CONTENT

 INTRODUCTION
 BIOMEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING
 NEED OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING
 COMPONENTS OF IMAGE PROCESSING
 APPLICATIONS
 ADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION
 Introduction
 BIOMEDICAL:- It deals with the functioning of the human body
and health related stuff.

 IMAGE :- It is representation of something or someone ex- any

drawing , painting , photograph .It may be black & white or color.

 PROCESSING:- processing is any form of signal processing for

which the input is an image and the output may either be an image
or a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image.

BIOMEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING

 It is a processing of the image witch are obtain some various

instrument witch will provide information about the physical
health of the patient.
 It is the technique and process used to create images of the human
body or parts of it for clinical purposes or for studying anatomy
and physiology.
 Biomedical image processing includes the analysis, enhancement
and display of images captured via instruments such as X-Ray,
 Ultrasound, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), CT scanners,
nuclear medicine and optical imaging technologies
 A multitude of diagnostic medical imaging systems are used to
probe the human body. They comprise both microscopic (viz.
cellular level) and macroscopic (viz. organ and systems level)
modalities

NEED OF IMAGE PROCESSING IN

MEDICINE
 Bio-medical Image analysis and processing has great significance
in the field of medicine, especially in Non-invasive treatment and
clinical study
 There are many problems in medical image analysis and
interpretation involve the need for a computer aided system to
understand the images and image structure and know what it
means.
 The accurate interpretation and analysis of medical images often
become boring and time consuming, because there is much detail
in such images.
 The images produced by equipments (like CT scanner, MRI, etc.)
are composed of pixels, to which discrete brightness and color
values are assigned.
 Through image processing they can be efficiently processed,
evaluated and analyzed, and through compression stored and made
available to many places at the same time through appropriate
communication networks and protocols.
  It is possible for doctors to see the interior portions of the human
body, with extreme clarity, ease and detail, thus facilitating easy
detection and diagnosis of various diseases.
 It has also helped doctors to make keyhole surgeries without
opening too much of the body.
 Image processing techniques that were originally developed for
analyzing remote sensing data can be modified to analyze the
outputs of medical imaging systems to get the best advantage to
analyze symptoms of patients with ease.

COMPONENTS OF IMAGE
PROCESSING
Biomedical image processing covers biomedical signal gathering, image
forming, picture processing, and image display to medical diagnosis
based on features extracted from images. Image processing covers four
main areas:
1 ACQUISITION
2 PROCESSING
3 ANALYSIS OF IMAGE
1 ACCQUISITION
 X-RAY
 MRI
 CT
 MRA
 PET
 ULTRASOUND………..and more
2. PROCESSING
 PRE PROCESSING
 SEGMENTATION
 DETECTION
 ANALYZIN
 DIAGNOSIS

 PRE PROCESSING
 Pre-processing is a common name for operations with images
at the lowest level of abstraction -- both input and output are
intensity images. The aim of pre-processing is an improvement
of the image data that suppresses unwanted distortions or
enhances some image features important for further processing.
Original
Enhanced
•Filtering
• Image Denoising
• Image Registration
• Image Enhancement
LIST OF ALGORITHMS OF PRE PROCESSING Median filter , mean
filter , wavelet based denoising , wavelet based image registration
 SEGMENTATION:- Exactly delimitate objects, once they are
detected. Uses algorithms such as k mean, neuro fuzzy , snake
algorithm , neural network based segmentation
• Vessels
• Liver
• Cardiac imaging (left ventricle)
• Brain
DETECTION:- Find location of objects of interest without prior
knowledge about their location/existence
• Bones
• Organs
• Polyps in colon
• Nodules in lungs
ANALYZIN :-
• Measurement Volume – growth Vessel stenosis
• Functional imaging Stroke Cardiac perfusion Tumor perfusion
 • Cardiac function motion Injection fraction

3 ANALYSIS OF IMAGE
DIAGNOSIS :-
 Classify as normal/abnormal (brain)
 Classify lung nodules as bening
 Determine cancer/non- cance

APPLICATIONS

 X-RAY
 Two-dimensional projection radiography is the oldest medical
imaging modality and is still one of the most widely used imaging
methods in diagnostics.
 X-Ray Image Formation
 A beam of X-rays is directed through a patient onto a film.
 The film provides a measure of the ray attenuation in tissue.
 A beam of X-rays is directed through a patient onto a film.
 The film provides a measure of the ray attenuation in tissue.
 IMAGE- X RAY MACHINE

 Computed Tomography (CT)

