S.NO.

Gauss Seidal Load flow analysis using MATLAB software

Aim:

To develop a computer program to solve the set of non linear load flow equations using Gauss-
seidal load flow algorithm.

Theory:

Load flow analysis is the most frequently performed system study by electric utilities. This
analysis is performed on a symmetrical steady-state operating condition of a power system under
‘normal’ mode of operation and aims at obtaining bus voltages and line/transformer flows for a
given load condition. This information is essential both for long term planning and next day
operational planning. In long term planning, load flow analysis helps in investigating the
effectiveness of alternative plans and choosing the ‘best’ plan for system expansion to meet the
projected operating state. In operational planning, it helps in choosing the ‘best’ unit
commitment plan and generation schedules to run the system efficiently for them next day’s load
condition without violating the bus voltage and line flow operating limits.
The Gauss seidal method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non- linear
algebraic equations. The relationship between network bus voltages and currents may be
represented by either loop equations or node equations. Node equations are normally preferred
because the number of independent node equation is smaller than the number of independent
loop equations.
The network equations in terms of the bus admittance matrix can be written as,

I bus  Ybus Vbus (1)

For a n bus system, the above performance equation can be expanded as,

 I 1  Y11 Y12  Y1 p  Y1n  V1 

  Y Y 
 Y2 p  Y2 n  V2 
 I 2   12 22

        
     

          (2)
I  Y p1 Y p 2  Y pp Y pn  V p 
  p   
        
     
 I n  Yn1 Yn 2  Ynp Ynn  Vn 
where n is the total number of nodes.
Vp is the phasor voltage to ground at node p.
Ip is the phasor current flowing into the network at node p.
At the pth bus, current injection:

I p  Y p1V1  Y p 2V2  ............  Y ppV p  .............Y pnVn

n n
  Y pqVq  Y ppV p   Y pqVq (3)
q 1 q 1
q p
 
1  n 
Vp   I p   Y pqVq  ; p  2,....n (4)
Y pp  q 1 
 q p 
At bus p , we can write Pp – jQp = V p I p
Hence, the current at any node p is related to P, Q and V as follows:

( Pp  jQ p )
Ip  ( for any bus p except slack bus s) (5)
V p
Substituting for Ip in Equation (4),
 
1  P  jQ n 
  Y pqVq  ; p  2, .....n
p p
Vp   (6)
Y pp  V p* q 1 
 q p 
Ip has been substituted by the real and reactive powers because normally in a power system these
quantities are specified.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Read the input data.

Step 2: Find out the admittance matrix.
Step 3: Choose the flat voltage profile 1+j0 to all buses except slack bus.
Step 4: Set the iteration count p = 0 and bus count i = 1.
Step 5: Check the slack bus, if it is the generator bus then go to the next step otherwise go to
next
step 7.
Step 6: Before the check for the slack bus if it is slack bus then go to step 11 otherwise go to
next
step.
Step 7: Check the reactive power of the generator bus within the given limit.
Step 8: If the reactive power violates a limit then treat the bus as load bus.
Step 9: Calculate the phase of the bus voltage on load bus
Step 10: Calculate the change in bus voltage of the repeat step mentioned above until all the bus
voltages are calculated.
Step 11: Stop the program and print the results

Flowchart:
 Start

Read the input data values

Form Y Bus matrix

Set flat voltage profile 1+j0 except slack bus

Set iteration count, p=0

A

Set the bus count, i = 1

D

Y
Yes
E
Check for
slack bus

No
It is a load bus
No calculate
Check for 1  Pi  jQi j 1 n 
Gen bus V p 1
ical   *
  Yik V k   Yik V k 
Yii  Vi k 1 j 1 
Yes

 
Calculate
* i 1
Q   Im Vip Y V  Y V
n
p1 p1 p
i ik k ik k
k 1 k i

C
Yes

Check Set
p 1 Qi=Qi min
Qi Qmin

No

Yes
Check Set
p 1 Qi=Qi max
Qi  Qmax

No

B
 B

Treat this as gen bus & calculate Vpi

1  Pi  jQ i 1 n

Vi p 1  
Yii  Vi *
  Y V
ik k
p 1
  Yik Vkp 
k 1 k  i 1 
C

Calculate the change in voltage Vi p 1

E

Increment the bus count

No

Check
D
i n

A
Yes

No
Check Increment
Vi p 1  iteration count
P = P+1

Yes

Print the result

Stop

Sample Problem:

The load flow data for a 3 bus system is given in tables below. The voltage magnitude at bus 2
is to be maintained at 1.04 p.u. The maximum and minimum reactive power limits for bus 2 are
0.5 to 0.2 respectively. Taking bus 1 as slack bus, determine voltages of the various buses at
the end of first iteration starting with flat voltage profile for all buses except slack bus using
Gauss-Seidal method with acceleration factor of 1.6.
 Bus Code Impedance Bus Number Admittance
1–2 0.06 + j0.18 1 j0.05
1–3 0.02 + j0.06 2 j0.06
2–3 0.04 + j0.12 3 j0.05

Bus Code Assumed Generation Load

Voltage MW MVAr MW MVAr
1 1.06 + j0 0 0 0 0
2 1 + j0 0.2 0 0 0
3 1 + j0 0 0 0.6 0.25

Solution:

Formation of Ybus:

6.66  j19.95  1.66  j 5  5  j15 

Ybus   1.66  j 5 4.16  j12.44  2.5  j 7.5 
 5  j15  2.5  j 7.5 7.5  j 22.45

Calculation of Q2:
 * n 
Q2 =  Im V2  YpqVq 
 q 1 
=  Im1.04(1.66  j 5)(1.06)  (4.16  j12.5)1.04  (2.5  j 7.5)
=  Im1.04(1.763  j 5.30)  (4.16  j12.5)1.04  (2.5  j 7.5)
=  Im0.07  j 0.14
Q2 = 0.14, it violates the limits of the reactive power.

Q2 = Q min = 0.2 as Q2  Qmin

[ If suppose, Q2  Qmax then Q2 = Qmax]

Calculation of Bus voltages:

(1)  0 .2  j 0 .2 
V2 = 0.075 71.63  ((1.66  j 5)(1.06)  (2.5  j 7.5)(10)) Volts
 1.04 
= 0.075   71.634.452  j12.99
(1)
V2 = 1.047+j 0.007 volts
 Accelerated voltage,
(1)
V2 = 1.04+ 1.6(1.047+j0.007 -1.04)
= 1+0.048-j0.048
(1)
V2 =1.0512+j0.0112 Volts

V3 =0.0423 71.49 0.6  j 0.25  ((5  j15)(1.06)  (2.5  j 7.5)(1.0512  j 0.0112))

(1)

(1)
V3 = 1.041 – j 0.017 Volts

Accelerated voltage,

(1)
V3 = 1+1.6(1.041 – j 0.17- 1 )
V 3(1) = 1.0656-j0.272 Volts

Theoretical Output:

(1)
V1=1.06+j0 Volts, V2 =1.0512+j0.0112 Volts, V 3(1) = 1.0656-j0.272 Volts

Result:

The given set of load flow equations for a given power system were solved using Gauss-Seidal
method.