Organic

Kitchen Waste

58
61. Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus species among
Inpatients of Mekelle University Aider Referral Hospital, Mekelle,
Ethiopia
Tekleweyni Haileslassie, Ameha Kebede and Tsehaye Asmelash
Year: 2012

Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus has long been recognized as an important pathogen worldwide
in hospitalized patients and has severe consequences despite the presence of antibiotic therapy.
Cognizant of this fact, a cross-sectional survey study was conducted between February 2012 and
April 2012 to explore the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus species
among inpatients of Mekelle University Aider Referral Hospital. The study population comprised
of a total of 384 informed and consented patients hospitalized for surgical (n=113), pediatric
(n=96), Medical (n=109), Gynecology and Obstetrics cases (n=66). These included 214 (55.7%)
female and 170 (44.3%) male hospitalized patients. Nasal swab samples were collected using
random sampling method from different age groups categorized into: <5, 5-15, 16-30, 31-45 and
>45 years of age. As tools of data collection, questionnaire was employed to obtain information
about the major risk factors associated with Staphylococcus nasal carriage while laboratory-based
experiments were used to isolate and characterize Staphylococcus species. The data were analyzed
using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that, the overall prevalence of Staphylococcus
species in the hospital was 73.7%. Survey made in the different wards of the hospital also
revealed that the prevalence rates of S. aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. were
15.3%, 42.3%, 27.9%, 14.4 % and 18.6%, 33.7%, 29.6%, 31% in pediatric, surgical, medical, and
obstetrics and gynecology ward, respectively. Furthermore, male patients showed slightly higher
prevalence of Staphylococcus species than female patients (50.5% and 49.5%, respectively).
However, no association was found between sex and the prevalence of Staphylococcus species (P
= 0.269). Antibiotic sensitivity test also revealed that 98.2%, 86.5% 80.2%, 82.9%, 69.4% and
4.5% of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, amoxicillin, streptomycin,
gentamicin and vancomycin, respectively. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus isolates also
demonstrated very high percentage of resistance was to penicillin G (98.8%) erythromycin
(94.2%), amoxicillin (94.8%), streptomycin (87.8%), and gentamycin (87.2%)Statistically
significant association was found between the prevalence of Staphylococcus colonization and 6
of the 12 investigated risk factors, i.e. longer duration of stay in hospital, previous use of
antibiotics, diabetes mellitus, previous admission to a hospital, presence of open wounds and
admission for surgical operation. Rational antibiotic prescribing based on local guidelines is
recommended to prevent the development of bacterial resistance.

Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance; Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus; Prevalence; Risk

Factors; Staphylococcus Aureus

59
62. Chromosome Study of Some Aloe Species of Ethiopia
Eshetu Fentaw, Kifle Dagne and Sebsebe Demissew
Year: 2012

Abstract: The chromosome numbers, karyotypes, karyotype asymmetry and nucleoli number of
some Aloe species of the genus Aloe in the Aloaceae family, collected from different localities in
Ethiopia, were investigated in this study. Chromosome preparations were made from root tip
meristematic cells after pretreatment with ice cold water. Maceration of the fixed roots was done
in 4% cellulase+4% pectinase solution at 37 0C for 1 hr. or more that was followed by air-dry
slide preparation. Chromosomes were stained with Giemsa stain in Soreson‟s phosphate buffer
(pH= 6.8) or stained silver nitrate to determine the number of nucleoli. All the species showed
the same diploid chromosome number of 2n=14, consisting of four pairs of long and three pairs
of short chromosomes except A. weloensis (2n=14+1B). The karyotype formula of species were
to be found as follows: A. retrospeciens, A. sinana, A. pubescens, A. debrana, A. monticola, A.
megalacantha and A. weloensis; 8sm+6st, A. gilbertii; 3m+5sm+6st, A. trichosantha,
4m+4sm+6st; A. benishangulana; 6sm+8st, A. megalacantha subspecies and A. mcloughlinii;
1m+7sm+6st; A. ankoberensis, 2m+6sm+6st and 6st+8sm from D.Sina and Ankober,
respectively; A. pirottae, 4m+2sm+8st; A. percrassa and A. camperi; 2m+6sm+6st, A. elegans
and A. adigratana; 3m+3sm+8st and. with regard to karyotype asymmetry, all species are of 2B
type of Stebbins asymmetry group. The asymmetry indices; AsK%, TF%, A1 and A2 revealed
relative variations. Accordingly, A. benishangulana has slightly higher degree of asymmetry and
A. trichosantha less asymmetry karyotype relative to others. Measurement on the AI and
combination of CVCL and CVCI, A. pirottae has relatively more heterogeneous karyotype
asymmetry and A. pubescens is less heterogeneous in the karyotype asymmetry. The scatter plot
diagram drawn for A1 and A2, CVCL and CVCI highlighted the relationship between species. DI
is inadequate to detect karyotype asymmetry in the studied species. The nucleoli number per a
nucleus varied among species; the maximum number of nucleoli observed ranged from 6 and 4
among the species. Satellite chromosomes were detected in A. mcloughlinii and A. elegans. The
number of nucleoli corresponded to satellited chromosomes in A. mcloughlinii. For the reason
samples were collected from limited number of sites, the cytogenetical information reported here
would create only the basis for further cytogenetic investigations of Aloe species in Ethiopia.
Accordingly, it is recommended to further undertake cytogenetic survey on broader basis so as to
include more representative number of species.

Keywords: Aloe; Asymmetry; Ethiopia; Karyotype; Nucleoli; Satellite

60
63. Effect of Different Seedbed on Growth and Yield of Sweet Potato
(Ipomoea batatas L.) Cultivars at Dilla
Miheret Hendebo, Kebede Woldetsadike and Mulugeta Taye
Year: 2012

Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the effect of seedbed types on growth and yield
of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivars. The field experiment was conducted at Dilla,
south Nations Nationalities and People Regional State (SNNPRS) at Dilla ATVET College
experimental field from April to August 2011. The experiment consisted of 4x3 factorial
treatment combinations of four types of seedbeds (open ridge, tied ridge, flat and zai) and three
cultivars (Awassa-83, kulfo and local) arranged in a randomized complete block design. The
treatments were replicated three times. Significant differences were recorded between the
seedbeds, cultivars and their interactions in most of the parameters recorded. The cultivars
significantly (p<0.05%) varied in days to bud sprouting, number of branch, field counts, shoot
fresh weight, top-to-root ratio and harvest index while differences on root fresh weight were
found to be non-significant. The seedbed main effect showed significant variation only on days
to bud sprouting while its effect on number of branches, field counts, shoot fresh weight, average
root number per plant, top-to-root ratio and harvest index were found to be non-significant
different. Awassa-83 planted on open ridge seedbed resulted in the highest vine length while the
least vine length was recorded from kulfo cultivar planted on open ridge seedbed. kulfo grown on
open and tied ridges and the local cultivar on open ridge were late to reach physiological maturity
while all cultivars grown on zai seedbed matured earlier. The highest fresh total biomass (97.76 t
ha-1), dry total biomass (29.00 t ha-1), shoot dry weight (11.55 t ha-1), root dry weight (22.49 t
ha-1), average root weight (760 g) were recorded from Awassa-83 planted on open ridge seedbed.
On the other hand, the lowest fresh total biomass (55.56 tha-1) was from local cultivar planted
on open ridge and root dry weight planted on open ridge and zai seedbeds. The highest dry
matter content of root (39.6 %) was recorded from the interaction effect of Awassa-83 with open
ridge seedbed while the remaining treatment combinations resulted in dry matter content of root
that didn‟t vary statistically from that of Awassa-83 planted on flat seedbed that recorded the
lowest dry matter content (31.4%). The highest total root yield (35.86 t ha-1) was recorded from
Awassa-83 planted on open ridge seedbed, followed by the local cultivar planted on tied ridge
and Kulfo cultivar planted on flat seedbeds. Similarly, the highest marketable root weight (20.64 t
ha-1) was recorded from Awassa-83 planted on open ridge seedbed. The highest unmarketable
root weight (17.47 t ha-1) was recorded from Kulfo planted on tied ridge seedbed; however, this
value was statistically similar with treatment combinations involving all cultivars planted on open
and tied ridges as well the same cultivar planted on Zia beds. The highest marketable root yield in
this study was recorded from the combination of Awassa-83 cultivar with open ridge seedbed
types, which could be recommended for root production in the study area. Whenever there is a
need to grow the orange-fleshed (kulfo) cultivar for its nutritional value and this local cultivar for
availability of planting material flatbed could be used although expected marketable yield may not
differ from open or tied ridge planting method. However, this tentative generalization based on
one season and one location, requires confirmation with further studies to give a valid
recommendation.

61
64. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Shigella Species
among Diarrheal Patients Visiting Hiwot Fana Hospital, Harar,
Ethiopia
Habtamu Mekonnen, Ameha Kebede and Sissay Menkir
Year: 2012

Abstract: Shigellosis is a global human health problem, especially in developing countries

including Ethiopia, where substandard hygiene and unsafe water supplies abound. Over the past
decades, Shigella species have shown a pattern of steadily increasing resistance to antibiotics; and
strains of Shigella have progressively become resistant to most of the widely used antimicrobial
agents and even newer antibiotics. A cross sectional descriptive survey study was conducted in
Hiwot Fana Hospital, Haramaya University, Harar, from February to May 2011 to determine the
prevalence of Shigella species and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among diarrheal patients.
Three hundred eighty four stool samples were collected using sterile stool cups at the laboratory
of Hiwot Fana Hospital after filling the structured questionnaires by the patients or, in case of
minors, by their parents or guardians and delivered to Harari Regional Laboratory. The stool
specimens were cultured in accordance with the standard bacteriological methods. Of the 384
stool specimens analyzed, 56(14.58%) proved to be positive for Shigella species. Fever and
consistency of stools were clinical features that were associated with shigellosis. Illiteracy, absence
of regular hand washing habit, use of water from unprotected source and absence of latrine were
the risk factors that were associated with contracting Shigella species. The antimicrobial
sensitivity study showed that all Shigella isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (100%) while
most were resistant to tetracycline (96.4%). Resistance to ampicillin, contrimoxazole,
chloramphenicol, and gentamycin were found in 94.6%, 73.2%, 53.6%, and 21.4% of the 56
isolates, respectively. This study indicated that Shigella species were highly prevalent among
diarrheal patients of Harar and should, therefore, be considered routinely in the diagnosis of
patients with diarrhea cases. According to this finding, ciprofloxacin may be used as a drug of
choice for empirical treatment for Shigella infections. The physicians should also prescribe the
appropriate drugs either after sensitivity testing or, in areas where there are no facilities for
culturing, after referring to updated information on local antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Regular
systematic monitoring of diarrheal cases is also needed to identify changes in the prevalence and
antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella species.

Keywords: Antibiotic; Diarrhea; Prevalence; Resistance; Shigella; Shigellosis

62
65. Association of Intestinal Parasitic Infections between Iron Status and
Growth of Children in Enticho Elementary School, Ahferom Woreda,
Northern Ethiopia
Ataklti Haile, Sissay Menkir and Ameha kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was carried out from February – April, 2012 to determine the
prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and their associations with hemoglobin
concentration and anthropometric measurements of school children in Enticho elementary
school of Tigray Region. The source of data included 384 school-children which were selected
using systematic stratified random sampling technique. Stool samples of the study subjects aged
6-17 years were examined using direct smear and formol-ether concentration method. Height,
weight and body mass index (BMI) of each study participant was measured to determine the
proportion of each anthropometric indices and their nutritional status as stunted, wasted or
underweight. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version
16) and anthropometry calculating software programme (AnthroPlus). The National Centre for
Health Statistics (NCHS) growth chart reference was used to determine the proportions of
underweight/thinness among 10-17 years school children. Hemoglobin levels (concentrations)
were determined using Hemocue HB 201 analyzer. The results of the study indicated that overall
prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the study area was 28.4%; and single and double
infections were 26.3% and 2.1%, respectively. The prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites
were Entamoeba histolytica,10.9%, Giardia lamblia 4.4%,and the prevalence of intestinal
helminth parasites were Schistosoma mansoni, Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides,
Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Hookworm and Enterobius vermicularis
infections were 5.7%, 5.2%, 2.1%, 0.8%, 0.52%, 0.52% and 0.3%, respectively. The prevalence of
malnutrition in terms of stunting, underweight and wasting was 15.4%, 23.1% and 22.1%,
respectively, for those aged from 6-9 years and 42.85% underweight/thin for those aged from 10-
17 years. The average hemoglobin levels of both sex was 13.38 g/dl, 13.27 g/dl and 13.35 g/dl
for 6-9 years 10-14 years and 15-17 years study subjects, respectively. The overall prevalence of
anemia was 9.1%. In summary, intestinal parasitic infections and malnutrition represent a public
health problem amongst the school children of Enticho town. Public health education program
on personal hygiene, proper use of latrines, mass treatment and improved sanitation should be
provided to prevent and reduce the rate of intestinal parasitic infections.

Keywords: Anemia; Anthropometry; Enticho; Intestinal Parasitic Infections;

Malnutrition; Prevalence; School Children

63
66. Quality and Safety of Raw and Pasteurized Cow Milk Produced and
Marketed in Dire Dawa Town, Eastern Ethiopia
Teklemichael Tesfaye, Ameha Kebede and Eyassu Seifu
Year: 2012

Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the quality and safety of milk sold in Dire
Dawa town. It was primarily aimed at assessing the general handling practices, physicochemical
properties and microbial quality of cow milk samples sold by dairy farms and vendors. A total of
eighty respondents from dairy farms and milk vendors were selected randomly. Individuals were
given a semi structured questionnaire which dealt with the general handling practices. The
majority of the dairy farm respondents (87.5%) were practicing hand milking and using plastic
containers for milking. All of the dairy farms were keeping the milk at room temperature till all
the milk was sold out, although few of the dairy farms respondents (12.5%) were pasteurizing it
before sale. On the other hand, about 85% of the respondents of milk vendors were using
containers made of plastic (Jerry-can) for collection of milk and 72.5% of them were not
cleaning/disinfecting the milk containers using sanitizers regularly. The mean values for pH,
specific gravity, titratable acidity, protein, fat, total solids and solids-not-fat contents of milk
samples collected from dairy farms were 6.627±0.135, 1.030±0.001, 0.165±0.022% lactic acid,
3.42±0.139%, 3.862±0.412%, 12.575±0.635% and 8.75±0.301% respectively. However, the
corresponding values for milk vendors were 6.43±0.062, 1.025±0.001, 0.195±0.009% lactic acid,
3.274±0.083%, 3.85±0.284%, 12±0.572% and 8.15±0.308%. On the other hand, the respective
values for pasteurized milk were 6.65±0.070, 1.031±0.0007, 0.15±0.014% lactic acid,
3.05±0.098%, 3.7±0.141%, 10.8±0.282% and 7.1±0.141% respectively. Significant differences
(p<0.05) were found for the values of total solids, solids not-fat and protein between the sources
of milk samples. The average total aerobic bacterial count (TABC), coliform count (CC),
Escherichia coli count (EC) and spore forming bacterial count (SFBC) of milk samples obtained
from dairy farms were 5.84±0.629 cfu/ml, 4.13±0.757 cfu/ml, 3.64±0.776 cfu/ml and
4.798±0.745 cfu/ml, respectively. Whereas, the corresponding values of milk samples obtained
from milk vendors were 9.137±0.885 cfu/ml, 6.198±0.418 cfu/ml, 5.001±0.44 cfu/ml and
6.392±0.154 cfu/ml for TABC, CC, EC and SFBC, respectively. On the other hand, the
respective values for pasteurized milk samples obtained from the distribution center of Hamdael
farm were 5.425±0.103 cfu/ml, 4.079±0.076 cfu/ml, 2.516±0.055 cfu/ml and 4.257±0.091
cfu/ml. TABC, CC, EC, and SFBC of milk samples obtained from milk vendors were
significantly higher (P<0.05) than milk samples obtained from dairy farms. The pathogenic
bacteria detected from milk samples of the dairy farms were Salmonella spp. 3(18.75%) and
Staphylococcus aureus 4(25%) and the corresponding values for milk samples obtained from
milk vendors were 5(41.7%) and 6(50%) respectively. However, Streptococcus pyogenes were
not isolated from any of the milk samples. The present study showed that dairy farm milk
producers follow poor milk handling due to the absence of pasteurization, cooling systems and
poor sanitation. On the other hand, the poor transportation system, personal hygiene and failure
of boiling the milk before sale are the major problems that affect the quality of milk sold by milk
vendors.

Keywords: Coliform; Cow Milk; Escherichia Coli; Salmonella Spp.; Staphylococcus

Aureus

64
67. In Vitro Screening for Drought Tolerance in Different Sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Varieties
Yohannes Tsago Chare, Mebeaselassie Andargie and Abuhay Takele
Year: 2012

Abstract: Drought is one of the complex environmental factors affecting growth and yield of
sorghum in arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Developing crops that have the mechanism to
cope with such drought prone production environments is vital. Callus culture is a novel
approach addressing cultured cells as selection units independent of whole plant. Sixteen elite
sorghum genotypes (Abshir, Chelenko, Raya, Hormat, Gubiye, Gambella-1107, Birmash, Meko,
Macia, Seredo, Misikir, Melkam, and 76T1 #23, ESH-2, Girana-1, and Teshale) were evaluated
using PEG as osmoticum at cellular level and then plantlet stage for drought tolerance. The
factorial experiment was laid down in a completely randomized design which comprised of a
combination of two factors (genotypes and five PEG stress level; 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% (w/v)
treatments). The data regarding callus induction efficiency, callus fresh weight, embryogenic
callus percentage, plant regeneration percentage, coleoptile length, root length, shoot dry weight,
root dry weight, root shoot dry weight ratio and root number revealed highly significant (P <
0.01) interaction of genotypes with the PEG treatments. The correlation analysis revealed strong
and significant association between embryogenic callus percent and plant regeneration percent as
well as between shoot dry weight and root dry weight. By taking into consideration all the
measured traits, Mann Whitney rank sum test revealed that 76T1#23 and Teshale followed by
Meko, Gambella-1107 and Melkam showed better drought stress tolerance. Therefore they are
recommended to be used as parents for genetic analysis, gene mapping and improvement of
drought tolerance. Chelenko, Hormat and Raya appear to be sensitive, therefore they are
recommended for crossing and genetic analysis of drought tolerance using diallel mating design
or generation mean analysis and also for the QTL (quantitative trait loci) mapping and marker
assisted selection.

Keywords: Callus Culture; Drought Tolerance; PEG; Sorghum Genotypes

65
68. In Vitro Propagation of Pepper (Capsium annum L.) Through Shoot
Tip Culture
Dereje Aklile, Firew Mekbib and Lemma Dessalegn
Year: 2012

Abstract: Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is an economically important vegetable and spice crops
worldwide. The world pepper demand has consistently increased. However, the production of
pepper has been generally low mainly due to the vulnerability of the pepper genotypes to a
multitude of abiotic and biotic stresses. Propagation through seeds is restricted by short span of
viability, low germination rate and requirements of extended period to produce, tissue culture
provide a novel way for the asexual multiplication of pepper plants. Thus, an experiment was
conducted with the aim of developing in vitro propagation protocol of pepper with CRD design
in three replications. For shoot induction, apical shoot tips were cultured on MS medium
contained 30 gm/l sucrose, 8 gm/l agar, vitamins and supplemented with 22.22-88.88 µM BAP
and 2.27- 9.08 µM TDZ and three combinations (44.44 and 66.66 µM BAP with 2.27- 6.81 µM
TDZ), (4.54 and 6.81µM TDZ with 22.22-66.66 µM BAP) and 2.45-9.8 µM of IBA combined
with BAP (22.22- 88.88 µM) and TDZ (2.27- 9.08 µM) were examined. Among the individually
tested cytokinins, 44.44 and 66.66 µM BAP and 4.54 and 6.81 µM TDZ showed significant
difference on shoot growth parameters for the two pepper varieties. In the tested cytokinins
combinations, 4.54 and 6.81 µM TDZ with 66.66 µM BAP for Bako local and 44.44 µM BAP
with 4.54 and 6.81 µM TDZ for Marko fana were resulted best performance in shoot growth
parameters. For the tested cytokinins to auxin combinations, 4.54-6.81 µM TDZ+7.35 µM IBA
for Bako local and 6.81 µM TDZ + 4.9 µM IBA for Marko fana variety showed best shoot
growth performance. In root induction, MS media fortified with 2.45- 9.8 µM IBA and 2.65-10.6
µM of NAA and two combinations 7.35 µM IBA with 2.65-7.95 µM NAA and 5.3 µM NAA with
2.45-7.35 µM of IBA for Marko fana variety and 4.9 µM of IBA with 2.65-7.95 µM NAA and
2.65 µM NAA with 2.45-7.35 µM IBA for Bako local variety were examined. In the individually
tested auxins, 7.35 µM of IBA and 5.3 µM of NAA for Marko fana and 4.9 µM of IBA and 2.65
µM of NAA for Bako local variety were resulted highly significant difference on root growth
parameters. Among auxin combinations, 2.45 and 4.9 µM of IBA with 2.65 µM of NAA for Bako
local and 4.9 µM of IBA with 5.3 µM of NAA and 7.35 µM of IBA with 2.65 µM of NAA for
Marko fana variety were resulted best performance. Under DAS-ELISA test, three pepper viruses
were detected and they were eliminated by apical shoot tip tissue culture method. In the
acclimatization, the effects of PGRs and four different culture substrates on the survival of in
vitro propagated pepper plantlets were examined. This result showed 81.11% and 70.10%
plantlet survival for Marko fana and Bako local pepper varieties, respectively. In conclusion, it is
beneficial to use the in vitro propagation protocols developed in this study for mass
micropropagation and virus elimination to overcome the challenges of conventional cultivation
of pepper. Further studies must focus on the performance of the in vitro propagated pepper
plantlets for growth characters, yield/yield related parameters and yield quality parameters in field
establishment in order to arrive at a sound conclusion.

Keywords: Auxin; Bako Local; Cytokinins; Growth Regulators; Marko Fana; MS-
Medium; DAS-ELISA.

66
69. Heavy Metal and Microbial Contaminants of Some Vegetables
Irrigated With Wastewater in Selected Farms around Adama Town,
Ethiopia
Girmaye Benti Regassa, Ameha Kebede and Sissay Menkir
Year: 2012

Abstract: Food safety issues are of growing concern to consumers globally because of the risk
associated with consumption of foods contaminated with heavy metals and pathogens. Melka
Hida and Wonji Gefersa farms are known to produce vegetables irrigated with waste water. To
what extent these vegetables are contaminated is not known. Thus, this study was conducted to
assess the extent of heavy metal and microbial contamination of vegetables due to irrigation with
polluted Awash River water. Three leafy vegetable samples, namely, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.
var. capitata), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea) from Melka Hida and Wonji
Gefersa farms were examined for microbial and heavy metal contaminants. All the three
vegetables were found to be contaminated by aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts, total coliform
counts and fecal coliforms. The results showed that spinach was found to be the most heavily
contaminated vegetable in both farms by aerobic bacteria. The aerobic mesophilic bacterial count
on this vegetable was 2.2×108 and 2.0×108 CFU/g, for spinach sampled from Melka Hida and
Wonji Gefersa vegetable farms, respectively. The highest total coliform count (6.6×106) was also
recorded from lettuce in Melka Hida vegetable farm. The mean fecal coliform values of all the
three vegetable samples exceed the ICMSF recommended level of 103 fecal coliform g-1 fresh
weight. The highest faecal coliform count (5.7×105) was recorded in cabbage sampled from
Wonji Gefersa. Ascaris eggs were detected in 62.5% (45/72) of the vegetables examined being
the predominant intestinal parasite in the present work. In contrast, E. histolytica cyst was the
least detected parasite in 29.16 % (21/72) of the vegetable samples examined. Giardia cysts were
detected in 52% (38/72) of the fresh vegetables examined. The high microbial contamination
rates associated with these vegetable samples indicated poor water quality for irrigation employed
in the overall production of vegetables in the study area. In the present study vegetable samples
were also examined for heavy metal (Cd, Cr and Pb) contamination using atomic absorption
spectroscopy. The results indicated that the heavy metals in vegetables of Melka Hida farm were
higher than those of the vegetables in Wonji Gefersa farm. In addition, lettuce exhibited higher
Cr, Pb and Cd concentrations than other vegetables, followed by spinach. However, cabbage was
found to be the least accumulator of heavy metals. In all the samples analyzed, the concentration
of Pb and Cd was more than the maximum limit and their levels were varying between 1.03 to
3.53 mg/kg and 0.29 to 1.89 mg/kg, respectively. However, the level of chromium was generally
within the normal range in cabbage (0.85 and 0.29) mg/kg and spinach (2.30 and 1.06) mg/kg
from Melka Hida and Wonji Gefersa farms, respectively, except in lettuce from Melka Hida farm
2.72 mg/kg.

Keywords: Heavy Metals; Indicator Bacteria; Parasites; Vegetables

67
70. Prevalence of Ovine Fasciolosis and its Economic Significance in
Basona Worana District, Central Ethiopia
Gebrehana Zeleke, Sissay Menkir and Desta Beyene
Year: 2012

Abstract: A cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted from February-May, 2012 to
determine the prevalence of ovine fasciolosis, identify major Fasciola species, fluke burden with
severity of liver pathological lesions and direct economic loss due to condemnation of liver at the
study area. A total of 384 sheep were selected from Debreberhan municipal abattoir by
systematic simple random sampling, Furthermore, 384 sheep were selected from Peasant
Associations of smallholder farms by random sampling technique. Moreover, 1528 that were
brought for diagnosis and treatment against fasciolosis at Tebase Veterinary clinic were referred
from previous recoded clinical data. Sedimentation technique, haematocrite centrifugation and
postmortem examination were employed during the study. Overall prevalence of ovine fasciolosis
based on farm, abattoir and retrospective clinical study was 62.7%, 52.6% and 59.1%,
respectively. There was no statistically significant variations (P > 0.05) by sex and age of sheep in
both farm and abattoir study. The association of ovine faciolosis with different breeds of sheep
was statistically significant variation (P < 0.05) was observed in farm, abattoir and retrospective
veterinary clinical data analysis. The prevalence of fasciolosis was different among FAMACHA
eye-colour scores, body condition, mean PCV value, liver pathology, types of Fasciola species
and worm burden (P < 0.05). The prevalence of ovine fasciolosis based on FAMACHA eye-
colour scores was highest (100%) in pink white and lowest in red (51.9%). The mean PCV value
of Fasciola species in infected and uninfected sheep were 24.04 ± .381 and 25.87 ± .516,
respectively. The mean worm burden of lightly, moderately and severely affected livers was 21.00
± 1.889, 34.30 ± 2.662 and 105.09 ± 9.741, respectively. The average mean worm burden per
affected liver was 56.79 ± 4.635. The predominant species identified in the study area was
Fasciola hepatica (68.8%). The mean fluke burden of each Fasciola species counted was 47.17 ±
4.737, 25.50 ± 4.912 and 93.02 ± 12.139 for Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica and mixed
Fasciola species infection, respectively. The direct economic losses incurred as a result of
condemnation of infected livers by fasciolosis was 47349.47 ETB per annum (2690.31 USD) at
Debrebirhan municipal abattoir. The current study has confirmed that ovine fasciolosis was an
important disease of sheep and causes a major economic loss in Basona Worana district. The
prevalence of ovine fasciolosis in the study area should be reduced by sustainable and integrated
control programmes which include strategic application of anthelmintics, efficient farm and
grazing management by Veterinarians and sheep owners in the study area.

Keywords: Abattoir; Basonaworana; Coproscopy; PCV; Prevalence; Sheep; Worm Burden

68
71. Prevalence of Intensity of Intestinal Protozoa and Soil-Transmitted
Helminth Infections and their association with Anthropometric
Measurements of Children in Primary School, Hossana Town,
Southern Ethiopia
Babulo Barda, Sissay Menkir and Berhanu Erk
Year: 2012/13
Abstract: Intestinal protozoa and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are the major
public health problems in many developing countries including Ethiopia. Intestinal protozoa and
STHs are one of the major factors that cause malnutrition. This study was aimed to determine
the prevalence and intensity of intestinal protozoa and STH infections in school children and
their associations with anthropometric measurements and associated risk factors. A cross-
sectional study was carried out and 390 school children were chosen using stratified sampling
technique and enrolled in the study, from Hosanna, Southern Ethiopia from January to April,
2012. Structured questionnaires were administered in both English and Amharic to gather
relevant information on demographic and risk factors that predispose for intestinal parasite
infections. Stool samples were processed for microscopic examinations using both Kato-Katz
and Formol-ether concentration method. Weight and Height were taken using measuring tape.
Anthropometry calculating software anthroplus was employed to evaluate anthropometric
parameters. The NCHS growth chart reference was used to estimate the prevalence of
underweight among 10-17 years old school children. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical
software version 16.0. The overall point prevalence of intestinal protozoa and soil transmitted
helimenth infections in the study area was 17.9% and 27.9% respectively. Double and triple
infections were being also prevalent in 8.2% and 1.5% of the samples respectively. The
prevalence of Ascais lubricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichuira, Entamoeba histolytica and
G.lamblia were 11.5%, 10%, 6.4%, 11% and 6.9%, respectively. Malnutrition in terms of
underweight, stunting and wasting was seen in 15.4%, 13.2% and 10.9%, of the samples
respectively. The findings showed that there was no significant association between intestinal
parasitic infections and nutritional status (P > 0.05). Factors like drinking water source, eating
unwashed vegetables, level of knowledge on mode of transmission of parasitic infection and
latrine availability in home vicinity were significantly associated with intestinal protozoa and STH
infection (P < 0.05). Local health sector should collaborate with school health program for
delivering health education to increase the knowledge, attitude and practice of school children
towards the transmission and prevention of protozoan and STH infections. Based on the
findings of the study, preventive measures including improvement of personal hygiene and
environmental sanitation, shoe wearing and use of safe water were recommended.

Keywords: Anthropometric Measurement; Hossana; Prevalence; Protozoa; School

Children; Soil-Transmitted Helminth

69
72. Awareness and Attitude of People towards using Biogas Technology
as Alternative Household Energy Source in Dire Dawa City
Aberash Mosissa and Meseret Chimdessa
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Biogas is an environmentally friendly renewable energy source, which can be used as an
alternative to wood in rural areas. In Dire Dawa, though there are few biogas digesters, most
people are not using it. As a result, firewood and charcoal are found to be the main energy
sources for household consumption. This study investigated awareness and attitude of people in
Dire Dawa towards biogas technology from the standpoint of its health, environmental,
economic and timesaving benefits. The study design was a descriptive cross-sectional survey, and
data were collected through semi-structured questionnaire and interview, and field observation.
In total, 131 people (31 biogas users and 100 nonusers) were included in the study. Data
collection was focused on the advantages of using biogas as an alternative energy source in terms
of its health, environmental, economic and timesaving benefits. Information on the factors that
hinder the dissemination of biogas technology was also gathered and data were summarized using
descriptive statistics. The results of this study showed that nearly all (90.3%) of biogas users and
most (78%) of nonusers have awareness and positive attitude toward biogas technology for its
economic, health and environmental benefits. Comparison between biogas users and non-users
showed that non-users expend more money than biogas users for household energy
consumption. Moreover, time spent for collecting firewood and cooking by non-users was higher
than that of biogas users. Assessment of the health condition of biogas users before and after
biogas installation revealed that there was a great improvement in the health condition of their
families. Moreover, their expenditure for various energy sources dropped by 50% after they
began to use biogas. Overall, this study showed that people in Dire Dawa have awareness and
positive attitude toward biogas technology. However, in spite of knowing the health, economic
and environmental benefits, lack of substrate source and enough spaces, and economic problems
were found to be determinants of wide dissemination of biogas technology.

Keywords: Biogas; Biogas Digester; Firewood; Non-Renewable Energy; Renewable

Energy

70
73. In Vitro Propagation of Papaya (Carica papaya L.)
Adigo Setargie, Firew Mekbib and Eyassu Abraha
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Papaya (Carica papaya L.) belongs to the family Caricaceae and is an important fruit
species in the world. It is native to tropical America and widely distributed in the tropical and
sub-tropical regions of the world. In recent years, it has assumed special significance in view of its
high nutritive value and being more remunerative. The objective of this study was to develop a
protocol for in vitro propagation of hermaphroditic papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Maradol) from
shoot buds. The experiment was carried out at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of Mekelle
Agricultural Research Center, Northern Ethiopia during the period of 2012-2013. The protocol
consisted three subsequent experiments (in vitro shoot initiation, rooting of the in vitro
proliferated shoots and acclimatization of regenerated plants under ex vitro condition).The
experimental designs was CRD in four replications. MS basal medium supplemented with 0, 0.5,
1.5 and 2.0 mg/l of 6‑benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations along with consistent
supplementation of 0.5 mg/l a-Napthaleneacetic acid (NAA); and for rooting, half strength MS
basal medium supplemented with 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25 and 3.0 mg/l of indol-3-butyric acid (IBA)
were evaluated. The effects of these hormone combinations were assessed on days for shoot
initiation, number of leaf per explant, number of shoots per explant and shoot length. While for
rooting number of roots and length of the root per explant were evaluated. From the tested four
different concentrations of BAP and consistent NAA, the best direct shoot initiation and
proliferation was obtained at 1 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA. MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l
BAP and 0.5 mg/l of NAA produced the highest mean number of leafs (21), mean number of
shoots (16) and highest shoot length (1.7 cm). BAP at 0.5 mg/l was the best for days to shoot
emergence and BAP at 2.0 mg/l was the poorest and significantly different from other treatments
at P < 0.01. The lowest number of shoots, number of leafs and shoot length was recorded as
BAP was increased from 0.5 mg/l to 2.0 mg/l and at 0.5 mg/l. The elongated shoots were
separated and cultured for root induction on half strength MS medium. The highest number of
roots (16.25) and length (3.92 cm) was obtained on shoots pretreated on MS media supplemented
with 1.5 mg/l IBA. For acclimatization, planting of the in vitro seedlings on mixture of garden
soil, sand and cow dung at the rate of 2:1:1 ratio gave the lowest survival capacity (40%). Overall,
the study showed that BAP and NAA combination at medium level concentrations for shoot
initiation and multiplication; and IBA at lower and medium level concentrations for rooting were
the best basal medium for in vitro propagation of papaya taken from shoot buds; Nevertheless,
further investigations are needed to eliminate callus development and minimize low survival rate
of the seedlings for mass and commercial propagation of the in vitro developed protocol.

Keywords: BAP; IBA; NAA; Root Induction; Shoot Bud; Shoot Initiation

71
74. Enhancement of Tolerance to High Salinity and Extreme Ph
Conditions in Broad Bean (Vicia faba)-Nodulating Rhizobial Isolates
from Hararghe Highlands, Ethiopia, through Chemical and Physical
Mutagenesis
Andarge Zelalem, Ameha Kebede and Manikandan Muthuswamy
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Soil salinity and pH are the most important factors, which affect the rhizobia, their
legume hosts and the symbiosis process. Thus the aim of this study was to examine the
effectiveness of chemical and physical mutagenesis on enhancement of tolerance of Vicia faba-
nodulating rhizobial isolates from Hararghe highlands to extreme salinity and pH conditions. A
total of 50 isolates were obtained from soil samples of five weredas in Hararghe highlands using
the host trap method and were presumptively identified as rhizobia and further authenticated as
Rhizobium leguminosarum. Their symbiotic effectiveness was determined on sterilized sand and
subsequent ratings showed that 2(4%), 8(16%), 26(52%) and 14(28%) of the isolates were
ineffective, less effective, effective and highly effective, respectively. Seven highly effective wild
isolates were again tested on unsterilized soil for symbiotic effectiveness. 57.14% of the isolates
showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher nodule dry weight (NDW) than the positive control.
42.85% of the isolates scored significantly lower N content than the positive and negative
controls. N content was positively correlated with shoot dry weight (SDW) (r = 0.68, P <
0.0001). The physiological tests revealed that 21(42%), 17(34%) and 5(10%) of the isolates grew
at salt concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively. 50(100%) of the isolates grew in the range
of pH 5.5, pH 9. 19(38%), and 11(22%) of the isolates were grown at pH 9.5 and pH 10,
respectively. While 34(68%) and 6(12%) of the isolates were able to grow at pH 5 and pH 4.5,
respectively. After mutagenesis, a total of 10 mutants were selected based on their ability to
survive at extreme salt and pH conditions. The symbiotic effectiveness of mutants on sand
culture showed that 10%, 60%, 10% and 10% were highly effective, effective, less effective and
ineffective, respectively. The nodule number of mutants were positively and significantly
correlated with NDW (r = 0.63, P < 0.0001) on sand culture. The average NDW and SDW of
mutants on soil test scored 13.07% and 122.56% of increase, respectively over the average NDW
and SDW of mutants on sand culture. The correlation data on soil experiment displayed that
nodule number was associated positively and significantly (r = 0.71, P < 0.001) with NDW, while
SDW was positively correlated with percent N (r=0.57 P < 0.01) and total nitrogen content (r =
0.73, P < 0.001). Physiological test of mutants also showed that, 10(100%) and 3(30%) of
mutants grew at salt concentrations of 11% and 12%, respectively. All mutants (100%) were able
to grow at pH 10.5- 12, while only 3 (30%) of mutants grew at pH 4.

Keywords: Mutagenesis; Mutants; Physiological Test; Rhizobia; Symbiotic Effectiveness

72
75. In Vitro Plantlet Regeneration from the Bulbs of Shallot (Allium Cepa
Var. Group Aggregatum)
Bantewalu Hailekidan, Mebeaselassie Andargie and Kebebew Assefa
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Shallot (Allium cepa Var. group aggregatum) is one of the most widely distributed
vegetable crops in the world and it‟s hardly possible to get a dish without this vegetable in every
meal of a day but because of lack of improved varieties, disease and insect pests the yield of
shallot under farmers condition in Ethiopia is very low therefore there is a need for studying the
tissue culture technique for improvement of shallots. The objectives of this study were to
establish a protocol for in vitro micropropagation of selected shallot varieties. This experiment
was carried out to optimize plantlet regeneration using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium
supplemented with different types, combination and concentration of hormone. The explant
from shallot pre-sterilized in 5.25% NaOCl was cultured in MS medium to determine the
optimum duration of sterilization. For callus induction the explants from the two varieties
namely, Huruta and Minjar were cultured in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l of 2, 4-D,
BAP, NAA, Kn, 2, 4-D + Kinetin (Kn) and NAA+BAP and hormone free medium. To optimize
shoot induction, different concentrations of BAP, Kn and combination of BAP and NAA with
different concentrations were tested, and for rooting IBA and IBA with BAP at different
concentrations were used. Data such as percentage of callus responding, callus fresh weight, date
to induction of callus as well as shoot and root, number of shoots and root, shoot height and
root length were recorded and analyzed. Sterilization of explants using 5.25% of NaOCl for 15
minutes duration was found to be optimum. High callus induction rate (74.44%) was obtained
with 1mg/l 2, 4-D supplementation followed by 1 mg/l NAA + 1 mg/l BAP (68.33%) and 1
mg/l 2, 4-D + 1 mg/l Kn (62.22%). Among the different types and combination of PGRs,
maximum callus fresh weight of 1.26 and 1.20 g were achieved with 1 mg/l 2, 4-D and NAA
combined with 1 mg/l BAP, respectively. For shooting, the hormone free media gave albino
shoots and as the concentration of the PGR`s increased there was also an increase in percent
shoot induction, number of shoot per callus and shoot height except for kinetin. All the
parameters with respect to hormones over the two varieties showed high significant variability
(p=0.01). All media with hormones induced root in both shallot varieties, and 1.5 IBA+2BAP
was the optimum concentration giving 86.66% of rooted plantlets followed by 1.5 mg/l IBA with
83.33%. The plantlets were acclimatized in the glasshouse and survival percentage was 66.6% and
60.0% for Minjar and Huruta respectively. Overall, the results of the present study showed
considerable promise of the technique for shallot micro-propagation. However, further
refinement would be required before it can be used for practical in vitro mass propagation of
shallots in Ethiopia.

Keywords: Callus Induction; Micro-Propagation; Plantlet; Root Induction; Shallot; Shoot

Induction

73
76. Prevalence and Association of Opportunistic Diseases and Other Co-
Morbidities with the Cd4 Level of HIV Sero-Positive Patients of Dil-
Chora Hospital, Dire-Dawa, Ethiopia
Bekele Merga and Ameha Kebede
Year:2012/13

Abstract: Since the beginning of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic,
opportunistic infections have been recognized as a common cause of complications of HIV
infection, which lead patients to death. The relative frequency of these opportunistic diseases
varies in different countries and even in different areas within the same country. The objective of
this study was to assess the prevalence and association of opportunistic diseases and other co-
morbidities in HIV Sero-positive patients. The study was conducted in Dire-Dawa and the data
was collected from 3,144 HIV sero-positive patients admitted to Dil-Chora Hospital from
September 2006 to August 2011. A retrospective cross-sectional survey method was used to
determine the prevalence and association of diseases. The data were analyzed using descriptive
and inferential statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, and Pearson‟s chi-square test. The
most prevalent disease among HIV sero-positive patients was oral candidiasis (36.7%) followed
by recurrent upper respiratory infections (29.6%), herpes zoster (28.3%) and pulmonary
tuberculosis (27%). Oral candidiasis, herpes zoster, amoebiasis and giardiasis were the most
prevalent diseases in elderly patients. In addition, a statistically significant association was
observed between CD4 level of patients and pulmonary tuberculosis, oral candidiasis, pneumonia
and wasting syndrome. Opportunistic diseases like papular pruritic eruption, pulmonary
tuberculosis, recurrent pneumonia, recurrent upper respiratory tract infections and bacterial
pneumonia continued to occur after ART. In general, this study indicated the variations in the
distribution of diseases in different study areas and their associations with the CD4 level of
patients. The health planners of the administrative council and other related organizations are
recommended to devise mechanisms for prevention and control of the most frequent diseases.

