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English Physics 2 Year

This document provides study material for Physics II year including very short answer questions and answers, and 4 mark questions and answers on various physics concepts. It contains 33 very short answer questions covering topics like magnetic field, electromagnetic waves, photoelectric effect, semiconductors, and communication systems. It also contains one 4 mark question explaining total internal reflection with a diagram. The document is intended as a study guide for intermediate level physics students in Medak district, Telangana.

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0% found this document useful (1 vote)
116 views16 pages

English Physics 2 Year

This document provides study material for Physics II year including very short answer questions and answers, and 4 mark questions and answers on various physics concepts. It contains 33 very short answer questions covering topics like magnetic field, electromagnetic waves, photoelectric effect, semiconductors, and communication systems. It also contains one 4 mark question explaining total internal reflection with a diagram. The document is intended as a study guide for intermediate level physics students in Medak district, Telangana.

Uploaded by

rp369108
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS – II YEAR

2
PHYSICS - II
C= E = mc
Study Material
2
g= 9.8m/s
DIST: MEDAK
ENGLISH MEDIUM
λ =
INTERMEDIATE

District Collector:
Sri Rajarshi Sha, I.A.S
Medak Dist.

Nodal Officer:
Sri K. Sathyanarana,
Medak Dist.

“Co-ordinator”

Sri K. Sheshidhar, Principal –GJC-Narsing


Compiled by:

Sri. Y. Narender - G.J.C.Narsing

Sri. S. Saidulu - G.J.C. Shivampet

Sri. D. PavanKumar - G.J.C. –Shankarampet (R)


Smt. M. Padma - .TSWRT Ramayampet

Smt. K. Shivaranjani - TSMS Chegunta


PHYSICS – II YEAR

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. What happens to compass needle at the earth poles?


Ans: At the earth poles the compass needle can point straight down if the needle is moving in a
vertical plane as BH = 0.
2. Magnetic lines form continuous closed loops. Why?
Ans: Magnetic monopoles do not exist. So magnetic lines form, continuous closed loops.
3. Define "Magnetic Declination"?
Ans: The angle between the Geographic north and North shown by compass needle is called
"magnetic declination".
4. What are the units of magnetic moment and magnetic induction or magnetic field?
Ans: (i) unit of magnetic moment is A- m² or joule/Tesla
(ii) unit of magnetic induction Tesla (T)
5. Define magnetic inclination or angle of dip?
Ans: It's defined as the angle made by the total magnetic field (BE) of the earth at a place with the
horizontal.
6. What type of a transformer is used in a 6V bed lamp?
Ans: "Step down transformer" is used in 6v bed lamp.
7. Write the expression for the reactance of (1) an inductor and (2) a capacitor
Ans: (I) reaction of inductor, XL = WL
(ii) Reactance of capacitor, XC =
8. What is the phenomenon involved in the working of a transformer?
Ans: "Mutual induction"
9. What is the principle of production of electromagnetic waves?
Ans: If the "charge is accelerated" both the magnetic field and electric field will be change with
space and time, then electromagnetic waves are produced.
10. What are the applications of microwaves?
Ans: Microwave is used in,
(i) Radars system. (ii) Micro ovens
11. Microwave are used in Radars why?
Ans: Due to "short wavelengths" ("High frequency").
12. Give uses of infrared rays?
(i) Used in remote control switches.
(ii) Used in physiotherapy.
(iii) Used in electronic devices.
(iv) Used in military purposes.
13. What are cathode rays?
Ans: Cathode rays are streams of 'electrons'.
14. What is Photo electric effect?
Ans: when a light of suitable frequency incident on metal surface electrons are emitted from the
metal surface. This is called, Photoelectric effect.

TGSTKMMPCS- MEDAK
PHYSICS – II YEAR

15. 'What is work function'?


