International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications

Vol. 9, No. 6 (2015), pp. 143-160

http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijseia.2015.9.6.15

Development and Application of MB System Software for

Bathymetry and Seabed Computation

Henry M. Manik*), Diandra Yulius*) and Udrekh **)

*)
Department of Marine Science and Technology Faculty of Fisheries and Marine
Sciences Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor
16680 Indonesia E-mail: henrymanik@ipb.ac.id
**)
Agency for the Assessment and Application Technology Indonesia

Abstract
MB-Systems was a useful software tool for mapping the seafloor by processing
multibeam bathymetry and bottom backscattering. Multibeam echosounder system was
the underwater acoustic technology that used to determine morphology and
characteristics of the seabed. The objectives of these research were to produce and
describe the map of bathymetry, distribution of seabed backscatter value, beam density
distribution, standard deviation of the depth, standard deviation as a percentage of water
depth, and also to produce and describe graph of ping interval for each depth. The maps
were obtained by using MB-System software after correction of tide, amplitude against
grazing angle, sound velocity profile, and 3D editing of swath bathymetry.
Implementation of 300 as reference angle to both sides of the beam, low pass filtering, and
mosaic amplitude were conducted to calculate the backscatter values of their absolute
level. By these steps, nadir stripping and outlayer values in the map of seabed
backscattering distribution could be eliminated. After computing the whole correction
stages, we found depth value of the slope area were 813.59 meters to 4904.71 meters and
at the basin area were 723.01 meters to 1065.21 meters depth. The distribution of
backscatter values in slope area ranged from -42.37 dB to -4.47 dB and in the basin area
were -41.59 dB to -16.63 dB.

Keywords: beam angle, backscatter, bathymetry, multi beam, echo sounder

1. Introduction
The development of sonar technology allows investigation of the sea bottom with a
high accuracy [1]. The sonar method as a seabed mapping technology has been used and
widely recognized in the fields of industry and research requiring quantitative analysis,
and quickly able to determine the morphology and structure of the seabed [2]. Echo
sounders instrument measured water depth by sending acoustic pulses through a
transducer. The acoustic echo signals are reflected at the sea floor and the transducer
received the reflected echoes. The depth was calculated from the two-way-travel-time of
the velocity of sound in water. As the vessel moves, using a single beam echo sounder
repeatedly "ping" the seafloor with a sound pulse, producing a discrete print of depths
beneath the ship. However, the limited of single beam echo sounders, made this system
was not suitable for intensive hydrographic surveys.
Underwater acoustics instrument developed rapidly in the last decade with advances in
geo-positioning capability, computer processing, and design the hardware and software on
multi beam echo sounder (MBES) system [3, 4]. MBES system is a very effective device
to map the sea floor [5]. This is because the MBES system can record the acoustic
backscatter signal received from the each target from whole depth detected. Acoustic
signal used to measure the bathymetry with high resolution. However, the incidence angle

ISSN: 1738-9984 IJSEIA

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or transducer positions influence the measurement. Characteristic of acoustic backscatter