Keywords: CD4; HIV/AIDS; Opportunistic Diseases; Prevalence

74
77. Morpho-Agronomic Variability, Inter-Relationships among
Agronomic Traits and Protein Contents of Common Bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) Genotypes in Ethiopia
Dagaga Dibaba, Yohannes Petros and Nigussie Dechassa
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Common bean is an important food and cash crop in Ethiopia. However, the national
average yield of the crop is very low in the country due to a number of constraints. Therefore,
forty-nine common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes were evaluated for 14 traits in simple
lattice design at two locations, Hirna and Haramaya, during the main cropping season 2012. The
overall objective was to study the extent of genetic variation and association among seed yield
and 14 yield-related traits. The results obtained revealed that the genotypes differed significantly
in most of the traits, and the relatively wider range of the mean values for most of the characters
indicated the existence of variations among the tested genotypes. The genotypic coefficient of
variance (GCV) values was lower than the phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) for both
locations. The PCV values for days to emergence and days to flowering were relatively higher
than that of GCV values of other traits at Haramaya. The relatively slight differences between
PCV and GCV for the rest of the traits suggest less influence of the environmental factors. At
Hirna, the highest PCV and GCV values were obtained for number of nodes per plant, number
of pods per plant, internode length and biological yield. At Hirna, most characters had high
heritability values. Such characters as days to emergence, plant height, seed yield per plant, nodes
per plant, internode length, pod length, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, seed
protein content, biological yield, harvest index and 100-seed weight exhibited the highest
heritability values. At Haramaya, Maximum genetic advance as percent of mean at 5% selection
intensity was recorded for number of pods per plant followed by plant height, harvest index,
internode length, nodes per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant, and
seed protein content. At Hirna, the range for genetic advance as percent mean was from 14.08%
for days to flowering to 79.67% for nodes per plant. Seed yield per plant had highly significant
and positive correlation with nodes per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per
plant, biological yield and harvest index at both locations. Combined over the two locations, the
genotypic correlations of seeds per pod with biological yield, harvest index, number of pods per
plant, number of nodes per plant, and seed yield per plant were found to be positive and highly
significant. At Haramaya, path coefficient analysis at the phenotypic level based on seed yield as
dependent variable showed that days to emergence, plant height, and number of seeds per pod,
biological yield harvest index, and 100-seed weight revealed positive direct effect on seed yield.
Biological yield and harvest index were traits that had the highest direct effect both at genotypic
and phenotypic levels on seed yield per plant. Thus, biological yield and harvest index could be
used as an indirect selection criterion for enhanced seed yield of the crop.

Keywords: Common Bean; GCV; Genetic Advance; Heritability; PCV

75
78. Assessment of Medical Wastes Management and Associated Health
Risks in Government and Private Hospitals of Dire Dawa City
Administration
Eshetu Feyssa and Meseret Chimdessa
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: This study examined medical waste management practices of some selected
government and private Hospitals in Dire Dawa city Administration and associated health risks.
The study design was a descriptive cross-sectional survey, and data were collected through semi-
structured questionnaire and interview, field observation and document analyses. Forty hospital
cleaning personnel were purposively selected for questionnaire survey and interview. Data
collection was focused on how medical waste management‟s (waste generation, segregation,
collection, storage and disposal) are practiced and any occupational health problems associated
with these practices. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. The results of this study
revealed that waste segregation and collection are practiced well, though not to the standard as
per the world health organization (WHO). Wastes were separated into their types in their
respective waste collecting containers that do not let an easy spillover of wastes. Waste
transportations within hospitals are made as per WHO recommendation using wheeled
containers. Wastes, however, are stored for long time within the hospitals‟ compounds before
they are taken to the disposal site using trucks. Lack of ample water supply was found to be a
challenge to sanitize hospital environment. As for occupational safety measures, majority of
cleaners appear to keep occupational safety by wearing gloves and special protective clothes when
dealing with medical wastes. As a result, they have never been exposed to injurious materials such
as needles and infections. However, to meet the WHO recommended standards of dealing with
medical wastes and sanitize environment, cleaning personnel need to be trained regularly.
Moreover the concerned offices and bureau should be worked on general medical waste
management activities.

Keywords: Health Care; Medical Waste; Occupational Health; Waste Disposal; Waste
Treatment

76
79. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and their Associations with
Hemoglobin Concentration and Nutritional Status of School Children
in Jimma Arjo Primary School Children, Oromiya Region, Western
Ethiopia
Gemechis Gemeda, Sissay Menkir and Yitibarek Getachew
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of major
STH infections and their associations with major risk factors, hemoglobin concentration and
anthropometric measurements of school children in Jimma Arjo primary Schools of Oromia
Region. A cross‐sectional study was carried from November to January, 2013 in Jimma Arjo
primary schools and 390 school-children were chosen using stratified random sampling technique
and probability proportion to sample size for each class was used. Structured and pre-tested
questionnaires were used to gather relevant information on demographic data of the study
subjects. Stool samples of 390 subjects aged 6-17 years were examined using Kato-Katz and
formol-ether concentration methods. Direct smear was also employed only for watery stool to
detect some intestinal parasites using 0.85% saline solution. 390 blood samples were also
collected from the study participants for determination of hemoglobin concentration. Height,
weight and body mass index (BMI) of each study participant were measured to determine
nutritional status of children as stunted, wasted or underweight. Data were analyzed using the
statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version-16) and anthropometry calculating software
program (AnthroPlus). The National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth chart reference
was used to determine the proportions of underweight/thinness among 10‐17 year‟s old school-
children. Hemoglobin level (concentration) was determined using Hemocue HB 201 analyzer.
The overall prevalence of STH infection in the school children was 46.7% (182 of 390) and
single, double, and triple infections were 32.1, 12.56% and 2.1% respectively. The prevalence of
hookworm, A. lumbricoides, T.trichiura, H. nana and E. vermicularis infections were 30.8%,
22.1%, 5.6%, 1.8% and 1%. The mean egg count of hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides and
Trichuris trichiura were 2198.2±173.1, 2349.12±257.18 and 248.7±31.4 egg per gram of feaces,
respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition in terms of stunting, underweight and wasting was
12.3%, 17.3% and 20.4%, respectively, for those aged from 6-9 years and 39.7%
underweight/thinness for those aged from 10-17 years. The average Hb level was 13.11 g/dl,
13.65 g/dl and 13.72 g/dl for 6-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15-17 years study subjects respectively.
The overall prevalence of anemia was 13.6%. The findings showed that there was no statistically
significant association between STH infections and malnutrition (P > 0.05). However, there was
significant association between STH infections and anemia (P < 0.05). Hookworm infections
were considered as causes of anemia among schoolchildren in the study area. Periodically mass
drug treatment of school children with appropriate anthelmenthic drug and health education on
proper personal and environmental hygiene practices is recommended for school children to
keep the prevalence rate of STHs low in the study area.

Keywords: Anemia; Anthropometry; Intensity; Malnutrition; Prevalence; School children

77
80. Genetic Variability and Character Association among Yield and Yield
Related Traits in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.Wilczek) Accessions in
Ethiopia
Itefa Degefa, Yohannes Petros and Mebeaselassie Andergie
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is an economically important short duration legume crop.
The present study was carried on a total of thirteen mungbean accessions evaluated at Hirna and
Haramaya, Rare research site during the summer season of 2012 G. C. to investigate genetic
variability and identify characters that is most responsible for yield among diverse mungbean
germplasm accessions. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design
with three replications. Analysis of variance, correlation coefficient and path coefficient analysis
were used to quantify the magnitude of the relationship between yield components and seed
yield. Among the yield components Pods per plant, seeds per plant and harvest index had high
GCV and PCV value at both locations. For all characters, phenotypic coefficient of variation was
higher than genotypic coefficient of variation indicating that there was environmental influence
on these traits. Traits like Days to maturity (98.85%), number of primary branches (94.93%),
secondary branches (88.71%), and pods per plant (80.4%), 100 seed weight (87.89%), seeds per
pod (82.29%) and days to flowering (93.8%) had high heritability at Hirna. Days to maturity
(97.79%), days to flowering (87%), pod length (86.09%) and 100 seed weight (84.20%) at Rare
and harvest index (97.24%), days to flowering (90.80%), pod length (85.92%), 100 seed weight
(81.47%) and all others had medium value of heritability for combined analysis. High genetic
advance expected as percent of mean coupled with high heritability was observed for number of
primary branches at Hirna, number of seeds per plant at Rare and number of secondary
branches, pods per plant and 100 seed weight for combined analysis. Number of secondary
branches, pods per plant, seeds per plant, biomass yield, seeds per pod, harvest index and pod
length were significant and positively correlated to seed yield at all sites. From the genotypic and
phenotypic path analysis, number of primary branches, plant height and pods per plant had
positive direct effect on seed yield at Hirna. At genotypic level, Primary and secondary branches
affected seed yield positively both directly and indirectly via all characters except negative via days
to maturity and 100 seed weight indirectly at Rare while at the phenotypic level, Plant height
(0.012), seeds per pod (0.099), pod length (0.227), pods per plant (0.006), seeds per plant (0.254)
and harvest index (0.673) had positive direct effect on seed yield. At genotypic level of the
combined analysis all traits had direct effect on seed yield except number of secondary branches
(-0.419) and 100 seed weight (-0.169). The same is true at phenotypic level except number of
primary branches (-0.043), days to maturity (-0.061) and 100 seed weight (-0.040) which had
negative direct effect on seed yield. Hence, characters such as pods per plant, seeds per plant,
biomass yield, harvest index and pod length which show high positive direct effect on seed yield
should be considered in selection for yield improvement in mungbean.

Keywords: Agronomic Characters; GCV; Genetic Variability; Heritability; PCV; Vigna

Radiata.L

78
81. Biogas Production from Co-Digestion of Coffee Pulp and Cow Dung
Lemma Abayneh, Ameha Kebede and Muthuswamy Manikandan
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Household energy is increasingly becoming a scarce resource in developing countries.

Therefore, the search for alternative energy sources is unavoidable. Biofuel, particularly biogas, is
a renewable alternative energy source with strong potentials for future energy security and
environmental sustainability. Thus, multi-dimensional studies on all aspect of its production are
necessary. In the current research, a “batch feeding digester” was developed to evaluate the effect
of temperature, co-digestion and seeding parameters on the biogas yield and rate of digestion.
Biogas production was monitored using 32 g of total solids of cow dung, coffee pulp and their
mixtures at two temperature levels with three replications. The total solids, volatile solids,
moisture content and the ratio of volatile solids to total solids of coffee pulp and cow dung were
determined and then the biogas production of each of the treatments, i.e., A (cow dung alone),
B(3:1), C (1:1), D (1:3) (cow dung: coffee pulp), E(coffee pulp alone) with and without rumen
fluid was estimated using indirect (water displacement) method. The results showed that BI (3:1)
gave the highest amount of biogas at 45 0C, while the 3:1 cow dung to coffee pulp ratio without
rumen fluid (B) and coffee pulp alone resulted in the second highest and least amount,
respectively, at 45 0C. Furthermore, increasing temperature from 30 0C to 45 0C enhanced biogas
production by 51.82% for sample A (the highest) and 24.69% for sample D (the least). The study
also showed that addition of rumen fluid to digester increased biogas production by 22.62% and
14.8% for samples A (the highest) and B (the least) at 30 0C, respectively, indicating that
temperature outweighs seeding by 29.22% for sample A. Moreover, results from this study
revealed that co-digestion of cow dung with coffee pulp increase biogas yield as compared to
pure samples of either coffee pulp or cow dung. When samples of pure cow dung and pure
coffee pulp were compared with those of BI (the highest), co-digestion resulted in increase of
almost 42.99% at 45 0C. The findings of this study suggested that coffee waste thrown away into
water constituting nuisance to the environment would be a very good ingredient for biogas
production if properly used in combination with cow dung. Generation of biogas from coffee
waste upholds the concept of waste to wealth in enhancing sustainable development.

Keywords: Biogas; Coffee Pulp; Co-Digestion; Cow Dung; Seeding; Temperature

79
82. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Bio-Efficacy of Crude Botanical
Extracts of Three Plant Species against Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae
Sard.) of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)
Addisu Tegegn, Meseret Chimdessa and Bekele Hundie
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Among the major fungal diseases attacking faba bean, chocolate spot, caused by
Botrytis fabae is the most devastating one resulting in a yield loss range of 50 to 100%. Even
though synthetic fungicides are used as one of the effective options for the control of plant
diseases, the environmental hazards and economic unfeasibility associated with them necessitate
the search for relatively safe natural products. This study was initiated to evaluate the antifungal
potential of crude extracts of leaves of three plant species (Eucalyptus globulus, Schinus molle
and Phytolacca dodecandra) against in vitro and in vivo growth of B. fabae. In the in vitro
experiment, 7 days old mycelial disc of pure culture of B. fabae was placed on a medium
impregnated with different concentrations of the crude extracts. In vivo experiment was
conducted in the field by using a faba bean variety called Shallo, (EH011-22-1) and selected
plants from each plot were used for extract application and data collection. In the in vitro trial,
compared to E. gobulus and S. molle, extracts obtained from P. dodecandra showed more
growth inhibitory effect. The plant scored 61.9, 57.2 and 79.3% inhibition with methanol, ethanol
and aqueous extracts, respectively, at the lowest concentration. E. globulus produced 42.2, 26.3
and 37.8% growth inhibition from methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. An
inhibition percentage of 14.8, 3.7 and 30.0 were obtained from methanol, ethanol and aqueous
extracts of S. molle, respectively. Efficacy varied the type of solvents. In the in vivo experiemnt,
all solvents‟ extracts of the test plant species significantly reduced disease incidence and severity
compared to the control. Reduction in disease incidence and severity of each plant extracts did
not vary with solvent type. Compared to the control, one or more solvents‟ extracts of the test
plant species significantly reduced flower abortion, increased number of tiller, pods and yield.
The highest yield (4236.9 kg ha-1) was obtained from ethanol extract of S. molle. The results of
this study showed that extracts of the tested plant species have fungitoxic potential and can be
effectively used against the disease caused by Botrytis fabae after further pertinent tests and
screening of the active principles.

Key words: Bio-Efficacy; Botanicals; Botrytis Fabae; In Vitro; In Vivo; Vicia faba

80
83. Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Parasites among School Children in
Durame District in Relation to Different Sources of Drinking Water,
Southern Ethiopia
Mathewos Markos, Sissay Menkir and Yitbarek Getachew
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Intestinal protozoa parasite infections are the major public health problems in many
developing countries including Ethiopia. The present study was conducted to assess the
prevalence of the major protozoan parasitic infections among school children and in different
sources of drinking water in Durame district, southern Ethiopia from November to February
2013. The design of the study was a cross-sectional epidemiological investigation involving a
sample population of 384 school children from grade one to grade eight in the three selected
primary schools using stratified random sampling technique. Structured and pre -tested
questionnaires were used to gather relevant information on demographic and risk factors that
predispose school children to intestinal parasitic infections. Stool samples were processed for
microscopic examinations using formol-ether concentration and modified ziehl neelsen methods.
Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software, version 16.0. The overall prevalence of
intestinal protozoan parasitic infections in age groups 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 years were 39.7%,
52.8%, and 42.4%, respectively. The prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasite in relation to sex
showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). On the other hand, lower age groups had a
higher prevalence of infection with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. The predominant
parasites identified in the school and their overall prevalence were, Entamoeba histolytica
(42.4%), Giardia lamblia (36%) and Cryptosporidium parvum (22.6%). The most common
intestinal protozoan parasite in water sample of the study area was Giardia lamblia (30.5%).
Factors like drinking water source, eating unwashed vegetables, level of knowledge on mode of
transmission of parasitic infection and latrine availability in home vicinity were significantly
associated with intestinal protozoan infection (P < 0.05). Providing high quality drinking water
may not significantly reduce the incidence of intestinal parasites. Other factors such as unhygienic
and unsanitary situations affect the beneficial effects of protected water sources. In addition to
untreated, protected drinking water sources are not free of the waterborne parasitic pathogens.
Therefore, health education in relation to personal hygiene and environmental sanitation and cost
effective water purification mechanisms such as boiling and chlorination and others will help in
enhancing the health and well-being of the community particularly that of children.

Keywords: Children; Durame; Prevalence; Protozoa; Risk Factors; Water

81
84. Anther Culture of Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.)
Micheale Yifter, Firew Mekbib and Eyasu Abraha
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest crops domesticated and cultivated by
man for cooking and medicinal purposes for more than 5000 years. Now, the crop is mostly
grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. An experiment was conducted with
the aim of developing a suitable and reproducible protocol for in vitro regeneration of haploid
sesame plantlets through another culture. Anther of four varieties of sesame, namely Hirhir,
Humera-1, Setit-1 and Non shatter were cultured in vitro to observe their regeneration
potentiality. The protocol involves four subsequent experiments (callus induction, in vitro shoot
regeneration, rooting of the in vitro proliferated shoots and acclimatization of regenerated plants
under ex vitro condition) which consisted of 20, 20, 20 and 8 treatments, respectively. The
experiments were laid out in CRD in factorial arrangement in three replications. For the callus
induction stage, flower buds were excised, cooled at 5 C 0 for 24 hours and surface sterilized. The
anthers were cultured on MS salt contained 30 gm/l sucrose, 8 gm/l agar and supplemented with
2,4-D with concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l and BAP with 1.0 mg/l concentration.
MS Hormone-free (control) was also used as a treatment. There was a highly significant
difference (p<0.05) among the treatments used in terms of the number of days to callus
induction, number of anthers showing callus induction, percent of callus induction and weight of
callus in all the genotypes. The highest percent of callus induction (56.20), weight of callus (8.33),
number of anthers showing callus induction (27.33) all in Hirhir were achieved on medium
supplemented with 2,4-D at 2.0 + BAP at 1.0 mg/l and Non shatter was the lowest. For
shooting, successful shoot regeneration from green/friable callus was achieved when MS medium
was supplemented with BAP with concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l and NAA with 1.0
mg/l concentration. The best percent of shoot initiation, number of shoots induced, and the
shortest day to shoot initiation were achieved when MS medium was supplemented with BAP at
2.0 + NAA at 1.0 mg/l in Hirhir genotype and the lowest was observed in Non-shatter at the
same hormone concentration. Elongated shoot cuttings were placed on the medium 0, 0.25, 0.5,
0.75 and 1.0 mg/l of IBA and 0.5 mg/l of NAA for in vitro root induction. Hirhir showed the
best response and the least was in Non-shatter, though, there were significance difference
(p<0.05) between genotypes. The most efficient growth treatment for rooting percentage (76.69),
the longest root length (14.58 cm), maximum number of root (70.33), and rooting response
(18.17) were achieved on medium supplemented with IBA at 0.25 + NAA at 0.5 mg/l. For
acclimatization; culturing the in vitro seedlings were conducted in two ways, the first on
Cocopeat soil, and the second on sand, cowdung, and garden (2:1:1). Cocopeat soil gave the
highest survival capacity (66.67%) in Hirhir Genotype; but using the mixture of the three the
survival capacity (33.33%) in the same genotype. In conclusion, the best shooting and rooting
was observed in Hirhir genotype cultured on MS medium with BAP at 2.0 + NAA at 1.0 mg/l
and IBA at 0.25 + NAA at 0.5 mg/l respectively. It is beneficial to use the anther protocol
developed in this study for haploid plantlet production.

Keywords: Acclimatization; Auxin; Callus; Cytokinin; Genotypes; Root Induction; Shoot

Morphogenesis

82
85. Isolation and Phenotypic Characterization of Chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.) Nodulating Rhizobia from Some Pulse Growing Areas of
Ada’a District, East Showa Zone, Ethiopia
Muhammed Abdulbasit, Ameha Kebede and Endalkachew Weldameskal
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the major sources of dietary protein for majority
of Ethiopian population. It also maintains soil fertility through its symbiotic nitrogen-fixation in
association with Rhizobium species. Therefore, this study was initiated to isolate and characterize
indigenous rhizobia nodulating chickpea, from major chickpea growing areas of Ada‟a District.
Field soil was surveyed in selected sites of twenty (20) chickpea growing areas of Ada‟a district. A
total of 16 Rhizobium strains were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural, and
phenotypical properties. The result of this study indicated that chickpea rhizobial isolates have
shown wide diversity in their different C and N-sources utilization pattern and tolerance to
salinity, high temperatures, acid and alkaline pH, and antibiotics. Symbiotic and morphological
characterization also showed a wide diversity among tested isolates. From the preliminary
screening, 100% of the isolates were fast-growing rhizobia and tolerated high salt concentration
(2% NaCl). All the isolates tolerated temperatures ranging between 20 and 30 0C. Also, the
isolated strains were tolerant to extreme pH in their medium from 4 to 11. The strains showed a
high level of resistance against Erythromycin and chloramphenicol. Plants inoculated with
different isolates displayed differences with respect to nodule number, nodule dry weight and
shoot dry weight. There was statistically significant difference in nodule number, nodule oven dry
weight and shoot oven dry weight (p< 0.05). Some isolates such as ACRS18 and ACRS2 were
highly effective on both sand and field soil, and tolerant to a wide range of physiological
conditions showing a promising prospect in the development of inoculants.

Keywords: Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Chickpea, Phenotypic Characteristics Rhizobial

Isolates

83
86. Enhancement of Tolerance to High Salinity and Extreme Ph
Conditions in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)- Nodulating
Rhizobial Isolates from Hararghe Lowlands and Mid Altitudes,
Eastern Ethiopia, through Physical and Chemical Mutagenesis
Mulugeta Mekonnen, Ameha Kebede and Manikandan Muthuswamy
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: The intent of this study was to examine the effectiveness of chemical and physical
mutagenesis on enhancement of tolerance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) nodulating
rhizobial isolates from Hararghe lowlands and mid altitudes to extreme salinity and pH
conditions. A total of 50 isolates were obtained from soil samples of three weredas in Hararghe
lowlands and mid altitudes using the host trap method and were presumptively identified as
rhizobia. Among the five highly effective wild isolates except HUCR 3D showed significantly (P
<0.05) higher nodule number than both positive and negative controls. The physiological tests
revealed that among the 50 wild isolates 43(86%), 37(74%), 29(58%), 6(12%), 4(8%), and 2(4%),
grew at 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 9%, and 10% NaCl concentration, respectively. 50(100%) of the
isolates grew in the range of pH 5.5 - 8.5. 2 (4%) and 38(76%) of the isolates were grew at pH 4.5
and pH 5 while 48(96%), 43(86%), 40(80%) and 37(74%) of the isolates were able to grow at pH
9, pH 9.5, pH 10 and pH 10.5 respectively. After mutagenesis, a total of 8 mutants were selected
based on their ability to survive at extreme salt and pH conditions. 100% of the mutants were
found to be symbiotically highly effective. The nodule number of mutants were positively and
significantly correlated with nodule dry weight (r = 0.85, P < 0.0001) on sand culture. Six of the
highly effective mutants were tested on unsterilized soil in controlled growth chamber. The
correlation data on soil experiment displayed that nodule number was associated positively and
significantly (r = 0.73, P < 0.0001) with NDW while SDW was positively correlated with percent
N (r = 0.8, p<0.0001) and total nitrogen content (r = 0.9, p<0.0001). Physiological test of
mutants also showed that, 5(63%) and 3(36%) of mutants were able to grow at salt
concentrations of 11% and 12%, respectively. 3(38%), 4(50%), 2(25%) and 2(13%) of the
mutants were able to grow at pH 4, 11, 11.5 and 12 respectively. Among the observed rhizobium
isolates, HUCR (3D, 3A), HUCR 2D and HUCRM 2D showed the highest symbiotic
effectiveness. Only the mutant isolates HUCRM2D (which tolerated 12% NaCl, pH 4, pH 12),
HUCRM5C (which tolerated 12% NaCl, pH 4, 5 HUCRM3B (which tolerated 12% NaCl) and
HUCRM9C (which tolerated 11% NaCl) were grow successfully at extreme conditions. Thus, on
the basis of their symbiotic effectiveness and tolerance to extreme environmental conditions,
these wild and mutant isolates were recommended to be used as candidates for future
development of rhizobial inoculants of common bean grown under saline, extreme temperature
and pH conditions.

Keywords: Common Bean, Physical and Chemical Mutagenesis; Rhizobia; Tolerance

84
87. Genetic Variability and Character Association among Agronomic
Characteristics in Faba Bean (Vicia faba) Genotypes
Sintayehu Simon, Yohannes Petros, and Mebeaselassie Andargie
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability and association among
agronomic characteristics in thirty six faba bean accession. The accessions were laid in 6 x 6
simple lattice design with a plot size of 2 m x 1.2 m and designed to carry 40 plants in four rows
spaced 40 cm apart in 2012 main cropping season. From the field investigation, the objectives
achieved were; genetic variability for yield and its attributes, phenotypic and genotypic
correlation, heritability for yield and its components and parents and traits useful for faba bean
breeding program. The study revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the 12
quantitative characters studied. PCV and GCV values were observed to be higher for seed yield,
number of pods per plant, biological yield, plant height, harvest index, number of seeds per pod
and 100 seed weight. Among all the studied traits pod length showed the lowest PCV (5.3) and
the highest PCV (35.20) was recorded for biological yield. The lowest GCV (1.05) and highest
GCV (27.2) values were recorded for internode length and number of pods per plant,
respectively. High heritability estimates were obtained for days to maturation (99.39) followed by
days to flowering (98.78). Highest heritability estimate coupled with high genetic advance as
percent of mean was observed for 100-seed weight. Seed yield showed strongest positive
phenotypic and genotypic correlation with pods per plant, plant height (rp=0.80) and pod per
plant (rg=0.9), respectively. The phenotypic path coefficient analysis showed that biological yield
had highest positive, direct and indirect effect on seed yield (0.76). Phenotypic and genotypic
path analysis for seed yield indicated that biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of
seeds per pod and harvest index have high positive direct effect on seed yield.

Keywords: Accession; correlation; Faba Bean; Genetic Variability; Path Coefficient

85
88. Cyanide Reduction, Protein Enhancement and Improvement in
Palatability of Cassava Based Foods through Microbial Fermentation
Tefera Tadesse, Ameha Kebede and Biruhtesfa Asrade
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important source of carbohydrate for humans
and animals. However, it is very poor in protein content and contains cyanogenic glycosides.
Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the role of fermentation in crude-protein and
reducing the free cyanide content of cassava. Cassava flour was fermented with pure cultures of
S. cerevisiae, L. plantarum and Leu. mesenteroides and their combinations at varying inoculum
levels (0.25 ml, 0.50 ml and 0.75 ml) for 3 fermentation times (24 hrs, 36 hrs and 48 h rs).The
interaction between the type of starter culture, inoculum level and time of fermentation had a
highly significant (P < 0.001) effect on pH, free cyanide and crude protein content and a
significant (P < 0.05) effect on moisture content of fermented cassava. The pH reduced from
6.68 (unfermented) to 3.70 and 3.71 in cassava fermented by L. plantarum and Leu.
mesenteroides, respectively. The highest reduction in pH was observed when the sample was
fermented with pure cultures of L. plantarum and Leu. mesenteroides at 0.50 ml and 0.75 ml of
inoculum levels, respectively, for 48 hrs. A pronounced pH reduction was also observed when
the samples were fermented with mixed starter cultures of the two lactic acid bacteria with
inoculum levels of 0.75 ml for 48 hrs. Under this condition, the pH was reduced from 6.68 in the
unfermented to 3.73 in the fermented one. Samples fermented for 24 hrs with single cultures of
L. plantarum and Leu. mesenteroides with inoculum levels of 0.50 ml were found to show the
highest reduction in free cyanide content. The free cyanide content was reduced from 197.19
mg/g (unfermented) to 4.09 mg/g (97.92%) in sample fermented by L. plantarum followed
samples fermented by Leu. Mesenteroides 4.67 mg/g (97.63%). The free cyanide content of
samples fermented with mixed cultures of L. plantarum and Leu. mesenteroides showed the
highest reduction from 197.19 mg/g (unfermented) to 7.37m g/g (96.26% reduction) compared
to other mixed cultures. On the other hand, the crude protein content increased from 0.71%
(unfermented) to 4.58% in samples fermented for 48 hrs with S. cerevisiae at an inoculum level
of 0.50 ml. Similarly, the crude protein content was improved from 0.71% (unfermented) to
3.95% in samples fermented for 36 hrs by Leu. mesenteroides and S. cerevisiae at inoculum levels
of 0.75 ml. Odor and overall acceptability of chike fermented with S. cerevisiae were more
preferred than all other samples including the unfermented ones, while samples fermented with
Leu. mesenteroides produced more preferrede taste, color, odor and overall acceptability in chike.
Among mixed cultures, the sample fermented with S. cerevisiae, L. plantarum and Leu.
mesenteroides for 48 hrs with addition of 0.75 ml of inoculum level was the most preferred in
terms of color and with reasonably high ratings but still with no significant difference (P > 0.05)
in terms of odor, taste and overall acceptability when compared with other fermented samples.
Using LAB in single and combination in cassava fermentation advisable for cyanide reduction
and S.cerevisea for protein enhancement of cassava product.

Keywords: Chike, Cyanide Reduction Fermented Cassava; Lactobacillus Plantarum;

Leukonostoc Mesenteroides; Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

86
89. In Vitro Regeneration of Garlic (Allium sativum l.) by Meristem
Culture
Tegenu Teshome, Firew Mekbib and Kebebew Assefa
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been under cultivation through vegetative propagation by
cloves since ancient times for valuable medicinal values, dietary purposes and economic
importance due to absence of fertile seed. Rather than breeding techniques, tissue culture is the
effective way for garlic mass propagation through in vitro regeneration using Meristem culture.
The calli were induced on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg/l Bap.
Shoot initiation was done on MS medium with five concentration levels of cytokinin (BAP and
kinetin). Shoots were sub-cultured on root induction medium at five levels of auxin (NAA and
IBA) concentrations. There was no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference between the two varieties on
average values of shoot parameters whereas there were significant in all root parameters. There
were no shoot initiations on growth hormone -free medium. For shoot initiation, there were
highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) interaction between types and concentration levels of cytokinin for
all shoot parameters. Shoots were produced first on shooting medium supplemented with 0.5
mg/l and 2mg/l kinetin (27.31 days). The highest shoot initiation percentage was recorded in 2
mg/l of kinetin (90.0%), 0.5 mg/l of kinetin (83.333%) and 1 mg/l of BAP (83.33%).The lowest
shoot initiation percentage was recorded on medium supplemented with 4 mg/l kinetin (66.667).
MS medium with 2 mg/l kinetin (5.367), 1 mg/l BAP (5.35) and 1.5 mg/l BAP (4.467), and 4
mg/l kinetin (2.153) and 0.5 mg/l kinetin (2.3) produced the highest and lowest number of
shoots per callus respectively. For the interaction between hormone types and concentration
levels, 2 mg/l kinetin (8.29) and 1 mg/l BAP (8.69) produced the maximum shoot length .There
were highly significant interaction between the two varieties, G-059 and local, types of auxin
hormones (NAA and IBA) and concentration levels for number of roots per shoot and root
length. There were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) interaction effects of types and concentration
levels of auxin hormones for root initiation percentage. The highest root initiation percentage
was recorded in medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA (85.97%) and 2.0 mg/NAA (82.92%)
whereas the lowest was recorded on growth hormone free medium (49.45%). The highest
number of roots per shoot was recorded on medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA (12.30) by
G-059 variety, 2 mg/l NAA (11.95) by local and 2 mg/l NAA (11.68) by G-059 variety. The
lowest number of roots per shoots was observed on growth hormone free media (0.0 mg/l NAA
(6.55 and 5.84 for G-059 variety) and (6.89 and 4.26 for local) and 2 mg/l IBA (6.73) by local
variety. The highest root length was recorded by G-059 on medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l
(9.03 cm) and 1.5 mg/l IBA (8.605 cm). The shortest root length (4.592) was produced by G-
059/Kuriftu in hormone free MS medium and (4.553) in medium supplemented with 2mg/l IBA
Satisfactory survival rate (80 % for G-059 variety and 70% for local) was recorded. Thus, it is
beneficial to use the in vitro protocol developed for mass propagation, virus indexing and genetic
engineering and circumvent challenges of in vitro regeneration of garlic

Keywards: Auxins; Cytokinins; MS Medium; Root Induction; Shoot Initiation

87
90. Prevalence of Malaria and Major Soil-Transmitted Intestinal Helminth
Infections and Co-Infections among Patients in Tercha Hospital,
Dawro Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Tesfaye Legaro, Sissay Menkir and Sewnet Mengistu
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: The study was conducted in Tercha Hospital, Dawro Zone, Southern Ethiopia, during
October-December, 2012, to assess the prevalence of malaria and soil transmitted intestinal
helminth infections, the risk factors that predisposed the study subjects to parasitic infections and
the level of awareness towards parasite infections and their prevention among pateints in Tercha
Hospital. The hospital-based cross–sectional study conducted in peak malaria transmission
period involved 405 participants. Single stool specimens were collected from consenting
individuals in the hospital. The collected stool samples were examined microscopically for the
presence of helminth parasite eggs and trophozoite stages using direct saline wet mount and
formol-ether concentration methods. Giemsa stained blood smears were examined for malaria
parasites. Questionnaires were administered to determine the socio-economic and health
maintaining practices done by study participants. Descriptive statistics were applied to determine
the prevalence of malaria and STH infections. Logistic regression analysis based on Odds Ratio
was conducted to determine the association of socio-demographic characteristics of sample
populations with malaria and STH infections and co-infections. Out of 405 study participants
examined, 127 (31.35%) and 130 (32.1%) was found to be infected by malaria and helminths
respectively, 38 (9.4%) of malaria and helminth co- infection was also determined. The three
major intestinal parasites identified among study participants were Hookworm 50 (12.8%),
Ascaris lumbricoides 52 (12.3%), Trichuris trichiura 28 (6.9%) and 10(2.5%) multiple infection of
helminthes. The present study also showed that some socio-demographic characteristics are
significantly associated with the prevalence of malaria and major soil transmitted intestinal
helminth infections and their co-infections. Based on the findings of the present study,
immediate control and preventive measures are suggested to be started in the study area. These
include, bed net use, maintenance of personnel hygiene through community health education and
environment management to induce alteration of physical environment that in turn affects the
ecology of disease are recommended to the communities around the study area.

Keywords: Co-Infection; Giemsa Stain; Helminthes; Intestinal Parasites; Malaria;

Prevalence

88
91. Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Ground Water Used In
and Around Haramaya University
Abiyot Tenna, Ameha Kebede and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the selected microbiological

quality, Chemical oxygen demand and Biological oxygen demand of quality of ground water by
taking samples from wells, reservoir and distribution points found in and around Haramaya
University. The parameters examined were enumeration of Fecal coliform, Total coliform, Fecal
streptococci, Hetrotrophic plate count, S. aureus, P.aeruginosa, Cyst of Giardia spp., Oocyst of
Cryptosporidium spp., Yeasts, and moulds; detection of Salmonella/ Shigella spp,, and the
determination of Biological oxygen demand and Chemical oxygen demand levels of water. The
basic microbiological methods used in this study were membrane filtration, spread plate and pour
plate methods for bacteriological and fungal examinations and filtration and concentration
methods for Giardia and Cryptosporidium analysis. BOD Trak and Thermoreactor were used to
analyze biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, respectively. The results from
wells were compared pair-wise and similarly, the results of water samples from each three
distribution points and the water from the reservoir were compared. The mean values of FC, TC
and FS for wells, reservoir and distribution points were found to be 0.58 cfu/100ml, 1.5
cfu/100ml, 0.93cfu/100ml; 1.1 cfu/100ml, 0.7 cfu/100ml, 0.6cfu/100ml and 6.92 MPN/100ml,
4.7 MPN/100ml, 3.86MPN/100ml, respectively. These values were all beyond the recommended
limits of WHO for drinking water (0cfu/100ml). The mean values of hetrotrophic plate count at
370C and at 220C for wells, reservoir and distribution points were found to be 156.9 cfu/ml, 395
cfu /ml, 151.4 and 136.6 cfu/ml, 146.7 cfu/ml, 164.56 cfu/ml, respectively. Although the data
showed that the HPC counts were generally higher for reservoir and distribution points than for
the wells, in all the cases, however, the results were beyond the recommended values set by
WHO(102cfu/ml). Similarly, for Giardia, maximum value were recorded in Well 2 and Well3
(0.7±1.1/ 0.1ml) and Zone1 (1.7±1.2/ 0.1ml). And for Cryptosporidium, maximum value were
recorded in Well2 and Well3 (1±1) and Zone2 (3.3±1.5). With regards to BOD and COD,
relatively high amount of BOD were recorded in Well1 and Well3 and for COD maximum values
were observed in Well 2 and Well 3. Similarly, maximum values of both BOD and COD were
recorded from reservoir and Zone 3. Only two wells (W2 & W3) showed significant differences
from W1 & W4 in most of the microbiological parameters and BOD and COD amounts at
p<0.05. Reservoir and Z1 also showed significant differences from Zone 2 and Zone 3 in most of
the parameters at p<0.05. In general, the results of this study suggest the presence of a serious
problem in the microbiological quality in the drinking water at Harmaya University especially due
to the presence of microbial indicators that showed fecal contamination. Hence, based on the
findings, a recommendation is made to devise appropriate strategies to improve the
microbiological quality of ground water at Haramaya University.

Keywords: Biofilm; BOD, COD; Microbial Indicators; Water Quality.

89
92. Current Status of Malaria: Prevalence, Knowledge and Awareness
(about Malaria), Anthropogenic, Climate and Abo Blood Groups in
Adama District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Gezahegne Sebsibe, Sissay Menkir and Yitbarek Getachew
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Malaria is number one health problem in Ethiopia with an estimated 65% of the 80
million people exposed to malaria. The aim of this study was to determine the Current Status of
the Prevalence of Malaria and its Associations with Knowledge, Awareness, Anthropogenic
Factors, Climate and ABO Blood Groups in Adama. The study involved a cross-sectional
household survey for monthly malaria cases and blood group, use of retrospective clinical records
from health institutions anthropogenic and meteorological data from weather stations.
Additionally, structured and pre-tested questionnaires were used to assess the socio-demographic
characteristics and the level of knowledge and awareness of the respondents related to malaria. A
total of 3068 thick and thin blood smears were collected from seven ecologically different
villages. The overall prevalence of malaria parasite was 13.17%. In this particular study, variation
of malaria infection was seen between male and females. In contrast, the difference was not
statistically significant (P > 0.05) between age groups. Malaria parasite prevalence varied with
altitude, ranging from 7.69% to 32.42%. There was a decline in prevalence of malaria parasites (P.
falciparum, P. vivax or both) with increase in altitude. Seasonal variation of malaria prevalence
showed that malaria parasite prevalence varied with season. Plasmodium vivax is higher in dry
season (9.77%) than in wet season (7.59%) but the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum is
higher in wet season (5.49%) than in dry season (2.81%). When we compared the overall
prevalence of microscopically confirmed malaria infection in the two seasons it was found that
malaria infection was higher in wet season (13.87%) than in dry season (12.82%). Among 3068
patients 404 individuals who were positive for malaria infection, the distribution of blood groups
was 183 (45.3%), 123 (30.4%), 58 (14.36%), 40 (9.9%) for‟A‟,‟B‟,‟O‟ and „AB‟ blood group,
respectively. Irrespective of the blood group, the number of patients affected by P. falciparum
(27.97%) was less than that affected by P. vivax (68.81%). Among the individuals who had mixed
infections, 4(30.77%) were „A‟ group, 3(23.08%) were „B‟ group 4(30.77%) were „O‟ group and
2(15.38%) were „AB‟ group. When the clinical severity was compared with blood groups, it was
observed that „AB‟ group had an advantage. The varied distribution of monthly malaria profile in
the population appears to be an indication of unstable epidemiological situation in the area.

Keywords: Anthropogenic Factors; Blood Group; Climate; Malaria; Plasmodium

Falciparum; Plasmodium Vivax; Prevalence

90
93. Microbiological Quality and Safety of Freshly Squeezed Fruit Juice
Served in Cafes /Restaurants of Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia
Nurhasen Bedru, Ameha Kebede and Geremew Bultosa
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Freshly squeezed fruits juices are considered to be nutritious to human. However,
during processing contamination from raw materials, equipment or food handlers could be easily
transferred to the final product of fruit juices resulting in food borne illness. A cross sectional
study was conducted from June 2011 to June 2012 in Harar town to assess the microbiological
quality and safety of freshly squeezed fruit juice (Avocado, Mango, and Papaya) served in cafes of
Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia. A total of seventy five juice samples collected randomly from the
juice houses were analyzed for total viable count, Coliform count, Staphylococcus count, fungus
count, and salmonella following standard methods and procedures. The mean viable mesophilic
bacterial counts were highest in avocado juice (5.71 x 106 cfu/ml) followed by papaya (4.54 x 106
cfu/ml) and mango juice (4.47 x 106 cfu/ml). It is also the same for mean total coliform and
Staphylococcus counts, however total fungus count was highest in mango juice( 4.08 x 106
cfu/ml ) followed by papaya (3.69 x 106 cfu/m ) and avocado(3.46 x 106 cfu/ml) juice. The
result showed statistical significant difference (P <0.001) in all microbiological count among the
juice. The physico-chemical characteristics of the juices all showed statistical significance (P
<0.001) among juice. The mean pH value was highest in mango juice (3.81) followed by papaya
(5.18) and avocado juice (5.45), and percent acidity was also highest in mango juice. There was
strong association between the microbial loads and the physic-chemical characteristics of the fruit
juices showing statistical significance (P<0.05). Various forms of bacterial species were also
identified as E.coli (28 %), Klebsiella spp (21.33 %), Entrobacter spp (16 %) Citrobacter spp
(13%), Salmonella spp (6.67%), Proteus spp(5.33 %),Serrattia spp (4%), and 2 % for each Shigella
and Pseudomonas spp . Generally the juices showed greater contamination above the standard
specification set for any juice sold in the Gulf region. The findings in the present study indicate
poor quality and safety which is posed by handling practices, personal and water hygiene.
Therefore the risks presented to the consumers suggest the urgent need for spreading awareness
and measures to improve microbial quality and safety of juices by responsible body.