Ans: the minimum energy required by an electron to escape from the metal surface is called work
function(ϕ0) . ϕ 0 = h v0
16. Write down Einstein's photoelectric equations?
Ans: Einstein's photoelectric equation
hv = ϕ0 + K. Emax
hv - Energy of Photon
ϕ0 - Work function

K.Emax - maximum kinetic energy


17. Write down the de- Broglie's relation and explain the terms their in?
Ans: De Broglie’s relax relation λ = =
λ - Wavelength
h - Plank’s constant
P - Momentum.
18. State Heisenberg's and certainly principal?
Ans: We cannot measure both the position and momentum of any particle at the same time.
ΔX. ΔP ≈
∆x = uncertainty in position
∆p = uncertainty in momentum
19. Draw the circuit symbol for p-n-p and n-p-n transistor?
Ans: p-n-p transistor n-p-n transistor

20. Which gets are called Universal Gates?


Ans: NAND and NOR gates.
21. Which is n-type semiconductor? What are the majority and minority charge carriers in it?
Ans: A pure semiconductor for doped with pentavalent impurity is called n-type semiconductor
Electrons---> majority
Holes ---> minority
22. What is the P type semiconductor? what are the majority and minority charge career's in it?
Ans: A pure semiconductor doped with trivalent impurity is called P-type semiconductor.
Holes ---> majority
Electrons----> minority
23. Define modulation. Why it is necessary?
Ans: the process of combining low frequency audio signal with high frequency signal is called
modulation
Necessity:- 1. Low frequencies into signals cannot be transmitted to long distances
2. To reduce size of antenna

TGSTKMMPCS- MEDAK
PHYSICS – II YEAR

24. Mention the basic methods of modulation?


Ans: I. Amplitude modulation ( AM)
II. Frequency modulation ( FM)
III phase modulation ( PM).
25. Which type of communication is employed in mobile phones?
Ans: Space wave communication.
26. What are the basic blocks of a communication system?
Ans:
I. Transmitter 68 II. Channel III. Receiver
27. A transformer convert 200 V ac into 2000 V a.c calculate the number of turns in the secondary
if the primary has 10 turns
Ans: Vp = 200v; VS= 2000v; Np=10

=
2000
Ns= X Np= X10=100
200

∴ Ns = 100 turns.
28. Define power of a convex what is its unit? The power of convex lens is equal to reciprocal of
focal length ∴P=

Diopter (or) m-¹.


29. What is dispersion? Which color gets relatively more dispersed?
Ans: The phenomena of splitting of white light into its component colors is known as "dispersion"
"violet color" is more dispersed.
30. Small angled prism of 4° deviates a ray through 2.48° find the refractive index of the prism
Ans: A=4⁰ , Dm=2.48⁰ Dm = (µ-1)A
Dm=( µ -1)A
. .
µ=1+ =1+ = = 1.62
∴ µ =1.62
31. What is the importance of oersteds experiment?
Ans: When current is passing through a conductor magnetic field is produced around it.
32. A circular coil of radius are having an turn's carries a current what is the magnetic moment
Ans: Magnetic moment equals to (M) =NiA (or) M =Ni (πr²)
N---Number of turns, i—current, A-- area.
33. Distinguish between ammeters and voltmeter
Ammeter voltmeter
1- it is used to measure current 1 -it is used to measure potential difference
2- it should be connected always in series in any 2- it should be connected always in parallel in
circuit any circuit
3-to convert galvanometer into ammeter 3- To convert galvanometer into voltmeter.

TGSTKMMPCS- MEDAK
PHYSICS – II YEAR

34. What is the principle of coil galvanometer?


Ans: when a current carrying coil placed in magnetic field is free to rotate; then torque acting on it
Torque
i ∝ 𝜃 .............. (1)
T = NiAB
NiAB;.........(2)
35. What is (WWW) World Wide Web Web?
Ans: It is an Encyclopedia of knowledge accessible to everyone around the clock throughout year
with the help of computer connectivity.

4 Marks Questions And Answer :


1. Define critical angle? Explain total internal reflection using a neat diagram?
Definition:- Critical
ritical angle is the angle of incidence in denser medium for which the angle of
refraction Becomes 90° in rarer medium

 The light ray is travelling from


m the de
denser
nser medium to rare medium the refracted ray moves
away from the normal Drawn at the point of incidence of light ray.
 As the angle of incidence in denser medium increases the angle of refraction in rare
medium increases
 At one particular angle of inci
incidence
dence the refracted ray grazes out the interface of the two
media for this angle of incidence in denser medium is called "Critical Angle".
Angle"
 When
hen the light ray is travelling from denser to rare medium and the angle of incidence is
greater than Critical Anglee (i>ic) then the light ray is reflected back to the same denser
medium
ium .This phenomena is called "Total
"T Internal Reflection".