values are closely correlated with the morphological and physical characteristics of the
sea bottom.
Multi beam echo sounder systems used the acoustic waves to radiated energy into the
sea bottom and receive back the wave reflection or backscatter in an ellipse-shaped area
called the sweep area (footprints). Bathymetric measurements of the sweep area obtained
from a combination of time and angle of each beam is transmitted and received.
Backscatter measurements of seafloor obtained from a function of time of each beam.
Properties of seabed and describing the instantaneous change in the intensity distribution
related to changes in the micro -scale roughness of the sea floor, changes in geological
characteristics of the sea floor, and or volume of sediment that is not necessarily in the
area sweep [6]. Strong backscatter value is also determined by the angle, in the
distribution of backscatter values are areas that are characterized as ' nadir stripping'.
Nadir stripping obtained from reversal signal in the vertical angle data retrieval [7]. In
general, there is no model remains that can be used to make corrections on the corner of
the backscatter values for all types of bottom waters [8]. Application is made to
compensate for reference angle backscatter coefficient on average in every time and
returns the value of backscatter to the actual level using the average value of backscatter
in the reference angle [9].
In this study, Kongsberg EM 120 multibeam echosounder was used to measure
bathymetry and bottom backscattering with operating frequency of 12 kHz. Coverage
angle of beam transducer is 1500 and a sweep width of 30 kilometers at a depth of more
than 5000 meters. This instrument consists of 191 beams and transducer sensors equipped
on the vessel. The speed of sound, and the beam spacing distance that was set to produce
a uniform sample. Speed of sound profile in sea water was obtained using the Seabird to a
depth of 2,000 meters, but more than that depth is calculated based on the International
Equation of State of Seawater from UNESCO [10].
The objective of this research was to calculate the acoustical signal for water depth
measurement or produce bathymetry map and to measure the bottom backscattering
strength.

2. Methods
The location of data acquisition was in the waters of Sumatra, Aceh province area
consists of the island of Simeulue and Nias seawaters. The Research Vessel (RV) SONNE
owned by RF Forschungsschiffahrt GmbH, Bremen, Germany used multibeam
echosounder (MBES) with 18 acoustic tracks lines. Data processing was conducted in the
Ocean Acoustics Data Computation Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology
Department Bogor Agricultural University, West Java, Indonesia. The specification of
MBES was shown in Table 1. Several softwarew used in this study were Windows and
Linux laptops already installed with Golden Software Surfer 12, MATLAB and MB
System in Poseidon Linux.

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Table 1. Specifications of Multibeam Echosounder Kongsberg EM 120

Specifications Operational condition
Frequency 12 kHz
Number of beam 191
Beam width 1x1, 1x2, 2x2 or 2x4 derajat
Beam distant equidistant or equiangle
Beam Angle 1500
Pulse length 2, 5, dan 15 ms
Range of sampling rate 2 kHz (37 cm)
Beam transmitter Stabilization for roll, pitch and yaw
Beam receiver Stabilization roll
Maximum range 20 to 11.000 meter
Depth resolution 10 to 40 cm
Vessel speed 5.4 to 10 knot

3. Sonar Equation for Bottom Backscattering Strength

The acoustic transmitting and receiving process was made up of different parts
and can be expressed in the sonar equation below [6]:
EL = SL – 2 TL + BS – NL + DI (1)
In this equation, echo level (SL) is the strength of the echo return from sea
bottom. The amount of acoustic energy transmitted through the water is the source
level (SL). The loss of the signal due to spherical spreading and absorption is
called transmission loss (TL). It is multiplied by two, because the signal travels to
the location and back to receiver. NL is the noise level and DI is the directivity
index. The last part of the equation is the bottom backscattering strength (BS).
The BS will be dependent on the reflective property of the seabed and also by the
extent of the bottom area that contributes to the backscattered signal at the time
[11]. The backscatter strength is derived from the intensity of the returned signal
from the seabed.
From the sonar equation, an equation can be derived for the echo level (EL) of
the signal backscattered from the bottom:
EL = SL – 2 TL + BS (2)

To solve for transmission loss:

2 TL = 40 log r + 2 α r (3)
where α is the absorption coefficient (in dB/m), and R is the range.
The backscattering area will be bounded by the beam geometry, that is defined
as x , and y , at normal incidence (0° incidence angle or 90 degree grazing angle)
while in other directions it will be bounded by the transmit pulse length, τ and by
the along-track beam width, x [11].
Multi Beam Systems or MB-Systems were a useful software tool for mapping the
seafloor by processing multibeam data for bathymetry and bottom backscattering. The
first step was to organize the data by creating ancillary files. Each segment of data has a
statistics, bathymetry, and navigation file attached to it. These ancillary data files are used
by Linux programs to process and plot the data inside MB-systems. A program called
mbdatalist was used to organize the data into lists. A survey was conducted to get an idea
of the lay of the sea bottom and the quality of the data. Mbm_plot was a useful tool for
plotting the sea water depth data or bathymetry. The next step in processing the data was