Keywords: Coliforms; Fruit Juice; Fungus; Quality; Safety; Staphylococcus

91
94. Variation in Fatty Acids Composition of Niger (Guizatia abyssinica)
Grown under Different Temperature
Elias Fantahun and Yohaness Petros
Year: 2013

Abstract: Niger (Guizotia abyssinica) is an economically important edible oil seed crop with a
wide variation in seed oil content and fatty acid composition between populations. This study
sought to determine the impact of temperature on fatty acids composition in Niger seeds grown
under different temperature (different altitudinal level). To determine the impact of temperature
the mean value and Pearson‟s correlation were done both for seeds of 86 Niger populations
collected from 8 regions of Ethiopia and for seeds of 35 niger population grown in Dire Dawa
and Haramaya University experimental station. Generally the result has shown temperature
correlated very significantly and positively with oleic acid and negatively with linoleic acid. Oleic
and linoleic acids correlated negatively and highly significantly.

Keywords: Haramaya University; Linoleic acid; Oleic acids; Pearson’s correlations;

Temperature

95. Application of DNA Technology in Forensic Science

Wondimagegn Tolossa and Yohannes Petros
Year: 2013

Abstract: Since its model was worked out in 1953, DNA has revolutionized the art of criminal
investigation. Due primarily to its discriminatory power, universal application to biological
materials and resistance to environmentally imposed degradation; DNA has largely superseded
the traditional serological testing in forensic science. It has withstood a high level of scrutiny by
both the scientific and legal communities and as a result, its acceptance is becoming common
place in courtrooms throughout the world. The limitations of the conventional methods, coupled
with the ever increasing cases demanding forensic investigations called for the development of
methods of analyses that are faster, more reliable, less expensive and automated. This project-
based thesis presents the history of DNA technology, particularly in relation to its application to
forensic investigations, both in human and animal situations. The primary DNA analysis
techniques are examined and in each case, their forensically significant characters are highlighted.
Particular related case examples are reviewed to highlight the advancements of the DNA
technology, showing how it can be utilized to produce individual specific DNA profiles and their
use as potential evidence in court proceedings.

92
96. Prevalence and Intensity of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and
their Association with Anthropometric Measurements and Major Risk
Factors for Transmission among School Children in Mojo Primary
School, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Alemnesh Abdissa, Sissay Menkir and Berhanu Erko

Year: 2013

Abstract: Soil- transmitted helminth infections constitute major public health challenges among
school children in developing tropical and sub-tropical countries. The objective of the present
study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of soil transmitted helminth infections and
their association with anthropometric measurements as well as to assess major risk factors for
their transmission in Mojo Primary School of Oromiya Region, Ethiopia. The study was cross
sectional, involving 348 participants (165 males and 219 females, age ranging from 5-18 years).
Structured pre-tested questionnaires were administered to gather relevant information on
demographic data. Stool samples were processed for microscopic examinations using Kato-Katz
method. Weight and height were taken to assess body mass index (BMI) of each study
participant. The Data were analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS version 16)
and anthropometry calculating software (Anthroplus). The NCHS growth chart reference was
used to estimate the prevalence of underweight/thinness among study participants in the 10-18
years age group. The overall prevalence of soil- transmitted helminth infections was 9.6 % (11.5%
for males and 8.2% for females). Double infection with two soil-transmitted helminths was found
in 1.0 % (4/384) of the sample participants. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuris
trichiura and hookworm infections was 5.2%, 2.6%, and 0.8%, respectively. The mean ± SEM
egg counts of A.lumbricoides, T.trichiura and hookworm were 2675.0 (range 24-23640),
157.7(range 24-1032), and 128.0 (range 48-240) eggs per gram of faeces, respectively. The
prevalence of intestinal parasite infection among patients examined for stool in mojo health
center during the five successive years was 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.08%,0.2%,0.2% and 0.5% for
T.trichiura, E.vermicularies, hookworm, A.lumbricoides, S.stecoralies, H.nana, and respectively
analyzed from retrospective data records from Mojo Health Center. The prevalence of
malnutrition among study participants among 5-9 years age group was 15.1%, 5.3%, and 35.4%
for underweight, stunting, and wasting, respectively while the prevalence of
underweight/thinness in the 10-18 years age group was 33.9%. The present study did not find
any statistically significant association on the soil-transmitted helminth infections with
malnutrition. The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections was significantly associated
with availability of latrine (p=0.006). Most of the socio-demographic factors, (family size, parents‟
occupation, parent educational level, level of life skill, personal hygiene, source of water and its
handling, life style, shoes wearing and residence) were not significantly associated with soil-
transmitted helminth infections. Coordinated work with health officers and school community is
required on the investigation of STH infection. Chemotherapy has to be complemented with
other measures such as health education, provision and use of latrines to control transmission
and eventual eliminate soil-transmitted helminthiasis in the study area.

Keywords: Anthropometric indices; Body mass index; Ethiopia, Intensity; Mojo;

Prevalence; School-children; Soil-Transmitted Helmint

93
97. Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Co-infection with HIV
from Patients of Selected Public and Government Hospitals of Dire
Dawa Town

Gashaw Tegenaw and Ameha Kebede

Year: 2013

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health problems in Dire Dawa. Lack of
knowledge about TB and HIV co infection could affect the health-seeking behavior of patients
and sustain the transmission of the disease within the community. The present work was aimed
to examine the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and co infection with HIV from selected
public and government hospitals of Dire Dawa Town. The specific objectives were to determine
the prevalence of PTB, and TB-HIV co-infection. A retrospective cross-sectional survey was
involved in the study that emphasizes on the determination of the prevalence of PTB and its co-
infection with HIV in the administrative region. Secondary data based on document analysis was
used in the study. The study results revealed that 2284 TB cases were detected during the five
years (2007/8-2011/12) of this, 597(26.1%) were smear positive PTB and 907(39.7%) were smear
negative PTB. Results of age specific prevalence of PTB indicated that the majority 1453(96.6%)
cases were found among the age group of 15 years and above; priority should be given among
these age groups. The trend number of prevalence rate of PTB during the five years appears to
indicate there has been a continuous decrease in both genders. The prevalence of TB and HIV
co-infection during the five years was found to be 541(24.8). Even though trend in prevalence
rate of PTB was appears to be decreased during the five years in the administrative region, a
community-based PTB prevalence survey should be done to estimate the burden of PTB and
associated co-infections in the study area.

Keywords: Dire Dawa; HIV; Prevalence; Pulmonary Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis

94
98. Human Schistosomiasis and Associated Anemia among Abobo High
School Students, Abobo Woreda, Gambella Regional State, Ethiopia

Dafa Hika Fida, Sissay Menkir andYitbarek Gtachew

Year: 2013

Abstract: A school based cross-sectional parasitological survey was conducted in Abobo

Woreda, Gambella Regional State, Ethiopia to determine the prevalence and intensity of human
schistosomiasis and association with anemia by measuring hemoglobin level in randomly selected
school student. Stool from March 2011 to June 2011. Urine and blood samples were collected
aseptically from 384 study subjects using stool cup, test tubes and sterile safety lancet,
respectively. All samples were examined in the laboratory at Abobo Catholic Health Center. The
stool samples processed using McMaster Slide, and then the parasites examined under
microscope. For association of anemia hemoglobinometre were used to measure hemoglobin
level of the subjects. The overall prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infection was 10.9% and
295.71±16.116 eggs per gram of stool (EPG), respectively. The prevalence of S. mansoni
infection among males and females was 14.4 % and 7.4%, respectively, and the intensity of
infection was 295.36±16.116 and 285.71±16.116 EPG, respectively. The prevalence of S.
mansoni infection among different age groups ranged from 1.5% in ≥ 25 years to 12.4% in 14-19
years, respectively. S. haematobium eggs were not found from all the examined urine samples.
The average hemoglobin level ranged from 7 g/dl up to 13 g/dl in all age groups and sexes
groups and its mean was 3.251±0.095 .The age groups 14-19 years; and males were the highest
risk individuals in the study area. Swimming, fishing and use of irrigation were found to serve as
sources of infection and transmission for schistosomiasis. The results of the present study
indicated the necessity of community mobilization towards provision of safe and adequate water
supply, latrine construction to reduce open field defecation and health education aimed at
bringing behavioral change in the study areas.

Keywords: Anemia; Hemoglobin; Intensity; Prevalence; Schistosoma Haematobiuml;

Schistosom

95
99. Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis and its Risk Factors in Shambo Town,
Western Ethiopia
Melake Damena and Sissay Menkir

Abstract: A community based cross sectional parasitological investigation was conducted from
March to May 2010 to determine Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis and Its Risk Factors in
Shambo, Western Ethiopia. A total of 200 fresh stool samples were collected from five different
representative sites of Shambo town and were examined through the modified Ziehl-Neelsen
acid fast staining method. In this study people with and without diarrhea were examined for
oocyst detection. The study also included questionnaires that covered demographic information,
health status, feeding habit, and source of water. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium
species infection during the study period was 13.5%. In this study, there were no significant
differences in prevalence of cryptosporidiosis between male and females, and among different
age groups. Farmers were the most infected groups of the society in the study area. Results of
bivariate analysis indicated that there were strong associations between the prevalence of
cryptosporidiosis and risk factors, such as contact with animals, health status, consumption of
raw food items, unprotected source of drinking water and the presence of infected individuals in
the household. This is only cross sectional study in which participants were investigated once and
only for a short period of time. But determining the exact prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis
in the study area may require longitudinal study. .

Keywords: Cryptosporidiosis; Prevalence

96
100. Genetic Variability and Correlation of Yield and Yield Related
Characters of Some Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties from
Ethiopia
Abraham Lamboro, Yohannes Petros and Mebeaselassie Andargie
Year: 2013

Abstract: This research was conducted to determine genetic variability and association of yield
and yield related characters of some potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties using correlations and
path coefficient analysis. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design
with three replications in 2012 growing seasons in Hossana, Ethiopia. Twelve agronomic traits
were used to determine genetic variability of potato varieties. Analysis of variance revealed the
presence of significant differences (P < 0.01) among all varieties for all observed traits. Genotypic
and phenotypic coefficients of variation were higher than the other traits for biological yield,
tubers per plant, tuber yield and plant height. The characters with high GCV indicate high
potential for effective selection. The phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were higher than
corresponding genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) for all characters denoting
environmental factors influencing their expression. Days to maturity, plant height, days to
flowering, tubers per plant, biological yield, tuber yield and stems per plant were found to be the
most heritable traits studied in the potato varieties. In this study, relatively higher heritability
associated with higher predicted genetic advance was observed for tubers per plant, biological
yield, and medium tuber percentage. These traits therefore, deserve greater attention in future
breeding programs for developing better potato varieties. High positive significant correlation
was found between tuber yield and biological yield, plant height and tuber yield, stems per plant
and tuber per plant. Therefore, it is possible suggest emphasis should be given to those positively
correlated traits. The genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than the corresponding
phenotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters indicating the inherent association
among the characters. Path analysis of tuber yield and its components shows that stems per plant,
biological yield and harvest index exerted positive highest direct influence on tuber yield.

Keywords: Correlation Coefficients; Genetic Variability; Heritability; Path Analysis;

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L)

97
101. Phenotypic Characterization and Strain Improvement via Chemical
Mutagenesis of Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Cow Milk
for Developing a Potential Starter Culture
Sewunet Abera, Ameha Kebede and Melaku Alemu
Year: 2013

Abstract: Ethiopia possesses a world ranking livestock population with a huge dairy production
potential. However, the dairy fermentation is still traditional, carried out using traditional
techniques without a defined starter culture. In this study two LABs were isolated from
fermented cow milk and were mutagenized with ethidium bromide at four levels of concentration
(0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%). Both the wild and mutant types were screened (pH reduction of MRS
broth), characterized morphologically (cell and colony) and biochemically (sugar fermentation,
salt tolerance, H2S and gas production from glucose fermentation. Results of the morphological
characterization were typical of LAB. Whereas the biochemical tests demonstrated the mutant
types, experiencing gain and loss in sugar fermentation traits. The salt tolerance test done using
three levels of concentration (2, 4 and 6.5% NaCl) revealed the transformation of one of the
mutant to the highest figure (from 2 to 6.5%). There was no H2S and gas production observed
both for the wild and mutant types. The potential of the wild and mutant type isolates was
examined at seven levels of temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65°C) and five pH levels (3, 4,
5, 6 and 7) for 12 hours in MRS broth, measuring OD two hours apart. The Tukey grouping has
ranked the mutant Lactococcus sp. (M2A08) on the top, with mean OD value of 0.2389442,
followed by the mutant Lactobacillus sp. (M4B01) with 0.2361260 mean OD. pH 6 and 7 were
found to be the optimum for growth, resulting in mean OD values of 0.380784 and 0.336004
respectively. The isolates seemed to perform better at pH 3 than at pH 4 with mean OD value of
0.073650 and 0.035480 respectively. pH 5 resulted in an intermediate mean OD value (i.e.
0.126430). The highest mean OD values were observed at higher incubation times, i.e. 12th and
10th hour of incubation, resulting in mean OD values of 0.376961 and 0.309949 respectively.
Treatment with varying temperature levels showed that 45 and 35 °C were found to be the
optimum temperatures for growth of the isolates giving mean OD values of 0.540860 and
0.429957 respectively. Exposure to 55 and 25 °C did not result in statistically different mean OD
values (0.112075 and 0.108624 respectively). The study generally demonstrated that mutagenesis
using ethidium bromide is a practical procedure for strain improvement and that the mutant
Lactococcus sp. (M2A08) and the mutant Lactobacillus sp. (M4B01) could serve as potential
starter culture following characterization of traits addressing safety and standard issues.

Keywords: Characterization; Dairy Fermentation; LAB; Mutagenesis; OD; Screening;

Starter Culture; Strain Improvement

98
102. Perceptions and Practices of Teachers and Students towards Active
Learning Strategies in Biology Class: The Case of Seid Mehammed
and Kelafo General Secondary Schools in Godey Zones of Somali
Regional State, Ethiopia
Fitsum Kahsay, Getnet Demissie and Yohannes Petros
Year: 2013

Abstract: Active learning as an approach to instruction in which students engage the material
they study through reading, writing, taking, listening, and reflecting. Active learning stands in
contrast to „‟standard‟‟ modes of instruction in which teachers do most of the taking and students
are passive. The purpose of this study was to investigate, to assess how the perceptions of
teachers and students influence their practices and to identify factors that affecting the
implementation towards active learning strategies in Biology classes of Seidmehammed and
Kelafogeneral secondary schools. The data were collected from 201 students, 5 Biology teachers‟
and1school principals of the two general secondary schools. The main instruments of data
collection were questionnaire, classroom observation and interview. The data were analyzed using
qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of the study revealed that the main
implementers have perceived active learning positively. In spite of their good perceptions, their
practices of active learning, the level of students‟ participation were low. Among the factors
affecting the effective implementation of active learning teachers and students‟ tendency to
traditional or lecture method, lack of instructional materials, and large class size were the major
once. Generally, the responses to the questionnaires, interview and the information obtained
through document analyses have revealed that there is no proper implementation of active
learning in the two schools so as to fulfill the objectives of active learning strategies. Therefore,
to improve the implementation of active learning, awareness creation through training, manual
preparation and creating a standard class size and time tables are very essential.

99
103. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients with and
without HIV Infection and their Association with Diarrhea in Dire-
Dawa Town, Eastern Ethiopia

Getachew Feyisa and Sissay Menkir

Year: 2013

Abstract: Intestinal parasitic infections are the main health problems which can cause mortality
and morbidity among infected people. They are also associated with stunting of linear growth,
physical weakness and low educational achievement among school children. The aim of the study
was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections, in the occurrence of Diarrhea
and to see the changing trends in intestinal parasitic infection among patients with and without
HIV infection in Dire-Dawa town. A retrospective survey was conducted on 5760 patients, who
had given stool samples for laboratory examination of intestinal parasites from September, 2007
to August 2012. Relevant data on HIV-positive and HIV- negative were collected using a format
prepared for this purpose. Analyzing the patients` health record has shown that the overall
prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among the study patients were found to be 45.5%.
Higher protozoan intestinal parasitic infections (38.8%) were detected than that of helminthic
parasites (6.7%). Parasite infected individuals were found to harbor one or two or three types of
parasite species. Regardless of their diarrhea status, the prevalence of intestinal parasitic
infections in HIV-infected and non-infected patient was 46.9% and 44.1%, respectively. Diarrhea
was more prevalently detected among HIV-infected patients (65.2%) than HIV-negative patients
(33.7 %). Beside this, the prevalence of diarrhea was more on infected patients than parasite free
patients. The association between parasite infections and diarrhea was more evident in Giarda
lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica infections. The prevalence of helminth parasites was generally
low with the exception of Taenia species and Hymenolepis nana. The data also showed that
improving stool staining techniques is essential for identification and early treatment of intestinal
parasitic infections.

Keywords: Entamoeba Histolytica; Giarda Lamblia; Hymenolepis Nana; School

Children; Taenia

100
104. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasite Infection among HIV Sero-Positive
Individual with and without Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) in Dil-
Chora Hospital, Dire-Dawa City Administration, Eastern Ethiopia
Yeshimebet Abayneh and Sissay Menkir
Year: 2013

Abstract: Intestinal parasites are endemic in many regions of the world where Human
Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is prevalent. It is
estimated that as much as 60% of the world‟s population is infected with intestinal parasites,
which may play a significance role in morbidity due to intestinal infection. Many investigations
have shown that 3.5 billion people are affected, and 450 million are ill as a result of these
infections. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of intestinal parasite
infection among HIV sero-positive individual with and without antiretroviral treatment (ART) in
Dil-Chora Hospital. Information related to the patients visiting the Dil-Chora Hospital for the
last 10 years (from 2002- 2011) was collected by inspecting the patient‟s health record and
systematically analyzed by the principal investigator. These are information related to some
characteristics of the patient (i.e., age, sex, occupation, educational level, location etc), ART status
and results of stool diagnosis. A total of 5659 HIV sero-positive individuals were participated in
the study. Among these, 2438 (43.09%) were males and 3221(56.9 %.) were females. The
numbers of females with HIV/AIDS in all age groups were greater than those of males in the
same age category. The data revealed that there was an increase in the rate of HIV infections for
pre ART during 2002-2011, with a slight decrease from 2008-2011. The method used to identify
intestinal parasitic infections in subjects with or without ART by health workers, namely, lab
technicians in Dil-Chora Hospital was effective in identifying only common non opportunistic
intestinal parasites. To minimize the susceptibility of females every effort should be exerted in
building their capacity to make them academically and economically independent. Without the
females‟ having such a raised level of academic and economic independence, efforts in
transforming them, and the society in general, would not be fruitful. As stool test is primarily
done using the direct mount method (i.e. the microscope), which fails to identify other
opportunistic intestinal protozoan infections, other methods such as acid-fast staining method
should be employed in the hospital.

Keywords: ART; HIV/AIDS; Sero-Positive; WART

101
 II. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

1. Synthesis, Structure and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Cu(ii)

Complexes of Thiophene-2-Glyoxal-P-Halogen Substituted Anils
Fentahun Adamu, R.K.Updhyay and Amare Ayalew
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: Complexes of Cu (II), obtained by reaction of CuCl2 and Cu (NO3)2 with thiophene-2-
glyoxal -4- chloroanil (TGCA), thiophene-2-glyoxal -4-bromoanil(TGBA) and thiophene-2-
glyoxal -4- iodoanil (TGIA), were tested for their homogeneity by TLC which revealed their
binary composition. Binary mixtures of isolates were resolved by column chromatography.
Structures of the complexes were elucidated by molecular weight, molar conductance and
magnetic susceptibility measurements, as well as by infrared and electronic spectral analyses. The
molar conductance measurement reveal non-electrolytic nature of all the complexes. The IR
studies reveal that, in low Rf complex ligands coordinate through azomethine and carbonyl
groups whereas high Rf chelates five membered ring ligands coordinate through of thienyl
sulphur and carbonyl oxygen. Magnetic moments and electronic spectral data revealed square
planar geometry of paramagnetic complexes.TLC studies reaveled that in most of the solvents
used the chelate ring size has adverse effect on Rf values. Antimicrobial studies conducted against
F. oxysporum and A .niger (fungi) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive bacteria) and
Xanthomonas holicicola (gram negative bacteria), revealed bactericidal activity of complexes and
fungicidal properties of ligands.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Studies; Chelates; Isomers; Ketoanils; Thin Layer

Chromatography

2. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Investigations of Leaves of Fennel

Herb (Foeniculum vulgare) Extracts
Ejigu Bayu, Aman Dekebo and Tesfahun Kebede
Year:2010/11

Abstract: A phytochemical study was conducted on the leaves of Foeniculum vulgare collected
from Haramaya University main campus. Two positional isomeric compounds were isolated as a
mixture using column chromatography over silica gel and structures of these compounds were
characterized using 1H – NMR, 13C–NMR, DEPT –135, COSY, HMQC and HMBC as 1-
methoxy-4-((E)-1‟‟-prop-enyl)benzene and 1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene. A phytochemical screening
test of chloroform crude extract confirmed the presence of flavonoid, cholesterol, terpenoids,
steroids and carbohydrates. Essential oil was also extracted from the leaves of the plant by
hydrodistillation. And antimicrobial activity of crude extract, fractions and essential oils were
tested against two bacteria (Gram negative bacteria Escherchia coli strain 10 and Gram positive
bacteria Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Aspargillus niger and Fusarium solani). The
essential oil of the leaves was active against the tested bacteria and fungi. However, the separated
isomeric compounds were only active against the tested fungi. On the basis of the results
obtained, the separated isomeric compounds showed a better antifungal activity against
Aspargillus Niger relative to the essential oil.

Keywords: Anethole, Estragole; Antimicrobial Activity; Apiaceae; Essential Oil; Fennel;

Foeniculum Vulgare; Medicinal Plant; Phytochemical Screening

102
3. Determination of Metals by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in some
Selected Ethiopian Honeys

Ahmed Abdu, Abi Taddesse and O.P. Yadav

Year: 2010/11

Abstract: Freshly harvested honey samples were collected from four different potential honey
producing districts of Ethiopia (Astbi Wemberta, Finote Selam, Masha and Haramaya). After
collection of the representative amounts of samples and samples pre-treatment, pH and electrical
conductivity of the samples were measured and data were used for characterization of the
botanical origin of the honey samples. The accuracy of the analytical procedure was evaluated by
analyzing the digests of spiked samples. Recoveries of the spiked samples varied from 90% to
106%, 90% to 107%, 85% to 104% and 85% to 105% for Astbi Wemberta, Finote Selam, Masha
and Haramaya University honeys, respectively. Contents of metals in the samples; (K, Na, Mg,
Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cr and Cd) were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometer
employing a four point external calibration curve. The observed average metals concentrations
were (mean ± SD g/g at 95% confidence limit and N=9): K(333.3±4.81), Na (68.6±3.04), Ca
(113.1±8.8), Mg (49 ± 3.8), Fe (15.2±0.14), Zn (8.27±0.61), Cu (1.49±0.13), Mn (0.51±0.05), and
Cd (0.26±0.01) in honey collected from Astbi Wemberta; K (450), Na (79.0±0.27), Ca
(205.7±10.4), Mg (50± 5.9), Fe(24.5±0.3), Zn (9.58±0.44), Cu (1.3±0.08), Mn (0.27±0.02), and
Cd (0.28±0.01) in honey collected from Finote Selam; K (466.7±39.4), Na (125.6±2.81), Ca
(200.6±5.7), Mg (32.6±2.1), Fe (16.4±1.16), Zn, (3.27±0.16), Cu (2.26±0.2), Mn (0.31±0.02), and
Cd (0.26±0.01) in honey collected from Masha; K (608.3±24.1), Na (147.3±2.11), Ca
(193.3±6.23), Mg (36.3±2.7), Fe (16.7±1.0), Zn (1.71±0.13), Cu (3.02±0.32), Mn (1.21±0.06),
and Cd (0.33±0.01) in honey collected from Haramaya University beekeeping center. The
concentrations of Pb and Cr were lower than the detection limit of the instrument (1.00 g/g
and 0.63 g/g, respectively) for all honey samples. The one-way ANOVA test showed
statistically significant differences(P<0.05) in respect of pH, EC, potassium, sodium, calcium,
magnesium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese contents between all analysed honey samples. In
respect of the Cu and Cd contents no significant difference was observed for all honey samples.
This study revealed the comparability of pH, electrical conductivity and the metal contents of
selected Ethiopian honeys with other countries producing natural honey.

103
 4. Phytochemical Investigation in Components of Ocimum
Lamiifolium Leaves
Haregewoin Zewdie, Aman Dekebo and Amare Ayalew
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: A phytochemical study was conducted on the leaves of Ocimum lamiifolium collected
from surrounding area of Harari region. The compounds were isolated using column
chromatography and structures of compounds were characterized using different spectroscopic
techniques. Antimicrobial activity of crude extract, fractions and essential oils were tested. Five
compounds were isolated from the crude extract out of which three compounds were
characterized using 1H – NMR, 13C–NMR, DEPT –135, COSY, HSQC and HMBC as 1-(6-
methyl-heptyl)-3-(3,3.5- trimethyl-hexa-1,4-dienyl)-benzene,6-(2,3-dimethyl-phenyl)-4-methyl-
hex-5-en-1-ol, 2,10-dimethyl-undeca-2,9-diene. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation
and analyzed using GC/MS. The major components of essential oils, were 3, 4, 5 – trimethoxy
allyl benzene (30%), Eugenol (9.10%), Eugenol methyl ether(7.35%) and caryophyllene oxide
(6%).The oils, crude extract and fractions were tested against three bacteria and three fungi
Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia bataticola and Sclerotium rolfsni . The crude extracts of the leaves
were active against Xanthomonas campestris pv.holicicola, Escherchia coli strain E10 and E-11,
but not against any of the test fungi.

5. Synthesis of Bioactive Tetrahydropyrdine Derivatives

Salim Mohammed, Ayalew Temesgen and Suhail Akhtar
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: Morphine like alkaloids are widely used as pain killers. But since the biological activity
of these alkaloids depend dramatically on the dose level new biologically active with similar
activity was synthesized based on the pharmacophore for analgesia which appear in the literature.
This has been achieved by oxidizing N-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-Tetrahydropyrdine (THP)
under modified conditions for Wagner reaction. The course of the reaction was controlled by
TLC, and characterizations of these compounds were done using IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
The analgesic activity (Hot Plate Technique) and the anticonvulsant effect (PTZ induced seizure)
of products II and III were tested. Though both products (II and III) failed to show any anti-
convulsant activity, they do reveal some analgesic activity significantly and dose dependently.
Product III has even a better analgesic activity than the reference drug, Pethidine, at 50 mg/kg
and after 90 minutes post treatment.

104
 6. Determination of Essential and Non-Essential Metal Contents of
Khat (Catha edulis) Grown in Eastern Ethiopia
Semahegn Tamire, Tesfahun Kebede and Mulugeta Assefa
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: This study was aimed at determining essential and non-essential metal contents of khat
(Catha edulis forskal) grown in Eastern Ethiopia. Three different types of Eastern Ethiopia Khat
(“Qarti”, “Quda” and “Urata”) were collected from three sites (Aweday, Bedessa and Gelemso).
Ten samples of each types were purchased from the field and placed in cleaned plastic bags from
local market. They were brought to the lab and dried at a temperature range of 60-70 0C in an
oven and crushed using mortar and pestle, digested by adding digestive mixture, each of them
was diluted within 100 ml volumetric flask for analysis. AAS and FES were used to measure
absorbance and emission intensity respectively. Then the concentration of each metal was
determined using a calibration curve. From the analysis, it was found that Eastern Ethiopia khat
has the following average concentration of the metals studied (mg/100 g of consumable parts of
khat plant): Ca (47 mg), Fe (2.46 mg ), Cu (0.175 mg ), Ni (1.15 mg ), Mn (0.199 mg), Pb (0.0
mg), Cd (0.0 mg) and Zn (0.354 mg). The results of this investigation indicated that “urata” khat
has got lower amount of Fe, Mn and Cd. “Qarti” khat on the other hand, has got higher amount
of Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni. However, “Kuda” khat has got lower amount of Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni. The
average daily intake of Eastern Ethiopian khat. consumers of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn from
khat only was estimated to be 0.0 mg/day, 0.0 mg/day, 0.18-1.1 mg/day, 0.33-2.2 mg/day, 2.5-
14.7 mg/day, 0.20-1.2 mg/day respectively. Although these values are high, they are within food
and agriculture organization/world health organization tolerance limits.

Keywords: Essential Elements; Khat; Metal Content; Non Essential Elements

Development of Three-Tier Test Diagnostic Instrument to Investigate Misconceptions on
Chemical bonding among Grade 11 Students

7. Development of Three-Tier Test Diagonestic Instrument to

Inverstigate Misconception on Chemical Bonding among Grade 11
Students
Getachew Demeke, Tesfahun Kebede and Abi Tadese
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: Students of grade 11 are expected to conceptualize the basic concepts they learned
under the primary topic areas of 7th to 11th grades of chemistry courses. The present study,
however, revealed that such conceptualization was missing from students. A significant number
of students were found to have misconceptions of fundamental aspects of chemical bonding. A
chemical concept inventory, consisting of Three-tier multiple-choice questions, was used in the
study to test the level of understanding of some selected concepts and identify the associated
misconceptions of grade 11 science students have had. Results of the study clearly showed that
conceptual knowledge gained by these students was only superficial and largely accompanied by a
range of misconceptions that are commonly shared by students regarding those relevant concepts
covered by this study. Selection of concept areas for the chemical concept diagnosis was strictly
made based on the grade 9 and 11 student textbooks and misconceptions used as distracters were
drawn mainly from the students‟ response to the open-ended test and the pilot three-tier test.

105
 8. Concentrations of some Heavy Metals (Lead, Cadmium, Copper
and Zinc) in High Traffic Density Roadside Soils in Selected Towns of
East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia

Shimelis Kebede, Abi Taddesse and Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2010/11

Abstract: Environmental pollution of heavy metals from automobiles has attained much
attention in the recent past. The present research was conducted to study heavy metal
contamination in roadside soils of East Shoa Zone of Ethiopia. Roadside soil samples were
collected from 4 sites (36 soil samples) and analyzed for the concentrations of four heavy metals
(cadmium, copper, lead and zinc).Soil samples were collected at distance of 0, 25 and 50 m from
the roadside. Lead concentration in soil samples was low and ranged from 0.31 to 0.91 mg kg -1.
Lead analyses showed that there was no considerable contamination of soil in the study area.
Cadmium concentration was the lowest in the soil and varied from 0.11 to 0.43 mg kg-1. Copper
concentration ranged from 13.49 to 95.25 mg kg-1 and zinc concentration ranged from 42.30 to
97.70 mg kg-1. These concentrations were below the critical maximum levels above which toxicity
is possible. In general, the levels of heavy metals in the roadside soils investigated were low. All
the four heavy metals exhibited a decrease in the roadside soils with the increasing distance from
the road.

Keywords: Cadmium; Copper; Lead; Roadside Soil; Zinc

106
 9. Evaluation of Universal Extractants for Determination of some
Essential Micronutrients in Selected Ethiopian Soils
Wakshuma Yadesa, Abi Taddesse and TesfahunKebede
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: In this work the extraction efficiency of unbuffered universal extractants, 0.01M
CaCl2, 0.01M BaCl2 and 0.02M SrCl2 was evaluated for extraction of essential micronutrients
such as Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil samples collected form four sites in Ethiopia. The effect of
varying concentrations of strontium and citrate on the extraction efficiencies of SrCl2 was also
investigated. For this purpose the unbuffered universal extractants 0.01M CaCl 2, 0.01M BaCl2
and 0.02M SrCl2 were used to extract Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu from air-dry soil samples. The amounts
of these micronutrients extracted by the mentioned extractants were compared with the amounts
extracted by the commonly adopted soil micronutrient extractants DTPA-TEA and EDTA
which were used as references. The amounts of micronutrients extracted by 0.01M CaCl 2, and
0.02M SrCl2 were highly significantly correlated (p = 0.01) to the amounts extracted by DTPA-
TEA and EDTA. However, the amounts of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu extracted by 0.01M BaCl 2 were
relatively lower and significantly correlated to the amounts extracted by the reference extractants
at p = 0.05. For investigation of the effect of strontium concentration on the extracting efficiency
of SrCl2, different concentrations of strontium chloride, 0.1M SrCl2, 0.08M SrCl2, 0.02M SrCl2
and 0.002M SrCl2 were tested. Among these, the relatively medium concentration of strontium
(0.02M SrCl2) worked best both in regards of amount and correlation with the amounts extracted
by the extractants used as references. For assessment of the effect of citrate concentration on the
extracting capacity of strontium citrate, 0.02M SrCl2-0.05M citric acid, 0.02M SrCl2-0.0375M
citric acid and 0.02M SrCl2-0.025M citric acid were evaluated. The 0.02M SrCl2-0.05M citric acid
combination extracted higher amounts of micronutrients and highly significantly correlated (p =
0.01) to the amounts extracted by DTPA-TEA and EDTA. Generally, as this work revealed,
0.01M CaCl2, 0.02M SrCl2 and 0.02M SrCl2-0.05M citric acid can effectively replace the
commonly used universal extractants DTPA-TEA and EDTA.

Keywords: Available Nutrients; Micronutrients; Unbuffered Solution; Universal

Extractants

107
 10. Defluoridation of Water by Thermally Treated Local Available
Clay Adsorbents
Gashaw Jifara and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: Throughout many parts of the world, high concentrations of fluoride occurring
naturally in ground water have caused widespread fluorosis a serious dental and bone diseases-
among local populations. In this study, the removal of excess fluoride from water by adsorption
technique on to thermally treated locally available clay soils collected from seven sites has been
investigated. Batch adsorption studies were used in all experimental runs. The effect of clay
content of the soils was assessed to prioritize the F - removal capacity before determining the F-
removal efficiencies of a selected adsorbent by varying the following experimental parameters:
thermal treatment of adsorbent, adsorbent dose and contact time, pH of the aqueous media, and
initial fluoride concentration at different contact times. Further, the change in pH of the media
during adsorption, the adsorption isotherm and kinetics of the selected clay soil were determined.
The experimental result show, the adsorbent with relatively high percentage clay content (A-1)
soil is more effective absorber of fluoride. Fluoride adsorption efficiencies increases with increase
in the thermal treatment temperature up to 400 °C, but further increase in temperature resulted
in decreased removal efficiency. The fluoride removal efficiency of thermally treated clay at 400
Oc also increased with increasing adsorbent dose while loading capacity gradually decreased for

the same. High defluoridation efficiency was achieved using both treated and untreated clay
adsorbent within a pH range of 4.0 to 7.0. Fluoride adsorption capacity increases linearly with
increase in F- concentration. The adsorption isotherm of fluoride on both thermally treated and
untreated clay soil fit to the Freundlich adsorption model. This study also revealed that the
pseudo-second-order was suitable to describe the kinetics adsorption of fluoride on to both the
treated and untreated clay soil adsorbent. Therefore the thermally treated clay adsorbent can be
used as an alternative adsorbent for fluoride removal at individual and community scale in the
rural area where the provision of alternative source of water is not possible.

Keywords: Batch Adsorption; Clay Soil; Fluoride Removal Capacity; Fluoride Removal
Efficiency; Thermal Treatment

11. Investigation of the Constituents of Resin of Commiphora

Erlangeriana
Fekadu Roge, Aman Dekebo and Geremew Bultossa
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: The genus Commiphora is one of the 17 genera belonging to Burseraceae family. In
the course of this study resin of Commiphora erlangeriana was collected from Gode, Ogaden
Region for chemical analysis. The resin was extracted with EtOAc-MeOH and yielded 33g (55%)
of crude extract. The solvent extract of the resin was then fractionated using column
chromatography. Then some of the fractions were identified by HPLC and NMR. Based on
HPLC analysis, the major components of the resin of the plant were erlangerin A (49.81%) and
erlangerin B (11.46 %). The TLC analysis also showed the presence of erlangerin C and
erlangerin D in the resin. TLC of CeG-1 and crude extract was sprayed with conc.HNO3–HOAc
(3:10) and a bright red colordeveloped which showed the presence of erlangerin C and erlangerin
D. The color development is believed to be due to the formation of o-quinone. Erlangerins are
generally toxic to the growth of a cell (cytotoxic) or inhibits cellular growth (cytostatic). The toxic
effect has since been hypothesized and attributed to a direct effect, similar to that of
podophyllotoxin, which inhibits protein, RNA and DNA synthesis on mammalian cells. CeG-1
was identified as erlangerin A and erlangerin B and CeG-11 was identified as succinic acid which
was isolated here for the first time.

108
 12. Synthesis, Characterization and Analytical Application of a New
Inorganic Cation Exchanger – Titanium (IV) Tungstomolybdate
Fisseha G/Wold, Abi Tadesse and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: New amorphous sample of inorganic ion exchanger titanium (IV) tungstomolybdate
of the class of tetravalent metal salt has been synthesized by mixing varying ratios of 0.1M
aqueous solution of sodium tungstate and 0.1M aqueous solution of sodium molybdate into 0.1M
aqueous solution of titanium tetrachloride at pH 1 and characterized by XRF, FTIR and XRD.
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) for Na+ has also been studied and found to be 1.30
mequiv.g−1.This inorganic material is very stable thermally and found to be selective towards
certain heavy metal ions. Distribution behavior of heavy toxic metal ions namely,Cr 3+ Ni2+, Cu2+,
Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+,and Mn2+ towards TTM has been studied and distribution coefficient
(Kd) has been determined in DMW as well as in various solvents media/concentrations. In order
to demonstrate analytical utility of titanium (IV) tungstomolybdate, quantitative separations of
certain metal ions were performed based on the differential selectivity, separation factor and
elution behaviour of various metal ions towards TTM. Some important and analytically difficult
quantitative binary separations viz. Pb(II) – Cu(II), Cr(III)–Zn(II), Cr(III)–Cd(II), Mn(II)–Zn(II),
Cr(III) – Cu(II), Mn(II) – Cd(II) and Hg(II) – Cu(II) have been selectively separated and
quantitatively determined in the synthetic mixtures.

Keywords: Binary Separation; Distribution Coefficient; Heavy Metals; Ion Exchange;

Titanium Tungstomolybdate

109
 13. Phytochemical Investigation of the Flowers of Endod (Phytolacca
Dodecandra)
Abdissa Bekele and Aman Dekebo
Year: 2010/11

Abstract: A Phytochemical study was conducted on the flowers of Phytolacca dodecandra

collected from West Shewa Zone Ginchi Woreda and East Wollega Zone Ebantu Woreda. The
compounds were isolated using column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and
structure of compounds were elucidated by different spectroscopic methods. Two compounds
were isolated from the crude extract of P. dodecandra by using CC and identified and
characterized by using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and DEPT-135 as n-decane and n-dodecane.
Essential oils were also being extracted by hydro-distillation from the flowers of P. dodecandra
from both sites (Ginchi and Ebantu) and analyzed by using GC/MS. The major components of
essential oils from Ginchi were benzyl alcohol (9.30%), β-phenylethanol (11.93%), cis-trans-
nerolidol (15.44%), cyclooctasulphur (34.01%), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (12.59%) and from
Ebantu were diacetamide(7.24%),α-isophoron(15.46%),eucarvone(26.56%),2,4-ditert-
butylphenyl-5-hydroxypentanoate(11.30%).

14. Photophysical Investigation of the Dual Fluorescence Phenomenon

in N, N-diethyL-4-nitrosoanilinE (Dena)

Nizamudin Awel, Mesfin Redi and, Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2010/11

Abstract: In this work, the dual fluorescence in N, N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (DENA) has

been studied on the basis of absorption, excitation and emission spectroscopy and computational
calculations, with the aim of determining the origin of dual fluorescence in DENA. The
absorption and fluorescence spectra of DENA were measured in solvents of various polarities at
room temperature. The fluorescence spectra of DENA was found to exhibit dual fluorescence in
medium polar solvents (tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dichloroethane and dichloromethane); and single
fluorescence in non-polar solvent (cyclohexane). Wavelength dependence of excitation and
fluorescence spectra has also been studied, and strong dependence was observed in both cases.
These results together with the observation of two minima in computational calculations of the
potential energy surface of DENA, indicated the presence of two different conformations of the
same molecule in the ground state that lead to two closer lying excited state; locally excited (LE)
and charge transfer (CT), and thereby results in the dual fluorescence of the compound. On the
basis of these experimental and theoretical calculation results, it is suggested that the existence of
two different conformers of DENA in the ground state, which are in equilibrium as the cause of
dual fluorescence in DENA.

Keywords: Charge Transfer; Dual Fluorescence; DENA; Excitation Wavelength

Dependence; Locally Excited; Solvent Polarity Dependence

110
 15. Synthesis, Structure Elucidation and Microbial Evaluation of Some
3d-Metal Ion Complexes with Bis(2-Imino-1-Thiazolidinyl-4-One) 1,
2-Ethylene
Besfat Amare, R.K. Upadhyay and Amare Ayalew
Year: 2011

Abstract: Cu(II),Co(II),Fe(III), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes of bis (2-imino-1-thiazolidinyl-4-

one) 1, 2-ethylene have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic
susceptibility, molar conductance, IR, 1H NMR and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The studies
indicate tetradentate ligancy of the bis (2-imino-1-thiazolidinyl-4-one) 1, 2-ethylene through its
both azomethine and thienyl groups in the complexes. All complexes are electrolytes except Cu
(II) which is none-electrolyte. Co (II) and Fe (III) complexes are octahedral and Ni(II) and Cu(II)
complexes are distorted octahedral, whereas Zn(II) complexes are four coordinated and thus with
tetrahedral geometry. The ligand and its metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial
activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Xanthomonas holcicola and their antifungal activity
against Fusarium and Aspergillus niger. All compounds are inactive against both test fungi except
Zn(II) complex, whereas all of them have exhibited bactericidal property against the test bacteria.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Activity; Imino-Thiazolidinone; Metal Complexes; Spectral

Data

16. The Use and Effectiveness of Teaching Models in Teaching

Chemistry: The Case of West Arsi Zone Secondary Schools

Abdulahi Kassim, Tesfahun Kebede and Ademkedir

Year: 2011

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate Chemistry teachers‟ practice on the use and
effectiveness of teaching models. The samples of the study were taken from west Arsi Zone
secondary schools comprising 12 schools which represent 50% of secondary schools in the Zone.
The samples were divided based on years of establishment of the schools to conduct survey and
experimental activities. For experimental activities two of the sample schools were selected.
Students in these schools were divided in to experimental and control groups. An experimental
group of each school was taught by using teaching models and the control groups by lecture
method. To measure the difference of treatments effect, pre-test and post-test were used. Data
were collected from pre- and post-tests. Besides questionnaires were administered to get relevant
information. Interview was also conducted with teachers and district educational experts. The
data analysis employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. The overall results indicated
that chemistry teachers practice, selection and utilization of teaching models vary with availability
of resource centers. The experimental activity results indicated that students in the experimental
group were identified to be essentially equivalent to those in the control group in their pretest
achievement results, but the experimental group performed better on the posttest. This confirms
the effectiveness of teaching models and applications of teaching models is appropriate for
chemistry lessons and enable students to achieve better scores. Chemistry teachers‟ practices on
the use of teaching model vary with school establishment, location and availability of resource
centers. Hence regardless of the reason for variation it‟s implicated that chemistry teachers would
require additional training and commitment in improving their practice on the use of teaching
models.