2. Explain the formation of mirage?


Ans:
 On hot summer days the air near the ground becomes hot hands it becomes less distancedist
dense
 Light
ight Ray from a tall object passes through air with decreasing refractive index towards
ground.
 Soo the angle of incidence near the ground exceeds Critical Angle as a result total internal
reflection takes place.
 For a distant observer light appears to come from somewhere below ground. so the
observer that the light reflected from the ground like by a pool of water.
PHYSICS – II YEAR

 This
his forms and inverted image of tall objects and causes optical illusion to the observers this
phenomena is known as “mirage
mirage”.

3. Explain the formation of a rainbow?


Ans:
1. Rainbow is the Dispersion of Sunlight by the water drops in the atmosphere.
2. This is a phenomenon due to combined effect of dispersion refraction and reflection of
Sunlight by spherical waterter droplets of rain.
3. The sun should be shining nere ere western horizon while it is raining in the opposite part of the
sky.
4. Sunlight is first refracted as it enters a rain drop and get dispersed red light bent least while
violet bent most
5. These are component rays Strict the inner surface with the angle greater than critical angle
(480) and get internally reflected.
6. The violet light emerges at an angle of 40° red light emergence at angle of 42° related to the
incoming sunlight.
Hence Rainbow
inbow is format
format.

4. Explain Doppler Effect in light. Distinguishes between red shift and blue shift?
Ans: DOPPLER EFFECT IN LIGHT:- Whenever there is a relative motion between a source of light
and observe the Apparent frequency of light recei
received
ved by the observer is different from the true
frequency of light emitted actually from the source of light.
BLUE SHIFT: - When source and observer approach Each Other Apparent frequency increases and
spectral lines shift towards the blue this is called “Blue shift”.
PHYSICS – II YEAR

RED SHIFT: - when source and observer away from each other Apparent of frequency decreases
and spectral line shift towards red this is called “red shift”.

05. State and explain coulombs Inverse Square Law in electricity?


Ans: the force of attraction (or) repulsion between two charges in directly proportional to the
product of their charges and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F ∝ q1 q2_______1
1
F ∝ ________2
From eq (1) and (2)
F∝

F= 𝜖 0 - Permittivity of force space

06. State gauss's law in electrostatics and explain it is importance?


Ans: The total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to 1/ 𝜖0 times the total charge included
by the surface.
∅E = ∮ 𝐸⃗ . d𝑆⃗ = q
Importance:
1. Valid for any closed surface of any shape and size.
2. Applicable to any distribution of charges within closed surface.
3. It is useful to calculation of electric field when the system has symmetry.

7. Define intensity of electric field it a point derive and expression for the intensity due to a point
charge?
Ans: It is definite as the force experienced per unit positive charge placed it that point in the
electric field.
E=
The force acting on a small charge q and Q
F=
= ……………………(1)
E- Intensity of electric field.
(E) = ………………..(2)
From eq (1) and (2)

(E) =
8. Derive the equation for the couple acting on electric dipole in the uniform electric field?
Ans: A dipole of dipole moment 𝑃⃗in a electric field 𝐸⃗
Force is acting on + q is ------ qE
Force is acting on –q is -------- -qE

The forces act at different points resulting in a torque on a dipole.


Torque =

TGSTKMMPCS- MEDAK
PHYSICS – II YEAR

∴ τ = 𝑞𝐸⃗ 𝑋 2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
∴ τ = 2𝑞𝑎𝐸⃗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
∴ τ = 𝑝⃗ × 𝐸⃗ (∴ 𝑃⃗ = 2𝑞𝑎
𝑞𝑎)
( ∴ dipole moment P = 2aq )
9. Explain series combination of capacitors derive the formula for equivalent capacitance in each
combination?
Ans: When the second plate of the first capacitor is connected to the first plate of second capaci
capacitor
and second plate of second capacitor is connected to the first plate of third capacitor an
and so on.
Such a combination is called “series””
Combination Of Capacitors:

In the series combination = charge is same


q1 = q2 = q3 [ 𝐶 = V= ]
But potential difference V =V1 + V2 + V3
∴ = = =
1 1 1 1

𝐶
= 𝐶11 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
10. Explain parallel combination of capacitors derives the formula for equivalent capacitance in
each combination?
Ans : The first plates of all capacitors connected to one point and second plates connected to
another point These 2 points are connected to a cell “V” is called parallel combination of
capacitors.
V1 = V2 = V3 = V
Q = Q1+Q2+Q3
CV = C1V+C2V+C3V
CV = V [C1+C2+C3]
∴ C = C 1 + C2 + C 3

