SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN CONCEPTS

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 SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN

Unit 1
Systems analysis concepts, the players and system
development life cycle
System Concept
A system is “an orderly grouping of
interdependent components linked together
according to a plan to achieve a specific goal.”
Example :
• The library system
• The telephone system

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 Overview
• System concept
• Types of information systems
• System Stakeholders
• System development life cycle.

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Characteristics of a System
1.Systems are organized
• The components in the system are arranged in a
particular order and have a structure to achieve
specific objectives.
• For example, in a college , the hierarchical
relationships start with the dean on the top and go
downward to the level of operational staff

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2.System components interact with
each other:
• Interaction is the manner in which each component
in the system functions with other components
• Example : In a college, the registration
department interacts with the assessment office

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3. System components are
interdependent:
• Interdependence means that parts of the
organization depend on one another
• Example : The list of students registered (output
given by registration department) is used as the
input for preparing the exam schedule by the
assessment office

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4. System components are
integrated
• It means that parts of the system work together
within the system even though each part performs
a unique function.

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5.System has a central objective
• A system works to achieve a central objective.
• Example :The objective of a registration system in
a university is to satisfy the needs of the students
to complete the registration procedures
successfully.

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Information system

Information systems are a set of interconnected

elements working together to collect, process, store,
and distribute information to coordinate the activities
and support decision-making processes in an
organization.

Example : Online course registration system

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Example of Information system
Consider the MEC student information system(SIS)
and try to answer the following:
• What are the different components of SIS?
• Who all are the users of SIS?
• What are the processes associated with SIS?
• What type of information is distributed to the
users?
• How does it support the users in the decision
making processes?
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System elements

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System elements-Outputs and
Inputs
• Inputs are the information that enters into the
system for processing. Output is the outcome of
processing.
• Example: In SIS, during the registration period,
students input the details of courses they prefer to
register, which is considered input.
• Based on the inputs given, the system prepares the
timetable, an example of a process.
• Students get their timetable in the system(output)
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System elements-Environment
• It is the source of external elements that strike on
the system.
• It determines how a system must function.
For example, partner universities are considered
external elements for the middle east college
registration system and are part of the system
environment.

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System element-Boundaries
• A system should be defined by its boundaries.
Boundaries are the limits that identify its
components, processes, and interrelationship when
it interfaces with another system.

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Types Of Information System
• There are six types of information systems which
are listed below:
• Transaction processing system(TPS)
• Management Information system(MIS)
• Decision support systems(DSS)
• Executive support systems(ESS)
• Knowledge management systems(KMS)
• Office Automation System

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1. Transaction Processing Systems
• Transaction Processing Systems ("TPS") are designed for
processing routine transactions powerfully and accurately.
• A transaction encompasses all of the purchases and sales of
products and services, along with any daily business
transactions or activities required to operate a company
• Example:
• Sales staff use a transaction processing system to store the
company’s daily sales..

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2. Management Information Systems
(MIS)
• A management information system uses various
transaction data from a TPS to help middle
management optimize planning and decision-making.
• It retrieves TPS information, aggregates it, and
generates reports to help those at the management
level know important details of a situation
• Example : MIS prepares annual sales reports for sales
organizations using the data retrieved from TPS(daily
sales ).

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 3. Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• A decision support system processes data to assist in
management decision-making
• DSS is interactive, management can easily add or
delete data and ask important questions.
• This provides the evidence required for mid-
management to make the right choices that will
ensure the company meets its targets.
• For example, A bank manager can use a DSS to assess
the evolving loan trends to determine which yearly
loan targets to meet.
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4. Executive Support Systems (ESS)
• Executive support systems are similar to a DSS but are
primarily used by executive leaders and owners to
optimize decision-making.
• Enterprise leaders find answers to non-routine
questions so they can make choices that improve the
company's outlook and performance
• For example, an organization can use ESS to display
data about tax regulations, new competitive startups,
internal compliance issues, and other relevant
executive information(uses both internal and external
data).
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5. Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)

• A knowledge management system stores and extracts

information to help users enhance their knowledge
and optimize collaboration efforts to complete tasks
• KMS is used by employees, customers, management,
in the organization.
• Examples of documents found in a knowledge
management system include employee training
materials, company policies, and procedures, or
answers to customer questions

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6. Office Automation Systems
• An office automation system is a network of various
tools, technologies, and people required to conduct
clerical and managerial tasks.
• Typical examples of functions performed by an OAS
include printing documents, mailing paperwork,
mailing, maintaining a company calendar
• An OAS can integrate with e-mail or word processing
applications to ensure all communication data is
easily accessible and in one centralized location

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Business Drivers of today’s IS
• Now a days IT industry is a growing sector in
business world. The key business drivers are:
• Globalization of the Economy
• Impact of the internet
• Security and Privacy
• Collaboration and Partnership
• Knowledge Asset Management
• Continuous Improvement and Total Quality
Management

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Globalization of the Economy
• The biggest players in today’s global marketplace
are multinational corporations international
markets
Impact on information systems
• Require support of multiple languages, currency
exchange rates, business cultures
• Require consolidation of international data
• Demand for players who can communicate,
orally and in writing, with management and
users that speak different languages
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Impact of the internet
The Internet can be used for any business application
that involves data communication, including both
communication inside the firm and with the
environment
Impact on the information systems
• Most of the information systems are designed for
internet architecture