111
 17. Desorption of Cadmium from Akaki Soil of Ethiopia as Affected by
Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids

Tadele Daniel, Abi Taddesse, Abi Taddesse and Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2011

Abstract: Heavy metal contamination of soil is one of the most important environmental
problems throughout the world. A study was conducted to investigate the adsorption/desorption
behavior of cadmium on soil originating from Akakai district in Ethiopia. The effect of ionic
strength, pH, initial contact time and organzic acids such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
(EDTA), citric acid and oxalic acid tartaric acid on desorption of cadmium from soil was studied.
Adsorption study was carried out before desorption experiments and the results revealed that the
adsorption isotherm of cadmium was conformed to Freundlich equation better than Langmuir
equation. Desorption experiments were conducted on artificially contaminated soil. The
desorption of cadmium increased from 47.35 to 52.94% with increase in ionic strength from 0.05
to 4.0 mM, while it decreased from 99.79 to 82.45 with rise in pH from 2 to 9. As the initial
contact time of cadmium with the soil increases, decreased desorption was observed. EDTA
resulted in excellent enhancement on the desorption of cadmium; citric acid demonstrated lower
enhancement on desorption of cadmium; oxalic acid showed very low enhancement compared to
EDTA and citric acid; tartaric acid negligibly enhanced the desorption of cadmium. For all of the
organic acids except EDTA, the enhancement increased continuously as their concentrations
increased from 0 to 25 mM. In the case of EDTA, increment in dose beyond 10 mM
demonstrated no significant effect on enhancement of desorption of cadmium.

Keywords: Adsorption; Akaki Soil; Desorption; Heavy Metals; Organic Acids

18. Biogenic Nitrogen Phosphorous Codoped Zinc Oxide: Synthesis,

Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity
Jabessa Tesfaye, Abi Taddesse and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2011

Abstract: Four typical kinds of crop seeds were studied as non-metallic bio-precursors to
synthesize Biogenic Nitrogen-Phosphorous-codoped ZnO (BNP-ZnO). The as-prepared BNP-
ZnO samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared
spectroscope (FT-IR) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. In the experiments it was found that the
absorption edges of BNP-ZnO were extended to visible light compared to synthesized ZnO.
Furthermore, experiments of crystal violet (CV) degradation under sunlight irradiation indicate
superior photocatalytic activity of BNP-ZnO, of which the degradation rate is almost four times
that of synthesized ZnO. The photocatalytic degradation of CV under sunlight irradiation was
41%, 93.27%, 94.18%. 95.92%, and 96.71% for synthesized ZnO, BNP-ZnO –Chickpea, BNP-
ZnO –Soybean, BNP-ZnO –O.Sativa L.,and BNP-ZnO –Sesame respectively. Also
photocatalytic degradation of CV under UV-irradiation was 29.48%, 73.76%, 74.91%, 75.20%,
77.29% for synthesized ZnO, BNP-ZnO –Soybean, BNP-ZnO –Chickpea, BNP-ZnO –O.Sativa
L. and BNP-ZnO –Sesame respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of CV in dark which was
almost negligible was 1.56%, 5.39%, 5.51%, 5.53%, and 5.57% for synthesized ZnO, BNP-ZnO
–Chickpea, BNP-ZnO –O.Sativa L., BNP-ZnO –Soybean and BNP-ZnO –Sesame respectively.
The degradation rate constant in the order of synthesized ZnO, BNP-ZnO –O.Sativa L., BNP-
ZnO – Soybean, BNP-ZnO – Chikpea and BNP-ZnO – Sesame are 9.33×10-5, 4.61×10-4,
5.33×10-4, 4.49×10-4 and 4.71×10-4 for dark, 2.26×10-3, 1.21×10-2, 1.11×10-2, 1.08×10-2 and
1.01×10-2 for UV-irradiation and 3.54×10-3, 1.15×10-2, 1.06×10-2, 1.24×10-2 and 1.39×10-2 for
sunlight irradiation respectively.

Keywords: Biogenic Photocatalysis; Crystal Violet; Degradation; Self Doping; ZnO_

112
 19. Determination of Major, Minor and Trace Metal Elements in
Anchote (Coccinia abyssinica) Samples Collected from West
Wollega, Ethiopia

Habtamu Bekele, Abi Taddesse and Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2011

Abstract: Anchote (Coccina abyssinica) is one of the most important root and tuber crop of
agricultural products especially in west Wollega, Ethiopia. Samples of anchote tuber, leaves and
adjunct soils from their tuber zone collected from two districts in Western Wollega were analyzed
for their contents of major(K, Ca, Mg, Na), minor(Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) and some trace metals (Co,
Cr, Ni ,Cd and Pb) by flame atomic absorption spectrometer. K and Na in anchote and soil
samples were determined by flame atomic emission spectroscopy. Different wet digestion
procedures were tested on anchote samples by varying reagent volumes and time of digestion at
constant temperature of digestion to develop a procedure that consume less reagent volume,
clear solution and short digestion time. For each tuber and leaf (0.5 g) anchote samples were wet-
digested using the optimal procedure which consumes 5 mL of (70%) HNO 3 and 2 mL of ( 70%
) HClO4 for 120 min at constant temperature of 240 oC to determine total metal contents. The
accuracy of the optimized procedure was evaluated by analyzing the digest of the spiked samples.
Recoveries of the spiked samples varied from 87.61 to 106.94% and 85.96 to 108.72% for tuber
and leaf parts of anchote respectively. Soil sample was digested using 7 mL of (70%) HNO3 , 4
mL of ( 38% ) HCl, and 2 mL of ( 35% )H2O2 for 3 hr at constant temperature of 300 oC.
Recoveries of the spiked soil samples varied from 87.76 to 101.50%. Among the macronutrient
metals, K (15.28-17.24 mg/g, 35.63 – 35.76 mg/g and 3.83 – 4.29 mg/g) was the most abundant
element in tuber, leaves and supporting soil, respectively. Ca (3.36 – 3.76 mg/g and 10.79 – 17.29
mg/g) and Mg (2.53 – 3.05 mg/g and 5.48 – 7.06 mg/g) in Anchote tuber and leave respectively
showed similar accumulation pattern. Fe (55.95 – 134.52 mg/kg, 145.97 – 207.54 mg/kg and
21.67 -26.25 mg/kg) was the predominant micronutrient heavy metal in Anchote tuber, leaves
tissue and adjunct soils, respectively. Level of Mn (0.95 – 1.11 mg/g) in soil and Zn (31.11 –
45.30 mg/kg and 57.39 – 64.38 mg/kg) in Anchote tuber and leaves, respectively were found to
be the second abundant micronutrients next to Fe whereas concentrations of Cu, Co and Ni
determined were in normal range of these metals in agricultural soil and plant for both tuber and
leaf samples. Cr, Pb and Cd in the tuber and leaf tissues were too low to be detected by the
analytical technique used in this study even though Cr(13.65 – 18.84 mg/kg) was detected in soils
over which anchote is grown.

Keywords: Anchote; Digestion Method; Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; Heavy

Metals

113
 20. Comparison of Digestion Methods for Determination of Pb(II),
Cr(VI) and Cd(II) Contents in some Ethiopia Spices using Atomic
Absorption Spectroscopy
Kassa Belay, Abi Taddesse and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2011

Abstract: The concentrations of trace metals (Pb, Cd and Cr) in spice samples collected from
eastern Ethiopia were determined after digesting the samples using different digestion methods.
Oven-dried 1 g spice samples were first Wet-digested in 8 mL of (69–70%) HNO3 and 2 mL of
(30%) H2O2 for 3 hr at a temperature of 120 °C and the second is dry ashed for 5 hr in a
temperature of 500 °C followed dissolution in 4 mL HNO 3. The third digestion method is
microwave oven by using an oxi acid mixture of 4:2 mL HNO3/H2O2 for 2 min in 250 Watt. All
metals were analyzed by using FAAS. Microwave oven digestion method showed very fast, safer,
simple and cleaner method. And this method also gives satisfactory recovery, detection limits and
standard deviation for trace metal determination in spice samples. Based on the above digestion
methods, the following concentrations of Lead in Fenugreek, Black cumin, garlic and ginger
ranged from 0.0126 to 0.0155, 0.0205 to 0.0254, 0.0046 to 0.0066 and 0.0161 to 0.0178 mg/kg
respectively were identified. Cadmium is detected only in Fenugreek in the ranged of ND to
0.0175 mg/kg whereas Chromium in Fenugreek, Black cumin, Garlic and Ginger ranges from
0.0187 to 0.0219, 0.0134 to 0.0152, 0.0014 to 0.0016 and 0.0258 to 0.0346 mg/kg respectively.

Keywords: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; Black Cumin; Dry Ashing; Fenugreek;

Garlic; Ginger; Microwave Oven; Trace Metals; Wet Digestion

21. Synthesis of Ni-n co-doped tio2 Nanoparticles and

Theirphotocatalytic Activity for Rhodamine-B degradation

Amanu Lakachew, O.P. Yadav and Tesfahun kebede

Year: 2011

Abstract: TiO2 nanoparticles have been successfully prepared by sol-gel method, directly mixing
titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with ethanol and dried at 800C. Modified photocatalysts nickel
doped TiO2, nitrogen doped TiO2and nitrogen-nickel co doped TiO2 were synthesized by
treating as-synthesized TiO2 with urea and nickel nitratehexahydrate(Ni(NO 3)2.6H2O). As-
synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) and UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Photocatalytic degradation
of rhodamine B using as-synthesized photocatalysts was studied under solar and UV irradiation.
Ni and/or N doped TiO2 photocatalysts show higher photocatalytic activity compared to pure
TiO2 under solar as well as UV irradiation. Highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency of
nickel-nitrogen co-doped TiO2 among the studied photocatalysts was attributed to decreasein
recombination rate of photo-generated electron and hole as well as its lower band gap energy. All
photocatalytic degradation reactions were found to follow a pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rate
constants of RhB degradation under solar and UV irradiation using Tc, NiT, NT and NiNT
photocatalysts are 5.4×10-3, 9.7×10-3 , 1.25×10-2, 2.14×10-2 min-1 and 3.8×10-3, 6.7×10-3, 6.0×10-3
, 9.6×10-3 min-1, respectively.

Keywords: Doping; Photocatalytic Degradation; Rate Constant; Titanium Dioxide;

Rhodamine B Dye; Titanium Dioxid

114
 22. Synthesis, Characterization and Ion Exchange Properties of a New
Composite Cation Exchanger: Polyaniline Tin (IV)
Molybdophosphate
Bamlaku Semagne, Abi Taddesse and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2011

Abstract: Incorporation of polymer materials into an inorganic ion exchanger provides a class of
hybrid ion exchangers with a good ion exchange capacity, good stability and high selectivity for
hazardous heavy metals. In this study, a new organic-inorganic composite cation exchanger,
polyaniline stannic (IV) molybdophosphate, has been synthesized by mixing a class of tetravalent
metal acid salt inorganic cation exchange material, tin(IV)molybdophosphate, with an organic
moiety polyaninile. FTIR, TGA-DSC and X-ray were used to determine the physiochemical
properties of this hybrid cation exchange material. The material behaves as amorphous,
bifunctional and strong acid cation exchanger with cation exchange capacity of 1.79 meq g -1 for
Na+ ions. Thermal analysis of the material shows that the material retains 75% of its ion-
exchange capacity up to 600 ℃. Exchange behavior of metal ions in different solvents with
varying concentration has also been explored. The exchange studies reveal that the material is
selective for Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions. The possible analytical utility of the material has been
explored by achieving some binary separations of metal ions on its column based on the
distribution coefficients. Pb(II) and Cu(II) have been selectively removed from synthetic mixtures
of Pb(II)-Mn(II), Pb(II)-Ni(II), Cu(II)-Mn(II) and Cu(II)-Ni(II).

Keywords: Cation Exchanger; Cation Exchange Capacity; Distribution Coefficient;

Organic-Inorganic Composite; Polyaniline; Tin(IV)Molybdophosphate

23. Synthesis and Characterization of Iron (III) Complexes of P-

dimethylamino- and P-chloro-anils of O-hydroxy Phenylglyoxal
Geremew Abebaw, R.K. Upadhyay and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2011

Abstract: Two ketoanils, 4-dimethylaminoanil of 2-hydroxyphenylglyoxal (DMAAHPG) and 4-

chloro- anil of 2-hydroxyphenylglyoxal (CAHPG) were synthesized by condensation of o-
hydroxy- phenylglyoxal and respective substituted aniline. These have been used as ligands to
synthesize Fe(III) complexes using chloride, nitrate and acetate salts of ron. The synthesized
ligands and complexes were characterized using elemental analyse ths, conductance and magnetic
measurements, infrared, 1H NMR, and electronic spectroscopic analyses. Four of the ionic
paramagnetic octahedral complexes display spin-crossover phenomenons while other two
appeared to be high spin complexes.

Keywords: Iron(III) Complexes; Ketoanils; O-Hydroxyphenylglyoxal; Synthesis and

Characterization; Spin Crossover Substituted Anilines

115
 24. Phytochemical Investigation of Antioxidants from Wheat Germ Oil
Habtamu Andargie, Aman Dekebo and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2011

Abstract: The present study was conducted on the wheat germ collected from Dire Dawa food
complex S.Co. The germ which is regarded as a byproduct can be used as a source for production
of oil and there was no previous study on isolation and characterization of the constituents of
wheat germ of Ethiopian origin. Hence, the aim of this study was extraction, isolation and
characterization of components of wheat germ oil and testing their antioxidant activity. The
collected wheat germ was extracted by different organic solvents. The collected wheat germ oils
were concentrated using rotary evaporator and each solvent extracts percentage yield, moisture
content and density were determined. Methanol is the best solvent for the extraction of WGO
with the yield of 12.68% (w/w). The moisture content of methanol extracted WGO (4.4 ± 0.05
w/w) was found to contain higher moisture than the hexane-extracted WGO (5.4 ± 0.22 w/w).
The constituents of hexane extracted oil were further separated using column chromatography
and structures of compounds were characterized using different spectroscopic techniques. Five
compounds were isolated from the crude extract out of which three compounds were
characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and DEPT–135, namely WGO-1 as methyl ricinoleate,
WGO-3 as linolenic acid, acid and WGO-4 as methyl linoleate. The crude hexane extract and
structurally elucidated fractions were tested for their antioxidant activity against DPPH, strong
radical with comparison to standard sample ascorbic acid. The results revealed that when the
concentration of the standard sample and the oils were higher than 40 mg/mL their percentage
of inhibition becomes constant. Percentage of inhibition of ascorbic acid, crude WGO, WGO-1,
WGO-3 and WGO-4 were 95.09% 97.79%, 92.35%, 92.47% and 97.92%, respectively
respectively. Hence wheat germ oil contains antioxidation active components.

Keywords: Antioxidant Activity; Characterization; Isolation; NMR; Percentage of

Inhibition; Wheat Germ; Wheat Germ Oil

,
25. Photocatalytic activity of Mn-N co-doped ZnS Nanoparticles for
Degradation of Methylene Blue

Dagme Zewde, O. P. Yadav and Abi Tadesse

Year: 2011

Abstract: Nanoparticles of undoped ZnS, Mn-doped-ZnS, N-doped-ZnS and Mn-N co-doped

ZnS were prepared by using chemical co-precipitation method. The precursors used to synthesize
the photocatalyst nanoparticles were: Zn(CH 3COO)2.2H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2.4H2O and
Na2S.9H2O. The characterization of nanoparticles was done using X-ray powder diffraction
(XRD) and UV–VIS Spectrophotometric technique.The average crystalline size of as-sythesized
photocatalysts calculated using the Debye- Scherrer formula was 7.80, 7.48, 6.61 and 6.59 nm for
Zc, NZ, MZ, and MNZ respectively. The percentage degradation of methylene blue under UV
irradiation at 180 minutes were: 10.12, 24.85, 45.19, 38.09, and 55.60 for uncalcined zinc sulfide
(Znc), calcined zinc sulfide (Zc), Mn-doped zinc sulfide (MZ),N-doped zinc sulfide( NZ) and
Mn-N co-doped zinc sulfide (MNZ) respectively. Under solar irradiation the Percentage
photodegradation of MB were: 13.53, 30.17, 49.00, 57.30 and 70.75 for Znc, Zc, MZ, NZ, and
MNZ respectively. The pseudo first order rate constant (k) of MB photodegradation for Znc, Zc,
NZ, MZ, and MNZ were 5.72 × 10-4, 1.64× 10-3, 2.54× 10-3, 3.23× 10-3 and 4.48 × 10-3 min-1
and 0.8×10-3, 2.15×10-3, 4.16×10-3, 5.3×10-3 and 8.66×10-3 min-1 under UV irradiation and under
solar irradiation, respectively.

Keywords: Chemical Co-precipitation; Degradation; Photocatalysis; Rate constant; XRD

116
 26. Effect of Five Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids on the
Mobilization of Soil-P in Holleta and Bako soils, Ethiopia
Million Mulugeta, Abi Tadesse and Tessfahun Kebede
Year: 2011

Abstract: Low molecular weight organic acids are abundant in soils; however, little information
is available on the role of these compounds in mobilization of soil phosphorus (P) in Ethiopia.
This study examined effects of five low molecular weight organic acids and their selective
combinations on P mobilization of two soils differing in chemical properties. The effects of
operating parameters such as incubation days, dose and concentration of the studied acids were
evaluated. The results indicated that the optimum conditions were found to be four days of
incubation period, 10 ml of acid dose and 10 mM concentrations of acids. The effect of
concentration of these acids evidently showed that there is an increase in NaHCO 3 extractable
inorganic phosphorus with an increase in LMWOAs concentration. The five LMWOAs and their
combinations were thermostatically incubated at 25C and 40% moisture content for 4 days by
keeping the concentration of LMWOAs at 3.33 mmol Kg-1. Soil pH and plant-available P (Olsen
P) were analyzed after incubation. The addition of LMWOAs and their combinations
significantly decreased the soil pH and increased the NaHCO 3- P (P ≤ 0.001). All the organic
acids used in this study as well as their combinations increased the amounts of NaHCO3- P
differently in the order of citric + oxalic ≥ citric ≥ citric + oxalic + tartaric ≥ tartaric ≥oxalic ≥
oxalic + malic ≥ maleic ≥ citric + maleic≥ malic (p ≤ 0.05)acids for the samples of very slightly
and strongly acid soils. These results suggest that organic acids altered the P fractions from stable,
sparingly-soluble forms to easily dissolvable forms. The effects of co-exuded organic acids have
mobilized a significant portion of P from the soils investigated (P ≤ 0.05). Adding LMWOAs to
the soils can provide an environmentally compatible alternative that may have a vital use in P
deficient environments.

Keywords: Acid Soils; Bicarbonate Phosphorus; Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids;
Phosphorus Mobilization; Soil pH

27. Kinetic Study of Silver Ions Bioreduction for the Synthesis of Silver
Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Activity

Hailemariam Gebru, O. P. Yadav and Abi Tadesse

Year: 2011
Abstract: This study focuses on biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Castor Oil (Ricinus
Communis), Khat (Catha Edulis) and Sun Flower (Helianthus Annuus) leaf extract as reducing
and stabilizing agents. Aqueous silver ions when exposed to plant leaf extract were reduced and
resulted in a colour change indicating the formation of silver nanoparticles. The as-synthesized
silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible, Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy
(FT-IR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. The UV-Vis spectrum of aqueous medium
containing silver nanoparticles as a function of time of reaction showed gradually increasing
surface Plasmon resonance peak intensity at 417 nm to 451 nm of silver. X-ray diffraction (XRD)
studies revealed that as-synthesized nanomaterial exhibits a number of Bragg‟s reflections at 2Ө =
38.00, 44.50 and 64.00 which correspond to (111), (200) and (200) planes of crystallite silver
nanoparticles which infer their face centered cubic structure. Average crystallite size of as-
synthesized silver nanoparticles by the three leaf extracts were found as: 26 nm, 27 nm and 32
nm, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy analysis showed that silver nanoparticles are capped by
protein molecules. Zones of inhibition of silver nanoparticles against Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus were measured after 24 hours incubation time. These results showed
antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles against bacterial pathogens.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Activity; Average Crystallite Size; Bioreduction; Nanoparticles;

Silver; Surface Plasmon Resonance

117
 28. Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Ethanol |Over Silica
Supported Bimetallic co–cu Catalyst

Zelaalem Tekulu, O. P. Yadav and Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2011

Abstract: Catalytic activities of different bimetalic Co-Cu catalysts supported on silica were
studied in hydrogen production by steam reforming of ethanol. Six Co-Cu/SiO2 catalysts were
prepared by impregnation method with different loadings and ratios of both Co and Cu. As-
synthesized; catalysts were characterized by XRD. The XRD analysis did not show any crystal
oxides of Co and Cu on the calcined catalysts. Performances of these catalysts in this study were
tested in a fixed-bed reactor system by varying reaction conditions. The reaction conditions were:
temperature, water to ethanol molar ratio, and loadings and ratios of active phases of the
catalysts. The tests were performed in the operation temperature range 300-600 0C, and at 3:1
H2O to C2H5OH molar ratio. Activity of the catalysts were evaluated based on extent of ethanol
conversion, hydrogen yield and product selectivity. The studied catalysts were active towards the
desired product. Ethanol conversion significantly increases as temperature and load of active
phases increase. As Co-Cu ratios increase, slight increase in ethanol conversion is observed.
Hydrogen yield and selectivity considerably increase with load of active phases and temperature
up to 500 0C. Catalysts with higher Co to Cu ratio gave higher yield and selectivity of hydrogen.
Comparatively, 8%Co/4%Cu/SiO2 catalyst, which had higher load and higher Co to Cu ratio,
produced better results at 500 0C. Employing 8%Co/4%Cu/SiO2 catalyst, its performance was
further tested at 500 0C and at 6:1 and 9:1 H2O to C2H5OH molar ratio. As a result, ethanol
conversion, hydrogen yield and selectivity increased as H 2O to C2H5OH molar ratio raised from
6:1 and 9:1 over this catalyst.

Keywords: Co and Cu Catalysts; Ethanol; Hydrogen Production; Steam reforming

29. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of 2-Imino-3-(Substituted

aryl)-1-Thiazolidin-4-Ones
Minbale Aschale, R. K. Upadhyay, Rao Suhail Akhtar and Amare Ayelew
Year: 2011

Abstract: Six novel substituted chloroacetinilides prepared by the reactions of substituted

primary amines with chloroacetylchloride in benzene, were cyclocondensed with potassium
thiocyanate in acetone to synthesize 2-imino-3-(substituted aryl)-4-thiazolidinones. Structures of
the synthesized compounds were proposed by different spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR,
1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic methods and molecular weights were determined by Rast‟s

method using camphor as solvent. All the compounds were assayed in vitro by paper disc
diffusion method for their antimicrobial activities against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus)
and Gram negative (Xanthomonas holicicola) bacteria and Aspergillus niger and Fusarium
oxysporum fungi. Most of them were found to exhibit promising activity towards the tested
microorganisms, comparable to and in some cases better than those of the standard drugs.

Keywords: Antibacterial; Antifungal; Iminothiazolidin-4-One

118
 30. Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Effect of Ag-N co-
doped ZnO Nanoparticles for Methyl Red Degradation
Tesfay Welderfael, O. P. Yadav and Abi Tadesse
Year: 2011

Abstract: Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized directly from zinc acetate dihydrate
(Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O) solution mixed with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium hydroxide
at 1600C. Modified photocatalysts (silver-doped, nitrogen-doped and silver-nitrogen co-doped
zinc oxide) were synthesized from this zinc oxide by treating it with silver nitrate and urea. The
morphological structures of as-synthesized nanomaterials were investigated by X-ray diffraction
(XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV–Vis spectrophotometer.
Photocatalytic degradation of methyl red using as-synthesized photocatalysts was studied under
solar as well as UV irradiations. Modified zinc oxide photocatalysts show higher photocatalytic
activity compared to pure zinc oxide both under solar as well as UV irradiations. Calcined zinc
oxide shows better photocatalytic activity than commercial zinc oxide under both solar as well as
UV irradiations. Highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency of silver-nitrogen co-doped zinc
oxide (ANZ) was attributed to the lower rate of recombination of the photo-generated electrons
and holes as well as its lower band gap energy. Photocatalytic degradation is found to follow
pseudo first order kinetics. The rate constants under solar and UV irradiations using Znc, Zc,
AZ, NZ, and ANZ photocatalysts are 1.36 x 10-3, 4.44 x 10-3, 8.2 x 10-3, 1.14 x 10-2 , 2.23 x 10-2
and 9.47 x 10-4, 3.33 x 10-3, 5.07 x 10-3, 4.2 x 10-3, 6.35 x 10-3 min-1, respectively.
Keywords: Methyl Red Dye; Photo-Degradation; Pure & Modified Zinc Oxide
Photocatalysts; Rate Constant

31. Surface and Thermodynamic Studies of Micellization of Surfactants

in Binary Mixtures of 1, 2-Ethanediol and 1, 2, 3-Propanetriol with
Water
Adane Desta, O.P. Yadav and Amarendra Rajput
Year: 2011
Abstract: Surfactants form a unique class of chemical compounds. The unusual properties of
aqueous surfactant solutions can be ascribed to the presence of a hydrophilic head group and a
hydrophobic chain (or tail) in the molecule. Surface physico-chemical and thermodynamic studies
of some aqueous surfactant solutions were carried out by employing conductance, surface
tension and dye solubilization (UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy) techniques. From conductivity
and surface tension measurements, critical micelle concentration (CMC), counter-ion association
constant (α), equivalent conductance at infinite dilution (λ o), surface exess concentration (Гmax ),
minimum area per molecule (Amin), surface pressure at CMC (πCMC), thermodynamic properties of
micellization (∆Gomic, ∆Homic, ∆Somic ) and adsorption (∆Goads, ∆Hoads, ∆Soads) have been obtained
for an anionic [sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)], a cationic [hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium
bromide (HTAB)] and nonionic [Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono-oleate (Tween 80)]
surfactant solutions. Effect of mixing cosolvents (1,2-Ethanediol or 1,2,3-Propanetriol) on
physico- chemical properties of surfactant systems at 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15K has been
investigated. Surfactants micellar characteristics and their interactions with cosolvents were also
investigated by Uv-vis absorption spectroscopy measurements of solutions using bromothymol
blue as a probe. The inclusion of cosolvents caused an increase in CMC and degree of counterion
dissociation (β) of surfactant solutions whereas the thermodynamic analysis shows that, although
the micellization is less favorable in mixed solvent compared to pure water, the process is
spontaneous and exothermic.

Keywords: Conductance; Dye Solubilization; 1, 2-Ethanediol, 1, 2, 3-Propanetriol

Micellization Surface Physico-Chemical Properties

119
 32. The Relationship among Spatial Ability, Geometric Performance,
and Students’ Understanding of Chemical Structure: The case of
Haramaya Preparatory and Secondary High School

Saada Abdella, Tesfahun Kebede and Emile Pamplona

Year: 2011

Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among spatial
ability, geometric performance and students understanding of chemical structure. Gender
differences in spatial ability were also investigated. The study was conducted in Haramaya
preparatory and Secondary High School by taking a sample population of 100 students placed
into experimental and control groups. The data gathered, with treatment of computerized
molecular modeling software in ICT laboratory, and survey studies were analyzed using
comparing means, stepwise multiple regression and correlation analysis tools. The result of the
stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the predictor variables (spatial ability and
geometric performance) had significant effects on understanding of chemical structure. There
were also other variables such as spatial visualization, spatial orientation, bonding in two-
dimension and molecular geometry in three dimensions, to see their effects on students
understanding of chemical structure. To this effect, spearman correlation was used to examine
the relationship between the above mentioned parameters and observed strong correlation with
chemical structure, especially spatial visualization and molecular geometry in three dimensions.
This shows that spatial ability together with geometry performance plays a significant role in
developing students understanding of chemical structure. In this connection, those students who
were taught by using Caltrox educational software performed better than those who were taught
by using the traditional method.

120
 33. Efficiency of Raw and Exfoliated Digum Vermiculite for the
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions

Dawit Gebremichae, Abi Taddesse and Negussie Megersa

Year: 2011

Abstract: The main target of this study was to investigate the efficiency of raw and exfoliated
digum vermiculite on the removal of Cr(VI) from artificially Cr(VI) contaminated aqueous
solution. Particle size, specific gravity, pH, CEC and mineralogical composition (XRD) of the
adsorbent were found to be 1.0 mm – 4.0 mm, 2.61 -2.66, 7.85, 13.3 and 19.4 meq/100 g soils
and 60% vermiculite respectively. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to assess
experimental parameters such as effect of adsorbent size, adsorbent amount, pH of metal ion
solution, contact time, thermal treatment (exfoliation), adsorbate concentration and agitation
speed. The effect of size and amount was investigated preliminarily at pH 4 and 180 minutes
contact time resulting with an efficiency of 59.3% and 58.8% respectively. The effect of pH was
studied in the range 1 to 11 and maximum removal efficiency was observed at pH 3 with an
efficiency of 75.9%. The effect of contact time was studied in a series of experiments ranging
from 20 to 720 minutes. The experimental result shows an optimum time of 360 minutes with a
removal efficiency of 74.4%. The removal efficiency decreased from 72.1% to 60.9%, when the
adsorbate concentration increased from 50 to 1000 mg/L. Thermal treatment (exfoliation) of the
adsorbent was performed at furnace temperatures ranging from 80 oC to 950 oC. The adsorbent
treated at 80 oC for 60 minutes showed maximum removal efficiency and was taken for further
adsorption experiments. The optimum agitation speed obtained was 250 rpm. A comparative
study on the adsorption efficiency of the raw, heat treated (exfoliated) and mixture of raw and
heat treated (exfoliated) vermiculite was performed. The raw vermiculite adsorption efficiency is
obtained in the range of 71.1% to 75.9%. A maximum of 60.0% to 63.5% Cr(VI) was removed
with the thermally treated vermiculite and mixture of raw and heat treated vermiculite showed an
efficiency of 68.30%. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were tested in adsorption isotherm
experiments at fixed initial concentration of Cr(VI) ions by varying adsorbent dosage in the range
of 0.5 g to 15 g . The adsorption of Cr(VI) onto vermiculite adsorbent followed Langmuir
adsorption isotherm(R2=0.994). The Langmuir constants Qm and b are determined as 6.5 mg/g
and 0.006 1/mg respectively. The dimensionless parameter, RL, which is a measure of adsorption
favorability was found in the range of 0.8715 and 0.9327 (0 < RL < 1). The adsorption process
follows pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2=0.999) and also the calculated adsorption
capacity (qecal) values of pseudo-second order kinetic model agreed with the experimental q e
values (qeexpt) in contrast to the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The corresponding rate
constants, for initial Cr(VI) Concentrations; 50, 250 and 500 mg/L, were found to be 2.01 × 10-3,
2.86 × 10-2 and 2.28×10-1 g/mg min respectively.

Keywords: Adsorption; Adsorption Capacity; Exfoliation; Hexavalent Chromium;

Removal efficiency; Vermiculite

121
 34. Implementation of Learner-Centered Approach in Chemistry
Lessons in Selected Preparatory Schools of Addis Ababa

Tolessa Mergo, Tesfahun Kebede and Temechegn Engida

Year: 2011/12

Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to assess the implementation of learner-Centered
method in chemistry lessons in selected preparatory schools in Addis Ababa. Five preparatory
schools were randomly selected for this study. Descriptive survey method was employed to
accomplish the study. Grade 11 students and their chemistry teachers and chemistry department
heads of the selected schools were the data sources for this study. Questionnaire, interview,
FGD, classroom observation and content analysis were the data collection tools. The result of
the study indicated that students and teachers have favorable perceptions toward the learner-
centered method of learning. The result of grade 11 chemistry textbook content analysis revealed
that only the activities given in the text encourage students‟ involvement in the teaching learning
process. Even though the students and teachers have favorable perceptions toward the learner-
centered method, the result of the study indicates that learner-centered method does not seem to
be effectively implemented in the preparatory schools selected for the study. Non-availability of
instructional materials, absence of appropriate facilities, large class size, teachers and students
attitude and lack of time, were among the factors that hinder the application of learner-centered
method in the schools selected for the study. It seems important if all teachers have access to
training through workshop, pre- service and in- service trainings, model projects and up to date
literature. Chemistry textbooks should incorporate objectives, texts, activities, figures and
diagrams and questions which encourage students‟ involvement in the teaching learning process.

35. Determination of Physico-Chemical Properties of Surfactants in the

Presence of Sucrose at Different Temperatures

Abebe Hadush, O.P.Yadav

Year: 2011/12

Abstract: The Critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface excess concentration (Γ max),
minimum surface area per molecule (Amin) and surface pressure at CMC (ΠCMC) for aqueous
Solutions of Sodium dodecyl sulfate, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and Tween-20 have
been determined by conductometeric method for ionic surfactants, spectroscopic method for
nonionic surfactant and stalagmometer for both ionic and nonionic surfactants at 298 K, 308 K
and 318 K. From the observed CMC data, free energy change of micellization (∆G mic), entropy
change of micellization (∆Smic), and enthalpy change of micellizaton (∆Hmic) for the studied
surfactant solutions with or without co-solute (Sucrose) have been obtained and the physico-
chemical properties of surfactants were determined and the results have been interpreted in light
of inter-molecular interaction.

Keywords: Conductance; Critical Micelle Concentration-Micellization; Surfactant;

Thermodynamic Parameters

122
 36. Photocatalytic Activity of Ag-S co-doped ZnO Nanoparticles for
Degradation of Malachite Green
Marshet Getaye, Prof. O. P. Yadav and Abi Tadesse
Year: 2011/12
Abstract: ZnO and S-doped ZnO were prepared by mechanochemical synthesis followed by
thermal decomposition of zinc oxalate (ZO) and bis-thiourea zinc oxalate (BTZO) powders
respectively. Silver doped ZnO (AZ) and silver-sulfur co-doped ZnO (ASZ) nanomaterials were
prepared from the already prepared ZnO and S-doped ZnO nanomaterials respectively. BTZO
complex as well as the as-synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by FTIR spectroscopic
technique. The morphological structures of as-synthesized photocatalysts were investigated by X-
ray diffraction (XRD) and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Photocatalytic degradation of malachite
green (MG) using as-synthesized photocatalysts was studied under solar as well as UV
irradiations. The Ag-S co-doped ZnO exhibited enhanced photocatalytic efficiency in both UV
and solar irradiations. It is suggested that the charge trapping due to Ag doping and the visible
light response due to S doping are responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic performance in
Ag-S co-doped ZnO. Photocatalytic degradation of MG is found to follow pseudo first order
kinetics. The photodegradation rate constants (k) under UV irradiations using commercial ZnO
(ZCO), calcined zinc oxide (Zc), AZ, SZ, and ASZ photocatalysts are: 1.08 x 10 -3, 3.51 x 10-3,
5.30 x 10-3, 4.67 x 10-3, and 6.33 x 10-3 min-1, respectively whereas under solar irradiation these
values are: 1.83 x 10-3, 4.91 x 10-3, 8.34 x 10-3, 9.95 x 10-3, 21.80 x 10-3 min-1.

Keywords: Mechanochemical Synthesis; Photo-Degradation; Rate Constant;

Spectrophotometer

37. Comparative Phytochemical Analyses of Ethiopian Resins of

Boswellia Species (B.rivae, B.neglecta and B.papyrifera)
Deribachew Bekana, Tesfahun Kebede and Mulugeta Assefa
Year: 2011/12

Abstract: In this study B. rivae, B. neglecta and B. papyrifera of frankincense samples collected
from Tigray, Borena and Ogaden areas of Ethiopia were investigated by GC and GC-MS on their
methanol extract and essential oil to compare the qualitative and quantitative compositions of
terpenes in the frankincense samples. It was proved that these three Boswellia species were
composed of several different minor and major classes of terpenes. Their monoterpene and trace
sesquiterpene components were identified and quantified from essential oils obtained by
hydrodistillation. Whereas their respective methanol extract was found to contain triterpenes,
diterpene and Boswellic acid. The Tigray type of frankincense from B. papyrifera is typically
characterized and set apart by the presence of up to 64% of octyl acetate and the presence of
incensyl acetate diterpene and α–boswellic acid. It has been suggested that octyl acetate and n-
octanol are the responsible for the acrid odor when this material is burnt as incense (Basar 2005).
The presence of sesquiterpenes and diterpene in B.papyrifera sets it apart from other
frankincense oils. The Borena type oil from B. neglecta is rich in α-pinene (to 41 %) followed by
terpinen-4-ol (25 %) and α-thujene (14 %). Likewise, the Ogaden type oil from B.rivae was
predominated by α-pinene approximately by 45 % followed by p-cymene (12 %) and limonene
(10 %). But, methanol extract of both B. rivae and B. neglecta are found mainly composed of
triterpenes. Two monoterpenes namely p-cymene and α-thujene were found to be diagnostic
markers of these later two species.

Keywords: Boswellia Rivae; Boswellia Neglecta and Boswellia papyrifera.Monoterpenes;

Triterpenes; Sesquiterpenes

123
 38. Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Sized Iron/Aluminum
Mixed Oxide Sorbent System for Removal of Phosphate from
Aqueous System
Tofik Ahmed, Abi Taddesse and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2011/12

Abstract: Phosphorous removal is important for the control of eutriphication; and adsorption is
an efficient treatment process. In this study, nano-sized iron aluminum mixed oxide sorbent was
synthesized through gel evaporation method and employed for adsorption of phosphate from
aqueous system. The surface properties of the material were characterized using X-ray diffraction
and Fourier transform Infrared spectrometric technique to understand the effect of surface
properties on the adsorption behavior. The adsorption process was optimized with respect to
pH, adsorbent dose, agitation speed, contact time and initial concentration of phosphate. The
largest adsorption capacity was found at pH = 4, adsorbent dose = 0.1 g, agitation speed = 140
rpm, contact time = 12 hr., and initial phosphate concentration = 20 mg/L. The results showed
that both Fruindlich (8.63 mg/g) and Langmuir model (16.39 mg/g) were found to represent the
adsorption process. Desorbabilty of phosphate was investigated and found to be increased with
increasing pH. It has been found that, having all parameters optimized, the nano sized adsorbent
entitled an adsorption efficiency of 99.86 %. The effect of co-existing anions on the adsorption
of phosphate was also studied and the result showed that the adsorbent is still efficient in
removing phosphate even in the presence of other anions as its efficiency has only decreased to
97.68 %.

Keywords: Eutriphication; Nano-sized iron/aluminum mixed oxide; Adsorption

39. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Investigations of Leaves of

Fennel Herb (Foeniculum vulgare) Extracts
Ejigu Bayu, Aman Dekebo and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: A phytochemical study was conducted on the leaves of Foeniculum vulgare collected
from Haramaya University main campus. Two positional isomeric compounds were isolated as a
mixture using column chromatography over silica gel and structures of these compounds were
characterized using 1H – NMR, 13C–NMR, DEPT –135, COSY, HMQC and HMBC as 1-
methoxy-4-((E)-1‟‟-prop-enyl)benzene and 1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene. A phytochemical screening
test of chloroform crude extract confirmed the presence of flavonoid, cholesterol, terpenoids,
steroids and carbohydrates. Essential oil was also extracted from the leaves of the plant by
hydrodistillation. And antimicrobial activity of crude extract, fractions and essential oils were
tested against two bacteria (Gram negative bacteria Escherchia coli strain 10 and Gram positive
bacteria Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Aspargillus niger and Fusarium solani). The
essential oil of the leaves was active against the tested bacteria and fungi. However, the separated
isomeric compounds were only active against the tested fungi. On the basis of the results
obtained, the separated isomeric compounds showed a better antifungal activity against
Aspargillus niger relative to the essential oil.

Keywords: Anethole; Antimicrobial Activity; Apiaceae; Essential oil; Estragole; Fennel;

Foeniculum Vulgare Medicinal Plant; phytochemical screening

124
 40. Efficiency of Rice Husk for Removal of Cu (II) and Zn (II) Ions
from Aqueous Solution
Belete Geremew and Tesfahu Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: In the present study, the adsorption of Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions on rice husk from
artificially prepared aqueous solutions of these metal ions was investigated following the batch
mode adsorption procedure. Accordingly, the effects of operating parameters such as pH,
agitation speed, contact time, initial concentration, and ionic strength of metal ion solution were
evaluated. The results so obtained in this study indicated that the optimum conditions for the
Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions adsorption were found to be as follows: pH of 6 and 7; contact times of
100 and 125 minutes; agitation speed of 150 and 200 rpm, respectively and these values were
actually determined by setting the initial concentration of 50 mg/L for each metal ion solution.
The percent adsorption of both Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions showed significant increase with an
increase in each case of the contact time and agitation speed. Furthermore, it was evidently
implicated that the binding process of the metal ions on the adsorbent (rice husk) could be
affected by change in the pH of both metal ion solutions. In addition, the experimental data were
analyzed against both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for determining the maximum
adsorption capacity of the title biosorbent with respect to each of the tested metal ions. The
adsorption maxima were calculated on the basis of the Langmuir isotherm and found to be 1.93
and 12.98 mg/g for Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal ions, respectively. These values suggested that the
rice husk investigated in this study can have a good application potential for the removal of both
Cu(II) and Zn(II)ions from aqueous solutions. In fact, the goal of this work was to develop an
inexpensive, highly available and effective metal ion adsorbent from natural waste as alternative
to existing commercial adsorbents.