11. State and explain Biot-Savart


Savart law?
Ans: The magnetic field induction dB at a point due to current carrying element is directly
proportional
ortional to length of element (dl) current (I), sine of the angle between the element and the
linee joining and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
distance.
𝑑𝐵 𝛼 𝑖 … … … … … … . . ((1)
𝑑𝐵 𝛼 𝑑𝑙 … … … … … … (2)
𝑑𝐵 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 … … … … … . (3)
𝑑𝐵 𝛼 … … … … … … … . (4)
From eq. 1, 2, 3, & 4
𝜇0
dB =
4𝜋
𝜇 𝑖𝑑𝑙 × 𝑟
∴ dB⃗ =
4𝜋 𝑟
PHYSICS – II YEAR

12. Obtain an expression for the emf induced across a conductor which is moved in a uniform
magnetic field which is perpendicular to the plane of motion?
Ans: Consider a rectangular loop PQRS placed in uniform magnetic field such that PQ is free to
move with constant velocity V.
Magnetic flux fB = Blx

‘x’ The rate of charge of flux fB, will induced and emf

𝜀=
( ) – ( )
𝜀= = Bl = Blv
𝜀 = Blv

13. Describe the way is in which eddyy currents are used to advantage?
Ans: Eddy currents:- when large pieces conductors or subjected to changing magnetic flux induced
currents are produced in then they are called Eddy currents.
currents
Eddy current uses:-
1. Magnetic breaking in trains: when the electromagnetics are activated, the Eddy Currents
induced in the rails oppose the motion of the train.
2. Electromagnetic damping: When the coil oscillates the Eddy Currents generated in the core
oppose the motion on and bring the coil to rest quickly.
3. Induction Furnace:- when alternating current is passed through a wire Wound on a metal to be
melted, Eddy Currents are developed as result high temperatures or produced which melts the
metals. This molten metal’s are used to make alloys.
4. Electric power meters:- The shiny metal disc in the electric power meter rotates due to the
Eddy Currents and indicates consumer units.
14. What are the limitations of Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom?
Limitations: - (i) Bohr’ss model is applicable to only single electron system (Z=1) hydrogen atom and
fails in case of atoms (Z>1)
(ii) It is does not explain the wave properties of electron.
(iii) This model does not explain the fine structure of spectral lines.
(iv) This model doesoes not explain Zeeman and Stark effects.
15. Write a short note on Debroglie's explanation of Bohr's second postulate of quantization?
(i) Debroglie explained that the movie electron in circular orbits creates a stationary wave with
nodes and anti notes
(ii) In a stationary wave the total distance travelled by a wave is an integral number of
wavelengths.
(iii) For an electron moving in nth circular orbit of radius rn
‘’The total distance is the circumference of the Orbit 2 2𝜋𝑟 n
2πrn= nλ {λ = = }

2πrn =

mvrn = n {L = mvrn} L= mvrn angular momentum

L=n( )

∴ Hence
ence angular momentum of electron is integral multiple of is obtained by Debroglie.
PHYSICS – II YEAR

16. What is rectification? Explain the working of a full wave rectifier?


Ans. RECTIFICATION:- The process of converting an alternating current into direct current is called
rectification.

Working: A full wave rectified consists of two diodes D1 and D2 positive half cycle of a.c. input
D1 forward biased (ON),
D2 rivers bi acid (OFF)
The current flows through load residence RL due to D1 only
Negative half cycle of AC : D1 is Reverse biased – OFF, D2 is forward biasd -- ON
The current flows through load residence RL due to D2 only
. ×
it is efficiency (η) = = 81.2%
full wave rectifier converts
∴ both the half cycles of AC input DC is 81.2 %
That's means the maximum efficiency of full wave rectifier 81.2 %
17. Describe how a semiconductor diode is used as a half wave rectifier?
Ans: The rectified out put of current (d.c.) is only for half of the input A.C. It is called half wave
rectifier.
 During the positive half cycle, the diode is in forward biased and current flow through the
diode.
 During the Negative half cycle, the diode is in reverse biased and current does not flow
through the diode.
 Hence, current flows in RL only in one direction”
Half wave rectifies only one half cycle of a.c. input.
. ×
Rectifier efficiency (η) = =η= = 40.6%
Half wave rectification, 40.6 % of a.c. power is converted into dc power.

