WORD MEANINGS The given page numbers correspond to the Word Meaning PAGE 16 apartheid racial segregation or racial di Imination: autobiography life story (biography) of person written by that person himself or herself amphitheatre large open theatre dignitaries eminent persons oppression harsh and unfair - treatment jubilant joyful, happy PAGE 17 began surrounded by decades periods of ten years supremacy __being superior installation _ placement sworn _took an oath PAGE 18 confer _ to give outlaws deprived of the benefit ind protection of the law rare privilege uncommon right possession control _ emancipation freedom from restrict liberation bondage slavery discrimination state of being treated differently reign rule PAGE 19 awe respect and fear spectacular array attractive display troop carriers vehicles carrying soldiers Word pinpoint precision bedecked not unmindful chevron trail symbolised despised overwhelmed patched up erected racial domination inhumane PAGE 20 overturned wrought profound brutality unintended PAGE 21 comrades resilience defies conquers, grimmest pushed to our limits glimmer humanity pages in the prescribed textbook Meaning complete / perfect order decorated aware a figure oF pattern having, the shape of a'V line was like a symbol, represented hated have a strong emotional effect settled built control due to race cruel abolished, invalidated and reversed done, worked into shape by efforts deep and strong cruelty not thought of fellow patriots ability to deal with any hardship challenges gets victory saddest, worst pressurised glimpse, a dim perception sympathy and kindness.AS NCERT FOLDER (Here we have covered questions given in the NCERT textbook along with their answer Oral Comprehension Check (Page 18, 19) 1 Wher» did the ceremonies take place? n you name any public buildings in India that are made of sandstone? Ans. ‘The -remonies took place in the sandstone Amphitheatre formed by the Union Buildings in Pretoria. Some public buildings in India made of sandstone are the Rasherapati Bhawan and the Red Fortin Delhi 2 Can you say how 10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa? ‘Ans. As South Africa is in the sou ‘month of May has the autu May was an autumn day. ern hemisphere, the n season, ‘Thus, 10th 3 Atthe beginning of his speech, Mandela mentions “an extraordinary human disaster.” What does he mean by this? What is the “glorious ... human achievement" he speaks of at the end? By mentioning ‘an extraordinary human disaster Mandela is referring to the practice of apartheid followed in South Africa. ‘This meant that there was racial segregation based on colour, due to which the blacks suffered a lot. They were not allowed to demand freedom and did nor had any basic human right. The ‘glorious ......... human achievement’ that ‘Mandela referred to in the end was that as South ‘Africa had gained its freedom, a black person had become its President. Ans, Ie was an achievement for the nation as earlier racial discrimination, oppression and torture was the basis of the nation. Now with the firs il democracy, cach and every human was entitled to certain rights, frcedoms and equality which were earlier denied. 4 What does Mandela thank the international, leaders fort ‘Ans. Mandcla thanked the international leaders for esence in the inaugural ceremony. Due to presence, the event could be considered victory of the South African people for justice, peace and human dignity 5 What ideals does he set out for the future of South Africa? Ans, Mandela set out certain ideals for the furure of South Africa, He stated that all people pod be free from poverty, deprivation, suffering ané thcrindon al Kinds They would never be made slaves again. All of them would enjoy equal rights and privileges. Oral Comprehension Check (Page 21) 1 What do the military generals do? How has their attitude changed and why? ‘Ans. ‘The military generals saluted Mandela to express their loyalty to democracy. “Their atitude has changed from what it used to be before the ceremony. Earlier these generals had treated Mandela as a criminal, and had arrested him. ‘This atitude is changed duc to the fact that Mandela was now the elected President of their country. 2 Why were two National anthems sung? ‘Ans. ‘Two National anthems, one of the blacks and the other of the whites, were sung to end racial prejudice. Ic was done to signify equality of both 3 How does Mandela describe the systems of government in his country (i) in the first. decade and (i) in the final decade, of the twentieth century? ‘Ans. Mandela describes the systems of government in his country as follows (i) In the first decade of the twentieth century, the white-skinned people of South Africa ended their own differences. They started a system of racial domination against the dark-skinned people of South Afica The system they created formed the basis of harsh and most inhumane societics the world had ever known, (ii) In the final decade of the twentieth century, the previous system had been removed forever. It had been replaced by one that recognised the rights and freedoms of all people, regardless of the colour oftheir skin NCERTAll;none