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to determine the roll bias. As the ship conducts the survey at the ocean field, the
multibeam sonar was continuously moving in respect to the ships motion. The data needs
to be corrected for any bias introduced by the changing pitch and roll of the ship. Roll
bias was a measure of the difference between the atwartship alignment of the ship’s
multibeam hydrophone array, and that of its vertical reference source” [2]. The roll and
pitch bias values for each region of the survey are determined by using the mbrollbias and
mbpitchbias programs. Two segment lines of the data are selected as input files into the
mbrollbias. The program calculates the bias correction for that region and through mbset
applies it to the entire data set.
High quality multibeam sonar data requires an accurate measurement of sound velocity
profile (SVP). Sound travel in the ocean can different effects on the data. MB-systems
had programs such mbvelocity tool and mblevitus for calculating a new SVP. Multiple
sources of data can help determine the correct SVP. MbLevitus provides a historical
database for which it creates a SSP. During the survey, accurate sound speeds and depths
were inputted into the EM120 data through direct measurements. Using mbvelocity tool
the direct measurement and mblevitus historical SVP’s were loaded and manipulated in
real time; a new SVP was created for the data set. Hereby the listing program of MB
system software.
Figure 1 and 2 showed the flow of data processing procedures before correction
Figure 3 is the flow of data analysis procedures after correction and Figure 4 show the
data analysis procedures to get maps and graphics in Windows file type.

Figure 1. Data Processing Procedures for Correction

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Figure 2. Data Analysis Procedures for Correction

A B

Figure 3. Data Analysis Procedures for Total Correction

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Figure 4. Data Analysis Procedures to Get Maps and Graphics in Windows

File Type

Raw.all data format were processed in the MB System on a Linux based computer to
produce bathymetric profile and amplitude (backscatter) of sea bottom. The next step is to
save all data in a single file raw.all file. Processing of data on MB System begins with a
repeater of the overall data contained in a single file with a file using the ls command.
Datalistraw.all could be processed to map the path the ship when collecting data,
bathymetric maps and map the distribution of backscatter bottom waters that have not
undergone a process of correction which is set in the command mbm_plot as below:

 ls | grep .all $ > list.mb-1

 mbm_plot –F–1 –Ilist.mb-1 –G2/G4/N –Ooutputfilename –L”judulpeta”:”judullegenda”
–T –MGQ300 –MTG50 –MTIa –MTNa –PA4 –U1

The next stage was to perform data format conversion from .all to . * ID mb57 from
the command mbcopy. Data of statistics file ( . * Inf ), fast bathymetry (. * FBT) and fast
navigation (. * FNV) first extraction of a repeat * Mb57 with mbdatalist command.
Correction value of the amplitude of the angle of the data (grazing angle ) formed by any
subsequent correction process beam used mbbackangle command. This correction to
apply calculations on across track slope of the bottom surface waters and type of grid used
as a sweep of the area topography factor to calculate the grazing angle at each point of the
data. The correction is performed twice by applying two angles in reference to the entire
amount of data using the value sonar pings and average altitude. Reference angle used
was 300 and -300 on different sides of the beam and carried out in two rounds of data
using mbprocess . The result of this correction are two files with the data format .mb57 . *
Aga for each data and datalist.mb - 1_tot.aga . The syntax of program as shown below:

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 mbm_copy –F57 –Ilist.mb-1

 ls | grep .mb57 $ > datalist.mb-1
 mbdatalist –F–1 –Idatalist.mb-1 –N –V

 mbotps –F–1 –Idatalist.mb-1 –D60 –M

 mbbackangle –Idatalist.mb-1 –A1 –Q [–Tgrid] –V
 mbset –PAMPCORRFILE:datalist.mb-1_tot.aga

 mbset –Idatalist.mb-1 –PSVPFILE:SO189-1-CTD20060815.asvp –PDRAFT:6.8

 mbvelocitytool
 mbeditviz

Sound velocity profile (SVP) was corrected by computing the data recording by
SeaBird simultaneously with SVP height in the water vessel (draft) as a reference depth
multibeam devices with mbset. Digitization between SVP pattern obtained from the
Seabird and average speed of sound was applied using MB system of mblevitus . The
correction was done through the display mbvelocity tool and directly applied to the data.
The results indicated by the change in the beam sweep region or beam coverage and beam
residuals at each beam number (Figure 5 and 6).

Figure 5. MB-systems Using Mbvelocity Tool before Sound Speed

Correction

Figure 6. MB-systems Using Mbvelocity Tool after Sound Speed Correction

This process ends with the appearance of the file with .mb57 format. Correction using
mbeditviz for beam forming of seabed topography was conducted in three dimensional
(3D) editing sounding. Therefore, the outer beam and the tenuous beam can be calculated,
because the speed of sound in water changes (Figure 7 and 8). Errors in multibeam sonar
systems are predictable [2]. Mbclean provides many options for flagging data depending
on survey area. The most common option was to flag a number of specified outer beams

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from both sides of the sonar array. Sound speed profile errors are usually larger in the
outer beams along with a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The syntax of the program as
shown below:

 mbset –Idatalist.mb-1
 mbprocess –F–1 –Idatalist.mb-1
 ls | grep p.mb57 $ > datalist2.mb-1
 mbgrid –A2/A3 –N –Idatalist2.mb-1 –Ooutputfilename –E100/0/m! –F5 –Rkoordinat –M

 mbbackangle –Idatalist2.mb-1 –A1 –Q [–Tgrid] –N191/65 –P2196/1822 –R30

–Z895.37/4668.72 –V
 mbset –PAMPCORRFILE:datalist2.mb-1_tot.aga
 mbprocess –F–1 –Idatalist2.mb-1
 ls | grep pp.mb57 $ > datalist3.mb-1
 mbbackangle –Idatalist3.mb-1 –A1 –Q [–Tgrid] –N191/65 –P2196/1822 –R–30
–Z895.37/4668.72 –V
 mbfilter –A1 –F–1 –S2/3/3/1 –Idatalist3.mb-1
 mbmosaic –A3 –Idatalist2.mb-1 –F0.1 –C10 –N –Ooutputfilename

 mbgridviz
 grdmath survey-datalist_sd.grd survey-datalist.grd DIV 100 MUL \ = survey-datalist_sd-
percent.grd
 mbm_grdplot –I –G2 –W1/2 –S(optional) –L”judulpeta”:”judullegenda” –T –MTIa
–MTNa –PA4 –U1 –S -MGFl
 csh mbgridoutputfilename
 mblist –Idatalist3.mb-1 –F–1 –MA –OTXYZ

