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This document traces the history and development of steam engines and internal combustion engines. It discusses early steam engines developed by Thomas Savery, Thomas Newcomen, and James Watt. Watt improved the design so that high pressure steam moved the piston. Later developments included steam turbines by Charles Parsons and internal combustion engines. The document also discusses electricity generation using steam turbines, hydroelectric dams, wind turbines, and the environmental impacts of different methods. Alternative energy sources discussed include solar, geothermal, hydrogen fuel cells, and fully electric vehicles.

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Maheen Khan
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16 views24 pages

S10ub3 2 3 4

This document traces the history and development of steam engines and internal combustion engines. It discusses early steam engines developed by Thomas Savery, Thomas Newcomen, and James Watt. Watt improved the design so that high pressure steam moved the piston. Later developments included steam turbines by Charles Parsons and internal combustion engines. The document also discusses electricity generation using steam turbines, hydroelectric dams, wind turbines, and the environmental impacts of different methods. Alternative energy sources discussed include solar, geothermal, hydrogen fuel cells, and fully electric vehicles.

Uploaded by

Maheen Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Development of engines and

the i.c.e. Internal combustion


Engine
Page 206
First Steam Engines
Hero of Alexandria (130 BC ?)
⦿ Drew and described a simple spinning ball
driven by steam pressure
⦿ Ancient people had an understanding of
the power of steam to move objects
England (1600’s)
⦿ The first practical steam engine used to
remove water from the mines in England
Thomas Savery
⦿ Boiler produced steam
⦿ Steam filled a large vessel
connected to the mine via a
pipe
⦿ The vessel was isolated by valves
and a vacuum was created by
the condensing steam
⦿ The valve to the mine was
opened and the vacuum drew
the water out of the mine
Thomas Newcomen (1712)
⦿ Steam was used to move a
piston up and condensation of
the steam to move the piston
down
⦿ This was connected to a
rocking beam which was in
turn connected to another
piston
⦿ The second piston drew the
water out of the mine by
reducing the pressure in the
pipe
James Watt (1757)
⦿ Was an instrument maker for the University of
Glasgow
⦿ Modified the Newcomen engine design so
high pressure steam not condensation
moved a piston
⦿ Steam pushed the piston back and forth
while at the same time evacuating the used
steam
James Watt (1757)
⦿ The first engine moved a rocker arm
similar to that of Newcomen’s
⦿ Later versions of his engine had leavers
and gears designed to move a wheel
⦿ His engine provided power for factories
⦿ His invention fueled the industrial
revolution in Europe and the America’s
Watt’s Steam Engine
⦿ Higher pressure engines
were developed by
changing boiler type and
introducing seals for piston
rods
⦿ Engines were used in farm
tractors and threshers
⦿ Locomotives were
developed for mines and
land travel
⦿ Steam driven paddle
wheelers were developed
for use on lakes and the
oceans
Steam
Engine
Charles Parsons (1884)
⦿ Perfected the steam turbine
⦿ Used curved blades instead of pistons
⦿ Some blades were stationary and some
drove the shaft
⦿ Heat and energy in the steam
decreased as it moved through the
turbine
Steam Turbines
⦿ Modern Turbines are
cone shaped e.g., steam
is directed to large and
larger wheels
⦿ Steam turbines are used
to power:
› Cruse and cargo vessels
› Thermoelectric
Generators
› Thermonuclear
Generators
Internal Combustion Engines
⦿ Steam engines need large amounts of fuel
and water and are not practical for small
vehicles
⦿ Internal combustion engines put the fuel into
the cylinders to burn
⦿ Burning fuel produces heat and gases
⦿ Expanding gases and heat push the piston
down the cylinder
Internal Combustion Engines
⦿ Intake Stroke
› Intake valve opens
› Piston moves down
› Fuel and air move into cylinder
⦿ Compression Stroke
› Intake valve closes
› Piston moves up
› Fuel and gases are
compressed
Internal Combustion Engines

⦿ Power Stroke
› Spark plug ignites the
fuel/gas mixture
› Mixture burns
› Hot gases expand and
move piston down
⦿ Exhaust Stroke
› Piston moves up
› Waste heat and gases
move out of the
cylinder
Internal Combustion Engines
⦿ Modern engines have
four, six, eight or ten
cylinders
⦿ Pistons are designed to
fire at different times
⦿ At least one piston is
always in a power stroke
⦿ All internal combustion
engines release heat
and oxides of nitrogen
and carbon
Alternates to Internal Combustion
⦿ Hybrid systems
› Use a gasoline engine in combination with electric
motor to move car
› Car will run on electric motor at low speeds or up to
a certain distance before gas engine turns on
⦿ Hydrogen Fuel Cells
› Generate electricity to convert hydrogen and
oxygen to water
› Use electric motors to drive the car
Alternates to Internal Combustion
⦿ Hydrogen Engines
› Use a hydrogen fueled engine to generate power
› Combustion of hydrogen produces heat and water
› Reduces pollution caused by oxides of nitrogen and
carbon
⦿ Full Electric Cars
› Tesla
› Powered by batteries and has full electric motor
drivetrain
Electricity Production
⦿ Most of our large and small appliances use
electricity
⦿ Electricity, produced in distant locations,
can be transported many km to where it is
needed
⦿ Electrical energy is clean, quiet and efficient
⦿ Eg) Electricity from coal
Electricity Generation
⦿ Generators produce commercial electricity
⦿ Generators have huge magnets with coils of
wire turning between the poles of these
magnets
⦿ When electrical wires turn in a magnetic
field a current is produced
⦿ Kinetic energy of the coils of wire is
converted into electron flow or electricity
Turbines Turn Generators
⦿ Steam is used to turn turbines in
thermoelectric power stations that use
coal, natural gas or combustible
garbage for fuel
⦿ Steam is also used to turn the turbines in
thermonuclear power stations using
uranium or plutonium
Turbines Turn Generators
⦿ The gravitational potential of water is used
to turn the turbines in hydroelectric power
stations e.g., dams
⦿ The gravitational potential of ocean tides is
used to turn the turbines in tidal power
stations
⦿ The kinetic energy of wind is used directly as
an energy source to turn generators in wind
power stations e.g., windmills
Cons of Electrical Generation
⦿ Fossil fuel stations release large amounts
of pollutants (oxides of nitrogen and
carbon and fly ash) into the atmosphere
⦿ Nuclear power stations produce
radioactive waste products that have to
be stored and accidents may release
radioactive material
Cons of Electrical Generation
⦿ Hydroelectric projects flood large
amounts of land, disrupt fish movement
and may endanger certain species
⦿ Tidal energy can only be used in a
limited number of sites
Alternate energy sources for the
future
⦿ Solar
⦿ Geothermal
⦿ Passive solar heating
Questions page 227 (2-9)
⦿ Energy production handout
⦿ Find these key terms in the text:
› Biomass
› Cogeneration
› Sustainable energy

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