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4.2.3 Total Differential

The document discusses the total differential and its applications. The total differential can be used to approximate the change in a function f(x,y) given small changes in x and y. It is calculated using the partial derivatives of f with respect to x and y evaluated at the original point, multiplied by the changes in x and y. Several examples are provided of using the total differential to estimate changes in functions like volume and surface area of geometric objects when variables like radius and height change slightly.

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299 views10 pages

4.2.3 Total Differential

The document discusses the total differential and its applications. The total differential can be used to approximate the change in a function f(x,y) given small changes in x and y. It is calculated using the partial derivatives of f with respect to x and y evaluated at the original point, multiplied by the changes in x and y. Several examples are provided of using the total differential to estimate changes in functions like volume and surface area of geometric objects when variables like radius and height change slightly.

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CT Mar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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 4.2.

3 TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Consider a point P(x, y) at surface z = f(x, y). If there are changes in the values of x and y,
thus there will be change in z. The change in z is call the total differential.
Let z = f(x, y) with fx x, y  and fy x, y  exist. If dx and dy denotes the changes in the

values of x and y.
The total differential of f(x,y) is given by

Formula :The change in f = df

f f
df  dx  dy  df  fx dx  fy dy
x x

With values  df  fx x0 , y0 dx  fy x0 , y0 dy

Where x 0 , y 0  is the original point.

Compute df (formula to approximate the change in f(x,y)

1) Determine dx and dy
x y
x0  y0 

dx  x  x0  dy  y  y 0 

2) Determine and , the substitute x 0 , y 0 

fx  fy 

fx x 0 , y 0   fy x 0 , y 0  

(2) Apply df formula

df  f x x0 , y 0 dx  fy x0 , y 0 dy


Example 1: Find the total differential df given f x, y   x 2 y 4  3 x  5 y 2
Solution:

Apply total differential : df  fx dx  fy dy


fx  2 xy 4  3

fy  4 x 2 y 3  10y

   
df  2 xy 4  3 dx  4 x 2 y 3  10y dy

Example 2: Find the differential df given f x, y   5e2 x y 4  3 xy

Example 3: Find the differential df given f x, y   5e2 x  4 y 4  3 xy


Example 4:

Given f x , y   5 x 2  7 xy 5  2 y and point P(2,1). Use total differential to estimate the


change in f if x changes from 2 to 2.001 and y changes from 1 to 0.99.

1) Determine dx and dy

x  2.001 y  0.999
x0  2 y 0 1

dx  x  x0   0.01 dy  y  y 0   0.001

2)
Determine and , the substitute x = 2, y =1.

f x  10 x  7 y 5 fy  35 xy 4  2

f x 2 ,1  10 2   7 15  27 fy 2 ,1  35214  2  72

3) Apply df formula
df  f x x0 , y 0 dx  fy x0 , y 0 dy
df  f x 2 ,1dx  fy 2 ,1dy
 270.01  72  0.001
 0.198

Example 5: Given f x , y   3y x
4 2
 7 x 3 y 5  5 y and point P(3,1). Use total differential
to estimate the change in f if x changes from 3 to 2.95 and y changes from 1 to 1.15.
 Application of the Total Differential

Example 6

Using the total differential , approximate the change in volume of a right circular cone if the

height is decreased from 20 cm to 19.95 cm and the radius is increases from 4 to 4.05 cm .

1 2
H int : V(r, h)  r h
3
Example 7: A right circular has base with radius , r = 8 cm and height , h = 10cm . Find

the approximate change in the volume of the cylinder if r is increased by 0.2 cm and h is

decreased by 0.1 cm . Hence ,find the approximate the change in volume of the interior of

the cylinder.

H int : V(r, h)  r 2 h
Example 8:

A soft drink can is a cylinder ℎ cm tall with radius � cm. Its surface area is given by the
formula � = 2�� + 2��ℎ . A particular can is 10�� tall with radius 2.5��. Estimate the
change in surface that results if the radius is increased from 2.5 to 3 �� and the height is
decreased from 10 to 9.
Example 9:

A soft drink can is a cylinder ℎ cm tall with radius � cm. Its surface area is given by the
formula � = 2�� + 2��ℎ. A particular can is 10��tall with radius 4 ��. Estimate the change
in surface that results if the radius is increased from 4 to 4.25 �� and the height is
decreased from 11 to 10.55.
Example 10:

The surface area A is given by � = 2��2 + 2��ℎ . Calculate the approximate change in dA
when r changes from 2 to 2.15 and h changes from 4 to 3.985.
Example 11:

4
The volume v is given by � = ��2 + 3 ��2 ℎ . Calculate the approximate change in dv when r

changes from 3 to 3.15 and h changes from 5 to 4.985.

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