TGSTKMMPCS- MEDAK
PHYSICS – II YEAR

18. Define NAND and NOR gates. Give their truth tables.
Ans: NAND gate: NAND gate is combination of AND + NOT Gates, NAND Gate = AND gate + NOT
gate

Truth Table: Symbol of NAND Gate

A B Y=A.B Y=𝐀. 𝐁
0 0 0 1

0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1

1 1 1 0

NOR Gate:- NOR gate is combination of OR gate, NOT gate, NOR Gate = OR gate + NOT gate.

Truth Table: Symbol of NAND Gate


A B Y=A+B Y=𝐀 + 𝐁
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0

8 Marks Question – Answers

1. (A) How are stationary waves formed in closed pipes? explain the various modes of vibration
and obtain relations for their frequencies?
(B) A closed organ pipe 70cm long is surrounded. If the velocity of sound is 331 M/s what is the
fundamental frequency of vibration of the air column?
Ans: Closed pipe: A pipe closed at one end is called closed pipe. It is contents air column
Formation of stationary waves in a closed pipe:- In closed pipe the incident wave and reflected
wave travelling in opposite directions and super impose each other and produce stationery waves.
Node is formed at the closure and antinodes at open end.
st
1 harmonic: - in this mode one node and one anti node is formed.
∴Length of the air column (L) =
∴ λ1 = 4L
∴ 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑣1 =
∴ 𝑣 = -------(1)
This frequency is called first harmonic (or) fundamental frequency
3rd Harmonic: Two nodes and to antinodes are formed
∴length of air column(L)=

λ3 =

TGSTKMMPCS- MEDAK
PHYSICS – II YEAR

𝑣 =

∴ 𝑣 = = 3𝑣 -----(2)
This frequency is called 3RD harmonic (or) 1ST over tone
th
5 Harmonic: - 3 notes and 3 antinodes are formed
Length of air column (L) =
∴ λ =
𝑉
∴𝑣 =
λ
5𝑉
∴ 𝑣 = = 5𝑣 … … … … … … … (3)
4𝐿
This frequency is called 5TH harmonic (or) second overtone
now = ∴ 𝑣 : 𝑣 ∶ 𝑣 … … … … 𝑣 : 3𝑣 : 5𝑣 = 1: 3: 5 … ….
Conclusion: - Thus, the harmonic in a closed pipe or in the ratio of odd numbers.

B. L = 70 cm = 0.7 m, V=331 m/s, 𝑣 =?


Formula for closure pipe
=𝑣=
𝑣= × .
= 118.2 𝐻𝑍
2. State kirchoff’s Law for an electrical network. Using these is laws deduce the condition for
balance in a wheat stone Bridge.
Ans: (i) kirchoff’s first law: The sum of currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of
currents leaving the junction.
∴ ∑𝑖 = 0
(ii) kirchoff’s second law:- The algebraic sum potential difference in any closed circuit is equal to
zero.
∴ ∑𝑉 = 0
Wheat stone Bridge: wheat stone Bridge has for resistors (R1 R2 R3 R4 )these is connected to
ABCD arms, AC is battery arm, BD is galvanometer arm. If the resistors are adjusted such that the
“G”current(ig =0)
The bridge is said to be balanced.
iii. Apply kirchoff’s junction law at “D”: -
i1=i3--------(1)
at “B” point, i2=i4------(2)
( )
eq = = -------(3)
( )
(iv) Apply kirchoff’s loop rule to closed loop ADBA we get,
-i1R1+0+i2R2=0
= i1R1=i2R2

= = -------(4)
(v) Apply kirchoff’s loop rule to closed loop CBDC, we get.

TGSTKMMPCS- MEDAK
PHYSICS – II YEAR

i4R4+0+(-i3R3)=0
=> i3R3=i4R4

=> = ------(5)
We get eq . (3) we get
i1 R4
∴ = -------(6)
i2 R3
(vi) From eq. (4), (5) we get

=
R1 R3
∴ = --------(7)
R2 R4
3. (A). State the working principle of potentiometer. Explain with the help of circuit diagram how
the e.m.f of two primary cells is compared. By using the potentiometer?
Ans: Potentiometer: It is a device used to measure e.m.f of a cell
Principle: The Potential difference (V) between any 2 points of the wire is directly proportional to
the length (l) of the wire between the two points.
∴V∞l Potential drop per unit length of the wire.
∴V=Φl
Comparison of em.f’s of two cells: let 𝜀 & 𝜀 be the e.m.f’s of tow cells under comparison these
two cells of emf are connected with 2 way key.
(i) In the 1st position of the key 1,3 pionts are connected and cell ( 𝜀 ) gets connected to
galvanometer (G). found the balancing length (l1).
∴ 𝜀 = Φ 𝑙 ------(1)
(II) in the second position of the key 2,3 points are connected. Now the cell ( 𝜀 ) gets connected to
G found the balancing length (l2).
𝜀2 = Φ𝑙 ------(2)
( )
From eq. we get
( )

∴ =
∴ = ……………….(3)
Problem 𝜀 =1.25 V, l1=35.0 cm, l2=63.0 cm, 𝜀 =?