Image Formation The object is viewed from a number of different angles
and then a cross-sectional image of it can be computed (reconstructed).
Nov 8, 1895 G. Hounsfield (computer expert) and A.M Cormack
(physicist) (Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1979). Provide 3D anatomical
information Preserves topology (bones) - Excessive radiation - Not good
for all soft tissues
 It uses computer-processed X-rays to produce images of specific
areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object
without cutting.
 Digital geometry processing is used to generate a 3-D image of the
inside of the object from a large series of two-dimensional
radiographic images taken around a single axis of rotation. The
cross-sectional images are used for diagnostic and therapeutic
 purposes in various medical disciplines. CT produces a volume of
data that can be manipulated in order to demonstrate various bodily
structures based on their ability to block the X-ray beam.
 In conventional CT machines, an X-ray tube and detector are
physically rotated behind a circular shroud. Sometimes contrast
materials such as intravenous iodinated contrast are used. This is
useful to highlight structures such as blood vessels that otherwise
would be difficult to delineate from their surroundings. Using
contrast material can also help to obtain functional information
about tissues.
 A visual representation of the raw data obtained is called a
sinogram, yet it is not sufficient for interpretation. Once the scan
data has been acquired, the data must be processed using a form of
tomographic reconstruction, which produces a series of cross-
sectional images.
 In terms of mathematics, the raw data acquired by the scanner
consists of multiple "projections" of the object being scanned. The
technique of filter backed projection is one of the most established
algorithmic techniques for this problem. It is conceptually simple,
tunable and deterministic.

IMAGE- Sample CT Slices

 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical test
that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions.
 MRI uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a
computer to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone
and virtually all other internal body structures.
 The hydrogen proton is the most common form of nuclei used in
MRI. The three properties of hydrogen nuclei (protons) mapping
are the spin-lattice relaxation time Ti, Spin-spin relaxation time T
2, and the spin density p.
 Magnetic resonance imaging is a complex multidimensional
imaging modality that produces extensive amounts of data.
Imaging methods and techniques applied in signal acquisition
allow reconstruction of images with multiple parameters that
represent various physical and chemical properties of the matter of
the object.
 The imager system includes the computer for image processing,
display system and the control console. The computer system
collects the signal after analog to digital conversion, corrects,
recomposes and stores the image.
 Analog to digital convertors of 16 bits or higher are used and
during data acquisition, information is acquired at the rate of about
800 kbps.
 Algorithms like the fast Fourier transformation is used to convert
the time domain data to image data. Data is stored on high speed
disks.
 IMAGE- Sample MRI Slices

 Ultrasound (US)
Image Formation -An ultrasonic energy is propagated into the patient
from a transducer placed on the skin and back-scattered echo signal is
recorded by the same transducer.
1979 Samuel H. Maslak -Noninvasive
-Clean &safe
-In-expensive
-Noisy
- Gas filled and bony structures cannot be imaged because they absorb
ultrasound waves.
 In this method a piezoelectric crystal-based transducer can be used
as a source to form an ultrasound beam as well as a detector to
receive the returned signal from the tissue. In a plastic casing, a
piezoelectric crystal is used along with a damping material layer
and acoustic insulation layer inside the plastic casing. An
electromagnetic tuning coil is used to apply a controlled voltage
pulse to produce ultrasound waves. In the receiver mode, the
 pressure wave of the returning ultrasound signal is used to create
an electric signal through the tuned electromagnetic coil.
 The total travel distance traveled by the ultrasound pulse at the
time of return to the transducer is twice the depth of the tissue
boundary from the transducer. Thus, the maximum range of the
echo formation can be determined by the speed of sound in the
tissue multiplied by half of the pulse-repetition period.
 When the echoes are received by the transducer crystal, their
intensity is converted into a voltage signal that generates the raw
data for imaging.
 The voltage signal then can be digitized and processed according
to the need to display on a computer monitor as an image.
 Ultrasound images appear noisy with speckles, lacking a
continuous boundary definition of the object structure. The
interpretation and quantification of the object structure in
ultrasound images is more challenging than in X-ray computed
tomography (X-ray CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) images.

IMAGE- Sample ULTRASOUND Slices

 ADVANTAGES
 Applying information analysis and visualization to biomedical
research problems.
 It is possible for doctors to see the interior portions of the human
body, with extreme clarity, ease and detail, thus facilitating easy
detection and diagnosis of various diseases.
 It has also helped doctors to make keyhole surgeries without
opening too much of the body.
 It modified to analyze the outputs of medical imaging systems to
get the best advantage to analyze symptoms of patients with ease.

CONCLUSION
 In medical sciences, image processing has enabled for accurate and
fast quantitative analysis and visualization of medical images of
numerous modalities such as MRI, CT, X-Ray, etc.
 It has also enabled doctors and researchers at remote sites to easily
share data and analyze, thereby enhancing their ability to diagnose,
monitor and treat various medical disorders.
 Due to advancement in image processing tools, it has become
possible to acquire high quality images of different parts of the
human body and analyze the images using various softwares,
thereby facilitating the early detection of many diseases such as
cancer, abnormalities in organs, etc. thus enabling accurate
diagnosis which has helped in saving human life.
 REFERENCES
Biomedical Image Processing, Thomas Martin Deserno, Springer
Medical Image Processing, K.M.M Rao and V.D.P Rao
www.goggle.com
www.researchgate.com