Keywords: Adsorption; Batch; Copper; Efficiency; Isotherm; Rice Husk; Zinc

41. Determination of physico-chemical Parameters of Surfactants in

the Presence of Urea at Different temperatures

Endalew Kebede, O.P.Yadav, Abi Taddesse and Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2012

Abstract: Surface physico-chemical and thermodynamic parameters of some aqueous surfactant

solutions were studied using conductance, surface tension and dye spectroscopic techniques.
From conductivity and absorbance measurements, critical micelle concentration(CMC),counter-
ion association constant(α), surface excess concentration (max), surface pressure at CMC (cmc)
and thermodynamic parameters of micellization (∆Gomic, ∆Homic, ∆Somic) were determined and
compared with the literature values for anionic (sodium dodecyi sulphate), cationic (Hexadecyl
trimethyl ammonium bromide) and non-ionic (tween 20) surfactant solutions. Effect of mixing
co-solute (Urea) on physico-chemical parameters of surfactant systems at 298 K, 308 K and 318
K has been investigated. The addition of co-solute caused an increase in CMC as well as in
degree of counter ion dissociation (β) of surfactant solutions whereas the thermodynamic analysis
shows that, although the micellization is endothermic (for nonionic surfactant) and less favorable
in mixed solvent compared to pure water, yet the process is spontaneous and mainly controlled
by entropy gain.

Keywords: CMC; Physico-Chemical Properties; Surfactant; Urea

125
 42. Phytochemical Investigation, Physicochemical Characterization
and Antimicrobial Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Porpolis
Collected from East and West Wollega, Ethiopia

Tariku Neme, Aman Dekebo and Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2012

Abstract: Phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of propolis samples collected from
East and West wollega (EEPEW and EEPWW) revealed the presence of saponins, tannins,
flavonoids, steroids, triterpens and glycosides. The crude EEPWW was fractionated by column
chromatography on silica gel with n- hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvent system by
increasing polarities. Led to the isolation of two compounds namely betulinic acid and β–amyrin.
From the results obtained as such, the EEPWW is found to be rich in triterpenoids content. The
structures of the isolated compounds were determined by using the NMR techniques: 1H NMR,
13C NMR and Dept-135. In this work, physico-chemical characteristics of propolis in different

phytogeographical regions of Wollega were measured as n-hexane extractable substances (8.6-

33.9%) n-hexane insoluble fractions (66.1- 91.4%) ethanol soluble fractions (10. -21.6%).Weight
loss of propolis by heating ranges between 2.22 and 6.89 % and its ash content is found to be
2.74 -9. 71%. Antimicrobial activities showed that E. coli was relatively more sensitive to oils of
West Wollega propolis within the average inhibition of 18.9 mm than to that of East Wollega
propolis which is within the average inhibition of 16.7 mm and their positive control becomes
20.0 mm and 22.0 mm respectively on the disc diffusion method used. However the crude
EEPWW and EEPEW have nearly the same effect of inhibition to E. coli bacteria. On the other
hand, the crude extract, EEPWW and EEPEW as well as their essential oils had no effect on
Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus Niger by disc diffusion method used.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Activities; Betulinic Acid; Ethanol Extract; Phytochemical

Screening; Propolis; β–Amyrin

43. Spectrophotometric Study of some Thermodynamic Parameters

and Stoichiometry of P-Dimethylaminoanil of O-
Hydroxyphenylglyoxal-Cu(ii) Complex in Different Solvents
Mamo Gebrezgiabher and R.K. Upadhyay
Year: 2012

Abstract: Complexometric studies on the complex of Cu(II) with Schiff base, p-

dimethylaminoanil of o-hydroxyphenylgloxyl has been conducted Spectrophotometrically at
room temperature in acetone, ethanol and methanol solvents. The stoichiometric investigations
revealed that Cu (II) and DMAAHPG combine in molar ratio of 1:2. The complex is more stable
in MeOH and EtOH solvents than Me2CO owing to their high polarity and strong hydrogen
bonding formation between molecules of ligand and solvent. Stability of the complex is in the
order of Me2CO < EtOH < MeOH , similar to that of dielectric constant, but free energy falls in
reverse order to that of in stability

Keywords: Free Energy; O-Hydroxyphenylgloxal and Solvent; p-Dimethylaminoaniline;

Spectrophotometry; Stability; Stiochiometry

126
 44. Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies for the Adsorption of Zn (II) and
Ni (II) Ions from Water using Pumice

Fekadu Tadesse, Abi Taddesse and TesfahunKebede

Year: 2012

Abstract: The present study concerns the test of pumice rock as an adsorbent for removing
Zn(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution. The effect of particle size was studied in a series of
experiments ranging the particle size from 0.075-0.2 to 2.0-4.0 mm for initial metal ions
concentrations of 50 mg/L. According to the result obtained from experiments, the smallest
particle size was selected as optimum for removal of Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions using pumice
adsorbent. The effect of adsorbent dose on metal ion removal efficiency was studied at different
dose of pumice ranging from 5 to 25 g for initial metal ions concentrations of 50 mg/L. The
maximum removal efficiency was observed at 10 g with an efficiency of 83.78% for zinc and
68.72% for nickel. The effect of contact time was studied in a series of experiments ranging from
10 to 60 minute for initial metal ions concentrations of 50 mg/L. According to the result
obtained from experiments, 50 minute was selected as optimum time for removal of Zn(II) and
Ni(II) ions using pumice adsorbent. The effect of solution pH on metal ion removal efficiency
was studied at different pH of solution ranging from 2 to 10 by adjusting the desired pH of
solution using 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH. The maximum removal efficiency was observed at
pH 6.0 with an efficiency of 81.16% for zinc and 66.18% for nickel. The adsorption efficiency of
Zn(II) onto pumice increased from 63.13% to 78.12% for Zn(II) but Ni(II) decreased from 90%
to 65.36% for Ni(II), respectively, as the concentration of Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions was increased
from 10 to 50 mg/L. The adsorption of Zn(II) onto pumice adsorbent followed Langmuir
adsorption isotherm (R2 =0.999) and the adsorption of Ni(II) onto pumice adsorbent followed
both Langmuir and Freudlich adsorption isotherm, the linearized form of Freundlich model
showed equal correlation coefficient (R2 =0.998) compared to Langmuir model with correlation
coefficient (R2=0.997). According to the data obtained from the experiment, correlation
coefficients for both metal ions are found to be high (R2 =0.999) for the pseudo-second-order
kinetic model. The calculated adsorption capacity (qe cal) values of pseudo-second order kinetic
model agreed with the experimental qe values (qe expt) in contrast to the pseudo-first order
kinetic model. Therefore, the adsorption of Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions onto pumice follow pseudo-
second-order kinetic model.

Keyword: Adsorption; Isotherms; Nickel; Kinetics; pumice; Removal Efficienc; Zinc

127
 45. Separation and Identification of Isomeric 2-imino-1-Oxazolidin-4
Ones Using Thin-Layer Chromatography
Tekleweyni Assefa and R.K.Upadhyay
Year: 2012

Abstract: With its advantages of simplicity, economy, easy of operation and the need for only
small amounts of solvent, thin layer chromatography is used to separate mixtures of variety of
compounds. Thin layer chromatographic studies have been conducted on some isomeric imino
oxazolidinones which incorporate insight in the effect of various parameters pertaining to solvent
properties of different gel layer thickness. It was found that Rf value decreases with increasing gel
layer thickness. Several binary and ternary mixtures of title isomeric compounds have been
resolved and separated. Among several one and two component solvents used, chloroform
shows highest capacity in resolving ternary mixtures of the title isomers. TLC studies of isomeric
nitro- and methoxy substituted oxazolidinone mixtures revealed in oxygen-containing or non-
oxygen- containing one or two component system compounds of both series exhibit Rf order
p<_ _ _. The IR stretching frequency of the HC=N, common characteristic group, and λ max of
the isomeric oxazolidinones have been correlated with the Rf values in their resolving solvents
for identification of compounds.

Keywords: Isomers; Oxazolidinones; Qualitative Method, Quantitative Method, Thin

Layer Chromatography

46. Lectrochemical Study of Aspirin at Glassy Carbon and Modified

Glassy Carbon Electrode
Cherinet Bekele and O.P.Yadav
Year: 2012

Abstract: This project presents a review on the work reported in the literature on glassy carbon
and modified glassy carbon electrode for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) determination in
pharmaceutical and biological samples using several of voltammetric techniques. To increase
selectivity, sensitivity, reproducibility and stability of glassy carbon electrode its surface is
modified, chemically, using different modifiers. However the electrode response depends on the
factors such as surface coverage, film composition and its morphology. Depending on the
pretreatment of the glassy carbon or modified glassy carbon electrode, and medium of analysis
used, different linear working ranges have been reported for ASA oxidation. Types of
voltammetric techniques applied, using diverse electrodes and limit of detection values achieved
for ASA oxidation are described. Compared to spectrometric, techniques voltammetric
techniques has several advantages, in pharmaceuticals and biological fluid drug analysis, such as
high speed, accuracy, precision, simplicity without tedious sample pretreatment and low cost.

Keywords: Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA); Biological; Glassy Carbon Electrode (GC);

Voltammetric Techniques

128
 47. Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Carbonized Banana (Musa
acuminata) Peel
Tolemariam Boka, O. P. Yadav
Year: 2012

Abstract: Carbonized banana (Musa acuminata) peel (CBP) was selected as adsorbent to study
the kinetics of adsorption of Methylene blue (MB) dye in aqueous solutions. Activated carbon
was prepared by acid treatment and carbonized at 500 ℃ for an hour. An X-RD pattern and
physico-chemical property of the adsorbent was determined. The amount of MB adsorbed was
determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Adsorption of MB on CBP obeyed both the
Langmuir and Frundlich adsorption isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity „Q m‟ and
energy of adsorption „b‟ were found to be 10.64 mg g-1 and 0.465 L mg -1 respectively, from the
Langmuir isotherm model. Values of the equilibrium parameter „RL‟ from the Langmuir isotherm
range between 0.079 - 0.021 and „n‟ value from the Freundlich isotherm was 7.299 indicating that
the adsorption process of MB dye on the prepared adsorbent is favorable. The contact effect
time study result revealed that the percent removal of MB decreased as the dye initial
concentration increased. However, the amount of dye adsorbed increased with increase of dye
initial concentration. Minimum adsorption occurred at pH 2 and maximum at pH 7. Percent
removal and amount of dye adsorbed increased with increase of temperature. Kinetic studies
have been carried out based on the assumption of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and
intra-particle diffusion model. The data indicated that the adsorption kinetics follows better the
pseudo-second order model and intra-particle diffusion is one of the rate determining steps.

48. Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of cr-n co-

doped zno Nanoparticles for Degradation of Thymol Blue
Alebel Nibret, O. P. Yadav and Abi Tadesse
Year: 2012
Abstract: Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by direct precipitation method via
the reaction between zinc nitrate [Zn (NO 3)2 .6H2O] and ammonium carbonate [(NH4)2CO3] in
aqueous solutions with proper concentration. Modified photocatalysts (Chromium-doped ZnO
and nitrogen-doped ZnO) were synthesized by the incipient wetness impregnation method and
by mixing as-synthesized ZnO, and urea respectively whereas chromium-nitrogen co-doped ZnO
(CrNZ) nanomaterials were prepared from the already prepared ZnO and N-doped ZnO
nanomaterials, respectively. The as-synthesized photocatalysts were investigated by X-ray
diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), atomic absorption
spectrometer (AAS), and UV–Vis spectrophotometers to study crystalline phase, molecular
interaction and functional group, elemental analysis, and band gap determination, respectively.
Photocatalytic degradation of thymol blue using as- synthesized photocatalysts was studied under
visible as well as UV irradiations. Modified zinc oxide photocatalysts show higher photocatalytic
activity compared to pure zinc oxide both under visible as well as UV irradiations. Calcined zinc
oxide (Zc) shows better photocatalytic activity than commercial zinc oxide (ZCO) under both
visible as well as UV irradiations. Highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency of chromium-
nitrogen co-doped zinc oxide (CrNZ) is attributed to the lower rate of recombination of the
photo-generated electrons and holes as well as to its lower band gap energy. Photocatalytic
degradation is found to follow pseudo first order kinetics. The rate constants for PCD of TB
under dark, visible and UV irradiations using ZCO, Zc, NZ, CrZ, and CrNZ photocatalysts were
calculated as 2.39 x 10-4, 2.89 x 10-4, 1.39 x 10-4, 1.89 x 10-4, 3.11 x 10-4, 2.08 x 10-3, 4.94 x 10-3,
11.32 x 10-3, 8.44 x 10-3, 22.3 x 10-3 and 1.18 x 10-4, 3.63 x 10-3, 5.02 x 10-3, 6.37 x 10-3, 8.53 x 10-3
min-1, respectively.
Keywords: As-synthesized Photocatalysts; Direct Precipitation Method; Incipient
Wetness Impregnation Method; Photo-Degradation; Rate Constant; Thymol Blue Dye

129
 49. The effect of Lecture-Based Learning and Problem Based Learning
on College Students’ Achievement
Hagere Engida, Tesfahun Kebede and Abi Tadesse
Year: 2012

Abstract: The principal objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of problem-
based Learning (PBL) and lecture-based learning (LBL) on students‟ achievement in chemistry at
AHCTE in Somali Regional State. To conduct the study, a true experimental design was
employed. The subjects of the study were 68 students from the college, 34 from chemistry
department and 34 from biology department and 7 chemistry instructors. The instruments of
data collection were pre-test, post-test, questionnaire, interview and focus-group discussion. The
quantitative data were analyzed using percentage, average, mean, standard deviation and t-test.
Besides, the open-ended questions in the questionnaire, interview and focus-group discussion
were qualitatively analyzed. In the light of the data collected and the analyses made in the study, it
was determined that the implementation of PBL had shown comparatively higher increase on
students‟ achievement in chemistry. The experimental group post-test total mean scores (X
=87.66, SD=2.04) were higher than that of the control group (X =52.20, SD=2.14) while their
pre-test total mean scores were X =35.8 (SD=2.34) and X=36.12(SD=2.53) respectively.
Students performed better in the experimental group compared to the control group. It was also
found that the application of PBL model affected students‟ conceptual development positively.
The result of the study generally indicated that both students and teachers had positive attitude
towards PBL even though the actual practice of PBL in the classroom was very poor. Finally, it
was recommended that teachers need to develop their teaching methodology and attempt to
practice alternatively different methodologies in their class to attract student‟s attention and
interest towards chemistry. Teachers must not only change the way they think about instruction,
but also how they approach instruction. Chemistry teachers should be given on the-job training
opportunities such as short-term courses, seminars, and workshops to enable them update their
knowledge and skills of BPL methods of teaching the science.

Keywords: Chemistry Achievement; Effectiveness; LBL; PBL; Teaching Methodology

130
 50. Efficiency of Raw Sugarcane Bagasse for the Removal of
Copper(ii) and Nickel(ii) Ions from Aqueous Solutions
Chalie Tadesse and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: The main target of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of raw sugarcane bagasse
for the removal of Cu (II) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were
performed to study the experimental parameters such as effects of pH, agitation speed, ionic
strength, initial concentration and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of Cu (II) and Ni(II) on to
raw sugarcane bagasse as an adsorbent. Optimum condition for each metal ions were found at a
pH 5, dose of 2 g and agitation speed of 200 rpm with initial metal ions concentration fixed at 50
mg/L. The effect of adsorbent dose was studied in the range 1 to 10 g for copper and 0.5 to 10 g
for nickel at which the maximum removal efficiency was observed at dosage of 2 g (81% and
78.4% respectively). The investigation revealed that removal efficiency of both Cu(II) and Ni(II)
ions in a range of initial pH of 3-9 and maximum removal of Cu(II) ion (84.59 %) and Ni(II) ion
(77.6%) were obtained at initial pH of 5 in both cases. The experimental result also shows that
the removal efficiency decreased from 77.03% to 74.25% for Cu(II) ion and from 85.71% to
76.34% for Ni(II) ion as the metal ions concentration increase from 10 to 50 ppm for both metal
ions. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were tested in adsorption isotherm experiments at
constant dose of 2 g by varying the initial concentrations of metal ions from 10 to 50 ppm. The
experimental isotherm data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich models and the
calculated equilibrium data well fitted to both models for Cu(II),and Ni(II) ions. The
experimental maximum adsorption capacity of raw sugarcane bagasse for copper and nickel
removal was found to be 7.29 mg/g and 2.76 mg/g at 25 0C and pH 5 respectively. The
dimensionless parameter KL was found to be in the range of 0.80 to 0.45 for Cu(II) ion and in
the range of 0.44 to 0.13 for Ni(II) ion .

Keywords: Adsorption Capacity; Adsorption Isotherm; Raw Sugarcane Bagasse; Removal

Efficiency

51. Kinetic Study of Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye

over Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles under UV Radiation
Harife Etay and O. P. Yadav
Year: 2012

Abstract: ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrolysis and oxidation method. As-
synthesized ZnO Catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis
spectroscopy. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue catalyzed by as-synthesized ZnO
nanoparticles was carried out under UV irradiation. The effects of operating parameters, on MB
degradation, including the amount of ZnO catalysts, pH and concentration of Methylene blue
were thoroughly examined. The maximum rate of dye degradation (%) was obtained using 250
mg/L ZnO and 20 mg/L of MB at pH 10 at 200 minutes. In addition, the kinetics of
photocatalytic degradation of MB using nano-sized ZnO catalyst was also examined, and the
degradation of MB follows pseudo first-order kinetics. The pseudo first order- rate constants of
dye degradation under UV irradiation were also obtained.

Keywords: Kinetics; MethyleneBlue; Nano-particles; Photocatalytic Degradation; Pseudo

Firstorder; Photocatalysis; ZnO-photocatalyst

131
 52. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of
Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Cr(III) and Fe(III) Complexes of 3-
methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylmethyelene(2-hydroxyphenyl)amine
Belachew Kebede, R.K. Upadhyay and Abi Tadesse
Year: 2012

Abstract: Transition metal complexes of Zn (II), Cu (II), Ni (II), Cr (III) and Fe (III) of the title
complex have been synthesized from the Schiff‟s base ligand,3-methoxy-4-
hydroxyphenylmethyelene(2-hydroxyphenyl)amine derived from vanillin and 2-aminohpenol.
Structural features of these complexes were obtained from their elemental analyses, magnetic
susceptibility, molar conductance, FT-IR, electronic spectra, 1H and 13C NMR and Atomic
Absorption Spectroscopic studies. The IR spectral data suggest the involvement of phenolic
oxygen and azomethane nitrogen in coordination to the central metal ions. On the basis of
spectral studies and magnetic susceptibility measurements, an octahedral geometry has been
assigned for Zn(II), Ni(II), Cr(III), and Fe(III) complexes but square planar for Cu(II) complex.
The free ligand and its metal complexes have been tested in vitro against bacteria (Escherichia
coli, Staphylococcus aureus) and fungi (Aspergillus Niger, Colletotricum) in order to assess their
antimicrobial activities. It is found that the free ligand show higher activities than its complexes in
both bacteria and fungi case.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Activities; Schiff’s Base Ligand; Spectral Studies; Transition

Metal Complexes

53. Effects of Selected Operating Parameters on the Photocatalytic

Efficiency of Nitrogen-doped TiO2 /WO3 Nano-composite
Materials for Photodegradation of Phenol Red in Aqueous Solution
Mihiret Kumburi, Abi Tadesse
Year: 2012

Abstract: N-TiO2/WO3 nano-composite material was prepared by a simple solid phase reaction
by mixing a powder of urea, TiO2 with WO3. The as-synthesized photocatalysts was
characterized using XRD and UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra techniques. In the
experiment, it was found that the absorption edge of N-TiO2/WO3 well extended to visible light.
The photocatalytic activity of the sample was tested using Phenol Red as a target pollutant. The
photocatalytic degradation of adsorbed Phenol Red under visible irradiation was 93.07%, 95.65%,
98.74%, 94.62% and 76.46% using N-TiO2/WO3 calcined at 400 0C, 450 0C , 500 0C , 550 0C and
600 0C respectively and was 75.07%, 79.64%, 82.84%, 77.52%, and 65.66%, respectively under
UV irradiation. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation of adsorbed PR was 93.07%, 95.48%,
98.86%, 95.76%,80.45% under visible light and 75.07%, 78.15%, 81.46% 76.46%,68.76% under
UV irradiation using N-TiO2/WO3 prepared from 46.67 mol%N, 50.55 mol%N, 54.44 mol%N
58.33 mol%N and 62.22 %mol%N respectively. The as-synthesized photocatalysts were highly
active under visible light radiations than under UV radiations.

Keywords: Advanced Oxidation Processes; Calcination Temperature; Dopant

Concentration; Operational Parameters; Photocatalysis

132
 54. Removal of Zn (II) and Cu (II) ions from Aqueous solution by
Untreated Crushed Corn Cob using FAAS

Awet Bahre, Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2012

Abstract: The use of corn cob powder as the low-cost adsorbents was investigated as a
replacement for current costly methods of removing Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous
solutions. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to examine the effects of pH, adsorbent
dosage, initial metal ion concentration and contact time at room temperature (25+20C). The
results indicate that optimum condition for Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions adsorption were pH 5 and 6
respectively; contact time of 90 minutes; adsorbent dose of 1 g, initial concentration of 50 mg/L
for each. The analysis of residual metal ions was determined using atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (AAS). The results demonstrated that at the optimum concentration used (50
mg/L), the removal efficiency of metal ions were 83.46% for Cu(II) and 77.30% for Zn(II), while
at lowest concentration (10 mg/L), the removal of metal ions were 92.91% for Cu(II) and 88.70
% for Zn(II). The adsorption isotherms obtained at room temperature and optimum pH fitted
well into both the Freundlich and Langmuir models with a maximum adsorption capacity of
18.18 mg/g for Cu(II) and 11.5 mg/g for Zn(II) ions. The values of separation factor were
between zero and one indicating favorable adsorption for the two tested metal ions on the
adsorbent. Surface properties of the adsorbent were studied using Fourier Transform Infra-red
(FTIR) spectrometer. The results demonstrated that corn cob powder has potential to be
employed as the adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) and Zn(II)ions from aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Adsorbent; Adsorption; Adsorption Isotherm; Corn Cob Powder

55. Effects of Some Operational Parameters on Photo Catalytic Activity

of Ag-S co-doped ZnO Nanoparticles for Degradation of Malachite
Green under Visible Radiation
Gebretsadik Getu and O.P.Yadav
Year: 2012

Abstract: In this work an attempt has been made to study the effect of amount of catalyst, pH of
solution, and dye initial concentration in photocatalytic activity of as-synthesized photocatalyst
(Ag–S co-doped ZnO) for degradation of MG solution. The experiments were carried out by
irradiating the aqueous solutions of MG containing photocatalyst with visible light. The findings
revealed that the parameters exert their individual influence on the photocatalytic degradation of
the MG dye solution. The effect of catalyst loading was investigated by varying the amount of
catalyst (from 50 – 300 mg), and the maximum degradation efficiency of 88.74% were obtained
using the optimum amount (150 mg). Effect of the pH of solution on photocatalytic degradation
of MG was investigated by varying the pH value from 5 - 11 using the optimized amount of
photocatalyts and maximum degradation efficiency of 97.51 % were obtained at pH 9. Similar
investigations were carried out for the effect of dye initial concentration by varying from 20 – 80
ppm under the optimized condition and maximum degradation efficiency of 98.92% were
obtained using 20 ppm. Photocatalytic degradation is found to follow pseudo first order kinetics.
The rate constants under visible irradiations using the optimized amount of photocatalyst, pH of
solution, and MG dye concentration were 12.49 x 10-3, 17.75 x 10-3, and 15.44 x 10-3,
respectively.

Keywords: As-Synthesized Photocatalyst; Malachite Green Dye; Photo-Degradation; Rate

Constant

133
 56. Effect of Selected Operating Parameters on the Photocatalytic
Efficiency of Nitrogen-doped TiO2/Wo3 Nano-Composite Material
for Photodegradation of Phenol Red in Aqueous Solution
Tesfaye Teka and Abi Tadesse
Year: 2012

Abstract: Crystal form of N-TiO2/WO3 Nano-Composite material was prepared from urea,
commercial TiO2 and WO3 by simple solid phase reaction followed by calcination at a
temperature of 400 0C for four hours at each step. The as-synthesized photocatalyst was
characterized using XRD and Uv-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra. It was found that the
absorption edge of N-TiO2/WO3 was well extended to visible light. The effect of catalyst loading
and initial pH on the photocatalytic efficiency of the sample was tested using phenol red as a
target pollutant. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the catalyst for the adsorbed phenol
red was increased from 61.75-93.87% under visible and 48.01-75.74% under UV as the amount
of the catalyst increase from 0.15 to 0.45 gram. Further increase in concentration was found to
decrease the degradation efficiency. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of adsorbed phenol
red was increased from 55.88-95.23%, under visible and 44.18 -77.32%, under UV as the pH of
the solution decreased from 5 to 3. But further decrease in pH was found to decrease the
degradation efficiency. The as-synthesized photocatalyst was highly efficient under visible
irradiation than under UV irradiations.

Keywords: Advanced Oxidation Processes; Catalyst Loading; Operational-Parameters;

Photocatalysis; pH of Solution

57. Effects of some Operating Parameters on the Photocatalytic

Activity of ag-n co-doped TiO2 Nanocomposite Materials for
Photodegradation of Methyl Orange in Aqueous Solution

Solomon Haileslasie and Abi Tadese

Year: 2012

Abstract: Ag-N/TiO2 nanoparticles have been prepared from commercial TiO2 and
characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Uv/Vis Spectroscopy. The photocatalytic
degradation of MO dye has been investigated using Ag- N co-doped TiO2 under UV and Visible
irradiations. In both cases effective degradation was observed where as in the dark and blank
experiments the degradation observed was too small. The dependence of dye photodegradation
efficiency on the parameters of catalyst loading and calcination temperature was performed to
optimize experimental parameters. Various catalyst amounst and calcination temperatures of Ag-
N/TiO2 catalyst were employed to compare their photocatalytic activity. As a result the
photodegration efficiency strongly depends on both parameters .The highest degradation
efficiency of MO was attained at optimum parameters such as catalyst loading of 500 mg and
calcination temperature of 550 oC with a dye amount of 250 mg.

Keywords: Anatase; Photodegradation; Rutile; Methyl Orange

134
 58. Biosorption of Chromium (VI) and Cadmium (II) Ions from
Aqueous Solution on Peanut (arachis hypogea l.) Husk
Berhe Kasa, Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: Removal of chromium (VI) and cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions were studied
using peanut husk. Batch adsorption experiments were performed as a function of pH, contact
time, solute concentration and adsorbent dose and the residual metal ion concentrations were
determined using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS). The results indicate that
optimum conditions for chromium (VI) and cadmium (II) adsorption were achieved with contact
time of 120 minutes and dose of peanut husk 2 g at pH 2 and 6 respectively. The percentage
removal of metal ions was found to decrease with increase in metal ions concentration. The
peanut husk yielded a maximum adsorption efficiency of 96.74% for chromium (VI) and 96.67%
for cadmium (II). The fitness of the biosorption data for Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption
models was investigated and the calculated equilibrium data fitted well to both Langmuir with
correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.991 for Chromium (VI) and 0.988 for cadmium (II) and
Freundlich with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.980 for chromium (VI) and 0.972 for cadmium
(II). The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of peanut husk was found to be 37.04 mg/g for
chromium (VI) and 21.28 mg/g for cadmium (II).

Keywords: Adsorption Capacity; Adsorption Isotherm; Biosorption; Peanut Husk

59. Effect of Operational Parameters on Kinetics of Photocatalytic

Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye using SnS Nanoparticles under
UV Radiation
Tadesse Hagos, O. P. Yadav
Year: 2012

Abstract: Nanosized ZnS photocatalysts were prepared by aqueous chemical method under the
optimal conditions. The as-synthesized ZnS nanomaterials were characterized by X-ray
diffraction (XRD), FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the
synthesized ZnS has hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure with an average size 6.2 nm. FTIR
spectra showed the possible stretching and bending modes of the ZnS nanoparticles. The
UV/Vis spectra showed that the absorption edge of synthesized ZnS was blue shifted compared
to bulk ZnS. Photocatalytic efficiency of ZnS nanoparticles was investigated for the degradation
of methyl orange (MO) as a model organic compound under UV irradiation. Influence of some
operational parameters such as: amount of photocatalyst, pH of solution, and MO dye initial
concentration on the photodegradation reaction rate of dye was investigated. The optimum
values of pH and catalyst dose were found to be 6 and 250 mg/L respectively. It was
demonstrated that the photocatalytic degradation of MO follows pseudo first-order kinetics. A
probable mechanism for this process has been proposed.

Keywords: FTIR; Methyl Orange; Nanoparticles; Photodegradation; Rate Constant;

XRD

135
 60. Spectrophotometric Study of some Thermodynamic Parameters
and Stoichiometry of p-dimethylaminoanil of o-
hydroxyphenylglyoxal-Ni (II) Complex in Different Solvents
Israel Leka and R.K.Upadhyay
Year: 2012

Abstract: The study of some thermodynamic parameters and stoichiometry of p-

dimethylaminoanil of ohydroxyphenylglyoxal-Ni (II) complex in different solvents was
conducted Spectrophotometrically. The ketoanil was synthesized by mixing equimolar quantities
of saturated solutions of ohydroxyphenylgyoxal and p-dimethylaminoanil in diethyl ether with
continuous stirring. These have been used as ligands to synthesize Ni(II) complex by using
chloride salts of nickel in three solvents viz. acetone, ethanol and methanol at room temperature.
Mixture of solutions was prepared by dissolving required mass of metal salt (0.2377 g) and ligand
(0.268 g) in 100 ml of each solvent. Absorbance measurement of each mixture of solutions were
conducted spectrophotometrically by using Vosburgh and Cooper method for the determination
of number of complex formed and workable wavelength for further absorption measurements
and mole ratio method for the study of complex stoichiometry and some thermodynamic
parameters viz. stability constant and free energy of the formed complex in solution. The
maximum absorbance of the complex was determined to be 500 nm in acetone and 460 nm in
both alcoholic solvents. The stoichiometry of the complex was established to be 1:1. The stability
constant and free energy of the formed complex in acetone, ethanol and methanol, respectively
were calculated to be 3.52, 3.56, 3.89, and -2.0084 KJLmol-,2 -2.0312 KJLmol-2 and -2.2195
KJLmol-2. It was found that the stability constants of complex formed between the ligand and
the cation increase with increasing the dielectric constant (polarity) of the solvent whereas free
energy of the complex fall in opposite order to the stability.

Keywords: DMAAHPG; Free Energy; Nickel; Stability Constant; Uv-Vis

Spectrophotometer

61. Synthesis and Anti-Microbial Evaluation of some Isomeric

Oxazolidinones

Tesfahun Bufebo, R.K.Upadhyay, Aman Dekebo and Abi Tadesse

Year: 2012

Abstract: Six novel substituted chloroacetanilides prepared by the reaction of substituted

primary amines with chloroacetylchloride in benzene were cyclocondensed with potassium
cyanate in methanol to synthesize 2-imino-3-(substituted aryl) oxazolidin-4-ones and the
intermediates undergo reaction with vanillin in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate in
ethanol to yield (Z)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-2- imino-3-(substituted aryl)
oxazolidin-4-ones Structure of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by using different
spectroscopic techniques such as IR,1H NMR , 13C NMR and elemental analyses. Molecular
weights were determined by rast`s method using camphor as solvent. All the compounds were
assayed in vitro by paper disc diffusion method for their antimicrobial activities against
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, E.coil bacteria, Aspergillus niger fungi and R.bataticola fungi.
Some of the compounds exhibit promising activity even better than standerd drugs against tested
microorganisims.

Keywords: Antimicrobial; Iminooxazolidinones; Oxazolidinones

136
 62. Synthesis, Characterization and Sorption Behavior of Nano Sized
Ternary Al-Fe-Mn mixed Oxide for the Removal of Fluoride from
Aqueous Solutions

Girma Workeneh, Abi Taddesse and Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2012

Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the viability of nano sized Al-Fe-Mn
mixed oxide for defluoridation of water from aqueous systems. The nature and morphology of
pure and fluoride sorbed nanomaterials were characterized by XRD, AAS and FT-IR analysis.
Batch adsorption studies were performed as functions of initial fluoride concentration, contact
time, pH, adsorbent dose, agitation speed and influence of other competing anions. Fluoride
sorption kinetic well fitted with a pseudo-second order model. The maximum sorption capacity
was found to be 45.99 mg/g at 20 oC. Maximum fluoride removal occurred at pH 6.45±0.01. The
fluoride sorption was found to fit to both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The
thermodynamic studies revealed from the value of ΔGo, ΔHo and ΔSo of the adsorption of
fluoride by nano-Al-Fe-Mn mixed oxide were a spontaneous and exothermic process with high
degree of randomness. Results indicated that fluoride sorption was mainly influenced by the
presence of phosphate ions.

Keywords: Batch Adsorption; Defluoridation; Nanosized Al-Fe-Mn Mixed Oxide

63. Biosorption of Cr (VI) and Pb (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution

using Powdered Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves

Lantideru Gizaw and Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2012

Abstract: This study was carried out with the aim to investigate the ability of powdered khat
(Catha edulis forsk) leaves as a bio sorbent toward removal of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) metal ions from
synthetic aqueous solutions. To this effect the optimizing variables such as pH of solutions,
doses of the powdered leaves, contact time of agitation and metal ions initial concentrations were
evaluated for optimum adsorption. Analysis of the residual metal ions concentrations for both
the adsorbates was made using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) method. The
results obtained as such have indicated that the powdered khat leaves can adsorb these heavy
metal ions sufficiently from their aqueous solutions thereby making the plant leaves potential bio
sorbent for them. This conclusion has been drawn from the fact that maximum adsorption were
achieved at pH 2 and 5 for Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions, respectively, by maintaining the same contact
time of 120 min, initial concentrations of 50 mg/L for both metal ions but at different doses of
the adsorbent i.e. 4 g and 2 g for Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions adsorption, respectively. In the
conditions described, the maximum removal of 91.1% for Cr(VI) and 90.0% for Pb(II)could be
achieved from their aqueous solutions using khat leaves as bio sorbent. The observed isotherms
were analyzed from the respective data of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) metal ions by using both Langmuir
and Freundlich equations. Accordingly the calculated equilibrium values of the maximum
adsorption capacity (qmax) obtained as 11.49 mg/g and 20.83 mg/g for Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions,
respectively. Cr(VI) adsorption data well fitted to Freundlich whereas Pb(II) data fitted both to
Langmuir and Freundlich isothermic models.

Keywords: Adsorption Capacity; Adsorption Isotherm; Bio Sorbent; Khat Powder

137
 64. Determination of Copper, Zinc and Chromium in the Milk of some
Sample Cows’ of Haramaya University Dairy Farm using Flame
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Alem Gebrelibanos, Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2012

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the levels of zinc, copper and chromium in the
milk of some sampled cows‟ of the Haramaya University Dairy Farm. Samples were collected
from three cows found in the farm at two different days. The milk samples were kept in an ice
box and transported to the plant science department laboratory and kept in -20 0C. The frozen
samples were freeze dried in a freeze drying until a constant mass was achieved. The freeze dried
samples were digested by wet digestion method using 6 mL mixture of conc. HNO 3 and H2O2 in
heating digester (type DK 20) at 180 0C for an hour. The digested materials were diluted by
deionized water in to a volume of 50 mL. The level of each studied metal (zinc, copper and
chromium) in the samples was determined by FAAS. The average percentage recoveries of the
respective elements in the cow‟s milk were determined as zinc: 93.2%, copper: 97.6% and
chromium: 92%. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS. The data obtained as such were
subjected to one way ANOVA using Duncan‟s multiple range test. The contents of the metals in
the milk samples were found to be in the reported range of milk analyzed in such countries. The
average concentrations of the elements were arranged in the order as zinc (3.527±0.087 mg/L) >
copper (0.204±0.023 mg/L)> chromium (0.069±0.015 mg/L). Significant differences were not
observed among the two different days in the sampled cows‟ milk with respect to their elemental
contents.

Keywords: Copper; Chromium; Cow’s Milk; FAAS; Haramaya University Dairy Farm;
Wet Digestion; Zinc

65. Effects of some Operating Parameters on Photocatalytic Activity of

Ag-N co-doped TiO2 Nano Composite Materials for
Photodegradation of Methyl Orange in Aqueous Solution

Gebretinsae Yeabyo and Abi Tadesse

Year: 2012

Abstract: Ag-N/TiO2 nanoparticles have been prepared from commercial TiO 2 and
characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Uv-Vis Spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity
of silver and N co- doped TiO2 was tested by photocatalytic degradation of MO as a model
compound of the textile dyes. Results show Silver content has an optimum value of 0.5 M for
achieving high photocatalytic activity. However, too much silver loading will result in a negative
effect and photocatalytic degradation of MO decreases. Ag-N/TiO2 photocatalyst achieved the
highest photodegradation efficiency with a MO conversion of 87.42% and 84.32% under visible
and UV irradiation respectively after 180 minute. The effects of pH on the photodegradation
efficiency, which include optimum amount of Ag-and N co-dopedTiO2 (500 mg) photocatalyst
and fixed concentration of MO (100 ppm) were examined in the range of 2-9. It was noticed that
the best result was obtained at pH = 2.

Keywords: As-Synthesized Photocatalyst; Methyl Orange; Photodegradation; Silver

Doping

138
 66. Spectrophotometeric study of some Thermodaynamic parameters
and stoichiometry of P-dimethylaminoanil of O-
hydroxyphenylglyoxal-cr(iii) complex in different solvents
Mulugeta Chekol, Prof. R.K. Upadhyay
Year: 2012

Abstract: A ketoanil p-dimethylaminoanil of o-hydroxyphenylglyoxal (DMAAHPG) was

synthesized by condensation of o-hydroxyphenylglyoxal and p-dimethylaminoaniline. It has been
used as ligand to synthesize Cr(III) complexes using chloride salt of chromium. The synthesized
ligand and complex was used for spectrophotometric study to determine stoichiometry, stability
constant and free energy of complex formation. Stoichemetry on spectrophotometric study
reveals 1:2 molar ratio with metal to ligand on the complex in all the three solvents Me 2CO,
EtOH and MeOH used. Stability constants of the complex follow similar order to that in
dielectric constant of solvents whereas free energy values fall in the opposite order to the
stability.

Keywords: O-hydroxyphenyl Glyoxal; Schiff’s Base Ligands and Stiochemetry

67. Levels of Essential and Non-essential Metals in Edible Mushroom

Cultivated in Haramaya, Ethiopia
Medhanye Gebrelibanos, Negussie Megersa and Abi Taddesse
Year: 2012

Abstract: Fruiting bodies of two oyster mushroom species (Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus
florida) and their respective substrate samples cultivated and collected from Mushroom Research,
Production and Training Laboratory of Haramaya University, Ethiopia, were analyzed for
essential and non-essential metal, viz.; Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd and Pb contents utilizing flame atomic
absorption spectrophotometer after digestion. All element concentrations were expressed on a
dry weight basis (mg/kg). The mean metal concentration (mg/kg) in mushroom and their
respective substrate samples, respectively, for Pleurotus ostreatus were: Cu (51.19, 48.97), Fe
(220.87, 299.51), Zn (89.68, 62.55) and Mn (47.55, 58.32). The mean metal concentration
(mg/kg) in mushroom and the respective substrate samples, respectively, for Pleurotus florida
were: Cu (53.56, 51.87), Fe (243.92, 265.23), Zn (95.26, 64.25) and Mn (41.29, 62.55). However,
Cd and Pb were not detected in both mushroom and substrate samples. The bio-accumulation
factor of heavy metals was calculated and the highest accumulation of Cu and Zn from substrate
was observed for all the analyzed mushroom samples.

Keywords: BCF; Fruiting Body; Pleurotus Ostreatus; Pleurotus Florida; Substrate;

Sample Sigestion;

139
 68. Chemistry of P-Dimethylaminoanil of O Hydroxyphenylglyoxal
Substituted Ammine Complexes of Cr (III), Co (III), Ni (II), Cu
(II) and Zn (II).

Kirubel Teshome, Prof. R. K. Upadhyay and Abi Taddesse

Year: 2012

Abstract: Transition metal mixed-ligand complexes of Cr (III), Co (III), Ni (II) ,Cu (II) and Zn
(II) have been synthesized by the substitution of Schiff‟s base ligand, p-dimethylaminoanil of o-
hydroxyphenyl glyoxal derived from Ortho-hydoxyphenylglyoxal and p-dimethylaminoaniline for
ammonia of Cr (III) and Co (III) ,Ni (II) ,Cu (II), Zn (II) ammine complexes. Structures were
elucidated from their elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility and molar conductance
measurements, FT-IR, electronic, 1H and 13C NMR and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic data.
The ligand p-dimethylaminoanil of o-hydoxyphenylglyoxal is behaving as bidentate NO donor
employing azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen. The molar conductance measurements of
the complexes indicate their non-electrolytic nature. The infrared spectral data showed the
coordination sites of the neutral ligand with the central metal ions. The IR spectral data reveal the
involvement of enolic oxygen and azomethane nitrogen of quininoid structure of ligand in
coordination to the central metal ions. On the basis of spectral studies and magnetic susceptibility
measurements, an octahedral geometry has been assigned for Zn (II), Cu (II), Cr (III), and Co
(III) complexes and square planar for Ni (II) complex.