Formula : : - =
𝜀1 ×𝑙2 1.25 ×63
𝜀2 = = = 2.25𝑉
𝑙1 35
∴ 𝜀2 = 2.25 𝑉
B. state the working principle of potentiometer explain with the help of circuit diagram how to
potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of given Primary cell?
Potentiometer: it is a derive used to measure e.m.f of cell without drawing any current from it.
Principle: the potential difference (V) between any 2 points of the wire is directly proportional to
the length (L) of the wire between the two points.

TGSTKMMPCS- MEDAK
PHYSICS – II YEAR

∴𝑉𝛼𝑙 ϕ = potential drop per unit length of the wire


=> V = ϕl
Determining internal resistance: of cell in the Potentiometer circuit first one the key (K1) is closed
key (K2) is open then balancing length (l1) of the wire of the note it.
e.m.f of the cell ∴ 𝜀 = ∅𝑙 ------------(1)
------------
After the key (K2) is closed to include are in the circuit it is in parallel to the cell.
The terminal voltage is given by
V = ϕl2 ---------------
---------------.(2)
From eq ½ we get
∴ = ----------------
----------------(3)
But we know that ε = I (r+R) and V= IR
∴ = ………………(4)
Equating the eq (3).
). And eq. (4) we get,
𝑟+𝑅
𝑅
=
∴ r= R[ − 1]……………………(5)
Using this formula, internal resistance of the cell can be calculated.

Problem: B. potentiometer wire is 5 m long and a potential difference of 6V is maintained


between its ends. Find the e.m.f of a cell which balances against a length of 180 cm of the
potentiometer wire.

V= 6V, L= 5m = 500cm, l= 180cm,

Formula. ∴ Φ = = v/m

(ε)= Φl

∴𝜀= × 180 = 2..16𝑉


∴ ε = 2.16V
4. Explain the principle and working of a nuclear reactor with the help of labelled diagram
diagram?
Ans: Principle:- Nuclear reactor works on the principle of controlled chain reaction.
PHYSICS – II YEAR

Nuclear reactors parts:-

i. Fuel ii. Moderator iii. Control rods iv. Sheilding v. Coolant


I. Fuel :- the fissionable material which produces nuclear energy is called nuclear fuel
Example: 92U235, 92U234, 90Th234
Nuclear fuel is in the form of long cylindrical rods that are sealed in aluminum cylinder.
(ii) Moderator:- The material which slow down the fast moving neutrons produced in the fission is
called Moderator
Ex: heavy water (D2O) graphite
(iii) Control rods:- The rods which absorb neutrons in the reactor are called control rods. these are
are arranged in the core control rods control fission rate.
Ex :-cadmium, Boron
(iv) Shielding:- think wall constructed around the reactor to product the surrounding from harmful
radiations like 𝛽 − rays and 𝛾 − race is called as shielding. it is made up of cement concrete.
v. Coolant:-The heat generated in the reactor is removed by circulating suitable coolant. The
coolants used are water high pressure Mouton sodium etc.
2
E = mc
-9 8 2
E = 10 X (3X10 )
7
∴ E =9×10 J

Y. NARENDER
JL IN PHYSICS , GJC – Narsingi,
Subject Convener Dist : Medak
Cell No. 9390758052

S. SAIDULU D. PAVAN KUMAR


JL IN PHYSICS, GJC – Shivvampet JL IN PHYSICS, GJC – Shankarampet ( R )
Dist : Medak - Cell No. 879080480 Dist: Medak - Cell NO: 9394744743

S. PADMA K. SIVARAJANI
JL IN PHYSICS, TSWRT Ramayampet PGT IN PHYSICS, TSMS Chegunta
Dist: Medak - Cell NO: 7660056100 Dist: Medak - Cell NO: 9290925742

TGSTKMMPCS- MEDAK
PHYSICS – II YEAR

TGSTKMMPCS- MEDAK

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