Electrical and Energy Engineering Department

Electrical Machine
Lecture 3 – Transformer

2017-2018
11/01/2017 1
Content
1. Introduction
2. Ideal transformer
3. Per unit system
4. Real transformer
5. Equivalent circuit of a transformer
6. Voltage regulation and efficiency of a transformer
7. Three phase transformer

11/01/2017 2
Content
1. Introduction
2. Ideal transformer
3. Per unit system
4. Real transformer
5. Equivalent circuit of a transformer
6. Voltage regulation and efficiency of a transformer
7. Three phase transformer

11/01/2017 3
Introduction
• A transformer is a device that changes ac electric power at one voltage
level to ac electric power at another voltage level through the action of
a magnetic fie ld.
• It consists of two or more coils of wire wrapped around a common
ferromagnetic core.
• Basically, these coils are not directly connected. The only connection
between the coils is the common magnetic flux present within the core.

11/01/2017 4
Introduction cont.
• One of the transformer windings is connected to a
source of ac electric power, and the second
transformer winding supplies electric power to
loads.
• If the transformer winding connected to the power
source is called the primary winding or input
winding, and the winding connected to the loads is
called the secondary winding or output winding.

11/01/2017 5
Introduction cont.

11/01/2017 6
Why we need transformer?
• After increasing voltage level, we can reduce the
loss in the transmission line.
• Transformers can step up or down the voltage level
to a desired voltage level.

11/01/2017 7
Type of transformer
• Step up/Unit transformers: located at the output of a
generator and used to step up the voltage level
• Step down/Substation transformers: Located at main
distribution or secondary level transmission
substations.
• Special Purpose Transformers: PT & CT

11/01/2017 8
Content
1. Introduction
2. Ideal transformer
3. Per unit system
4. Real transformer
5. Equivalent circuit of a transformer
6. Voltage regulation and efficiency of a transformer
7. Three phase transformer

11/01/2017 9
Introduction
• An ideal transformer is a lossless device with an
input winding and an output winding.
• Np is the number of turns of the primary winding and
• Ns is the number of turns of the secondary winding

11/01/2017 10
Voltage, current relationship
• Voltage relationship

Where “a” is turn ratio or transformer ratio

• In terms of phasor quantity:

11/01/2017 11
Power relationship
• Active power relationship

• In an ideal transformer, the power factor at the primary winding and at

• Reactive power relationship

• Apparent power relationship

11/01/2017 12
Impedance relationship
• The impedance of a device or an element is defined as the
ratio of the voltage across it to the current flowing through
it.

11/01/2017 13
Example 3.1
• Calculate 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 and transmission line loss

11/01/2017 14
Solution 3.1
a) 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 and 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
Line current :

Load voltage:

Line losses:

11/01/2017 15
Solution 3.1 cont.
b) 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 and 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
Load’s impedance when reflected to TL’s voltage :

Total impedance at the TL level :

11/01/2017 16
Solution 3.1 cont.

11/01/2017 17
Solution 3.1 cont.
Total impedance at TL’s voltage reflected to G:

The generator’s current:

The TL’s current:

11/01/2017 18
Solution 3.1 cont.
The Load current:

The Load voltage:

The line losses:

11/01/2017 19
Content
1. Introduction
2. Ideal transformer
3. Per unit system
4. Real transformer
5. Equivalent circuit of a transformer
6. Voltage regulation and efficiency of a transformer
7. Three phase transformer

11/01/2017 20
Per Unit (PU) System – Why?
• To eliminate the need for explicit voltage-level
conversions at every transformer stage
• To avoid impedance transformation
• Easy to check in problem solutions

11/01/2017 21
PU system calculation
• In the per-unit system, the voltages, currents, powers,
impedances, and other electrical quantities are not
measured in their usual SI units (volts, amperes, watts,
ohms, etc.). Instead, each electrical quantity is
measured as a decimal fraction of some base level.

• where "actual value" is a value in volts, amperes, ohms,

11/01/2017 22
PU system calculation cont.
• It is customary to select two base quantities to define a
given per-unit system. The ones usually selected are
voltage and power (or apparent power). Once these
base quantities have been selected, all the other base
values are related to them by the usual electrical laws.

Vactual I actual Sbase

S actual Z actual 2
Vbase Vbase
S pu  Z pu  Z base  
Sbase Z base I base Sbase
11/01/2017 23
Transforming from one base to
another
• When only one device (transformer or motor) is being analyzed, its own
ratings are usually used as the base for the per-unit system.
• If more than one machine and one transformer are included in a single
power system, the system base voltage and power may be chosen
arbitrarily, but the entire system must have the same base. One
common procedure is to choose the system base quantities to be equal
to the base of the largest component in the system.
• To convert from one base to another

11/01/2017 24
PU system for a three phase
system
• Base volt-ampere value of one of the transformer’s
phase

• And the base phase current and impedance of the

11/01/2017 25
Example 3.2

The base values for this system are chosen to be 480V and 10kVA at the
generator.
1. Find the base voltage, current, impedance, and apparent power at
every point in the power system.
2. Convert this system to its per-unit equivalent circuit.
3. Find the power supplied to the load in this system.
4. Find the power lost in the transmission line.