Figure 7. Profil of Seabed Using Mbeditviz

Figure 8. Profile of Bathymetry in 3d Soundings

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The overall correction was then applied to the data using the command mbset inside
datalist of * Mb57. Data processing using mbprocess performed on MB System to obtain
files containing overall correction to all the data. Gridding process using mbgrid
command was performed to define the type of data, the type of gridding and coordinate
gridding and file name issued after gridding process. The data type was set to be the
topography and the amplitude of the type of gridding on mbgrid using weighted sonar
footprint. Gridding type of beam width calculated based on the angle that form and
movement sonar sweep of the area above the sea floor. Large depth variations still
produces high resolution using the gridding types because the algorithm has a good
sensitive result in shallow waters or in waters within cells because it has gridding smaller
than the width of the sonar sweep. Weighted footprint suited with amplitude correction to
the grazing angle using slope factor base surface waters in the area perpendicular to the
vessel. Further processing after the application of the angle in which the values of the
amplitude of the low pass filter using mbfilter command with a Gaussian filter types mean
for the low pass filtering before united through mbmosaic. Gaussian mean attention to the
frequency content of the data was better than other methods. Low pass filtering will be set
aside outlayers maximum values were not entered into the class division of the histogram
value. Syntax of mbmosaic scattering was used to perform basic amplitude data gridding
waters has twice suffered a correction to mbbackangle. Gridding on mbmosaic case with
mbgrid, but the command was devoted to the processing of amplitude values and grazing
angle of multibeam echosounder.
Assigning a priority value on mbmosaic with Gaussian weighted mean mosaicing
made the data appear regardless of the values of outliers (outlayers). Gridding results can
be checked through the 3D view by using mbgridviz. Appearance and usability mbgridviz
basically was the same as mbeditviz. Mbgrid with additional command code was used to
calculate the density of the beam and the statistical standard deviation of the depth.
Statistical maps of standard deviation as a percentage of the depth of water that shows the
accuracy of the data based on the depth obtained through grdmath. The functions of map
display such as colorbar, colormap , resolution and size of paper set in mbm_grdplot.
Getting a map view that corresponds to the class histogram created by mbsystem using
code so that the values outlayers ignored. The next step was the execution of the map file
to be displayed with the csh command and data extraction parameters of multibeam
echosounder. Data parameters were corrected in the form of * .txt.

4. Results and Discussion

Total acoustic data held was 178 225 ping with 98.54 % of the data recorded with good
beam and 1.46 % do not have a value or zero beam for all bathymetric data and
amplitude. Minimum depth along the path of the survey is 31.19 meters and a maximum
at 5167.59 meters with the lowest amplitude value is -55.5 dB and 21.0 dB highest
obtained from raw multibeam echosounder.
Slope area was on the track BGR06-207 with coordinates of 94.762667187 -
94.929630834 BT and 2.236548207 - 2.849371539 LU. The length of the study area was
67.0779 kilometers and reached for 2.3633 hours. Total echo examined were 1822 348
002 ping and beam points beam of 191 numbers. Total beam corrected to shape local
profile slope as much as 85.79 % and 0.66 % classified as zero beams and 13.55 %
classified as flagged beams for all bathymetric data and amplitude (Figure 9).
Simeulue basin area on the track BGR06-212 with coordinates of 95.744591884 -
95.983490060 BT and 3.105014649 - 3.286205689 LU. The length of the study area was
29.4923 kilometers and reached for 2.9986 hours Total echo examined were 2196 419
436 ping and beam points beam of 191 numbers. Total beam corrected to shape the
profile of Simeulue Basin area as much as 99.72 % and 15.0 % classified as zero beams

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and 0.28 % classified as flagged beams for all bathymetric data and amplitude (Figure
10).

(a) (b)

Figure 9. Profile Bathymetry (A) And Standard Deviation (B) Of Slope Area

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(a)

(b)

Figure 10. Profile Bathymetry (A) And Standard Deviation (B) Basin Area Of
Simeulue

Minimum depth of the slope area of 813.59 meters and a maximum at 4904.71 meters
while the basin area of 723.01 meters to 1065.21 meters. Sweep width changes in slope
areas due to beam spreading perpendicular to the axis of the vessel (acrosstrack) as the
depth increases. Retrieving data using an angle of 650 as beam angle from the bottom
with a maximum width using IHO 2008 criteria. Slope and basin area of Simeulue Island
was included in the order 2 with a horizontal accuracy of 20 meters plus 10 % of the
current depth measurement.
Figure 10b showed the standard deviation as a percentage of water depth. This value
was the result of standard deviation divided by the depth of the depth value is then
multiplied by the overall. In the slope area, MBES had a noise level of 0 % to 3.75 %,

