INTRODUCTION

Sampling is the process of selecting observations (a sample) to

provide an
adequate description and inferences of the population.

Sample
➢ It is a unit that is selected from population
• Represents the whole population
• Purpose to draw the inference
 SAMPLING DESIGN PROCESS
DEFINE POPULATION

DETERMINE SAMPLING FRAME

DETERMINE SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
PROBABLITY SAMPLING
NON- PROBABLITY SAMPLING
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Sampling CONVENIENT
Cluster Sampling JUDGEMENTAL
Systematic Sampling QUOTA
Multistage Sampling SNOW BALL SAMPLING

DETERMINE APPROPRIATE
SAMPLE SIZE

EXECUTE SAMPLING DESIGN

 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Simple Random Sampling
• All Subsets of The Frame Are Given
an Equal Probability
• Random Numbers Generators

➢ Advantages
• Minimal Knowledge of Population
Needed
• Easy To Analyse Data
➢ Disadvantages
• Low Frequency Use
• Does Not Use Researcher’s
Expertise
• Larger Risk of Random Error

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

• Population Is Divided into Two Or More
Groups Called Strata
• Subsamples Are Randomly Selected from
Each Strata
 ➢ Advantages

• Assume Representation of All Groups in Sample Population

• Characteristics of Each Stratum Can Be Estimated and
Comparisons Made

➢ Disadvantages

• Requires Accurate Information on Proportions of

Each Stratum
• Stratified List Costly to Prepare
 CLUSTER SAMPLING
• The Population Is Divided into Subgroups (Cluster) Like
Families.
• A Simple Random Sample Is Taken from Each Cluster

➢ Advantages
• Can Estimate Characteristics of Both Cluster and Population

➢ Disadvantages
• The Cost of Reach an Element to Sample Is Very High
• Each Stage in Cluster Sampling Introduces Sampling Error – The
More Stages There Are, The More Errors There Tend to Be
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
• Order all units in the sampling frame
• Then every nth number on the list is selected
• N = sampling interval

➢ Advantages
• moderate cost; moderate usage
• simple to draw sample
• easy to verify
➢ Disadvantages
• periodic ordering required
 MULTI STAGE SAMPLING
• Carried out in stages
• Using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage

Advantage
- More accurate
- More effective

Disadvantage
- Costly
- Each stage in sampling introduces sampling errors
 NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• The probability of each case being selected from the total
population
• Units of the sample are chosen on the basis of personal
judgement
• There are no statical techniques for measuring random sampling
error in a non-probability sample

Some techniques:
• Convenience sampling
• Quota sampling
• Judgemental sampling
• Snowball sampling.
 CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
Convenience sampling involves choosing respondents at
the convenience of the researcher.
➢ Advantages
• Very low cost
• Extensively used

➢ Disadvantages
• variability and bias cannot be measured or
• controlled o projecting data beyond not justified
 QUOTA SAMPLING
The population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-
groups Just as in stratified sampling

Advantages
Used when research budget is limited

Very extensively used o No need for list of population

Disadvantage
Time consuming
Projecting data beyond sample not justified
 JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING
Researcher employs his or her own “expert” judgement about

➢ Advantages
• There is an assurance of quality
response
• meet the specific objective

➢ Disadvantages
• bias selection of sample may
occur
• time consuming process
 SNOWBALL SAMPLING
➢ The
Researcher Starts With A Key Person And Introduce The Next
One To Become A Chain

➢ Advantage
- Low Cost
- Useful In Specific Circumstances & For Locating Rare Population

➢ Disadvantage
- Not Independent
- Projecting Data May Beyond Sample Not Justified