11/01/2017 26
Solution 3.2
1. Vbase, Ibase, Zbase, Sbase?
• Region 1: Vbase=480V and Sbase=10kVA

• Region 2:

• Region 3:

11/01/2017 27
Solution 3.2
2. Convert to PU equivalent circuit

11/01/2017 28
Solution 3.2
3. Power supplied to load

11/01/2017 29
Solution 3.2
4. Power loss

11/01/2017 30
Content
1. Introduction
2. Ideal transformer
3. Per unit system
4. Real transformer
5. Equivalent circuit of a transformer
6. Voltage regulation and efficiency of a transformer
7. Three phase transformer

11/01/2017 31
No-load condition
It has the following properties:
1. Small current flows in primary winding
2. There are no load current produces magnetic flux
or generates copper losses in the secondary
winding

11/01/2017 32
With load connected
• Primary current = no load current + reflected
secondary current
• Power input = 1st winding copper loss + core losses
+ 2nd winding copper loss + power output

11/01/2017 33
Content
1. Introduction
2. Ideal transformer
3. Per unit system
4. Real transformer
5. Equivalent circuit of a transformer
6. Voltage regulation and efficiency of a transformer
7. Three phase transformer

11/01/2017 34
Factors to be considered to construct
the model of a transformer
• Copper losses are the resistive heating losses in the
primary and secondary windings of the transformer.
• Eddy current losses are resistive heating losses in
the core of the transformer.
• Hysteresis losses are associated with the
rearrangement of the magnetic domains in the
core
• Leakage flux: The fluxes which escape the core and
pass through only one of the transformer windings
are leakage fluxes. These escaped fluxes produce a
self-inductance in the primary and secondary coils.
11/01/2017 35
Exact equivalent circuit of a
transformer

11/01/2017 36
Equivalent circuit referred to the
primary side

11/01/2017 37
Equivalent circuit referred to the
second side

11/01/2017 38
Approximate equivalent circuit

Primary side Secondary side

11/01/2017 39
Approximate equivalent circuit
(No excitation branch)

Primary side Secondary side

11/01/2017 40
Determining the value of the components
in the transformer model
• It is possible to experimentally determine the
values of the inductances and resistances in the
transformer model. An adequate approximation of
these values can be obtained with only two tests.
• Open circuit test and
• Short circuit test

11/01/2017 41
Open circuit test
• Determine parameters in the shunt branch (Rc, Xm)
• Apply the rated voltage, get the reading from Amp, Volt and Watt meters
• Watt meter reading approximates the core losses I oc

Poc
Voc 
Xm Rc
Vrated

11/01/2017 42
Short circuit test
• Determine parameters in the shunt branch (Req, Xeq)
• Apply the rated voltage, get the reading from Amp, Volt and
Watt meters
• Watt meter reading approximates the core losses

•
•
•
•

11/01/2017 43
Example 3.3
• The equivalent circuit impedances of a 15kVA,
2300/230V, 60Hz transformer are to be determined.
The open circuit test and the short circuit test were
performed and the following data were taken:
Open-circuit test Short –circuit test
VOC=2300 V VSC=47V
IOC=0.21 A ISC=6.0 A
POC=50 W PSC=160 W

• Find the impedances of the approximate equivalent

11/01/2017 44
Solution 3.3
• Find Xc and Xm

11/01/2017 45
Solution 3.3
• Find Req and Xeq

11/01/2017 46
Content
1. Introduction
2. Ideal transformer
3. Per unit system
4. Real transformer
5. Equivalent circuit of a transformer
6. Voltage regulation and efficiency of a transformer
7. Three phase transformer

11/01/2017 47
Voltage regulation and efficiency
• Voltage regulation
• Because a real transformer has series impedances within it, the output
voltage of a transformer varies with the load even if the input voltage
remains constant.
• Full-load voltage regulation is a quantity that compares the output voltage
of the transformer at no load with the output voltage at full load.

• Transformer efficiency

11/01/2017 48
Transformer phasor diagram

11/01/2017 49
Transformer phasor diagram cont.

11/01/2017 50
Transformer phasor diagram cont.

11/01/2017 51
Content
1. Introduction
2. Ideal transformer
3. Per unit system
4. Real transformer
5. Equivalent circuit of a transformer
6. Voltage regulation and efficiency of a transformer
7. Three phase transformer

11/01/2017 52
Three phase transformer
• Transformers for three-phase circuits can be
constructed in one of two ways:
• One approach is simply to take three single-phase
transformers and connect them in a three-phase
bank.
• An alternative approach is to make a three-phase
transformer consisting of three sets of windings
wrapped on a common core.

11/01/2017 53
Connection using three single-
phase transformers

11/01/2017 54
Connection using three windings
on the common core

11/01/2017 55
Connection types of three phase
transformer
There are four possible connections for a three-phase
transformer bank.

1. Wye-wye (Y-Y)

2. Wye-delta (Y-∆)

3. Delta-wye (∆-Y)

4. Delta-delta (∆- ∆)
11/01/2017 56
Y-Y connection

11/01/2017 57
Y-Δ connection

11/01/2017 58
Δ-Y connection

11/01/2017 59
Δ-Δ connection

11/01/2017 60
Example 3.4
• A three-phase transformer bank is to handle 600
kVA and have a 34.5/13.8-kV voltage ratio. Find the
rating of each individual transformer in the bank
(high voltage, low voltage, turns ratio, and apparent
power) if the transformer bank is connected to
1. Y-Y
2. Y-Δ
3. Δ-Y
4. Δ-Δ

11/01/2017 61
End of Lecture 3 !!!

11/01/2017 62