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which represents the standard deviation value of depth error to the overall depth of sea
water. Noise in this area averaged at a value of 0 % to 1.5 %, and the maximum noise
with a value of 3.75 % in the area that does not wide area. Figure 10b showed standard
deviation as a percentage of the depth of the waters of the basin area. In the basin area a
noise level of 0 % to 1.75 %. Noise in this area averaged at a value of 0 % to 0.52 %, and
the maximum noise with a value of 1.75 %. The appearances of noise on the MBES were
caused of the condition of the sea, electrical interference on the equipment, and the noise
of the ship when the data collection takes place [13]. The value of standard deviation as a
percentage of the waters depth was lied on high slope area and steep topography, while
the area of the basin has a value in the area near the bottom and outer side beam.
Topography is due to changes in shape with increasing depth and use the SVP value less
precise.
The backscatter obtained and processed from three zones in one sweep the beam
specular zone, oblique and grazing. Specular zone or mirror like located at the nadir (00 -
150 in the processing in MB - System) will have a value of backscatter was very strong or
high intensity. Oblique angle is in the range of 100 to 200 or 500 or 600 outside the zone of
specular and have the backscatter was medium intensity and these values were used to
measure the roughness and volume of sediment. Grazing zones located on the outer
beams that is more than 600 with the low backscatter and used to obtain the bottom
roughness [10]. Backscatter signal received by MBES systems could be affected by
several parameters such as instrument settings like transmitter power, the signal is
received, and the pulse length , the propagation of the acoustic signal (attenuation and
dispersion), geometric beam (distance, angle formation, size footprint ) and the
characteristics of seawater. The effect of the geometrical beam angle, the more difficult
to be removed particularly in specular zone [11-14].
Figures 11 and 12 showed the distribution of backscatter on the slope and basin areas.
Figures 11a and 12 show a correction on the amplitude, the grazing angle, and without
using reference angle. Slope area had a value of minimum amplitude -43.90 dB and
maximum at 14.30 dB with a maximum value of 16 dB outlayer and minimum of -46 dB
outlayer. While in the basin area had the minimum amplitude -44.29 dB and a maximum
of -3.58 dB with a maximum value of 11 dB outlayer and minimum of -53 dB outlayer.
Regional nadir parallel with the axis of the track ships and boats ( alongtrack ) produces
rare stripping shown in red that has a maximum value of 14.30 dB on the slope and -3.58
in the basin. In Figure 11, there was shown a shift in the nadir that was not aligned with
the path of the ship (alongtrack) in the box dashed black. It was caused by the roll bias
that occurs at the time of data collection vessel and influence the bottom backscatter.
Figure 13 and 14 showed the relationship between the number of beam and the value
of backscatter before and after correction using MB System. Beam number from 0-94
shows the port side (left side of the boat) and 96-190 shows the starboard (right side of
the boat) with a beam number 95 as indeed was the nadir point 0. Backscatter at nadir
value 00 (incidence angle 00 or 900 of grazing angle), beam number 95 and specular areas
with beam number 80-100 in the region backscatter slope has a positive value. Based on
the relationship shown the angle of incidence of the pattern of the acoustic signal
determines the maximum value of the entire sweep of the area. This was caused by the
length of the horizontal side at the bottom that receive acoustic signals, specular area (
vertical incident ) will be more likely to have the number of long horizontal sides and the
bottom waters are effectively able to reverse the acoustic signal coming [11].
Nadir stripping can be overcame by applying the correction reference angle when the
amplitude value of the grazing angle and perform filtering and backscatter mosaic process
on the data. Then, the effect of the positive value of the amplitude (backscatter) can be
minimized. Angle of 300 was the default in the MB System when used in order correction.
Value of backscatter on the incident angle 300 had a maximum value that can be
compensated for the specular zone and the minimum value to compensate for the data

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processing in grazing zone. Using mbprocess, the backscatter value in the reference angle
was used as a reference in the formation of backscatter value previously been applied
through mbbackangle.