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Security and Privacy
What is the impact of security and Privacy on information
systems?
Security
• How will the business continue in the event of a security breach,
terrorist attack, or disaster?
• How can the business protect its digital assets from outside
threats?
Privacy
• Consumer demands for privacy in e-commerce transactions
• Government requirements
Impact on information systems
• Need to incorporate stringent security and privacy
controls

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Collaboration and Partnership
Collaboration and Partnership
• Organizations seek to break down the walls that
separate organizational departments and functions.
• Organizations collaborate with outside business partners
and even competitors.
Impact on IS
• Need to provide secure external access
• Need to pass data between different information
systems

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Knowledge Asset Management
• Data: Raw facts about an organization and its business
transactions
• Information: Data that has been refined and organized by
processing and purposeful intelligence
• Knowledge – data and information that is further refined
based on the facts, truths, beliefs, judgments, experiences,
and expertise of the recipient.
So with the help of information systems organizations
can manage and share knowledge for competitive
advantage.

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 Continuous Improvement and Total
Quality Management
• Continuous process improvement (CPI)
The continuous monitoring of business processes to effect
small but measurable improvements in cost reduction and
value added.
• Total quality management (TQM)
Comprehensive approach to facilitating quality
improvements and management within a company

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Business Process redesign (BPR)
• Business Process redesign (BPR) includes the process
of analyzing and redesign of existing business
processes aiming at reducing costs and also to
improve value of business which brings considerable
changes and improvements.
• So information systems plays a major role in business
process redesign.
• Question: Identify a few new processes added on SIS
to enhance the student experience as part of process
redesign.
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Technology Drivers for Today’s Information
Systems
• use of Networks and Internet
• use of Mobile-Wireless Technologies
• use of Object -Technologies
• uses Collaborative- Technologies
• uses Enterprise- Applications

Question: Identify the technology used for the

successful development and installation of SIS.
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Who is a system analyst?
Systems Analyst– is an expert who can investigate a
problem faced by an organization and state
requirements on how information systems can bring
improvements for a business.

Management

Systems
User Programmer
analyst
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Why system analyst’s role is important?
• Delivering a system without correctly identifying
requirements leads to user dissatisfaction and frequently
causes issues in system operations.

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System Stakeholders:
Stakeholders are technical or non technical people who
are having an influence on proposed system.

Source
:http://jessevimgaleon.blogspot.co
m/2013/07/stakeholders-source-of-
system.html

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Example : Stakeholders
• During the development of a banking information
system, the following are the stakeholders who
have influence on the proposed system.
• Development team
• Customers
• Operational staff
• Bank managers
• Executive management
• Question:
• Who all are the stakeholders of SIS?
• Discuss the role of each stakeholder. 36
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

• This model describes various stages of

system development for successful
implementation of an information system.

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Stages Of System development Life cycle

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Planning Stage
• The planning stage (also called the feasibility stage) is
exactly what it sounds like: the phase in which
developers will plan for the upcoming project.
• It helps to define the problem and scope of any existing
systems, as well as determine the objectives for their
new systems. The planning stage sets the project
schedule, help to secure the funding and resources they
need to make their plan happen.
• Example: A hospital has no facility for patients to make
an online appointment. So the management would like
to develop an online application to facilitate online
booking for patients. 39
Analysis Stage
• The analysis stage includes gathering all the specific
details required for a new system
• Perform research and analysis to determine the
needs of end-users
• Prepare a software requirement specification or
SRS document.
• This includes all the specifications for software,
hardware, and network requirements for the
system they plan to build.
• Example : If an online application is to be
developed, this is the stage in which we identify the
application's requirements. 40
Design Stage
The design stage is a necessary precursor to the
development stage.
• Developers will first outline the details for the
overall application, alongside specific aspects, such
as its:
• User interfaces
• System interfaces
• Network and network requirements
• Databases
• The SRS document they created into a more logical
structure that can later be implemented in a
programming language. 41
Development Stage
• The development stage is the part where
developers actually write code and build the
application according to the earlier design
documents and outlined specifications
• Developers will choose the right programming code
to use based on the project specifications and
requirements

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Testing Stage
• Testing is done to make sure that there aren’t any
errors and that the end-user experience will not
negatively be affected at any point.
• The software must meet the quality standards
previously defined in the SRS document.

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Implementation and Integration
Stage
• The information system will be integrated into its
environment and eventually installed.
• After passing this stage, the software is
theoretically ready for market and may be provided
to any end-users.

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Maintenance Stage
• The SDLC doesn’t end when software reaches the
market.
• Developers must now move into a maintenance
mode and begin practicing any activities required
to handle issues reported by end-user.
• Larger systems may require longer maintenance
stages compared to smaller systems

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References

• Awad, E.M. (2003) System analysis and design.

delhi : Galgootia
• George, Joey et. al.(2004) Modern systems analysis
and design. 4th ed. Pearson Higher Education,
ISBN: 0131273914
• https://www.clouddefense.ai/blog/system-
development-life-cycle. (n.d.). Retrieved February
27, 2022

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