English Language and Literature Class lof, oO 4 What does courage mean to Mandela? Ans, For Mand rage ddl nor mean the absence of fear, but the victory over it. According to him, brave man did not need to be fearless, but they should be able to conquet fear 5 What does he think is natural, to love or to hate? Ans. He thinks love ix natural, wher hate is not natural. The feeling of love comes to our heart naturally. On the other hand, we have this feeling. Oral Comprehension Check (Page 24) 1 Which ‘twin obligations’ does Mandela mention? » learn how to hate, does not develop by itself. Or What, according to Nelson Mandela, are a man’s twin obligations? CBSE 2019 Ans. According to Nelson Mandela every man has twin obligations. The first obligation is o look after his arents, wife and children. The second ty and obligation is to serve his people, his commu his country. 2 What did being free mean to Mandela as a boy, and as a student? How does he contrast these ‘transitory freedoms’ with ‘the basic and honourable freedoms’? Ans, Asa boy, for Mandela “being free’ did not have much meaning as he thought he was born free, He was free to do what he liked. He believed that as long as he obeyed his father and the rules of his tribe, hee was free in every way. ‘Asa student, Mandela realised that the freedoms that he enjoyed as a child was an illusion and he was actually nor free. Then, he wanted the temporary freedom that existed only for his own self, He wanced freedom to sta ight, read what he pleased and go wherever he wanted Mandela contrasts these ‘transitory Freedoms’ with “the basic and honorable freedoms’. Now, he wanted to achieve his potential, earn his money, marry and scart his family. These freedoms unlike the transitory freedoms revolved around himself as well as the people of his community. This freedom existed without any racial discrimination. 3 Does Mandela think the oppressor is free? Why/ Why not? Ans, Mandela does not feel that the oppressor is free. He thinks thac the oppressor is a prisoner of hatred. He is locked behind the bars of prejudice and narrow-mindedness, He feels chat both the oppressor and the oppressed lack humanity. Thinking about the Text (Page 24) 1 Why did such a large number of international leaders attend the inauguration? What did it signify the triumph of? Ans, A large number of international leaders attended the inauguration co pay theit respects to the freedom of South Afric: Ic signified the triumph of the people over ination and oppression. Ie also signified ion of human equality. diseri the recogn 2 What does Mandela mean when he says he is "simply the sum of all those African patriots” who had gone before him? Ans, When Mandela says he is ‘simply the sum of all those African Patriots’, he means that he represents the ideals and the dreams for which the African patriots sacrified their lives. These patriots for him created a path of unity and cooperation which supported him in his journey to get South Africa free. In other words, as the new President of the nation, he represented the vision of all African freedom fighters. | 3 Would you agree that the ‘depths of oppression’ create ‘heights of character’? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own examples to this argument? ‘Ans, Yes, l agree that the “depths of oppression” creates heights of character’. To illustrate this, Mandela gives the example of many patriots like Oliver Tambos, the Walter Sisulus, the Chief Luchulis, the Yusuf Dadoos, ete ‘These freedom fighters emerged due to the extreme oppression faced by the blacks. They had extraordinary courage, wisdom and generosity We can also add our own examples to illustrate this. In our freedom struggle, the oppression of the Britishers produced courageous patriots such as Bhagat Singh, Lala Lajpat Rai and Mahatma Gandhi, besides many others. 4 How did Mandela's understanding of freedom change with age and experience? Ans, Mandela's understanding of freedom changed a lor with age and experience. As a child, freedom for him meant doing things that he wanted 0 do. because he was born free. For him, as long as he obeyed his father and followed the rules ot his tribe, he was free in every way.\, |andela: Long Walk to Freedom (Section C) en ’ \ up, he realised that freedom that he : - enjoyed as a young boy was just an illusion, Infact, ‘he did'not have any freedom. Now he developed a desire to gain freedom. When he was a student the i was just for himself but soon he wanted dom for his community. Mandela slowly realised that not only his but the 44 of all blacks was curtailed (deprived). With this understanding, he developed a hunger for freedom of his people and started working for it. 5 How did Mandela's ‘hunger for freedom’ change his life? Ans. When Mandela realised that the entire Black community lacked freedom, his life changed. A ‘hunger for freedom’ of his people to live a life of respect and dignity transformed him. Because of this hunger, the frightened young man transformed to a bold man. He built his entire life Ane around fighting for the basic fundamental rights for his community. He was more selfless and virtuous than ever.