(a) (b)

Figure 11. Profile of Amplitude Value before (A) And After (B) Applied
Reference Angle, Low Pass Filter

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Figure 12. Distribution of Amplitude after Applied Reference Angle, Low

Pass Filter and Mosaic

Figure 13. Beam Number and Backscatter before Correction

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Figure 14. Beam Number and Backscatter after Correction

Figure 15 showed a significant change occured in the backscatter after the application
of reference point conducted. The backscatter of specular zone was lower than before the
implementation of the reference angle. Backscatter of oblique and grazing zones were
gained on the maximum found using the reference angle application. These phenomenon
were caused by the bottom roughness and the backscatter in the specular zone
compensated for other zones. Our result was suitable with the Lurton research using
multibeam echosounder [6]. Figures 15a and 15b showed a clearly spread of backscatter
after reference angle application. Slope area had a minimum value of the amplitude of -
42.37 dB and a maximum of -4.47012 dB, meanwhile the basin area had the minimum
amplitude of -41.5992 dB and maximum -16.63 dB.

(a)

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(b)

Figure 15. Pattern of Backscatter and Incident Angle in the Slope Area (A)
And Basin Area (B) After Applying the Reference Angle

5. Conclusions
This research had developed and applied the MB system software to processed and
analyzed the acoustic signal from multibeam echosounder. The bathymetry and
backscatter distribution maps were computed after tidal correction process, amplitude of
the grazing angle, the sound velocity profile, editing 3D bathymetry, low pass filter and
mosaic amplitude. The depth values of the slope area were 813.59 meters to 4904.71
meters and at basin area were 723.01 meters to 1065.21 meters depth. Backscatter
distribution maps using the reference angle, low pass filter and amplitude mosaic yield a
range of values of backscatter without stripping nadir. After the reference angle applied,
the minimum amplitude of bottom backscattering strength was -42.37 dB and the
maximum value was -4.47 dB in the slope area, while in the basin area were -41.59 to -
16.63 dB dB.

Acknowledgements
The authors were gratefully thanks to researchers of Research Vessel (RV) SONNE
owned by RF Forschungsschiffahrt GmbH, Bremen, Germany and Agency for
Assessment and Application Technology Indonesia for collecting the field data.

References
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[3] IHO, Standards for Hydrographic Surveys Monaco: International Hydrographic Bureau, (2008).
[4] “Kongsberg Maritime”, Product Description: EM 120 Multibeam Echo Sounder, Norwegian: Horten,
(2005).
[5] S. Ladage, “Simrad EM120 multibeam bathymetry system”, Research Cruise SO189 Leg 1 SUMATRA:
The Hydrocarbon System of the Sumatra Forearc, Hannover: Federal Institute for Geoscience and
Natural Resources, (2006), pp. 33-35.
[6] X. Lurton, An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics, Springer, (2002).
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Authors

Henry M. Manik, he received the B.S degree in Marine Science

and Technology Department in the field of Marine Acoustics from
Bogor Agricultural University Indonesia in 1994. Master of
Techniques (M.T) degree in Geophysical Engineering Department in
the field of GeoAcoustics from Institute of Technology Bandung
Indonesia in 1999. He also received Ph.D degree of Marine Science
and Technology in Underwater Acoustics Engineering from Tokyo
University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan in 2006. Since
1997, he has been a lecturer and researcher in Department of Marine
Science and Technology Bogor Agricultural University Indonesia.
His current research interests include underwater acoustics
propagation, ocean instrumentation, sonar and seismic signal
processing and acoustic backscattering from marine biota and
seafloor.

Diandra Yulius, he has been the B.S student in Marine Science

and Technology Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Bogor
Agricultural University Indonesia. His current research interest
include multibeam processing and underwater robotics

Udrekh, he received the B.S degree in Geophysics from Institute

Technology Bandung Indonesia. He also received M.S and PhD
degrees from the University of Tokyo, Japan. He worked at the
Agency for the Assessment and Application Technology Indonesia.
His current research interests include geophysical mitigation and
seismic processing.

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Vol. 9, No. 6 (2015)

160 Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC

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