Keywords: Mixed-Ligand Complexes; Ligand-Substitution Reaction; Schiff’s Base

Ligand

69. Kinetic Study of Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye

using Cr-Doped zns nanoparticles

Alemseged Eyasu and O.P. Yadav

Year: 2012

Abstract: Different mol % of xCr-ZnS (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3mol %) nanoparticles were
achieved using incipient wetness impregnation method. The optimum dopant (0.2 mol % of Cr-
ZnS nanoparticle) was characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy and XRD technique. Kinetics
of photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye (MO) catalyzed by synthesized nanoparticles
were studied for 5 hr under UV/visible light irradiation based on parameters such as dopant
concentration, pH, and dye initial concentration. It was observed that photocatalytic degradation
decreased with increasing dye initial concentration. It was found that under visible irradiation, 0.2
mol % of Cr-ZnS was the optimum dopant and gave the highest degradation rate constant (k =
0.236 h−1) and 71.28% degradation was abserved. Under UV light, k = 0.196 h −1 and 65.22%
degradation was observed. This indicated that MO degradation is more under visible light than
UV light. From the pH range (2 – 9), at pH = 3 was the optimum pH and highest rate constant
(k = 0.291 h−1) with 74.28% degradation was obtained.

Keywords: Degradation; Kinetics; Methyl Orange; Spectroscopy; Visible

140
 70. Study on the Effect of Glucose on Physico-Chemical Properties of
Some Surfactant Solutions

Tadele Ageru and O.P.Yadav

Year: 2012

Abstract: Physico-chemical and thermodynamic studies of some aqueous surfactant solutions

were carried out by employing conductance and dye solubilization (UV-Vis absorption
spectroscopy) techniques. From the above measurements, critical micelle concentration (CMC)
and thermodynamic properties of micellization (ΔGomic , ΔHomic and ΔSomic) have been obtained for
an anionic [Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)],a cationic [hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide,
(HTAB)] and non ionic (Tween-20) surfactant solutions. Effect of mixing cosolute on CMC and
thermodynamics properties of micellization of surfactant systems at 298, 308, and 318K has been
investigated. The addition of cosolute (glucose) caused a decrease in CMC of studied surfactant
solutions compered to SDS and HTAB (the standared CMC values of each surfactant is in the
range 8.00 to 8.30 mM )and in cease CMC values on mixing with Tween-20 (8.04 x 10-5 M)
whereas the thermodynamics analysis shows that although the micellization was less favorable in
mixed solvent compared to pure water, the process is spontaneous and exothermic.

Keywords: Conductance; Dye Solubilization; Glucose; Micellization; Physico-Chemical

Properties

71. Effect of Operational Parameters on Kinetics of Photocatalytic

Degradation of Thymol Blue Dye using Cr-N co- doped ZnO
Nanoparticles under Visible Light

Teame Tesfay and O.P.Yadav

Year: 2012

Abstract: In this work an attempt has been made to study the effect of amount of catalyst, pH of
solution and dye concentration in photocatalytic degradation of thymol blue dye using Cr-N co
doped ZnO. In these experiment, they were carried out by irradiating and out irradiating the
aqueous solution of TB dye containing photocatalyst with visible light. The effect of parameters
affect their individual influence on the photocatalytic degradation of the TB dye solution. The
effect of catalyst loading was worked by varying the amount of catalyst (0.1 – 1.0g/250ml) and
the maximum degradation efficiency (92.81%) were obtained using the optimum amount
0.5g/250ml. Effect of the pH of solution on photocatalytic degradtion of TB worked by varying
the pH from 3 – 10 using optimized amount of photocatalysts and maximum degradation
efficiency( 97.76%) were obtained at ph 9 and also for the effect of amount of concentration by
varying from 10 -50 mg/l under the optimized catalyst loading and optimized effect of the pH,
the maximum degradation efficiency ( 98.30%) was obtained. Photocatalytic degradation is found
to follow pseudo first order kinetics. The rate constants under visible irradiations using the
optimized amount of photocatalyst, pH of solution, and TB dye concentration were 13 x 10-3, 20
x 10-3, and 19 x 10-3, respectively.

Keywords: As-synthesized Photocatalyst; Nanoparticles; Photo-Degradation; Rate

Constant; Thymol Blue Dye

141
 72. Adsorption of Phenol Red on Barely (Hordeum vulgare) Husk
Activated Carbon

Nigussie Alebachew and Prof.O.P.Yadav

Year: 2012

Abstract: This work presents a systematic experimental aspect of kinetic study of adsorption of
phenol red on low cost barely (Hordeum vulgare) husk activated carbon. The effect of various
factors, namely, pH, adsorbate initial concentration, adsorbent dosage contact time and
temperature were studied to identify adsorption capacity of BHAC. Adsorption data were
modeled with both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The kinetic models were also applied
for the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion; thermodynamic
parameters of micellization were also studied. The calculated values of dye adsorbed at
equilibrium (qe) by pseudo-second-order equations were found to be in good agreement with the
experimental values .The negative values of Gibbs free energy, ΔG ads indicate that the adsorption
is spontaneous and the values of ∆𝑆 was found to be positive for phenol red which reflects good
affinity of the dye toward the adsorbent. The endothermic nature of adsorption was confirmed
by the positive ∆𝐻𝑎𝑑𝑠 value. The dye was found to be of chemisorptions type on to BHAC.

Keywords: Adsorption; Barely Husk Activated Carbon; Equilibrium; Isotherms; Kinetics;

Phenol Red; Thermodynamic

73. Biosorption of Cu(ii) and Cd(ii) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by

Neem (Azadirachtaindica) Leaves (low cost biosorbent) using
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Addisalem Negash and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the adsorption efficiency of neem leaves in
the removal of Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution. The effects of pH, dose of neem
leaves, contact time and initial concentration were evaluated. Optimum condition for Cu(II) and
Cd(II) ions adsorption were at pH 4 and 6 ; contact time 120 and 150 minutes; dose of the neem
leaves, 2g for each and initial concentration 40 and 50 mg/L respectively. The neem leaves
achieved a maximum adsorption efficiency of 96.91%, and 98.12% for Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions
respectively. The residual metal ions concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption
Spectrometery (AAS). Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used to analyze isotherm data of
the experiment and the calculated equilibrium data are fitted well to both models. The maximum
adsorption capacity (qmax) was found to be 2.44 mg/g for Cu(II), and 2.7mg/g for Cd(II) ions.
From the adsorption isotherm data it was found that the neem leaves are favorable adsorbent for
the removal of copper and cadmium from aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Adsorption Isotherm; Adsorption; Biosorption; Neem Leaves

142
 74. Phytochemical Investigation on the Resin of Boswellia Neglecta
(Borena Type Olibanum)
Amanuel Ayele, Aman Dekebo and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: A phytochemical study was conducted on the resin of Boswellia neglecta (Borena Type
Olibanum) collected from Dibluk, Borena zone of Oromiya Regional State, about 750 Km in the
far south of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia bordering to Kenya. A phytochemical screening test of
chloroform crude extract confirmed the presence of phytochemicals: flavonoids, terpenoids,
cardiac glycosides, saponins and carbohydrates. Two compounds were isolated as a mixture using
column chromatography over silica gel 60-200 mesh (ASTM, Reidelhaen, Germany) increasing
polarity of EtOAc in n-hexane solvent system and structures of these compounds were
characterized by using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and DEPT as α- amyrin (12-ursen-3-beta-ol) and
lupeol acetate. To the best of our knowledge, lupeol acetate is isolated from the resin of
Boswellia neglecta here for the first time.

Keywords: Boswellia Neglecta; Lupeol Acetate; NMR; Phytochemical Screening; α-

amyrin

75. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies on Cr(iii),

Fe(iii) and Co(ii) Complexes of Ethylene Dianil of Ortho-
hyroxyphenylglyoxal
Teklit Baraki, R. K. Upadhyay and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: The Ligand ethylenedianil of o-hydroxyphenylglyoxal has been synthesized and

utilized in the preparation of Cr(III), Fe(III) and Co(II) complexes by condensation of the ligand
in the presence of the corresponding metal salts in methanolic medium. All the prepared
complexes as well as the ligand were identified and confirmed by elemental analyses (C, H and
N), molar conductance measurements, infrared, NMR, electronic absorption, magnetic moment
and electronic absorption spectra. The ligand ethylenedianil of o-hydoxyphenylglyoxal is
behaving as tetradentate N2O2 donar employing two azomethine nitrogen and two phenolic
oxygen. The molar conductance measurements of the complexes indicate their non-electrolytic
nature. The infrared spectral data showed the coordination sites of the neutral ligand with the
central metal ion. The electronic absorption spectra and magnetic data revealed the existence of
an octahedral geometry for all complexes. The ligand and its metal complexes were tested for
antimicrobial activity against bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus) and fingi (A. Niger and
C.gloeosporioides). The results indicated that the ligands do not have any activity, whereas their
complexes showed moderate activity against the same organisms under identical experimental
conditions relative to the ligand but they are inactive when compared with the standard drugs.

Keywords: Characterization; Ethylenedimine; Schiff’s Base; Synthesis; Transition Metal

Complexes

143
 76. Analysis of Heat Exchanger Fouling and De-Scaling in Sugar
Manufacturing: Fincha’a Sugar Factory, Ethiopia

Dinssa Abdena, Abi Tadesse and Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2012

Abstract: Scaling of heat exchangers is a huge problem in sugar factories and cleaning of the heat
exchanger (evaporators) is an expensive exercise. Identifying the scale compositions assists in
determining which chemical cleaning agents would result in effective evaporator cleaning. The
scale samples were obtained from four series of Finchaa Sugar Factory evaporators by
mechanical means. The appearance, texture and color of the scales were noted before the
samples were characterized using X-ray diffiraction and complete silicate analysis was determined
to identify the compounds present .The X-ray diffiraction analysis result gives the composition of
the scale in compounds form and hence most of the compounds detected are inorganic salts. The
complete silicate analysis result gives the elemental composition of the scale based on their metal
oxides CaO, P2O5 and SiO2 are the dominant oxides. Dissolution experiments were carried out
on the scale samples with selected cleaning chemicals to provide relevant information about the
effect the cleaning agents have on different scales. Results have shown that 5% hydrochloric acid
is the most effective reagent for cleaning evaporators.

Keywords: Chemical Cleaning; Evaporator; Heat Transfer; Scale Composition

77. Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of

MnO2/Al2O3/FE2O3 Nanocomposite for Degradation of
Malachite Green
Haile Hassena, Abi Tadesse and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: New nanocomposite MnO2/Al2O3/Fe2O3 photocatalyst was successfully synthesized

by sol gel method using metal salts as precursors in the presence of acid catalyst. The as-
synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR), Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
Elemental analyses of the as-synthesized samples were similar to those expected from the initial
concentrations of the solutions used during synthesis. The x-ray diffraction pattern indicates that
all as-synthesized samples have a nanocrystal size with a rhombohedral structure and finest
particle size of the catalyst (20.096 nm) was obtained at 400 0C calcination temperature. The band
gap energy of the MnO2/Al2O3/Fe2O3 photocatalyst was calculated to be 1.97 eV. Indicating that
the as-synthesize sample has high photo absorption property in the Visible light region. Fourier
transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence of hydroxyl group and Fe-O bond vibration in
the catalyst. The photocatalytic activity of MnO2/Al2O3/Fe2O3 nanopowder was evaluated by
photodegradation of malachite green dye in aqueous solution. Experimental result of the
MnO2/Al2O3/Fe2O3 photocatalyst calcined at 400 0C in 180 min (the molar ratio of 10 wt%
Mn/15 wt % Al/75 wt % Fe) exhibited high photocatalytic activity of 92.89% under Visible light
irradiation. This may be due to the coupling effect of semiconductors, small particle size of
catalyst and low electron-hole pair recombination on the surface of the catalyst. The pseudo first
order rate constants of MG dye degradation in the presence of the catalyst were calculated as 4 x
10-4 min-1, 6.56 x 10-3 min-1 and 1.0 x 10-2 min-1 under no light irradiation, UV and Visible light
irradiation, respectively.

Keywords: Malachite Green; Nanoparticles; Photocatalysis; Sol Gel Synthesis; Ternary

Oxides

144
 78. Photocatalytic Removal of Methyl Orange Dye by Polyaniline
Modified ZnO using Visible Irradiation
Wondwossen Melaku, O. P. Yadav and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: Polyaniline modified zinc oxide (PANI/ZnO) nanocomposite was synthesized by in-
situ polymerization process. The as-synthesized nano-ZnO, PANI and PANI/ZnO
nanocomposite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR and UV/Vis spectroscopic
techniques. The UV/Visible spectroscopy studies showed that the absorption peak for
PANI/ZnO nanocomposite has a red shift toward visible wavelengths compared with the ZnO
nanoparticles and PANI. Photocatalytic efficiency of PANI/ZnO nanocomposite was
investigated for the degradation of MeO dye under visible irradiation. The photocatalytic
activities of ZnO, PANI and PANI/ZnO nanocomposite were studied. The results showed that
the nanocomposite has greater photocatalytic activity than PANI and ZnO nanoparticles under
visible irradiation. According to these results, application of PANI as a shell on the surface of
ZnO nanoparticles causes the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite. Influence
of some operational parameters such as: amount of photocatalyst, pH of solution, and MeO dye
initial concentration on the photodegradation reaction rate were investigated. The optimum
values of pH and catalyst dose found to be 6 and 1.50 gL -1, respectively for 10 mgL-1 MeO
solution. The photocatalytic degradation of MeO follows pseudo first-order kinetics. The
PANI/ZnO nanocomposite photocatalyst has good photocatalytic stability and can be reused
three times with only gradual loss of activity. Thus, it is an efficient photocatalytic material for
degrading contaminated colored wastewater for reuse in textile industries under mild conditions.

Keywords: PANI/ZnO Nanocomposite; Photocatalyst; Polyaniline; Rate Constant and

ZnO

79. Determination of 145 copper, Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead

Concentrations in High Traffic Density Roadside Soils in some
Selected Towns of East Ethiopia
Hizkeal Tsade and Abi Taddesse
Year: 2012

Abstract: Heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb are common pollutants in urban
environments mainly due to traffic emissions. The present project work was focused to study Cu,
Zn, Cd and Pb concentrations in high traffic density roadside soils of some selected sites of
Eastern Ethiopia. In the present work, the soil samples were collected from four roadside soils of
both sides of the selected sites and analyzed for the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Soil
samples were collected symmetrically at distance of 0, 25 and 50 meters from both sides of the
main road of the town of the selected sites. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were
analyzed with the help of flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The levels of Cu, Zn,
Cd and Pb in all the studied roadside soils were ranged from 12.02 to 79.24, 6.76 to 78.10, 0.08 to
0.64 and 0.16 to 0.89 mg kg-1 respectively. These concentrations were below the critical
maximum levels above which toxicity is possible. This shows that the levels of Cu, Zn, Cd and
Pb in the study areas were low. In addition to this, the levels of all four heavy metals in both sides
of the roadside soils exhibited a decrease with the increasing distance from the main road and the
concentrations in two sides of road at the same distance were not found close to each other
because of differences in directions and strength of winds in these regions.

Keywords: Cadmium Lead; Copper; Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscop; Roadside

Soil; Zinc

145
 80. Synthesis, Dyeing and Antimicrobial Studies of 5-(2-oxo-
indolinylidine)-2-imino-3-(para substituted aryl)-1-oxazolidin-4-
ones
Meta Mamo, Prof.Upadhyay and Abi Tadesse
Year: 2012

Abstract: The substituted chloroacetanlides, prepared by the reaction of substituted primary

amines with chloroacetylchloride in benzene, were cyclocondensed with potassium cyanate in
methanol to synthesize 2-imino-3-(para substituted aryl)-1-oxazolidin-4-ones which were
subsequently condensed with isatin in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate in methanol, in
three step to yield indigoid reactive dyes, 5-(2-Oxo-indolinylidine)-2-imino-3-(para substituted
aryl)-1-oxazolidin-4-ones. The purity of the newly synthesized compounds was monitored using
TLC. Melting points of synthesized compounds were determined in open glass capillaries and
structures were elucidated by UV, IR, and 1 H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT-135 spectral studies and
elemental analyses. Molecular weights of the compounds were determined by Rast`s method.
Dyeing action of indigoid dyes was evaluated in terms of dye exhaustion and fixation on cotton,
polyester, silk and wool by using cold and hot methods. The better exhaustion and fixation values
of dyes on all the four types of fibers in cold dyeing method than hot method reveals high
suitability of cold dyeing method. All the products were screened in vitro by paper disc diffusion
method for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria
and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Rhizoctoia bataticola fungi. The mean zone
inhibition by Ampicillin (antibacterial) and Bavistin (antifungal) were used as reference values.
Many of the compounds exhibit promising activity even better than standard drugs against tested
microorganisims.

Keywords: Antibacterial and Antifungal, Chloroacetanlides, Exhaustion, Fixation,

Indigoid Oxazolidinone, Isatin, Paper Disc Diffusion Method, Rast Method and Reactive
Dyes

146
 81. Synthesis, Characterization and Sorption Study of Nano Sized
Iron/Aluminum/Manganese Mixed Oxide Sorbent System for
Removal of Phosphate from aqueous solution
Buzuayehu Abebe, Abi Taddesse and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: Phosphate removal is important in the control of eutrophication of water bodies and
adsorption is one of the promising approaches. For this purpose, Fe-Al-Mn ternary mixed oxide
adsorbent was synthesized by impregnation method. The percentage composition of Fe, Al, Mn
was 90, 8 and 2, respectively. The surface structure of the material was investigated by means of
X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) to understand the effect of
surface properties on the adsorption behavior of phosphate. The peak appearing at 1051 cm−1 in
IR spectra after adsorption was attributed to the bending vibration of adsorbed phosphate. The
effects of different experimental parameters, namely, solution pH, dosage, contact time, speed of
agitation and initial phosphate concentration were also investigated. The optima of these
parameters were obtained as, 3, 0.1 g, 16 h, 100 rpm and 30 ppm, respectively. The phosphate
adsorption was found to be highly pH dependent. The experimental results showed that the
adsorbed amounts of phosphate tend to decrease with increase in pH. Both Freundlich
(R2=0.9588) and Langmuir (R2=0.9877) isotherm model fit the equilibrium data well. Kinetic data
correlated well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that more of the
adsorption process might be chemical sorption. The phosphate removal was mainly achieved by
the replacement of surface hydroxyl groups by the phosphate. The maximum desorbability of
phosphate is about 47.54% and it is relatively difficult for the adsorbed phosphate to be
desorbed. And the thermodynamics parameter which gives negative ΔG confirms spontaneity of
adsorption process. The oxides have high selectivity towards phosphate ions. The maximal
adsorption capacity was 38.46 mg/g at pH 3 ± 0.02-0.07. The adsorption efficiency of mixed
oxide was 99.5%. This adsorbent, with large adsorption capacity, is therefore a very promising
adsorbent for the removal of phosphate ions from aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Adsorption, Eutriphication, Ternary Oxide Nanosorbent

82. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel Isomeric 1, 4-

thiazolidinones
Desta Gebretekle, R.K. Upadhyay, Abi Tadesse and Aman Dekebo
Year: 2012

Abstract: Some new isomeric of 1, 4- thiazolidinones were synthesized by cyclocondensation of

isomeric azomethines with thioglycolic acid. Azomethines were obtained by condensation of
Vanillin and primary amines. The molecular weight and elemental analyses data were used to
know the composition of the synthesized compounds and on the basis of UV, FT-IR, and 1H-
NMR, 13C-NMR and DEPT-135 spectral data their structures were elucidated. All the
synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli
(Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aurous (Gram-positive) bacteria and antifungal activities
against Aspergillus niger and Rhizoctoia bataticola fungi using disc diffusion method. The
antibacterial and antifungal activity tests indicated that all the synthesized compounds had
antimicrobial activities. Although all the schiff‟s bases showed moderate antifungal activity, 56%
of the reference drug bavistin against both fungi tested, but p-nitro thiazolidinone exhibited
better antifungal activity, 10.8% greater than reference drug against Rhizoctoia bataticola strain.

Keywords: Antibacterial Activities; Antifungal Activities; Azomethines; Synthesis, Disc

Diffusion method; 1, 4-Thiazolidinones

147
 83. Biosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticles using some Plant Leaf
Extracts, their Characterization and Anti-Bacterial Activity
G/Egziabher H/Michael, O.P. Yadav and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: This study presents the biological synthesis of copper nanoparticles using plant leaf
extracts of Khat (Catha edulis), Castor oil (Ricinus communis) and Derjihara (Prosopis juliflora)
as reducing and stabilizing agents. On treatment of aqueous solutions of CuSO 4.5H2O with the
leaf extracts, stable copper nanoparticles were formed. UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to
monitor the quantitative formation of copper nanoparticles. The as-synthesized nanoparticles
were characterized by XRD and FTIR spectroscopy. The XRD analysis of copper nanoparticles
indicated that they ranged in size from 22.32 to 29.05 nm and FTIR measurements suggests that
materials present in the leaf extracts have ability to bind metal particles indicating that the
proteins could possibly form a layer encapsulating the metal (capping of copper nanoparticles) to
prevent from agglomeration and thereby stabilize the nanoparticles. Antibacterial tests of the as-
synthesized nanomaterials were carried out on Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and
Gram-positive bacteria staphylococcus aureus by impregnating the as-synthesized copper
nanoparticles using micropipette on paper discs of 6 mm in diameter and zones of inhibition
were measured after 24 h of incubation. The result showed that the as-synthesized copper
nanoparticles exhibited a strong antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and
staphylococcus aureus.

Keywords: Antibacterial; Biosynthesis; Characterization; Copper Nanoparticles; Surface

Plasmon Resonance

84. Spectro-magnetic and Antimicrobial Studies on Complexes of

Ni(ii), Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) with Ethylenedianil of O-
hydroxyphenylglyoxal
Ali Mohammed, R. K. Upadhya and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: The Schiff‟s base ligand and its complexes with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were
synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis molar conductivity, infrared and ultraviolet-
visible spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The ligand, ethylenedianil of o-
hydroxyphenylglyoxal, C18H16N2O4, has been synthesized by condensation of ethylenediamine
and orthohydroxyphenylglyoxal. The metal complexes were prepared by mixing saturated
solutions of ligand and metal salts in appropriate molar ratio in acetone and methanol solvents.
The study also confirmed the formation of mono-, di- and trinuclear isopolystructures of the
complexes in square planar geometry except for Zn(II) which has tetrahedral stereochemistry.
The synthesized ligand and its metal complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activities
against two bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureous and xanthomonas holcicola and two fungal
strains, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum using disc diffusion method, showing that the
complexes were of more antimicrobial activity than the free Schiff‟s base.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Studies; Disc Diffusion Method; Ethylenedianil of O-

hydroxyphenyl Glyoxal; Ortho-hydroxyphenylglyoxal; Schiff’s Base

148
 85. The Effect of Continuous Assessment during Teaching–Learning
Process of the Concept of Chemical Bonding: The Case of Geresu
Duki Secondary and Preparatory School
Lemessa Tadesse, Sileshi Yitbarek and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2013

Abstract: The study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the instruction based on the
use of continuous assessment techniques over the instruction without the use of continuous
assessment techniques. For the purpose, instructions were designed on chemical bonding
concepts based on ninth grade students‟ chemistry curriculum and administered to two groups of
grade nine students from a government school which were purposely assigned as experimental
and control groups for receiving the instructions with and without continuous assessments
respectively. The variations in students‟ levels of understanding of chemical bonding concept
between the two groups were assessed and compared with each other. Chemical bonding concept
test was administered to both groups as post-test in order to assess their understanding of
concepts related to chemical bonding. The research questions were analyzed by using SPSS
version 13. The assessment techniques based on continuous assessment and without continuous
assessment with respect to knowledge with understanding in the concept of chemical bonding
shows that, majority of the experimental group answered correctly (69%) than the control group
(23%) and had misconception (31%), answered by chance (15%) and no understanding (31%)
than experimental group (20%, 3% and 8%) respectively and the assessment techniques with
respect to handling information, application and solving problems indicated that, majority of the
experimental group answered correctly (40%) than the control group (5%) and had
misconception (38%) than that of the experimental group (45%). However, the majority of the
control group had no understanding (56%) than the experimental group (14%) and generally, the
instruction coupled with continuous assessment techniques helped significantly better in
acquisition of scientific conceptions related to chemical bonding than instruction without
continuous assessment techniques.
Keywords: Continuous Assessment Technique; Chemical Bonding; Evaluation; Fill in
the Blank; Lab Report; Multiple-Choice Test; True-False; Short Answer

149
 86. Effect of Cooperative Learning Methods of Instruction Based on
Tetrahedral in Zone of Proximal Development Framework on
Acids-Bases Concepts
Fufa Ameyou, Sileshi Yitbarek and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2013
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the cooperative learning methods of
instruction based on tetrahedral in ZPD framework on acids-bases concepts towards the
conceptual reconstruction of scientific mental model cooperative learning method of instruction.
This instructional strategy was introduced in an experimental group and compared with a control
group on the students‟ misconceptions and conceptual reconstruction of acids-bases concepts.
This study was conducted at Gerbe Guracha preparatory school of grade 12 natural science
students in North Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State. Two types of instruments were used for
measurement: achievement tests, and survey method using five Liker scale questionnaire to know
students attitude towards acids-bases concepts. Pilot study was carried out on 15 students of the
same background but not in the sample group to test the reliability of the questionnaire and
achievement test items. The calculated Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.82. The data mean,
standard deviation, percentage and t-test were used to describe students‟ achievement test scores
and their questionnaire responses. Meanwhile, independent samples of two-tailed t-test was used
to see significance difference between the mean scores of experimental and control group in
academic achievement and attitude towards acids and bases concepts are significant. The
experimental group was taught using tetrahedral in zone of proximal development while control
group was taught using traditional teaching method. Frequency distribution was used to
investigate student‟s attitude towards acids-bases concepts. The mean attitude score of the
experimental group students were (33.58), (44.95) before and after the treatment respectively.
These results indicated that after applying tetrahedral in zone of proximal development approach
students‟ attitude was improved towards acid-bases concepts. Experimental group students
positively correlated with the cooperative learning methods of instruction based on tetrahedral in
zone of proximal development framework proven to be effective compared to traditional
method.

Keywords: Achievement; Attitude; Cooperative Learning; Misconception; Tetrahedral in

Zone of Proximal Development; Zone of Proximal Development

150
 87. Removal of Pb2+ and Cu2+ Ions using Fe-Al Binary Oxide Nano
Sized Sorbent

Sewbesew Geremew, Abi Taddesse and Tesfahun Kebede

Year: 2013

Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the adsorption efficiency of Fe-Al binary
oxide nano sized sorbent to adsorb Pb (II) and Cu (II) from aqueous solution. The effects of
operating parameters such as pH, dose of adsorbent, agitation speed, contact time, initial
concentration, Temperature and kinetics were evaluated. The results indicate that optimum
condition for Pb (II) and Cu (II) adsorption were pH 7, 9,; dose of the nano Sorbent, 2 g (Cu
(II)) and 1 g (Pb (II)), agitation speed 120 rpm, contact time 16 hrs and initial concentration of 20
mg/L and 30 mg/L respectively. The nano Sorbent yielded a maximum adsorption efficiency of
97.75% and 95.4% for Pb (II) and Cu (II) respectively. This shows that lead is more adsorbed
than copper, which is due to high atomic radius of lead than copper. The residual metallic ion
concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The study of
Temperature effect indicates that as the temperature increases from 298 k to 323 k the adsorption
efficiency of the adsorbent also increases. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using
the Langmuir and Freundlich equations and the calculated equilibrium data are well fitted to both
models for both Pb (II) and Cu (II). The kinetic data correlated (R 2 =0.99) well with the pseudo
second order kinetic model for the sorption studies of Pb (II) and Cu (II) ) ions which implies
that adsorption follows second order kinetics.

Keywords: Adsorption Capacity; Adsorption Isotherm; Adsorbent; Adsorbate;

Iron/Aluminium Mixed Oxide

151
 88. Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Potable Surface
and Ground water Samples in Dubti, Amibara and Awash-Fentale
Woredas of Afar Region

Abadi Gebreyesus and Abi Taddesse

Year: 2013

Abstract: Analysis of microbiological and physico-chemical parameters of selected river and

ground water samples in Dubti, Amibara and Awash-Fentale Woredas was performed to
investigate the level of contamination. In this study, microbiological and physico-chemical
parameters like; Total coliform, E.coli, pH, EC, temperature, colour, odour, TH,TS, TDS, TSS,
Taste, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, B, Al, Zn, Ba, Ni, Si, Cr, K, CO 2, F-,
Cl-, NH3, SO42-, NO2-, NO3-, HCO3-, PO42- and CO32- of eleven water samples were analyzed
using MFT, Gravimetric, Volumetric, Colorimetric, flame emission photometry, AAS,
turbidimetric, electrometric (pH value and fluoride ion selective electrode) and nephelometric
(turbidity) analyses methods. In the investigation some parameters were found to be above MCL
given by WHO and EPA. Values obtained for total coli-form, E.coli, Ba, Mn, Turbidity, Na, EC,
TDS, and TS in almost all sites were above the MCL. The amounts of K + and F- ions in Amibara
Woreda ground water samples were also above the MCL. The results of the biological and
physico-chemical parameter analyses revealed that the rivers flowing across residential areas were
characterized by their relative higher mean levels of Color, Turbidity, TS, Mn, Alkalinity, CO32-,
HCO3-, Ba, Total Coliform, E.coli, NH3 and TSS. Disposal of industrial wastes and agricultural
drain water from salty agricultural lands to Awash River appeared to be great environmental
concern. Concentration of SO42-, B, Ba, Cl-, Mn, Na, EC, TS, TDS, color, Alkalinity, Si, HCO3-,
Total Coliform and E.coli in Tendaho Gibi (S2) were recorded very high. The study of Tendaho
Gibi ground-water especially indicated that the communities are highly exposed to polluted and
unsafe source of water supply. The impact of agriculture, geological problems, industries,
urbanization on the rivers and ground water sources is increasing with the development of
industry and population size in the Afar Awash River basin. Almost all type of ground and river
water sources do not satisfy drinking water requirements and hence need specific treatment.

Keywords: Fluorosis; Physico-Chemical Parameters; Salinity; Water Quality

152
 89. Removal of Zn(II) and Pb(II) ions from Aqueous Solution using
Modified Sugar Cane Bagasse
Aster Aberra and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2013

Abstract: The hazardous effects of heavy metals on the environment and public health are a
matter of serious concern. Biosorption is emerging as a sustainable effective technology. The aim
of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of modified sugar cane bagasse for the
removal of heavy metals (Zn (II) and Pb (II)) ions from aqueous solution. The influence of
various parameters like initial pH, temperature, contact time, initial metal ions concentration and
adsorbent doses were studied. It was observed that the maximum adsorption efficiencies of the
modified sugarcane bagasse for removal of lead and zinc ions from aqueous solution were 99.9%
and 97% respectively at room temperature. Optimum conditions for both Zn (II) and Pb (II)
ions adsorption were achieved at pH 5, with agitation speed of 200 rpm, dose of 2 g and initial
metal concentration of 50 mg/L. Likewise, the optimum contact times of Lead and Zinc
adsorption were 60 and 90 minutes respectively. The equilibrium data obtained in the present
study fitted well to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for Zn (II) but equilibrium data of
adsorption of Pb(II) are described by Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum adsorption
capacity (qmax) of modified sugar cane bagasse was found to be 62.5 mg/g for lead (II) ions and
21.27 mg/g for zinc (II) ions.

Keywords: Biosorption; Modified Sugar Cane Bagasse; Heavy metal adsorption;

Isotherms

90. Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Nano-Titanium (iv)

Tungstomolybdate as Inorganic Cation Exchanger
Bezabih Kelta, Abi Tadesse and O.P.Yadav
Year: 2013

Abstract: An inorganic cation exchanger nano-titanium(IV) tungstomolybdate has been

synthesized by homogenous precipitation under varying mixing order and ratio of sodium
tungstate dihydrate, sodium molybdate dihydrate and titanium tetrachloride in dilute hydrochloric
acid in the presence of urea (NH2CONH2) and calcining at proper temperature. Four samples
were prepared: uncalcined, calcined for 3 h at 400 oC, 500oC and 600oC and their XRD was
carried out. The sample that was calcined at 600 oC was found to be the one with the smallest
particle size (31.84 nm) and maximum IEC and thus selected for the entire study. The average
IEC of this sample, as determined by batch equilibrium, was found to be 2.41 meq.g -1 for Na+
ion. Elemental analysis data obtained from XRF indicated that the exchanger has the
composition of 1:3:2 in Ti:W:Mo. The specific surface area of the exchanger was found to be 903
m2/g as determined by the Sears‟ method. The sequence of ion exchange capacity for alkali metal
ions was found to be K+> Na+> Li+ and that for alkaline earth metal ions was Ba2+ > Ca2+ >
Mg2+. These orders revealed that the ions with smaller hydrated radii acquired larger ion
exchange capacity. The pH titration curve indicated that the material obtained as such is a
bifunctional strong cation exchanger as indicated by a low pH (~2.77) of the solution when no
OH- ion was added. The distribution study of the exchanger in different solvent systems showed
promising separation potential of the exchanger towards metal ions of analytical interest from a
given mixture with toxic heavy metal ions in it. Very high distribution coefficients for Pb 2+ (Kd =
10767 mL.g-1) and Cr3+ (Kd = 11800 mL.g-1) ions indicate that the exchanger can be used to
selectively treat Pb2+ and Cr3+ ions from waste water containing other metal ions as well. The
exchanger has showed a promising affinity towards the radio nucleotide (U 6+) ion as manifested
by its high Kd value (Kd = 7043 mL.g-1 in 0.1 M DMSO for UO22+).
Keywords: Cation Exchanger, Distribution-Coefficient, Homogenous Precipitation, Ion
Exchange Capacity, Nano-Titanium(IV) Tungstomolybdate

153
 91. The Effectiveness of Homework on General Secondary Students’
Academic Achievement in Chemistry

Tesfatsion Abraham, Tesfahun Kebede and Abi Tadesse

Year: 2012

Abstract: The principal objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of homework
on students‟ academic achievement in chemistry at GSPS and HGS. To conduct the study, quasi-
experimental design was employed. The study was conducted in two secondary schools in Gode,
Somali Regional State. The data was collected from 77 students, 4 chemistry teachers and 8
parents of the students in the schools using multi-stage sampling techniques. The main
instruments of data collection were pre-test, post-test, questionnaire, interview and focus-group
discussion. The findings of the study revealed that the provision of homework was related to
increased student academic achievement in chemistry. It was interesting to note that homework
completion rate was related with the difficulty level, amount, objectives, feedback, parental
support and time-spent on homework. Findings also indicated that teachers, students and parents
held positive views with regard to the provision of homework. Finally, it was recommended that
the relevant school authorities take the necessary steps to get parents involved in the learning
process of their children. Homework assignments should have a clear purpose while being
challenging, manageable, and relevant to students‟ lives. Moreover, to increase the positive effects
of homework and improve students‟ achievement, homework has to be given in moderation,
discussed and corrected.

92. Chemical Fractionation of Selected Heavy Metals in the Soils in

Thvicinity of Waste Water Disposal Sites in Dire Dawa Textile
Factory

Milkessa Mumie and Abi Taddesse

Year; 2013

Abstract: The study of heavy metals in environment niches is essential, especially with their
potential toxicity to human life. Metal toxicity depends on the chemical associations in soils. For
this reason, determining the chemical form of a metal in soils is important to evaluate its mobility
and bioavailability. In this manner sequential extraction technique was applied to estimate the
chemical association of four metals (Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn) from eight contaminated and one
reference (control) soils in six different chemical fractions (Water soluble, Exchangeable,
Carbonate Fe-Mn Oxide, Organic and Residual). The results indicated that the residual fraction
was the most abundant pool for all the metals examined. A significant amount (9.6 to 18.4, 29.8
to 46.5, 35.2 to 47.7, and 44.5 to 50.2% respectively) of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn was present in the
potentially available fractions: non residual fractions. Contamination Cd and Cu in these soils was
not as severe as Ni and Zn. Overall, the order of contamination was Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd. The
study indicated that the distributions of metals in different chemical fractions of these soils
depended on the distance from the source (where wastewater enters the soils).

Keywords: Contamination; Fractionation; Heavy Metals; Mobility and Bioavailability;

Textile Factory’s

154
 93. Determinants of Loan Repayment Performance of Smallholder
Farmers: The Case of Kalu District, South Wollo Zone of Amhara
National Regional State
Zelalem Gebeyehu, Jema Haji and Hassen Beshir
Year: 2012

Abstract: Smallholder farmers require improved agricultural technologies, knowledge and inputs
such as fertilizer, improved seeds, pesticides and others that help to increase production and
productivity thereby transforming their farm structure and capacity. Large investment cannot be
made by the farmers out of their own funds because of their low level of incomes. Even though
there are attempts to solve these rural financial difficulties by the government through extending
rural financial institutions, because of social, economic and institutional factors, a number of
farmers turned out to be defaulters. When such difficulty arises, the lending institution faces a
problem. This study focused on the analysis of determinants of loan repayment performance of
smallholder farmers in Kalu district, Amhara National Regional State. In this study, primary data
were collect from 130 randomly selected borrowers using structured questionnaire. In addition,
secondary data were collected from different organizations and pertinent publications. A two-
limit tobit regression model was employed to identify factors influencing loan repayment and
intensity of loan recovery among smallholder farmers. A total of 12 explanatory variables were
included in the empirical model and out of these, five variables were found to be statistically
significant. These are total land holding size of the family (hectare), total livestock holding (TLU),
number of years of experience in agricultural extension services, purpose of borrowing and
source of credit. These variables have a significant and increasing effect on loan repayment
performance. Variance inflation factor were calculated to detect multicollinearity and association
among all explanatory variables. Therefore, consideration of factors affecting loan repayment
performance is vital because it provides information that would enable to undertake effective
measures with the aim of improving loan repayment performance and hence helped lenders such
as microfinance institution, NGOs and policy makers to have knowledge as to where and how to
channel efforts to minimize loan defaults.
Keywords: Defaulters; Kalu; Loan repayment; Non-Defaulters; Two-Limit Tobit

94. Effect of Cation Valency of Electrolyte on the Physico-Chemical

Characteristics of Some Surfactant Solutions
Tesfaye Markos and o.p.yadav
Year: 2012

Abstract: Surface physico-chemical and thermodynamic properties of some aqueous surfactant

solutions were studied using, surface tension and dye solubization spectroscopic techniques.
From absorbance measurements, critical micelle concentration(CMC),surface excess
concentration (max), surface pressure at CMC (cmc) and thermodynamic parametrs of
micellization (∆Gomic, ∆Homic, ∆Somic) were determined and compared with the literature values
for anionic (sodium dodecy sulphate), cationic (Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) and
surfactant solutions. Effect of mixing co-solute (salt) on physico-chemical properties of
surfactant systems at 298 K has been investigated. The addition of co-solute caused an increase in
CMC whereas the thermodynamic analysis shows that, although the micellization is endothermic
and less favorable in mixed solvent compared to pure water, yet the process is spontaneous and
mainly controlled by entropy gain.

155
 95. Study on the Effect of Thiourea on Physico-Chemica and
Thermodynamic Properties of Two Ionic Surfactant Solutions
(Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium
Bromide)
Tilahun bedera and o.p.yadav
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: Physico-chemical studies of some surfactant solutions were carried out by employing
surface tension, conductance and dye solubilization techniques. From conductivity and surface
tension measurements, critical micelle concentration (CMC), counter ion association (𝛼)
equivalent conductance at infinite dilution (Λ0 ), surface excess concentration (𝛤), minimum area
per molecules (Amin), surface pressure at CMC (𝛱𝑐𝑚𝑐),thermodynamic properties of
micellization( G0m, H0m, S0m) and adsorption (G0ads, H0ads & S0ads ) have been obtained for an
anionic and cationic c surfactant solution. Effect of mixing co-solute (thiourea) on the physic-
chemical properties of surfactant system at 298.15, 308.15 & 318.15 K has been investigated. The
thermodynamic analysis shows that although the micelliation was less favored in mixing solute
compared to pure water, the process is spontaneous and exothermic.

Keywords: Conductance; Micellization; Physico-Chemical Properties; Thiourea;

Solubilization

96. Effect of Operational Parameters on Kinetics of Photocatalytic

Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye Using N-doped ZnS
Nanoparticles under Visible Radiation
Gaim Gebrezgiabhiar and O.P. yadav
Year: 2013

Abstract: Nanoparticles of ZnS and N-doped-ZnS were prepared by aqueous chemical method
under optimal conditions. The precursors used to synthesize the photocatalyst nanoparticles
were: ZnCl2, NH2CONH2 and Na2S.9H2O. The characterization of nanoparticles was done
using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and UV–VIS Spectrophotometric technique. The average
crystalline size of as-sythesized photocatalysts was calculated using the Debye- Scherrer formula.
The effect of amount of catalyst, pH of solution, and dye initial concentration on photocatalytic
activity of as-synthesized photocatalyst (N-doped ZnS) for degradation of MO solution was
investigated. The experiments were carried out by irradiating the aqueous solutions of MO
containing photocatalyst with visible light. The findings revealed that the parameters exert their
individual influence on the photocatalytic degradation of the MO dye solution. The effect of
catalyst loading was investigated by varying the amounts of catalyst (from 100 – 400 mg / L), and
the maximum degradation efficiency of 72.83% was obtained using the optimum amount (250
mg).Effect of the pH of solution on photocatalytic degradation of MO was investigated by
varying the pH from 2 - 9 using the optimized amounts of photocatalyts and maximum
degradation efficiency of 76.56 % were obtained at pH 6. Similar investigations were carried out
for the effect of dye initial concentration varying from 2.5 x 10-6 M – 1.5 x 10-5 M under the
optimized conditions and maximum degradation efficiency of 72.12% were obtained using 2.5 x
10-6 M. Photocatalytic degradation is found to follow pseudo first order kinetics. The rate
constants under visible irradiations using the optimized amount of photocatalyst, pH of solution,
and MO dye concentration were 6.19 x 10-3, 7.34 x 10-3, and 5.14 x 10-3, min-1 respectively.

