Artificial Neural Network Tutorial

The term "Artificial neural network" refers to a biologically inspired sub-field of artificial
intelligence modeled after the brain. An Artificial neural network is usually a
computational network based on biological neural networks that construct the structure
of the human brain. Similar to a human brain has neurons interconnected to each other,
artificial neural networks also have neurons that are linked to each other in various
layers of the networks. These neurons are known as nodes.

What is Artificial Neural Network?

The term "Artificial Neural Network" is derived from Biological neural networks that
develop the structure of a human brain. Similar to the human brain that has neurons
interconnected to one another, artificial neural networks also have neurons that are
interconnected to one another in various layers of the networks. These neurons are
known as nodes.
The given figure illustrates the typical diagram of Biological Neural Network.

The typical Artificial Neural Network looks something like the given figure.

Dendrites from Biological Neural Network represent inputs in Artificial Neural Networks,
cell nucleus represents Nodes, synapse represents Weights, and Axon represents
Output.

Relationship between Biological neural network and artificial neural network:

Biological Neural Network Artificial Neural Network

Dendrites Inputs
 Cell nucleus Nodes

Synapse Weights

Axon Output

An Artificial Neural Network in the field of Artificial intelligence where it attempts to

mimic the network of neurons makes up a human brain so that computers will have an
option to understand things and make decisions in a human-like manner. The artificial
neural network is designed by programming computers to behave simply like
interconnected brain cells.

There are around 1000 billion neurons in the human brain. Each neuron has an
association point somewhere in the range of 1,000 and 100,000. In the human brain,
data is stored in such a manner as to be distributed, and we can extract more than one
piece of this data when necessary from our memory parallelly. We can say that the
human brain is made up of incredibly amazing parallel processors.

We can understand the artificial neural network with an example, consider an example
of a digital logic gate that takes an input and gives an output. "OR" gate, which takes
two inputs. If one or both the inputs are "On," then we get "On" in output. If both the
inputs are "Off," then we get "Off" in output. Here the output depends upon input. Our
brain does not perform the same task. The outputs to inputs relationship keep changing
because of the neurons in our brain, which are "learning."

The architecture of an artificial neural

network:
To understand the concept of the architecture of an artificial neural network, we have to
understand what a neural network consists of. In order to define a neural network that
consists of a large number of artificial neurons, which are termed units arranged in a
sequence of layers. Lets us look at various types of layers available in an artificial neural
network.

Artificial Neural Network primarily consists of three layers:

Input Layer:

As the name suggests, it accepts inputs in several different formats provided by the
programmer.

Hidden Layer:

The hidden layer presents in-between input and output layers. It performs all the
calculations to find hidden features and patterns.

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Output Layer:

The input goes through a series of transformations using the hidden layer, which finally
results in output that is conveyed using this layer.

The artificial neural network takes input and computes the weighted sum of the inputs
and includes a bias. This computation is represented in the form of a transfer function.

It determines weighted total is passed as an input to an activation function to produce

the output. Activation functions choose whether a node should fire or not. Only those
who are fired make it to the output layer. There are distinctive activation functions
available that can be applied upon the sort of task we are performing.

Advantages of Artificial Neural Network

(ANN)
Parallel processing capability:

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Artificial neural networks have a numerical value that can perform more than one task
simultaneously.

Capability to work with incomplete knowledge:

After ANN training, the information may produce output even with inadequate data. The
loss of performance here relies upon the significance of missing data.

Having fault tolerance:

Extortion of one or more cells of ANN does not prohibit it from generating output, and
this feature makes the network fault-tolerance.

 A neural network can implement tasks that a linear program cannot.

 When an item of the neural network declines, it can continue without some issues
by its parallel features.
 A neural network determines and does not require to be reprogrammed.
 It can be executed in any application.

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Disadvantages of Artificial Neural Network:

Assurance of proper network structure:

There is no particular guideline for determining the structure of artificial neural

networks. The appropriate network structure is accomplished through experience, trial,
and error.

Unrecognized behavior of the network:

It is the most significant issue of ANN. When ANN produces a testing solution, it does
not provide insight concerning why and how. It decreases trust in the network.

Hardware dependence:

Artificial neural networks need processors with parallel processing power, as per their
structure. Therefore, the realization of the equipment is dependent.

 The neural network required training to operate.

 The structure of a neural network is disparate from the structure of
microprocessors therefore required to be emulated.
 It needed high processing time for big neural networks.

How do artificial neural networks work?

Artificial Neural Network can be best represented as a weighted directed graph, where
the artificial neurons form the nodes. The association between the neurons outputs and
neuron inputs can be viewed as the directed edges with weights. The Artificial Neural
Network receives the input signal from the external source in the form of a pattern and
image in the form of a vector. These inputs are then mathematically assigned by the
notations x(n) for every n number of inputs.
Afterward, each of the input is multiplied by its corresponding weights ( these weights
are the details utilized by the artificial neural networks to solve a specific problem ). In
general terms, these weights normally represent the strength of the interconnection
between neurons inside the artificial neural network. All the weighted inputs are
summarized inside the computing unit.

If the weighted sum is equal to zero, then bias is added to make the output non-zero or
something else to scale up to the system's response. Bias has the same input, and
weight equals to 1. Here the total of weighted inputs can be in the range of 0 to positive
infinity. Here, to keep the response in the limits of the desired value, a certain maximum
value is benchmarked, and the total of weighted inputs is passed through the activation
function.

The activation function refers to the set of transfer functions used to achieve the desired
output. There is a different kind of the activation function, but primarily either linear or
non-linear sets of functions. Some of the commonly used sets of activation functions are
the Binary, linear, and Tan hyperbolic sigmoidal activation functions. Let us take a look
at each of them in details:

Binary:
In binary activation function, the output is either a one or a 0. Here, to accomplish this,
there is a threshold value set up. If the net weighted input of neurons is more than 1,
then the final output of the activation function is returned as one or else the output is
returned as 0.

Sigmoidal Hyperbolic:
The Sigmoidal Hyperbola function is generally seen as an "S" shaped curve. Here the tan
hyperbolic function is used to approximate output from the actual net input. The
function is defined as:

F(x) = (1/1 + exp(-????x))

Where ???? is considered the Steepness parameter.

Types of Artificial Neural Network:

There are various types of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) depending upon the human
brain neuron and network functions, an artificial neural network similarly performs tasks.
The majority of the artificial neural networks will have some similarities with a more
complex biological partner and are very effective at their expected tasks. For example,
segmentation or classification.

Feedback ANN:
In this type of ANN, the output returns into the network to accomplish the best-evolved
results internally. As per the University of Massachusetts, Lowell Centre for
Atmospheric Research. The feedback networks feed information back into itself and are
well suited to solve optimization issues. The Internal system error corrections utilize
feedback ANNs.

Feed-Forward ANN:
A feed-forward network is a basic neural network comprising of an input layer, an
output layer, and at least one layer of a neuron. Through assessment of its output by
reviewing its input, the intensity of the network can be noticed based on group behavior
of the associated neurons, and the output is decided. The primary advantage of this
network is that it figures out how to evaluate and recognize input patterns.