Keywords: Nanoparticles; Methyl Orange; Photodegradation; Rate constant; XRD

156
 97. Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solutions using
Cement Supported Fe-Al-Mn Ternary Oxide Nanosorbent
Yilkal Workie and Abi Taddesse
Year: 2013

Abstract: Excessive and undesirable level of fluoride in drinking water supplies is a major
problem in the rift valley of Ethiopia. It has been reported that people in the rift valley of
Ethiopia are consuming water up to 33 mg /L of fluoride. The WHO has set 1.5 mg/ L as the
maximum permissible limit for human consumption. Sustained intake of fluoride beyond this
limit can cause dental or skeletal fluorosis, therefore adequate measures for the reduction of the
F- level are important. The present work has been undertaken to explore the feasibility of cement
supported Fe-Al-Mn ternary oxide for the removal of fluoride from water. A series of batch
adsorption experiments were carried out to assess parameters that influence the adsorption
process. The parameters considered were contact time, adsorbent dose, initial fluoride
concentration and pH. Results showed that most of the adsorption took place during the first 80
min; and the adsorption equilibrium reached 100 min contact time with an optimum adsorbent
dose of 3 g/L for initial fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L. The removal efficiency of fluoride
was increased with adsorbent dosage. The adsorption data were well fitted to the Langmuir and
Freundlich isotherm models. The sorption capacity, qm and adsorption coefficient, b are 22.6
mg/L and 0.14 L/mg respectively of cement supported Fe-Al-Mn ternary oxide. Cement
supported Fe-Al-Mn ternary oxide has shown a reasonable defluoridation capacity and could be
considered as in finding appropriate sorbent for a sustainable solution to mitigate the fluoride
problem in the country.

98. Effect of Anion Valency of Salt on Surface and Micellar Behavior of

Surfactant Solutions

Chalew Beshir and O.P. yadav

Year: 2013

Abstract: Critical micelle concentration of SDS and HTAB in water with and without sodium
chloride and sodium sulfate were determined at 298 K by the surface tension method. Chloride
and sulfate ions do not have any effect on the value of critical micelle concentration. The surface
tension of SDS and HTAB in the presence of salts decreases up to critical micelle concentration.
Above critical micelle concentration the surface tension becomes constant. Both the chloride and
sulfate ions have no effect on the critical micelle concentration of SDS. Both chloride and sulfate
ions decrease the critical micelle concentration of HTAB. This is due to the attraction between
the anions and the positive charge of the head groups of hexadecyltrimethylammoniubromide.
The effect of sulfate in decreasing the critical micelle concentration of HTAB was greater than
chloride because the greater valency of sulfate than chloride. The absorbance of SDS and HTAB
in aqueous solution mixed with methylene blue was measured as a function of surfactant
concentration; CMC was obtained from the break point in the curve. The absorbance of both
SDS and HTAB was decreased before CMC and increases above CMC because of the formation
of micelle starts to dissolve the water insoluble dye (methylene blue).

157
 99. Synthesis, Characterization, Dyeing and Antimicrobial Evaluation
of Some Indigoid Thiazolidinones

Gebremedhin Reda, Upadhyay and Neelaiah Babu

Year: 2013

Abstract: The substituted ketoazomethines, prepared by condensation of benzoly methyl glyoxal

(prepared by partial oxidation of benzoyl acetone) with various para-substituted anilines in
ethanol, were cylocondensed with thioglycolic acid in benzene to synthesize 2-(3-oxo-3-phenyl
propanone)-substituted aryl-1-thiazolidin-4-ones which were subsequently condensed with isatin
in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate in methanol to yield indigoid thiazolidinone reactive
dyes. Structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by using different spectroscopic
techniques such as UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT- 135 spectral studies and elemental
analyses. Molecular weights of the compounds were determined by Rast`s method using camphor
as solvent. Dyeing abilities of indigoid dyes were evaluated in terms of dye exhaustion and
fixation on silk, wool, cotton and polyester fibres by using cold and hot methods. The better
exhaustion and fixation values of dyes on all the four types of fibre in cold dyeing methods than
hot method reveal high suitability of dye and fibre substrate bonds in cold dyeing method. All the
synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for their antibacterial activities against Escherichia
coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and antifungal activity against Aspargillus niger and
Rhizocaticol bataticola fungi by paper disc diffusion method. The mean inhibition zone by
Ampicillin (antibacterial) and Bavistin (antifungal) were used as reference values (mm). Some of
the compounds exhibit promising activity against tested micro-organisms. indigoid
thiazolidinones

Keywords: Antibacterial and Antifungal; Exhaustion; Synthesis; Fixation; Indigoid

Thiazolidinones; Ketoazomethines

100. Effects of Electrolytes on the Surface and Miceller Characteristics

of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Solution
Hailu Demissie and O.P.Yadav
Year: 2013

Abstract: The effect of some electrolytes (namely sodium acetate and calcium acetate) on their
critical micelle concentration (CMC), have been determined by spectrophotometric,
conductometeric and surface tension measurement method at 298 K, 308 K and 318 K. From
the surface tension data Physico-chemical properties such as surface excess concentration (Γ max )
and minimum area per molecule(Amin) at surface have been obtained. From the observed CMC
data, free energy of micellization(∆Gmic), entropy change of micellization (∆Smic), and enthalpy change
of micellizaton(∆Hmic) for the studied surfactant solutions with or without electrolyte have been
obtained The results have been interpreted in light of inter-molecular interaction.

Keywords: Adsorption Conductance; Critical Micelle Concentration-Micellization,

Surfactant, Thermodynamic Parameters

158
 101. Spectro-magnetic and Antimicrobial Studies on Nickel(ii)
Complexes with 3-(2hydroxyphenyl)-2-imino-1-thiazoli din-4-one
and 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-imino-1-oxazolidin-4-one
Lalisa Wakjira, R. K. Upadhyay and Abi Taddesse
Year: 2013
Abstract: The ligands, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-imino-1-thiazolidin-4-one (C9H8O2N2S) and 3-(2-
hydroxyphenyl)-2-imino-1-oxazolidin-4-one (C9H8O3N), synthesized by cyclocondensation of 2-
chloro-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide, obtained by reaction of o-aminophenol with
chloroacetylchloride, with potassium thiocyanate and potassium cyanate respectively. The metal
complexes were prepared by refluxing solutions containing each ligand and metal salt in hot
ethanol in 1:1 molar ratio. Analyses and conductometric results revealed 1:2 metal-ligand ratio
and non electrolytic nature of the complexes respectively. IR spectral data revealed that both
heterocyclic ligands coordinate through their heterocyclic nitrogen and phenolic oxygen to the
metal and act as anionic bidentate ligands. Magnetic susceptibility studies indicated square planar
geometry of [NiL2].2H2O complex whereas other complexes exhibiting magnetic moments less
than spin-free d8 geometry seemed to be equilibrium mixture of four coordinate tetrahedral and
square planar geometries owing to high spin to low spin or vice versa spin crossover
phenomenon. However, splitting patterns of d-d bands in the electronic spectra of the compexes
in solutions are consistent with their square planar geometry; tetrahedral stereochemistry has
most probably been changed to square planar form by interaction with the solvent molecules.
Antimicrobial activity test against two important bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus and two fungal strains, Aspergilus niger and Ryzhoctonia bataticola
revealed that the complexes were more bioactive than the corresponding free ligands and slightly
less than that of respective standard drugs. All compounds including ligands and complexes are
inactive against Ryzhoctonia bataticola.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Activity, Heterocyclic Ligands, Ni(II) Complexes

159
 102. The Implementation of Continuous Assessment in Chemistry
Teaching–Learning: The Case of Selected Secondary Schools in
Somali Region
Fekadu Ayele, Tesfahun Kebede and Jeylan Wolyie
Year: 2013

Abstract: This study is aimed at investigating how grade 9 teachers have perceived continuous
assessment, looking into how it is being practiced and finally to identify those factors that hinder
the implementation of CA in chemistry teaching. The study employed both qualitative and
quantitative methods of data gathering tools such as questionnaire, interview, FGD, classroom
observation and document analysis. It involved 142 grade nine students, 18 chemistry teachers
who teach grade nine chemistry, three department heads and three school principals as sources of
data and all of the respondents were selected from three senior secondary schools. To this effect,
the students were selected by simple random sampling technique from a population of 2840
students. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as frequency and
percentage as well as careful description of the findings. With regard to the perception, the results
revealed that most chemistry teachers viewed CA as an assessment strategy that is beyond testing
though they do not use a variety of assessment techniques in their chemistry teaching. Moreover,
the findings indicated that continuous assessment has not been fully practiced in the selected
schools. Accordingly, absence of appropriate facilities, large class size, teachers‟ lack of interest,
students‟ absenteeism and shortage of time were found to be among the factors that hinder the
application of CA methods in the schools. It was, then, concluded that even though a
considerable proportion of chemistry teachers have a favorable concept of CA, they do not use
different arrays of it. In addition to this, CA has not been properly implemented in the selected
schools. To overcome this, it was suggested that pre-service and in-service training should be
organized in such a way that CA is an integral component of the contents and processes of the
training, reduction of the class size and adequacy of materials should be given prior attention.
Keywords: Classroom Observation; Continuous Assessment; Diagnostic Assessment,
Formative Assessment, Summative Assessment

103. Determination of Selected Heavy Metals in Bottled Mango Drink

Produced in Ethiopia
Gizaw Tesfaye and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2013

Abstract: In this study, the concentrations of zinc, iron, chromium, lead and cadmium were
determined in three mango drinks produced locally in Ethiopia. Flame atomic absorption
spectrophotometer was used to analyze mango juice samples processed with HNO 3-H2O2 acid
digestion methods. In the analyzed samples the mean values of zinc concentration ranged
between 0.081-0.136 mg/L and iron between 2.24-3.35 mg/L both of which at 95% confidence
level. Cadmium, lead and chromium were not detected in studied samples of the mango drinks.
The results were compared with international standards as well as with corresponding values
available in literature for the same metals analyzed in different countries.

Keywords: Digestion Methods; FAAS; Mango Drink; International Standards

160
 104. Photocatalytic Activity of Ag-N-P Tridoped TiO2 Nanocomposite
Material for Photocatlaytic Degradation of 4-nitrophenol

Temesgen Achamo and O. P. Yadav

Year: 2013

Abstract: Ag doped TiO2 and Ag-N-P tri-doped TiO2 were prepared by sol-gel synthesis
method. Ag doped TiO2 was synthesized by using commercial titanium (IV) oxide and
analytically prepared silver nitrate. Ag-N-P tri-doped TiO2 were prepared by using synthesized Ag
doped TiO2 and two typical crop (soybean and chickpea) seeds as non-metallic bio-precursors.
The as-synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by FTIR, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Uv-
visible spectrophotometer techniques. Photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) using
as-synthesized photocatalysts was studied under UV as well as visible irradiations. The
photocatalytic degradation of 4-NP under UV irradiation were 48.12%, 65.12%, 71.05%, 73.84%
using Tc, AT, ANPT (soybean), ANPT (chickpea), respectively. Also photocatalytic degradation
of 4-NP under visible irradiation was 56.86%, 85.35%, 95.80%, 98.12%, for Tc, AT, ANPT
(soybean), ANPT (chickpea), respectively. Tri doping of Ag, N and P in TiO2 exhibited
synergetic effect for enhanced photocatalytic efficiency in both UV and visible irradiations.

Keywords: Degradation; Doping; Sol-gel; 4-nitrophenol; Photocatalysis; TiO2

104. Synthesis and Characterization of 2-imino-3–(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-

thiazolidin-4-one Substituted Ammine Complexes of Cr(III),
Co(iii), Ni(II) and Cu(II)
Abadi Hadush, R. K. Upadhyay and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2013

Abstract: Transition metal mixed-ligand complexes of Cr(III),Co(III),Ni(II) and Cu(II) have

been synthesized by the substitution of 2-imino-3-(2-hydroxylphenyl)-1-thiazolidin-4-one
ligand,obtained by cyclcondensation of hydroxylphenylchloro acetanilide with KCNS, in ammine
complexes Cr(III), Co(III), Ni(II) and Cu(II). Structures of the ligand and complexes synthesized
as such were elucidated by their elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility and molar
conductance measurements, FT-IR, electronic, 1H and 13C NMR and Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopic data. IR studies revealed that the ligand, 2-imino -3- ( 2 -hydroxylphenyl) -1-
thiazolidin -4-one was found behaving as a bidentate NO donor ligand employing its
thiazolidinone ring nitrogen and phenolic oxygen for coordination with metals.The molar
conductance measurements of the complexes indicated their non-electrolytic nature except for
the Cr(III) complex which is 1:1 electrolyte. On the basis of spectral studies and magnetic
susceptibility measurements, an octahedral geometry has been assigned for Cr(III),Co(III) and
Ni(II) complexes and square planar for Cu(II) complex.

Keywords: Ligand-Substitution Reaction; Mixed-ligand Complexes; Schiff’s Base

Ligand,

161
 105. Effectiveness of Constructivist Approach on Students’
Understanding of Chemical bonding Concepts and their
Attitudes towards Chemistry: The Case of Jigjiga Preparatory
and Secondary School

Mahmud Mohammed, Tesfahun Kebede and O.P. Yadav

Year: 2013

Abstract: The study was to compare the effectiveness of instruction based on constructivist
approach over traditionally designed chemistry instruction on grade nine students‟ understanding
of chemical bonding concepts and the effects of instruction on student‟s attitude toward
chemistry as school subject. Sixty students of grade nine were the subject in this study. The
students were purposively assigned as control and experimental groups. Students in the control
group were instructed by traditionally designed chemistry instruction whereas students in the
experimental group were instructed using the constructivist approach. Chemical bonding concept
test was administered to both groups as pre-test and post-test in order to assess their
understanding of concepts related to chemical bonding. Attitude scales toward chemistry test
were also given to both groups as pre-test and post-test to determine their attitude toward
chemistry as a school subject. The hypotheses were tested by using one way analysis of variance
(ANOVA). The results indicated that instruction based on constructivist approach helped
significantly better acquisition of scientific concepts related to chemical bonding and produced
higher positive attitudes toward chemistry as a school subject than the traditionally designed
chemistry instruction.

Keywords: Attitude towards Chemistry; Chemical Bonding Concept Test; Constructivist

Approach; Misconception; Traditionally Designed Chemistry Instruction

106. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Study of 2-(3-oxo-3-

Phenylpropanoyl)-3-(Substituted aryl-1-Thiazolidin-4-ones.

Tsegaye Gashaw, Upadhyay and Neelaiah Babu

Year: 2013

Abstract: Thiazolidinones, the derivatives of thiazolidine, sulfur analogue of oxazolidineones and

are a mimic of bioactive β‐lactam ring moiety with additional sulphur atom. A few 1, 4-
thiazolidinone derivatives were synthesized by the cyclocondensation of benzoylmethyl ketoanils
with thioglycolic acid in dry benzene. Structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated
by using different spectroscopic techniques such as UV- vis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and DEPT-
135 and elemental analyses. Molecular weights were determined by Rast`s method using camphor
as solvent. All the products were assayed invitro for their antimicrobial activities against
Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) bacteria and
antifungal activities were studied against fungi like Aspargillus niger and Rhizocaticol bataticola
by using paper disc diffusion method. The mean zone inhibition of ampicillin (antibacterial) and
bavistin (antifungal) was referred to as a reference (in mm). The antibacterial and antifungal
activities tests indicate that all the synthesized compounds are good bactericides except m-
methoxy substituted. p- Methoxy and o-aminopyridine substituted thiazolidinones showed
greater antifungal activity against both tested fungi, than others; o-methoxy and p-nitro
substituented of thiazolidinones also showed good antifungal activities against Aspargillus niger
and Rhizocaticol bataticola, respectively.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Activities; Synthesis; Derivatives of Thiazolidines

162
 107. Effects of Operational Parameters on Kinetics of Photocatalytic
Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye Using CdS Nanoparticles
under UV Radiation

Fikadu Tsehaye and O. P. Yadav

Year: 2013

Abstract: In recent years the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles using stabilizers has attracted
particular attention owing to their optical, and photoconducting properties.In the present work,
nano-size CdS was prepared by aqueous chemical method using glucose as capping agent. The
CdS nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Hexagonal wurtzite structure
of CdS nanoparticles of average particle size 48.1 nm was established from X-ray diffraction and
spectroscopic techniques. FTIR spectra showed the possible stretching and bending modes of
the CdS. Photocatalytic efficiency of CdS nanoparticles was investigated for the degradation of
methyl orange (MO) as a model organic compound under UV irradiation. Influence of some
operational parameters such as: amount of photocatalyst, pH of solution, and MO dye initial
concentration on the photocatalytic degradation reaction rate of dye was investigated. The
optimum values of pH and catalyst dose were found to be 4 and 120 mg /L respectively.

Keywords: FTIR; Nanoparticles; UV- Absorbance; X-ray Diffraction

108. Synthesis and Chracterization of Cr-N-P Tri-doped ZnO for

Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green under Visible
Radiation
Yirga Brhane and Abi Taddesse
Year: 2013

Abstract: Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by direct precipitation method via
the hydrolysis and oxidation process. ZnCl2 was dissolved in distilled water with continuous
stirring. Modified photocatalysts (chromium-doped ZnO and nitrogen phosphorus co-doped
ZnO) were synthesized by the incipient wetness impregnation method and by mixing
assynthesized ZnO, and with each chickpea or rice, respectively whereas chromium-nitrogen
phosphorus tri-doped ZnO (CrNPZ) nanomaterials were prepared from the already prepared
ZnO and BNP co-doped ZnO nanomaterials, respectively. The as-synthesized photocatalysts
were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometric
(FTIR), and UV–Vis spectrophotometeric technique to study crystalline phase, molecular
interaction and functional group, and band gap determination, respectively. Photocatalytic
degradation of malachite green using as-synthesized photocatalysts were studied under visible as
well as without irradiations. Highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency of chromium-nitrogen
phosphorus tri-doped zinc oxide (CrNPZ) is attributed to the lower rate of recombination of the
photo-generated electrons and holes as well as to its lower band gap energy. Photocatalytic
degradation is found to follow pseudo first order kinetics. The rate constants for PCD of MG
under visible irradation were calculated as; 0.7x10-2, 1.2x10-2, 1.1x10-2, 1.0x10-2 and 1.7x10-2
min-1 for respectively Zc, CrZ, chickpea mediated NP codoped ZnO(NPZ), rice mediated NP
co-doped ZnO(NPZ) and CrNPZ photocatalysts.

Keywords: Direct Precipitation Method; Impregnation Method; Malachite Green Dye;

Nanoparticles; Photocatalysts

163
 109. Comparing the Effect of Cooperative Learning and Lecture
Methods in Selected Chemistry Topics: The Case of Grade 10
Students in Gedeo Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and
Peoples (SNNP) Region
Berhan Yetayew, Abi Taddesse and Tesfahun Kebede

Abstract: In the modern days, cooperative learning (CL) method brings a shift of paradigm
which creates an opportunity for learners to engage in problem solving within the groups. It
emphasizes from teaching to learning which focuses toward learners‟ experience and knowledge.
The purpose of this study focused on investigating the effect of cooperative learning method on
Grade 10 students‟ achievement as well as on identifying the opinions and judgments of teachers
and students regarding the major constraints that impede teachers from practicing cooperative
learning method at classroom level. The subjects of this study were randomly selected Grade 10
students from Yirgachefie Comprehensive Secondary and Preparatory School and Chelelecktu
Comprehensive Secondary School as well as chemistry teachers purposively selected from both
schools. In this research, the treatment groups, N=180(12.5%) from the total Grade 10 students
(1490) were selected randomly and assigned to either experimental group or control group. The
experimental group took the lessons using cooperative learning method (N=90, 50%) and the
control group took the lesson using lecture method (N=90, 50%).The topics were chemical
reaction and classification of important inorganic compounds. The achievements of students
were measured by using t-test. The result from the dependent t- test analysis indicated that the
mean score of the students in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control
group after the treatment in both Yirgachefie Comprehensive Secondary and preparatory School
and Chelelecktu Comprehensive Secondary School. The opinions of teachers and students
regarding major constraints that impede teachers from practicing cooperative learning method in
the classroom level were found to be speed of the plasma TV instruction, less frequent use of
feedback, large classroom size, lack of access to teaching aids, text book, tutorial class and other
facilities. To maximize learning gains, however, an intervention should be taken by decision
makers and curriculum experts to promote cooperative learning in the teaching of chemistry.

Keywords: Achievement; Chemistry Education; Chemistry, Constraint; Cooperative

Learning; Lecture Method

164
 III. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

1. Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Group Discussion versus

Lecture-Based Learning in Rotational Motion: The Case of Grade
Eleven Fincha Senior Secondary and Preparatory School

Melkamu Gudeta, Tesfahun Kebede and Girma Goro

Year: 2011

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of group discussion based
learning (GDBL) with lecture-based learning (LBL) for teaching rotational motion (physics) at
preparatory schools particularly in grade eleven. The design for the study was quasi- experimental
design (non-equivalent group design) and the population of the study was grade eleven students
of FSSPS. The researcher did draw a lottery to select these two groups or sections (11A, as the
experimental group and 11C, as the comparison group). The same teacher taught both groups for
five weeks. The experimental group was taught by group discussion method whereas the
comparison with the lecture method. The data were mainly collected through pre and post- test
results of the students to find out if there exists any achievement difference due to the two
teaching methods, and the extent in which GDBL could improve the achievement of the
learners. In addition, the researcher used close-ended Likert scale questionnaires and checklists to
get students‟ attitude toward the two teaching methods. The reliability of the achievement test
and questionnaires were checked by using Cronbach‟s alpha using SPSS version-12 and their
respective coefficients were found to be .74 and .95, respectively. Furthermore, the normality of
the achievement test was confirmed using Shapiro-Wilk (S.W) normality test. Finally; the
researcher used the Mann-Whitney U-test to check the significant difference between the
achievement tests. The over all results showed that there is no significant difference between the
two mean scores of the pre-test for both experimental and comparison groups with ρ > 0.05,
which implies that the two groups have similar academic backgrounds. However, the
independent t-test computed on the two teaching methods (GDBL and LBL) for the POT
showed that there is significant achievement difference between the two groups with ρ < 0.05.
This reveals that teaching students with the aid of GDBL as compared with LBL improves the
academic achievement of students in rotational motion (physics). In addition, the gain scores
showed that the GDBL improve the academic achievement of the learners in rotational motion
twice as much as that of LBL. The attitude questionnaires also support this. That is, students
have more positive attitudes toward GDBL than LBL so that Physics teachers and curriculum
planners be made to develop interest in the use of group discussion as a method of teaching for
rotational motion (physics).

Keywords: Academic Achievement; Attitude Towards Physics; Group Discussion;

Lecture

165
 2. An assessment of Selected Lessons of Physics Textbook for Grade 12
Bekele Fufa, Girma Goro and Emilie Pamplona
Year: 2011

Abstract: This study tried to identify the strong and weak sides of the first four chapters of the
new physics textbook of grade 12 in the areas: conformity of the text and syllabus, the required
mathematics (RM) content and conceptual aspects of physics (CAP). Physics grade 12 teachers
assessed the conformity of the textbook and syllabus. The data source for the level of
mathematical treatment and conceptual aspects of physics in the chapters were 20 grade 12
physics teachers and 30 grade 12 students from natural sciences stream. The respondent teachers
were purposely selected based on their experiences of teaching physics. The first top ten students
from the three sections also purposely selected for the study. In order to address the three
research questions, the researcher adapted and modified instruments to produce an evaluation
checklist, questionnaires, and interview and focused group discussion. The descriptive statistical
tools percentage and frequency were used in data analysis depend on the data obtained through
the mentioned instruments. The result of this study with regard to the conformity of the
textbook and syllabus showed that there is some gap even though they were highly confirmed.
There are many strong sides of RM used in the chapters. However, the use of mathematics
concepts beyond students learning capacity, omission of mathematical derivations, not
encouraging CAP, not using algebraic and conceptual purposes in physics learning and unfitting
the lessons intended to be taught were identified as weak side of the RM used. Unlike the RM, no
that much weak sides of CAP were encountered in the chapters except the second chapter which
has the problems of reinforcing learners for mathematical skills and simple activities and which
was not fitted the RM contents for students and for teachers. The implications of this paper
indicated that the mathematics used is not compactable with physics concepts in some lessons of
the chapters. Therefore, special attention should be given to the alignment of RM used and CAP
in relation to students‟ learning capacity.

166
 3. Effects of Problem Based Learning on Students’ Achievement and
Attitude towards Physics (Mechanics): The Case of Gilgel Beles
College of Teachers Education

Semeneh Bedemo, Girma Goro and Emillie Pamplona

Year: 2011

Abstract: Problem based learning as a preferred teaching method was tested and proved as stated
in the result section of this research. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of
problem-based learning (PBL) on students‟ academic achievement and attitude towards
Mechanics (Physics). The study was conducted at Gilgel Beles College of Teachers Education
(GBCTE) on first year physics students. From 150 physics students 60 students were taken using
systematic random sampling. In the study, data were obtained through the use of pre-test post-
test, experimental (N = 30) - control (N = 30) group model. Two types of instruments were used
for measurement: achievement tests, and survey method using five Likert scale questionnaire to
know students attitude towards mechanics and PBL. Pilot study was carried out on 15 students
of the same background but not in the sample group to test the reliability of the questionnaire
items and achievement test items. The calculated Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.80 and 0.79
respectively. The data obtained from both groups were analyzed using SPSS window 16.0.
Descriptive statistics mean and standard deviation were used to describe students‟ achievement
test scores and their questionnaire responses. Meanwhile, independent samples t-test was used to
see significance difference between experimental and control group in academic achievement and
attitude towards mechanics. The experimental group was taught mechanics using PBL while
conventional teaching method was applied for control group. Frequency distribution was used to
know students attitude towards PBL. Results in table 5 and 8 indicated that implementing
problem based learning approach improved 8.76% of students‟ academic achievement and 3.56%
of attitude towards Mechanics. Students developed positive attitude towards problem based
learning, their academic achievement and attitude towards mechanics were positively correlated.
At college level teachers are encouraged to implement problem based learning method in
teaching science concepts, especially physics.

167
 4. Level of practices and challenges of metacognitive Strategies in
physics teaching at secondary schools: the Case of bako and tibe
secondary schools, western shewa Zone of Oromia regional state,
Ethiopia
Garoma Daba, Getachew Abebe and Emilie Pamplona
Year: 2011

Abstract: Metacognition is cognition about cognition or thinking about thinking. It involves

active control over cognitive processes and is the primary vehicle for student learning. Teachers
constantly face the challenges of the most effective methods of instruction such as metacognition
that could enhance academic achievement and match the diversity among students. This study
therefore aimed at examining teachers‟ level of metacognitive owledge, practices of metacognitive
teaching and challenges of implementing metacognitive strategies in classrooms. It considered
students (grades 9 and 10), physics teachers and principals of Bako and Tibe secondary schools in
the academic year of 2010/2011. Using probability proportional to size, 213 and 134 students
were selected from grades 9 and 10 respectively. The total sample size was 368 (347 students, 8
principals and 13 teachers). The design for the study was a survey type guided by three research
questions. The research questions were answered using descriptive statistics while any significant
differences in responses were tested using Mann-Whitney U and ANOVA tests from the data
collected through questionnaire, interview and classroom observation checklist. Cronbach‟s alpha
indicated significant internal consistency between MAI questionnaire on declarative, procedural
and conditional knowledge. The result showed that teachers‟ level of declarative, procedural and
conditional knowledge was low or absent. Hence, this study suggested that teachers need
professional development opportunities on metacognitive strategies. The percentage analyses of
the checklist and questionnaire from teachers and principals indicated low level of metacognitive
teaching. Mann-Whitney U test showed no significant differences between the responses of
grades 9 and 10 students on level of metacognitive teaching. Students‟ (grades 9 and 10) and
principals‟responses regarding challenges of metacognitive teaching on ANOVA test showed no
significant difference (p=0.811) between grades 9 and 10 students while that of the principals‟
was significantly different from students‟ responses (p=0.004). The results of interview and open
ended questionnaire indicated low level of teachers‟ knowledge of cognition, lack of skills and
interest in identifying and applying the strategies, teachers‟ failures in identifying students‟
individual differences, improper use of time, language barriers, the case that the strategies take
large amount of time, large class sizes and students‟ poor backgrounds on physics were appeared
to be challenges of metacognitive teaching in those schools.

5. Co-Existence of Ferromagnetism and Superconductivity in

Superconductivity Homo6s8
Haftu Brhane, Amarendra Rajput and Getachew Abebe
Year: 2012
Abstract: Ferromagnetism and superconductivity are characterized by mutual repulsion.
However, after the realization of possible co-existence of the two states, various experimental
and theoretical works have been carried out. This work focused on theoretical study of co-
existence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity in general and in HoMo 6S8 superconductor in
particular. Starting with a BCS model Hamiltonian for the system and using the double time
temperature-dependent Green‟s function formalism or Quantum Field Theory, expressions
relating superconducting transition temperature (T c), magnetic ordering temperature (Tm) and
superconductivity and magnetic ordering parameters (η) and (Δ) were obtained. The phase
diagrams of Tc versus η and Tm versusη, were merged to obtain the region where both
ferromagnetism and superconductivity co-exist. The region of intersection of the two merged
graphs showed co-existence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity for superconducting
HoMo6S8.

Keywords: Ferromagnetism; HoMo6S8; Superconductivity

168
 6. Analysis of wind power potential for Jijiga area
Mintesnot Gizaw and Gelana Amente
Year: 2012

Abstract: This study examines the wind power potential of Jijiga area, a city in eastern Ethiopia
and capital of the Somali Region. A 5-year data collected by Jijiga Meteorological Station was
obtained from the Ethiopian Meteorological Agency and statistically analyzed. The result of the
study showed that Jijiga has a mean wind speed of 3.36 m s-1 at 10 m height (5.21 m s-1 at 30 m
height) with maximum value of 4.4 m s-1 in July. The corresponding mean wind power density at
30 m height was 183 Wm−2 for the whole year and this makes the site to fall under Class 2
(Marginal) of the International System of Wind Classification. The South-Westerly wind is
responsible for the high wind speed values recorded in the area. Weibull distribution scale and
shape parameters were also calculated. Results showed that the monthly Weibull shape parameter
was 1.99, while the monthly Weibull scale parameter was 3.79 m s-1. Weibull probability density
function and cumulative frequency showed that the wind speed tends to distribute around the
mean value most of the time.

Keywords: Weibull Distribution; Wind Potential; Wind Speed; Wind Power Density

7. Content Analysis of Selected Units of Ethiopian New Physics Grade

9 Student Textbook
Tolera Abuna, Getachew Abebe and Girma Goro
Year: 2012

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze the extent of conceptual and procedural
knowledge covered in the new Ethiopian grade nine physics textbook and to identify whether the
textbook promotes active learning or not. To achieve these purposes, questionnaires and content
analysis checklist were used under survey research methods. To collect data, the available 15
physics teachers including the three physics department heads of the three sampled secondary
schools were made to fill the prepared questionnaire. Survey research type was employed and the
last 4 selected units of the textbook were analyzed. First, the content of the sampled units were
analyzed quantitatively through questionnaire to assess the extent of conceptual and procedural
knowledge coverage and to evaluate the extent to which the textbook promotes active learning.
The result revealed that the selected units of the textbook were little inclined to active learning
approach, and also the selected units of the textbook not incorporated procedural knowledge
sufficiently in their texts and figures as compared to activities and questions. Secondly, the
researcher conducted in detail the procedural and conceptual knowledge covered in components
(texts, activities, questions and figures) of selected units of textbook by using content analysis
checklist. Each paragraphs (entitle of sub-title) of texts, activities, questions, figures and diagrams
were taken as a single unit. These units of analysis were evaluated according to the constructed
two main categories (procedural and conceptual knowledge) and related sub-categories by using
percentage and Romey involvement index value. Consequently, it was found that the extent of
procedural knowledge covered in each components were: best balance having index value 0.62,
for texts, 70.2% coverage for activities, 70.4% coverage for questions and 40.1% for and figures
and diagrams. Finally, on the basis of the findings, it was recommended that to improve the
quality of the textbook, the shortcomings identified in the textbooks should be taken into
consideration.

169
 8. Quantum Mechanical Study of Motion of Electron in the Periodic
Potential in a Crystalline Solid
Mahamud Muhidin and Amarendra Rajput
Year: 2012

Abstract: In this project, a quantum-mechanical study of the motion of an electron in a periodic

potential that exists in a crystalline solid was presented. For this purpose, the Bloch Theorem and
the Kronig –Penny model were employed. The calculations clearly exhibited the nature of the
energy spectrum of the electron in terms of allowed bands and forbidden gaps. Discussion was
also made on how the ordinary mass of the electron must be replaced by an effective mass tensor
to understand the actual dynamics of the electron in a crystal. The concept of crystal momentum
and its law of conservation were also discussed.

9. Four Dimensional Formulation of the Relativistic Dirac Equation of

Electron and its Lorentz Covariance
Getnet Hagazi and Amarendra Rajput
Year: 2012

Abstract: In this project, we used some of the main principles of quantum mechanics, special
theory of relativity and the necessary mathematics for the formulation of the relativistic Dirac
equation of electron in the four dimensional space-time continuum (Minkowski space). The
special theory of relativity demands that relativistic quantum equation must be formulated in a
Lorentz covariant (symmetric) form and remain invariant in all inertial frames under Lorentz
transformation. We derived the homogeneous Lorentz transformation in the Minkowski space
and applied to the Dirac equation. Then, the Dirac equation is rewritten in the manifestly
covariant form by introducing gamma matrices, and proved to be invariant under Lorentz
transformation implying that it is fully consistent with the special theory of relativity. The Dirac
equation in its bare natural form predicts the existence of spin for the electron and spin magnetic
moment, in the presence of magnetic field B described by a four vector potential, which are in
agreement with experimental results. Finally, the Dirac equation for the free electron Hamiltonian
is solved, resulting in both positive and negative energy solutions. The negative energy solutions
are interpreted as anti-electron or positron states according to Dirac's hole theory of the electron
sea. Dirac's hole theory which was initially for a single electron theory further leads to many
particle interaction which involves the process of pair production and pair annihilation of
particles, and antiparticles, which have been observed experimentally confirming the real triumph
of Dirac theory of the electron.

Keywords: Dirac Equation; Electron Spin; Gamma Matrices; Lorentz Transformation;

Minkowski Space; positron; Spin Magnetic Moment

170
 10. Effect of Concept Mapping on Learners’ Attitude and Achievement
in Learning Harmonic Oscillation: The Case of Grade Twelve
Students at Degahabour Senior Secondary School, Somali National
Regional Tate

Abdela Sualih, Getachew Abebe and Girma Goro

Year: 2012

Abstract: The study is about an investigation of the effectiveness of concept mapping method of
teaching over the traditional, lecture method of teaching in the teaching of physics. The study
was conducted on two equivalent groups of students of grade 12 at Degahabour senior secondary
school. One of the groups, the treatment group, were taught with the concept mapping method
of teaching and the other with the traditional method of teaching for a particular physics lesson
each for one month. The main objective of the study is to compare the effectiveness of this
Method of teaching on students‟ achievement, motivation and attitude with the traditional lecture
method. Systematic sampling technique was employed to select 80 students for this research
purpose from the whole population from grade 12 students‟ registration list. After the selection
of sample students, two equivalent groups were formed first by ranking the students based on
their grade eleven physics score. After the students were listed on the order of their grade eleven
physics scores, those students with odd number were grouped to experimental group and those
students with even number were grouped to the controlled group. The tools used to collect data
were; achievement tests, observation checklist, and Attitude scale tests. To measure the
achievement, motivation and attitude of the students, an instrument was constructed and
validated and then administered to the whole sample. To compare the mean scores of
experimental and control groups, z-test was employed (at α = 0.05). The study showed that
concept mapping method of teaching was found more effective than traditional lectured method
in improving the achievement, motivation and attitude of the students in physics subject. The
probability value (p) of the pre-test achievement and attitude tests results of control and the
experimental groups is 0.8057 and 0.642 respectively. This indicates that there is no significant
difference between the two groups. In addition to this, the probability value (p) of the post-test
achievement and attitude tests results of the control and the experimental groups is 0.000 and
<0.001 respectively. This indicates that there is a significant difference between the two groups.
The study also revealed that the use of concept map significantly improved the performance of
the students. It has been found that the new method of teaching has improved performance of
the students. In addition, the students‟ attitude and motivation have been changed positively.
Finally, the researcher would like to suggest more researches to be conducted by chief researchers
so as to investigate the effectiveness of this method of teaching on students‟ achievement
generally in science subjects and particularly in physics subject.

171
 11. Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) Value Measurements from
Mammography on Patients Undergoing Breast Examination
using Indirect Method: The Case of Black Lion and Betazatha
Hospitals. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Alemayehu Debbo and Seife Teferi
Year: 2012

Abstract: In this research indirect method of determining ESD was used on age groups of
women 35-60year on patients undergoing mammographic screening at Bethazata and Black Lion
Hospital (BLH) Hospital in Addis Ababa. Different radiological techniques, dose variations were
compared for the same types of breast examinations with similar studies and seek dose
optimization. A total of 100 women were involved and the ESD for 200 views of CC and MLO
were measured. Each woman had a mediolateral oblique and a cranio-caudal view of each breast.
Entrance surface dose (ESD) values were determined and measured mean ESD (mGy) and the
ESD range was reported for each age group. The entrance surface doses (ESD) were calculated
using the measured Tube output measurements. The results showed that the calculated ESD
ranged from 18.46 mGy to 21.26mGy for the mediolateral oblique (MLO) views and 3.04mGy to
15.36mGy for the craniocaudal (CC) views. The possible reasons for the large variations in the
individual ESD values for both views were discussed using patients' data, equipment specific data
and the technical parameters used for the examinations. Comparison showed that the mean ESD
values reported in this work were above published values and the recommended guidance level of
10mGy for a standard breast thickness of 5cm when using grid. 92.5% of the patients had ESD
values that are less than 13.5mGy. Implementation of a dose reduction program in
mammographic screening was also suggested because of the observed large variations in patients
ESD values in the hospitals.
This study could serve as a valuable source of reference to radiographers and radiologists when
performing mammography especially as the radiation absorbed dose could be used as a baseline
to create awareness of size of dose received, and to limit deleterious radiation doses to patients
and to prevent unnecessary exposures.

Keywords: Entrance Surface Dose(ESD); Cranio-Caudal(CC); Mediolateral

Oblique(MLO)

12. Electronic Thermal Conductivity of Osmium Diboride in Normal

and Superconducting States
Amssalu Wondmagegn, Amarendra Rajput and Getachew Abebe
Year: 2012

Abstract: The main objective of this research work is to show how electrons contribute to the
thermal conductivity of Osmium Diboride (OsB2 ) superconductor by applying Boltzmann
transport property equations in normal and superconducting states. Moreover, the energy
dispersion relation functions in k-space (Ek), electronic heat capacity and the electronic thermal
conductivity OsB2 in comparison with the normal and superconducting states. are analyzed. The
normal state electrical and thermal conductivity results have been calculated and checked with the
well known Weidman-Franz law of theoretical Lorenz value are its validity. Furthermore, the
expression for electronic thermal conductivity in the superconducting state has been determined
and compared with the available experimental data, Good agreement were found between the
two.

Keywords: Electrical Conductivity; Heat Capacity; Thermal Conductivity; Thermal

Current Density; Weidman- Franz Law

172
 13. Assessment of Solar PV Based Rural Electrification in Rema
Village, Northern Ethiopia
Belete Tilahun and Gelana Amente
Year: 2012

Abstract: Rural electrification has long been top on the development agenda of many developing
countries. Nevertheless, the vast majority of the rural population in these countries did not have
access to electricity. But around 2 to 3 billion people in the world have no access to electric
lighting. Like other developing countries, the rural electrification in Ethiopia is very low and there
is a need to take some actions to promote the investment in these areas but due to economic
constraints and low level of technological advancement the growth is very low. This study
focuses on solar PV based rural electrification and its impact on environment and socio-
economic development in Rema village. Discussions with the people at the executing level,
interviews from villagers, inspections of physical assets, and reviews of available written
documentation were included in the study. According to the village survey the existing PV home
system has a positive impact on environment and socio- economic development of the village of
Rema. Most of the villagers were happy with the technology during the survey. During the survey
interviews, 94% responded that the quality of air is improved due to solar PV, 88% of the
respondents said that the system is safe and 84% of respondents said the existing lighting gives
enough light for their activities. Solar PV is also used for climate change mitigation by curbing
CO2 emission and can be used for climate adaptation by reducing the deforestation and
facilitating carbon sequestration. It was possible to calculate total CO2 emission from the village
per year due to kerosene lamps and is equivalent to 584472kg CO 2/year. Photovoltaic based
electrification of health center and schools have played vital roles in improving the quality of
services. The presence of solar PV powered refrigerator helped to have vaccines and medicines
preserved for different types of killer diseases. The teaching-learning process of schools
improved due to the presence of electricity. The solar powered water supply in the nearby areas
reduced the time required for fetching water and made girls to focus on their education.

14. Spatial and Short-Term Temporal Wind Speed Variability: Case

Study of Dubbo Village
Ashenafi Abebe, Gelana Amente and Getachew Abebe
Year: 2012

Abstract: In this study spatial and short-term temporal variability of wind speed were conducted.
Data for day and nighttime wind speeds were collected at 30 minute intervals for two weeks at
Dubbo site. For spatial variability, five year wind speed data were obtained for Dubbo and Sodo
sites and the two were compared. The data were analyzed using statistical analyses and by
comparing Weibull parameters. Comparison of daytime and nighttime wind speeds indicated
higher average daytime wind speed, which exceeded the nighttime average by over 30%.
Comparison of daytime measurement of five data points with 24 data points gave identical
average within error of 3%. No significant spatial variability was obtained between Dubbo and
Sodo sites.

Keywords: Spatial Variability; Temporal Variability; Weibull Distribution; Wind Speed.

173
 15. Electron Phonon Interaction in Metals and Low Temperature
Resistivity
Dagim Challa, Amarendra Rajput and Gelana Amente
Year: 2012

Abstract: In this thesis, a theoretical study has been presented for the calculation of electrical
resistivity (and hence conductivity) of simple metals and its variation with temperature. The study
of electrical properties of metals has been one of the most challenging problems in theoretical
solid state physics. With the advent of quantum mechanics, there has been rapid progress in this
direction. In this work, the electron-phonon interaction, which plays the most vital role in the
properties of a metal are taken into account in a realistic way. For this purpose, the electron-
phonon interaction Hamiltonian is expressed in the second quantized form using creation and
annihilation operators for electrons as well as for phonons. It is assumed that the scattering of
electrons by mainly longitudinal phonons, takes place within the same band, from one
momentum state to another, and close to Fermi surface. The entire analysis is focused on the
calculation of the scattering rate, for which the Boltzmann transport equation within the
relaxation time approximation has been employed and then Fermi‟s golden rule from the time
dependent perturbation has been utilized. The time-independent Schrödinger equation has been
used to estimate the coupling constant. To calculate the Fourier transform of effective electrical
potential seen by electrons, the Tomas-Fermi method has been used. The final result brings out
the famous T 5  law, in agreement with the experimental observations.
Keywords: Boltzmann Transport Equation; Fermi Golden Rule; Interaction-Hamiltonian
Phonon; Relaxation Time Approximation; Resistivity; Scattering-rate; Thomas-Fermi
Method; T 5  law

16. Estimation of Wind Power and Identification of Potential Wind

Farm From Among Three Selected Sites in Ethiopia
Negash Kebele and Gelana Amente
Year: 2012

Abstract: This project work deals with assessment of wind resources of three sites in Ethiopia,
Dire Dawa, Hawassa and Dilla, in order to identify the potential site. To achieve this objective,
data of day time wind speeds of each site were obtained from the National Meteorological
Agency and analyzed. The result of the analysis shows that Dilla as the site with least potential for
wind energy utilization. Depending on the selected turbines of 3 m/s cut-in speed, the wind at
each two site Hawassa and Dire Dawa can be described by the shape factors k H = 2.24,
CH = 5.08 m/s, and k DD = 2.56, CDD = 3.17m/s respectively. The wind power densities
contented in the wind at Hawassa and Dire Dawa are respectively, 27.57 W/m 3 and 37.42 W/m3
at 30 meters above the ground. Across the day the wind be operational around 39% for Hawassa
and 50% for Dire Dawa site and the distribution across the year shows the wind be operational
for about 137 days per a year for Hawassa and for about 140 days per a year for Dire Dawa. As
the task of identification of potential wind site, the wind at Dire Dawa can generate slightly more
power than that at Hawassa. Besides this, the wind at both sites is unfeasible for the wind power
generation.

174
 17. Solutions of Dirac Equation for an Electron in the Presence of
Uniform Magnetic Field

Abebe Adugna, Amarendra Rajput and Getechew Abebe

Year: 2012

Abstract: In this thesis, we study the motion of a relativistic electron in presence of a uniform
background magnetic field using Dirac equation. Choosing a particular gauge for the vector
potential A and magnetic field B, we determine the exact solutions of Dirac equation for positive
and negative energies. The energy eigenvalues are also obtained which are the analogue of
Landau levels in non relativistic quantum mechanics. We find that the solutions are dependent on
the choice of the gauge for A and B. However the energy eigenvalues are independent of the
choice of gauge. We then discuss the ortho-normality of the Dirac spinors. In contrast to the well
known classical cyclotron orbits, we find that the electron orbits, in the present case, are
quantized. This result helps us in understanding quantum Hall effect. Finally we show how to
calculate the spin-sum of solutions, which are vital in the calculation of cross-sections in
collisions involving electrons or positrons.

18. A Perturbation Theory Approach for the Calculation of Long-

Range Interaction between Two Hydrogen Atoms
Bitewulign Kassa and Amarendra Rajput
Year: 2012

Abstract: Symmetry requirements on the wave function of the Hydrogen molecule imposed by
the Pauli principle serve to couple electron spins. This coupling results in a separation of the
spectra into singlet and triplet series for Hydrogen molecule. At large separations, the interactions
between atomic systems are dominated by polarization and dispersion forces that arise from the
mutual perturbations of transient or permanent multipole moments of the electronic charge
distributions of the interacting systems. The quantum theory of the long-range van der Waals
interaction between neutral atoms has a long and instructive history. The existence of attractive
forces between atoms was established by van der Waals. In this project work the application of
Rayleigh Schrödinger Perturbation Theory is used to calculate the van der Waals (long-range)
interaction between two Hydrogen atoms in their ground states. For convenience this problem
was considered first by means of the perturbation theory, for it is easier to see that the leading
term in the energy due to dipole-dipole interaction at great separation distances varies inversely as
the sixth power of this distance (~1 R6 ). Actually at very large separation, two Hydrogen atoms
experience a van der Waals attraction. This attraction first appears in a second-order perturbation
theory calculation; since the wave function isn't good enough to include this effect. It is assumed
that the nuclei of the two Hydrogen atoms, A and B, are fixed in space a distance R apart, and
that the z axis is chosen parallel to the line through A and B.The calculation is to extended to
study the contribution to form the dipole-quadrupole interactions.

Keywords: Dispersion Coefficient; Long-Range; OrthoHydrogen; ParaHydrogen; Van

der Waals Interaction

175
 19. Temperature-Pressure Relationship of Ferromagnetism and
Superconductivity in Zirconium-Zinc Compound (zrzn2)
Habtamu Mekonen, Amarendra Rajput and Getachew Abebe
Year: 2012

Abstract: In this thesis, we make a phenomenological study of the occurrence of ferromagnetism

and superconductivity in zirconium-zinc compound (ZrZn2) which is ferromagnetic at ambient
pressure and below Tc = 28.5K. In particular, we study the dependence of the ferromagnetic and
superconducting critical temperatures on pressure, using the G-L theory for phase transition
from an ordered to a disordered phase. To calculate the pressure versus temperature phase
diagrams, we employ the Walker and Samokhin model for the pressure dependence of the free
energy parameters. It is observed that both the critical temperatures decrease with increasing
pressure and they tend to zero simultaneously at the same critical pressure. Also the
ferromagnetic critical temperature is found to drop more rapidly with increase in pressure,
compared to superconducting critical temperature. The superimposed phase diagram clearly
shows, the co-existence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity occurs over a wide range of
pressure (0-21Kbar) in zirconium-zinc compound (ZrZn2).

20. Assessment of Climate Change at Bahir Dar City over the Last Fifty
Years in Relation to Global Warming
Habtamu Yitayew and Gelana Amente
Year: 2012

Abstract: The study was conducted at Bahir Dar City to assess climate change of the area over
the last fifty years in relation to global warming. The study focused on analyzing change in the
meteorological data (temperature, rainfall intensity and pattern, relative humidity, wind speed,
sunshine hours, evaporation) at Bahir Dar City and change in the level of Lake Tana over the last
fifty years. Debre Markos City (with no lake nearby) was selected for comparison purpose, to
detect the effect of Lake Tana on Bahir Dar. The assessment in this study showed that, Bahir Dar
city has experienced climate change over the past fifty years with similar trend to that of global
warming. The indicators are stated as follows. Over the last fifty years Bahir Dar has shown
increment in temperature of about 2oC and a decrease in rainfall of about 160 mm. Despite the
cyclic nature of both temperature and rainfall, increase in temperature over global average (~
0.4oC) is attributed to rapid urbanization and perhaps due to increased reduction in vegetation
cover. Reduction in rainfall is part of the global phenomena. As the comparisons between Bahir
Dar and Debre Markos show, the temperature of Bahir Dar was not distinctively affected by
thermal inertia of the lake. Change in relative humidity of Debre Markos showed a reduction by
nearly 19% during the last fifty years compared to that of Bahir Dar, which showed a reduction
of only 2%. The difference between the two is attributed to the lake effect at Bahir Dar. The
general trend showed a slight reduction in the depth of the lake during the last fifty years but to
give a more conclusive result a better measurement technique is needed. Overall, the rate of
evaporation showed increasing trend over the years. The region has a very low wind speed barely
exceeding 1m/s with little contribution to evaporation. The overall trend of evaporation indicates
an increase of 0.02 cm/year (2 cm/100 year) i.e., at present, about 21.5 M m 3 more water
evaporates from the lake compared to what was evaporating fifty years ago.

Keywords: Climate Change; Global Warming; Lake Tana

176
 21. Prospects and Developments in Hydrogen Energy as Alternative
Motor Vehicles Fuel
Girma Dejene and Gelana Amante
Year: 2012

Abstract: Hydrogen has been identified as the leading candidate for the future energy industry,
that is, for both mobile and stationary applications while averting adverse effects on the
environment, and reducing dependence on oil. In this paper hydrogen production such as
thermal process, electrolytic process and photolytic process were discussed. Production methods
such as supercritical water gasification, electrolysis, photo biological hydrogen production and
photo electrochemical hydrogen production were discussed based on different parameters.
Storage of hydrogen is one of the key challenges in developing hydrogen economy. Storage
research is primarily focused on compressed gas, cryogenic hydrogen, metal hydrides, and a
growing number of alternative methods including carbon novel materials, chemical hydrides,
absorption and adsorption on materials. The relatively advanced storage methods such as high-
pressure gas or liquid couldn‟t fulfill future storage goals. Chemically or physically combined
storage of hydrogen in other materials showed potential advantages over other storage methods.
Hydrogen can be used as a fuel for a wide variety of end-use applications including important
uses in the transportation and fuel cell development.

Keywords: Fuel Cell Vehicles; Hydrogen Fuel Cell; Hydrogen Energy; Hydrogen
Production; Hydrogen Storage

22. Identification of Automotive Engine Condition Through its Sound

using Spectral Analysis
Lemi Bedjisa, Getachew Abebe and Girma Goro
Year: 2012

Abstract: This thesis work aimed at the identification of automotive diesel engine conditions
through its sound using spectral analysis. It examined the spectra of the sound due to engine
parts failure to identify whether strange sounds were obtained as being different from the usual
sound. This facilitated the diagnosis of engine parts failure to be in a fraction of time. The sounds
of the engine were captured using the combination of laptop, mini-jack, microphone,
microphone stand and engine. These are the apparatuses used in the capturing processes. For the
quality of data, the sounds were captured in an isolated room. The isolation is to control the
possible interference of sounds from the surrounding. Using the collected sound data the time
waveform, the line spectra and the PSDs of each of the sounds were plotted. The plot of time
waveform, line spectra and PSD were done after the sound signals were transformed from the
time domain to the frequency domain using FFT. The results of each of the plots showed that
the sound signals due to engine parts failure are completely different from the time waveform,
the line spectrum and the PSD of the sound signal from the normal engine. This is used to
conclude that the sound signals due to failures of engine parts have specific line spectra as soon
as the sound it has during that failure is constant. The total power of sound due to each of the
sounds obtained from different engine parts failure is also different at the same frequency range.
This was used to establish the sounds due to different engine parts failure with its power at each
frequency. This work encourages others to study the spectra of sounds due to other engine parts
failure.

Keywords: Engine; FFT; Frequency Domain; Line Spectrum; PSD; Time Domain; Time
Waveform

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 23. Physical Characterization of Ground Water Serving Haramaya
University and Quantification of the Solid Particles at Different
Levels of the Water Distribution System
Mebratu Meselge, Gelana Amente and Tesfahun Kebede
Year: 2012

Abstract: This study was conducted at Haramaya University to assess the level of physical water
quality parameters in water samples collected from four wells, from water reservoir, and from
taps delivering water to three zones of campus. The physical water quality parameter examined
were total solids, dissolved solids, suspended solids, turbidity, pH and electrical conductivity. The
results from wells were compared pair-wise and likewise the results between each water sample
from the three zones and the water from the reservoir. The mean total solids of the wells, the
reservoir and the zones were 882.3 mg/l, 890mg/l and 1110mg/l, respectively. The mean values
of dissolved solid of the wells, reservoir and taps were 722.95mg/l, 703.6mg/l and 912.86mg/l,
respectively. Only one of the four wells (W3) showed significant differences from the rest, in
most of the physical parameters. Two distribution zones (the west and the south zone) showed
significant differences from the reservoir with most of the physical parameters. Heating and
cooling both showed effect on the amount of total solids removed from the water. Heating
temperature of about 85oC and cooling temperature of about 13oC were considered optimum in
time and energy saved and in terms of the total solids extracted.

Keywords: Dissolved Solids; Electrical Conductivity; Total Solids; Turbidity

24. Enhancing Mammogram X-Ray Image to Ameliorate its Visibility

and Source of Information for Breast Diagnosis
Melaku Adal, Getachew Abebe and Seife Teferi
Year: 2012

Abstract: This thesis presents image processing technique to enhance the contrast of
mammogram images by different methods to get a quality image for interpretation by the
radiologist. X-ray mammography is the most effective method for the early detection of breast
diseases in medical imaging. However, the typical diagnostic signs such as micro calcifications
and masses are difficult to detect because mammograms are of low-contrast and noisy. In this
work mammograms are digitized by a scanner to introduce into computer for the purpose of
enhancing the contrast of digitized images for better visualization. Digitized mammograms
(which include normal, abnormal and coded breast) images are processed using different image
enhancement techniques: Contrast adjusting, histogram equalization, adaptive histogram
equalization and intensity transforming functions are used to process digitized mammogram films
to ameliorate visibility of breast images. In medical imaging the mammography produces poor
contrast and fewer details, so that, image enhancement method is used as a tool by radiologists to
give subjective evaluation to the quality and visibility of images. Adaptive histogram equalization
and contrast stretching techniques show the global appearance of the image with high contrast.
PSNR and RMSE were used to objectively quantify the accuracy of the techniques employed.
The PSNR values of adaptive histogram equalization and contrast stretching were found to be
38.89 and 27.78, respectively, indicating that image objectively and the quality of the enhanced
images by using these two techniques to be superior to the other methods. The results of the
enhanced image using these two techniques were also confirmed by the radiologist to be
subjectively better than the visual clarity of the preprocessed images.
Keywords: Adaptive Histogram Equalization; Contrast Stretching; Dynamic Range;
Histogram Equalization; Image Processing, Logarithmic Transformation; Mammogram;
Masses; Micro calcification; PSNR, RMSE

178
 25. Estimation of entrance surface dose and dose area product to
patients in intravenous urography at public and private hospitals
in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Muhidin Abdo, Seife Teferi and Getachew Abebe
Year: 2012
Abstract: The effects of ionizing radiation should be a permanent concern in radiological
practice, especially in exams with long duration and high number of exposure, like Intravenous
Urography (IVU).It was estimated that Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) and Dose Area Product
(DAP) values in IVU which would be used for potential of optimization in radiological practice.
In the study 145 adult patients (age > 16 years) submitted to IVU in Addis Ababa at two public
and two private hospitals during February 2012 – March 2012. Doses delivered to patients were
determined in terms of ESD and DAP based on X – ray tube output measurements and X-ray
exposure parameters. The mean value of ESD (mGy) per radiograph estimated range from 5.5 to
10.6, the mean cumulative ESD (mGy) per examination range from 29.9 to 74.3, the mean DAP
(Gy cm 2) per examination range from 13.7 to 32.9.The cumulative ESD and DAP can approach
the probability of stochastic effect. For potential of optimization in daily radiological practice to
be achieved by the departments which give diagnosis using IVU, they should use a new exposure
factors, use of screen – film combination of fast speed class, and increasing total filtration.
Moreover, use of automatic image possessor and use of automatic exposure control X – ray
equipments can reduce radiation dose to patients.

Keywords: Conventional Radiology; Ionization Radiation; DRLs; Optimization

26. Feasibility Study of Standalone Wind-Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

Hybrid Energy Systems for Electrification for Rural Ethiopia (A
Case Study Hadas Village)
Natei Ermias and Gelana Amente
Year: 2012

Abstract: Study was conducted to assess feasibility of stand-alone wind-solar PV hybrid power
for Hadas village. The data required for this project work (wind speed and sunshine hours) were
obtained from the National Meteorological Service Agency (NMSA) and analyzed using
MATLAB software. The actual data used was from Gelemso station, which is the closest
meteorological station to the village. Both wind power and solar PV power potentials were
evaluated from wind speed and sunshine hours of the station, respectively. The study revealed
that the area has abundant solar energy potential (6.1 KWh/m 2/day) but its wind potential is not
promising. This is partly attributed to the level at which wind speed measurement was taken, 2 m,
instead of the recommended 10 m height.

Keywords: Solar PV; Sunshine Hours; Wind power; Wind-Solar PV Hybrid Power; Wind
Speed

179
 27. Level of Implementation and Challenges of Continuous
Assessment in Physics Teaching: The Case of Grade Nine
Students in Chancho Aba Geda Secondary and Preparatory School
Nega Deriba, Getachew Abebe and Girma Goro
Year: 2012

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of implementation and challenges
of continuous assessment in physics education in the study school. It also aimed to investigate
the level of the new grade nine physics text-book in promoting continuous assessment as
compared to the old physics grade nine text-book. This case study was conducted in Chancho
Aba Geda Secondary and Preparatory school and the data were mainly collected from two
hundred seventy two students, five grade nine physics teachers and four school administrators.
Questionnaire consisting of open and closed-ended questions, document analysis and text-book
evaluation check-lists are used as the main data gathering tools and they were substantiated with
interviews and observation. The findings of the study show that the status of the school in
implementing continuous assessment is poor and the findings also show that the new grade nine
physics text-book is better than the older one in promoting continuous assessment. Among the
factors that affect the implementation of continuous assessment; lack of students‟ interest, lack of
teachers motivation, missed classes, lack of time, large class size, lack of facilities important for
the implementation of continuous assessment, students‟ absenteeism, teachers over-load, broad
text book content, teachers‟ loss of confidence on their students because of students misbehavior
are the main ones

Keyword: Continuous Assessment

180
 28. Content Analysis on the New and the Old Grade Nine Physics
Textbooks for Scientific Literacy Themes Coverage
Nigatu Gebrewold, Getachew Abebe and Emilie Papp
Year: 2012

Abstract: The purposes of this study was to investigate the extent of the scientific literacy (SL)
themes coverage both in the previous and the new grade nine physics textbooks, and to evaluate
changes that were made in the new grade nine physics textbook with respect to the previous
grade nine physics textbook in terms of the four SL themes coverage. From the old textbook, the
text, pictures, tables, figures, class room activities, check points, laboratory activities and project
works were selected for this study. In the new textbook, the text, pictures, tables, figures,
discussion activities, class room activities, and experimental activities were selected for the study.
These data sources were analyzed using the framework developed by Chiappetta and Fillman.
The framework has four themes of SL namely: Science as a body of knowledge (Theme I);
Science as a way of investigating (Theme II); science as a way of knowing (Theme III); and
Interaction between science, technology and society (Theme IV). Reliability in this study was
determined by the using Fleiss generalized kappa statistic. The results from the analysis of the old
grade nine textbook shows that this textbook had mostly emphasized on the basic knowledge of
science (67.19%). The second and the third most covered themes were the investigative nature of
science (12.53%) and the science as way of knowing (10.86%). This textbook, however, has less
emphasized to the interaction of science, technology, and society theme of SL (9.43%). The
results from the analysis of the new grade nine physics textbook had shown that the basic
knowledge of science was the most emphasized theme (67.56%) and the second most
emphasized theme was interaction between science, technology, and society (15.89%). But it had
emphasized less on the investigative nature of science (8.38%) and science as way of knowing
(8.17%) themes of SL. The 2009 educational reform had brought a shift of emphasis from
knowledge-investigative integration in the old grade nine textbook to knowledge-application
themes of SL in the new grade nine textbook.

Keywords: Content Analysis; Educational Reform; Scientific Literacy; Curriculum

Materials; Themes of Scientific Literacy

29. Mathematical Foundation of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

and its Significance in Understanding some Important Physical
Phenomena
Eshete Abera and Amarendra Rajput
Year: 2012

Abstract: In this project, an attempt is made to study the mathematical foundation of

Heisenberg‟s uncertainty relation, which is one of the basic pillars of quantum mechanics. It is
shown that it is directly related to the concept of operators, which are used to describe physical
quantities. From the most general form of the uncertainty relation, the work shows how the
special form of the uncertainty relation, follow quite logically, e.g. position-momentum, energy-
time, angle -angular momentum etc. Finally the uncertainty principle is applied to account for
some of the important and interesting physical phenomena in simple, mathematical manner,
which are otherwise, difficult to understand. Some of the physical phenomena are: nonexistence
of the electron inside the nucleus, ground state energy and radius of hydrogen atom, zero point
energy of harmonic oscillator, natural width of spectral lines, estimation of mass of π −mesons,
Hawking black-body radiation, estimation of length, mass and time on the Planck scale and
modification of uncertainty principle at minimal length.

181
 30. Application of Quantum Tunneling to the Cold Field Emission of
Electrons from a Metal and Alpha Particle Decay of Nucleus
Merid Tufa, Amarendra Rajput and Girma Goro
Year: 2012

Abstract: This thesis presents how one can find the wave function for a general space dependent
potential, V(x) using the WKB approximation method and then apply the result to study the
phenomenon, called quantum tunneling and its application to the cold field emission of electrons
from a metal and alpha particle decay. Since quantum tunneling is purely a quantum effect, it
centers on the analysis of wave function, which is a solution of the time independent Schrodinger
equation, for a general space dependent potential that is a slowly varying function of position
(constant over a distance of de Broglie wavelength), obtained by using WKB approximation
method. As the wave function obtained by WKB approximation method does not provide us
with an adequate formula for the description of quantum tunneling near the classical turning
point where it is most interesting, connection formulas must be used to tie together regions on
either side of the classical turning point by using Airy functions. These connection formulas are
important and are used to calculate transfer matrix that enables us to obtain the general
transmission probability coefficient in terms of the parameters of the space dependent potential
barrier. Making use of these transmission probability coefficients we study the cold field emission
of electrons from a metal and alpha particle decay from a nucleus. In particular, we study how the
transmission probability, for cold field emission of electrons from a metal, depends on the
strength of applied electric field and the work function of metal, separately. Further, we have
studied the relation-ship between the transmission probability coefficients of alpha decay with its
energy. The relation-ship between half-life of alpha particle emitter and the energy of the alpha-
particle is also investigated.

Keywords: Alpha Particle Decay; Cold Field Emission; Potential Barrier; Quantum
Tunneling; Wave Function; Transmission Coefficient

31. Quantum Collision

Ibrahim Muhammed and Amarendra Rajput

Year: 2012

Abstract: In this project, the quantum mechanical theories of collision starting from the time-
independent Schrodinger equation have been developed. Two different approaches to the
quantum theory of collision were presented. First, we transformed the Schrodinger equation into
an integral equation using the method of Green‟s function and expression for the scattering
amplitude was derived. The theory was then applied to scattering of charged particles by Yukawa
potential and by pure Coulomb potential. Secondly, we employed the method of partial waves to
calculate the scattering amplitude. The result was applied to the nature of nucleon-nucleon
scattering. Since for a given scattering problem, an exact evaluation of the scattering amplitude
was not possible, we made use of the method of Born approximation. The spin-dependence of
nuclear force, using scattering of low energy neutrons by hydrogen molecules was analyzed. The
analysis revealed that the nuclear interaction is strongly spin-dependent.

Keywords: Coulomb Potential; Method Of Green’s Function; Method Of Partial-Waves;

Scattering Amplitude; Total Cross-Section; Yukawa Potential

182
 32. Aerosol Optical and Microphysical Properties: Case Study of
Bahrain and Nairobi
Fikru Abiko and Gelana Amente
Year: 2012

Abstract: The Earth‟s atmosphere consists of small solid or liquid particles called aerosol
suspended in a gas. These tiny atmospheric particles originate from a variety of natural and
anthropogenic sources. The particles‟ climatic effect was evaluated by the optical and
microphysical parameters, extinction coefficient, single scattering albedo, refractive index,
aerosols optical depth and angstrom exponent. The variation of the optical parameters of
aerosols in time and place indicates the type and the amount of concentration of the particles in
the atmosphere. Aerosols attenuate solar radiation as it passes through the atmosphere, which in
turn affects the radiative budget of the earth and their existence in atmosphere changes the
properties of the cloud. The study concludes that aerosols have direct, indirect and semi-direct
effects on climate change.

Keywords: Aerosol; Aerosol Optical Depth; Angstrom Exponent; Extinction Coefficient;

Refractive Index; Single Scattering Albedo

33. Analysis of the Validity of Content Coverage of Physics

Examination: The Case of Ethiopian General Secondary
Education Certificate
Tamiru Sefissa, Getachew Abebe and Girma Goro
Year: 2012

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of content coverage of physics
examination in the case of Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate. On the other
hand, the study reveals whether or not the EGSEC-PE ensures the representativeness of content
coverage and sufficient sampling of the learning outcomes stated in the syllabus. As a result, an
attempt was made to follow appropriate procedures to collect and analyze data. Primarily, four
evaluators or judges were selected based on the certain norms, with a requirement of B.Sc or
above and more than three years of work experience in physics field. The research design
employed for the study was descriptive method. As instruments of data collection, the study used
interview and document analysis. The data gathered were analyzed using both quantitative and
qualitative approaches to answer the research questions. Accordingly, the data collected were
analyzed and interpreted by employing frequency and percentage. The agreements among the
judges were checked by using Kendall‟s Coefficient of Concordance (W). Using Siegel‟s statistical
formula, the extent of relationship between the contents of the syllabus and sample test papers
has been determined. To see the significance association between the examination items and the
syllabus, the chi-square statistics was computed. The finding of the study shows that the
computed chi-square values of the expected exam items from the contents of period allotted in
the syllabus were 8.59. The critical value at df =40 with 0.05 level of significances was 55.76. This
shows that the exam items were adequately represent the syllabus outcomes. On the other hand,
the computed chi-square values of the expected exam items from the cognitive domain with
content of the syllabus were 9.522. By using Siegel‟s statistical formula, the correlation coefficient
value (C) was 0.18. The value 0.18 indicates that there was a weak association between the
syllabus and categories of the examination items with respect to the cognitive domains. From the
statistical results, the exam items of the EGSEC-PE were not fairly content valid. Therefore, the
study revealed that the EGSEC physics examination did not match with the syllabus contents.

Keywords: Examination Content Validity

183
 34. Silicon Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Structure, Optical Properties and
Technological Application
Tahir Mama and Girma Goro
Year: 2012

Abstract: Low dimensional nanocrystals have properties that can be different from their bulk
counterparts. For semiconductor crystals such as silicon when the carriers (excitons) are confined
in a few, nanometers quantum mechanical size effects emerge. In this project the effects of these
quantum confinements in silicon nanostructures were discussed in detail. Moreover, different
synthesis methods of silicon nanostructures were illustrated briefly. Theoretical calculation of the
electronic structures of silicon nanocrystals using effective mass model approximation was
presented. Finally, brief description of optical properties is presented. Using matlab the
theoretical simulation of Energy bandgap as a function of particle size and optical absorption as a
function of particle size and energy band gap was generated.

Keywords: Coefficient; Energy Bandgap; Nanocrystals; Optical Absorption; Optical

Properties

35. Geothermal Energy Production in Ethiopia, Prospects and

Limitations
Tegenu Argaw and Gelana Amente
Year: 2012

Abstract: Renewable sources of energy are essential alternatives to currently widely utilized fossil
fuels. From all renewable energy sources geothermal energy is base load power. The Great East
African valley is one of the major tectonic structures of the earth. Ethiopia has huge and valuable
energy resources associated with the Great East African Rift System. These resources are situated
in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley and in the Afar Rift. This work is focused on the prospects and
limitations of geothermal energy in the country. Based on the literature survey of secondary data,
which was gathered from Geological Survey of Ethiopia, published journals and articles, The
status of geothermal exploration in the Ethiopian Rifts can be grouped into three: area where a
plant has been installed, area tested by deep drilling and areas where various levels of surface
explorations have been done. According to literature survey, Ethiopia has the potential to
generate more than 1000 MW geothermal energy; However, There has not been successful
exploitation of this resource in the country due to the following barriers. Cost and lack of
awareness, geothermal management, risk mitigation fund, training, and operation difficulties that
have been faced at Aluto-Langano pilot-plant. All these problems are classified as resource and
steam field related problems. Hence, the emphasis should be given to these prospect areas to
reduce the above limitations.

Keywords: Afar Rift Valley; Aluto-Langano; Geothermal Electricity Generation;

Geothermal Energy; Main Ethiopian Rift Valley

184
 36. Estimation of Global Solar Radiation by Direct Measurement and
using Sunshine Duration at Haramaya and Dire Dawa

Wondafirash Abebe, Gelana Amente and Girma Goro

Year: 2012

Abstract: In this study, the mean daily global solar radiation at Haramaya University (HU) and
Dire Dawa (DD) meteorological stations were estimated using sunshine duration data, which was
recorded using Campbell-Stock Heliograph, as the input of Angstrom-Prescott model. These
values were further used to calculate the half hourly power intensity of solar radiation applying
Collares-Pereira and Rabl‟s model. A 14cm by 14cm 12V solar module was also used to take
indirect measurements of solar radiation at interval of 30 minutes from sunrise to sunset
throughout the course of study. Readings were made in terms of voltage using multi-meter, from
which power intensity was calculated. Finally, comparisons of estimated values of half hourly
power intensity of solar radiation and the corresponding measured values were made to examine
the degree of variability between the measured and estimated values of solar radiation. A separate
comparison was also made to see the effect of local conditions on the solar radiation
measurements. The cumulative sum of estimated power intensity of solar radiation showed
agreement with their corresponding measured values. Small change in location did not result in
significant difference between measured cumulative sum and their corresponding estimated
values. Solar module is simple and low cost device with low sensitivity to measure solar radiation
at any time, which can be used as substitute of Pyranometers in places where Pyranometers are
not available.

Keywords: Cambel-Stock Heliograph; Global Solar Radiation; Half Hourly Power

Intensity; Integrated Power Intensity; Pyranometers; Sunshine Duration

185
 37. Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles
Zewdu Weldemichael and Girma Goro
Year: 2012

Abstract: This project paper reports study on the synthesis and characterization of ZnO
nanoparticles by a two-step synthesis procedure. The first step is the solution-free
mechanochemical synthesis of zinc tartarate by grinding of zinc acetate dihydrate and tartaric acid
at room temperature for 30 minutes. The second step is the thermal decomposition of zinc
tartarate at 450°C for 30 minutes to form ZnO nanoparticles. The synthesized ZnO
nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, Uv-Vis spectrophotometer, Transmission electron
microscope (TEM), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy
(EDX) and Elemental mapping analysis techniques. X-ray diffraction pattern shows a wurtzite
structure (hexagonal phase) with high crystallinity which is in good agreement with the TEM
result. The lattice parameters of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were a = 3.258 Å and c =
5.199 Å calculated from XRD result. The absorption edge for ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by
mechanochemical synthesis method was found to be 375 nm and the corresponding calculated
band gap energy was 3.30 eV. The average particle size of the synthesized ZnO nanopowder
investigated from TEM using histograms were found of 56 nm ± 8 nm. Transmission electron
microscopy clearly showed that the produced image of ZnO nanoparticles with different size
distribution. The nearly spherical morphology of ZnO nanoparticles were studied by scanning
electron microscope. The required phase of zinc appeared at Kα1 = 8.639 KeV, Kβ1 = 9.572
KeV, Lα1= Lα2 = 1.012 KeV and oxygen appeared at Kα1 = 0.525 KeV x-ray emission lines in
the synthesized nanopowder. As the EDX result showed that the concentration of zinc and
oxygen in the synthesized ZnO nanopowder were 91.14 % and 8.86 % respectively which is
qualitatively confirmed by elemental mapping results.

Keywords: Characterization; Mechanochemical Synthesis Route; Spectrophotometer

38. A Theoretical Study of the Detailed Structure of the Spectral Lines

of the Hydrogen Atom using Quantum Mechanics

Zerihun Tadele and Amarendra Rajput

Year: 2012

Abstract: This work presents a systematic theoretical study of the detailed structure of the
spectral lines of the hydrogen atom using quantum mechanics. In particular, the project work
concentrates on the principal lines of the spectrum, the fine structure, the Lamb shift and the
hyperfine splitting of the hydrogen atom. First, the existence of the principal spectral lines is
explained using Schrödinger equation. The relativistic Dirac equation is employed to account for
the origin of the fine structure, which is shown to be the result of spin-orbit interaction of the
electron. The Lamb shift in the hydrogen spectra is studied using the perturbation theory and
quantum electrodynamics. Finally, the hyperfine splitting is calculated considering the dipole-
dipole interaction between the electron and proton magnetic moments.

Keywords: Fine Structure; Hydrogen Atom; Hyperfine Splitting; Lamb Shift Principal
Lines; Quantum Mechanics; Spectral Lines

186
 39. Determination of Soil Moisture Contents Using Spectral Analysis
Teshager Argaw and Getachew Abebe
Year: 2012

Abstract: A soil moisture sensor has been developed based on the basic property that the
resistance of the soil between two points decreases with the increase of water content. Water is a
good conductor of electricity in the presence of ions. The greater the amount of electrolytes in
the soil, greater will be the conductivity of the soil. The sensor was designed by using wires,
transistors, buzzer, resistance and voltage. These components were connected in such a way that
to give sound as an output. Three 50 gm Oven–dried soils samples was watered in the range of
0ml to 30ml at 2.5ml interval. Electrical conductivity, soil water content, maximum amplitude and
frequency were measured at each water level added to the soil. Conductivity was measured using
conductivity meter and the soil moisture content was determined using gravimetric method. To
determine the spectral analysis a matlab code was developed and from the spectrum the
maximum amplitude and the corresponding frequency (dominant frequency) was measured. The
soil moisture sensor developed didn‟t give signal when no water added to the soil. High sound
was heard and recorded as the water level of the soil increases and this brought an increase in an
amplitude and frequency. Up to soil saturated all dependent variables (Electrical conductivity,
frequency and amplitude) were strictly increased and above saturation point slight increment in
the dependent variables were observed correlation relation between soil water contents with
electrical conductivity, maximum amplitude with electrical conductivity, frequency with electrical
conductivity, frequency with soil water contents, maximum amplitude with soil water contents
and frequency with amplitude for the sampled soils were studied using regression with matlab.
The relation between dependent variable and independent variable shows that a high correlation
relation with R2 greater than 0.96 and with 95% confidence level.

Keywords: Amplitude; Electrical conductivity; Frequency; Soil Moisture Content; Soil

Moisture Sensor; Spectral Analysis

187
 40. Evaluating the Accuracy of Absorbed Dose using External Photon
Beam in the Radiotherapy Center of Black Lion Specialized
Hospital

Wondmagegn Anjulo, Seife Teferi and Getachew Abebe

Year: 2012/13

Abstract: The aim of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is to deliver prescribed dose to a target
volume accurately and uniformly while sparing the surrounding health tissues. Therefore, RT
plays currently significant role in curative treatments of several cancers. In Ethiopia EBRT is
carried out mostly by using MeV beams of 60Co treatment unit. The behavior and characteristics
of the treating radiation have to be understood and measured to a great extent of accuracy. This
study was mainly concentrated in investigations of the effects of scatter factors and beam
modifiers, in verifications of basic beam parameters depending up on field sizes and depths in
water and in efficacy of QA programs on dose calculation and absorption accuracy. All factors in
RT procedure contain uncertainties requiring strict QA. In this study, practical methods were
developed for the evaluation of basic beam parameters, scatter factors and QA of the treatment
machine and TPS on the overall uncertainty of the dose. With this aim, various uncertainty
components associated with beam calibration were considered and data‟s were collected for
consecutively 6 months. The measured values for all available parameters were compared with
published and RT center beam library data values. Additionally recommendations and
suggestions were presented for accuracy of QA purposes. Even if, small errors were observed at
each measured values, the overall inaccuracies or percentage of variations between the measured
values, the RT center beam library & published data values are not exceeded from the
recommended values and made an agreement in between them. But these discrepancies must be
taken into consideration when calculating and delivering treatment doses.

Keywords: Basic Beam Parameters; Beam Modifiers; 60Co Unit; QA; RT; Scatter Factors;
TPS

41. Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Technological

Applications

Demewez Amtate and Girma Goro

Year: 2012/13

Abstract: This project reviews synthesis, properties and technological applications of carbon
nanotubes. The different synthesis methods of carbon nanotubes are illustrated briefly. The
energy dependence of density of states was used to determine the optical properties of CNT.
Finally, brief description of optical and electronic properties was presented. Using MATLAB
Code the theoretical simulation of electronic band structure as a function of wave vector, the
band gap as a function of tube diameter and the density of state as a function of energy band are
generated.

Keywords: Carbon Nanotubes; Chemical Vapor Deposition; Energy Band Structure

188
 42. Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide
Nanomaterials using Sol-Gel Method
Stotaw Talbachew and Girma Goro
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: This project reports the effect of temperature on the properties of TiO2
nanomaterials, synthesis and characterization. TiO2 powders were synthesized by sol-gel method
using TiCl4 solution added in deionized water in ice bath under fume hood followed by the
addition of ethanol with vigorous stirring for 30 min at room temperature. The gel solution was
obtained and then got dried using oven at 200 oC for 4 hours. Then, the dried gel was calcinated
at 250oC, 400oC and 600oC using furnace for 4 hours each. The synthesized TiO 2 nanomaterials
were characterized by XRD, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Transmission electron microscope
(TEM), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). XRD
shows the particles size with high crystallinity and purity which is in good agreement with the
TEM result. The particles size of the synthesized TiO2 nanomaterial at calcination temperatures
of 250oC, 400oC and 600oC were 9.22 nm, 14.33 nm and 36.72 nm respectively calculated from
XRD result. The absorption edge for TiO2 nanomaterials synthesized by sol gel synthesis method
was found to be 350 nm and the corresponding calculated band gap energy was 3.54 eV. The
average particles size of the synthesized TiO2 nanopowder investigated from TEM using
histograms at calcination temperatures of 250oC, 400oC and 600oC were found (8.55 ± 0.25) nm,
(13.82 ± 0.41) nm and (36.06 ± 2.03) nm respectively. The polygonal structure of TiO2
nanomaterials were studied by scanning electron microscope. The EDS result showed that at
calcination temperatures of 250oC, 400oC and 600oC, the concentrations of titanium were
33.34%, 32.6% and 31.89%, and the concentrations of chlorine were 2.64%, 0% and 0%, and the
concentrations of oxygen were 64.02%, 67.4% and 68.11% in the synthesized TiO2 nanopowder
respectively which is qualitatively confirmed by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy results.

Keywords: Spectroscopy; Sol Gel Synthesis; TiO2 Nanomaterial

43. Quantization of the Orbital Motion of a Mass in the Presence of

Einstein’s Gravitational field
Yalew Gebremeskel, Amarendra Rajput AND Gelana Amente
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: In this thesis, a simplified model is presented to explain and understand the quantized
nature of motion of a mass in presence of a bigger mass. For this, the Lagrangian and the
Hamiltonian of the mass are worked out in a four dimensional space. The relevant metric of the
space is calculated when the gravitational field is weak and spherically symmetric. Einstein‟s
theory of gravitation is employed by considering the variation of dynamical variables with the
curve parameter. The Hamiltonian is written down in an operator form and used in the
equivalent Schrodinger equation. The solutions of the equation bring out clearly the quantization
of energy levels and orbits of the mass. The model is then applied to estimate the distances of the
planets from the sun. There is good agreement between the calculated distances with those
observed astronomically.

Keywords: Curve Parameter; Einstein Theory of Gravity; Minkowski Metric, Riemannian

Metric

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 44. Zinc Oxide Nanorods: Growth, Structure, Optical Properties and
Technological Applications
Mebrahtom Kahsay and Girma Goro
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: This research presented a review on the synthesis, characterization, optical and
application of nano ZnO. A theoretical approach effective mass approximation (EMA) is
employed firstly to understand quantum confinement effects on the electronic band gap as a
function of size of nanoparticle ZnO and nanorod ZnO. Our simulation result shows that an
increase of band gap energy with decreasing size of nano sized ZnO. In addition a simple
theoretical method is used to calculate absorption coefficient along with density of states of bulk
and nanorods of ZnO. The density of states of bulk ZnO increases continuously with incident
photon energy. Density of states of the nanorods is discrete due to quantum confinement. The
absorption coefficient of bulk ZnO is continuous; however, due to energy quantization effect the
absorption spectrum of ZnO nanorods is discrete.

Keywords: Nanotechnology; Nanoscience; Quantum Confinement

45. Synthesis and Characterization of Cr-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles

Marta Haile and Girma Goro
Year: 2012/13

Abstract: In this work zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) were successfully synthesized by
mechanosynthesis method and zinc acetate dihydrate(Zn (CH 3COO)2.2H2O) and oxalic acid
dihydrate (HOOCCOOH.H2O) were used as the precursor materials. Chromium-doped ZnO
were synthesized by the incipient wetness impregnation method and by mixing synthesized ZnO.
The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), Electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and UV- Vis spectroscopy. Results show that
the XRD spectra indicate that the ZnO and Cr-ZnO crystal has a hexagonal wurtzite structure.
TEM images agreement with the XRD data shown that the average size of the nanoparticles. It
shows that ZnO having an average particle size of 89 nm ± 2.9 nm and Cr doped ZnO have an
average particle size of 42 nm ± 1.1 nm. The surface morphology of synthesized material was
investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and composition was studied by
energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy shows an
absorption band at 350 nm and 360 nm due to ZnO and Cr- ZnO nanoparticle. The calculated
value for the bandgap energy of the synthesized calciened pure zinc oxide (Zc) and chromium
doped zinc oxide (CrZ) nanoparticles were found as 3.54 and 3.44 eV, respectively.

Keywords: Characterization; Nanoparticles; Mechanosynthesis

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 46. Path integral Formulation of Quamtum Mechanics
Aboma Negasa, Amarendra Rajput and Girma Goro
Year: 2013

Abstract: In this thesis, the path-integral representation of quantum mechanics has been
systematically developed using a simplified version of mathematics, starting from the Lagrangian
and the Actional functional principle of classical mechanics. The method presented differs from
the other available methods in the sense that these latter methods involve lots of intricate
mathematical procedures which are often quite complicated. The mathematical techniques
proposed in this thesis can be, with a little effort, applied to problems of interest. This is
illustrated by taking two very common but important problems in quantum mechanics, namely
particle in a box and simple harmonic oscillator. It is shown how one can derive expressions for
the action functional and the relevant propagators for the problems. The corresponding energy
eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are calculated. Finally, it is proved how the Schrödinger equation
follows naturally from the path-integral formulation.

Keywords: Action Functional, Kernel (propagator); Path Integral

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