SIMPLE STRAIN

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

Stress-Strain Diagram

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 Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)
From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-
strain curve is a straight line. This linear relation between elongation
and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in
1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit,
the stress is directly proportional to strain.

Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer
go back to its original shape when the load is removed, or it is the
maximum stress that may developed such that there is no
permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely
removed.

Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase in
load.

Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength because this is the
maximum stress that exists (based on the original area) when rupture occurs at a lower stress value (also based on
the original area) than (𝜎 ). The plastic range extends from the proportional limit to the point of rupture.

Rapture Strength
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the breaking strength.

Hooke’s Law : axial and shearing deformation

Slope of Stress – Strain Curve is known as the modulus of elasticity E
P
Strain = Deformation per unit length

  PL δ
E     
 L AE
L
Where:

ε = strain
δ = axial deformation
P = axial load
A =cross sectional area
L = length
E = modulus of elasticity P

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Conditions that will produce Simple Strain

• Load must be axial

• material must be homogenous and of constant cross sectional
area
• stress must not exceed the proportional limit

Factor of Safety

• To make sure the stress in a material never fails, a factor of safety

FS is often employed. An allowable stress (or working stress) is
defined to be the yield stress (or the ultimate stress) divided by
FS. This allows for an unexpected overload, a flaw in the material,
or diminished strength with age. It could be defined as:

working stress failure load

𝐹𝑆 = 𝐹𝑆 =
yield stress computed load

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Example No. 1
The bar shown is composed of a 2-cm-diameter aluminum section, a 3-cm-diameter brass
section, and a 2-cm-diamter steel section. Calculate the deflection of the right end.

A force balance on each section of the bar results in a force acting in the steel of 60 KN, in the
brass it is 100 KN, and in the aluminum it is 80 KN. Consequently, the deflection of the right end
is

Example No. 2
A 6-mm-thick steel tube surrounds a 4-cm-
diameter aluminum cylinder, as shown. A force of
40 KN acts on the two rigid end plates. Calculate
the stress in the steel and the aluminum if the
materials are originally stress free and of the
identical length.

Because the end plates are assumed rigid, the deformation of

the aluminum is the same as that of the steel:

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Example No. 2
A 6-mm-thick steel tube surrounds a 4-cm-
diameter aluminum cylinder, as shown. A force of
40 KN acts on the two rigid end plates. Calculate
the stress in the steel and the aluminum if the
materials are originally stress free and of the
identical length.

Substitute this into the equilibrium equation with the result that:

Example No. 3
The rigid bar is supported by an 8-cm-long, 8-mm-
diameter aluminum wire A and a 10-cm-long, 2-
mm-diameter steel rod B. There is no strain in
either before the load of 4000 N is applied. After
the load is applied, a deformation of 4 mm is
measured in the wire. Calculate the force P.

The force in the wire is calculated as follows:

Because the rigid bar rotates about the left end, the deformation ∆𝑟 of
the steel rod is
The force in the rod is then:

Sum moments about the left end of the bar to find

the applied force P:

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 Thermal Stress
Changes in temperature causes bodies to expand or contract, the amount of linear
deformation is expressed by:

  LT
T

Where : ΔT =T2 – T1
α = coeffecient of linear expansion m/m0C T2 = final temperature
L = length T1 = initial temperature
ΔT = change in temperature (oC)

If a bar is restrained, say, between two immovable walls, and its temperature is increased, a compressive
strain will occur with compressive axial stress induced. The strain caused by an applied load and the
thermal strain due to a temperature change will be treated independently.

General Procedure for computing the loads and stresses caused when
temperature deformation is prevented:

1. Imagine the structure relieved of all applied loads and constraints so that
temperature deformation can occur freely Represent this deformation by
a sketch.

2. Imagine that sufficient loads are applied to the structure to restore it to

specified condition of restraint. Represent this load deformation by a
sketch.

3. The geometric relation between the temperature and load deformations

sketch drawn in steps 1 and 2 and the equations of static equilibrium
may be combined to solve for unknown quantities

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Example No. 4
Two steel rail sections each 200 m long are joined by a hinge. They lay flat on the ground when
the temperature is 0°C. If the free ends are held in a fixed position, how high will the hinged
ends rise if the temperature reaches 25°C?

A sketch is made of the two sections, as shown. Each section will expand a distance

This results in each section being 200.06 m

long. So, from the triangle, we can write:

Example No. 5
The composite bar shown in he figure above is
firmly attached to unyielding supports. An axial load
P =60 kN is applied at 25°C. Compute the stress in
each material at 60°C.

Aluminum Steel
A = 200 mm2 A = 300 mm2
E = 70 GPa E = 200 GPa
α=23μm/m0C α =11.7μm/m0C

 TA   TS   PA   PS

 T  LT
 TA  23 (10 ) 6 400 ( 60  25 )  0 .32 mm

 TS  11 .7 (10 ) 6 300 ( 60  25 )  0 .123 mm

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 Example No. 5
The composite bar shown in he figure above is
firmly attached to unyielding supports. An axial load
P =60 kN is applied at 25°C. Compute the stress in
each material at 60°C.

Aluminum Steel
 TA   TS   PA   PS A = 200 mm2 A = 300 mm2
E = 70 GPa E = 200 GPa
PA L A P L α=23μm/m0C α =11.7μm/m0C
0 . 32  0 . 123   S S
E A AA E S AS
PA 400 PS 300
0 . 443  
70000( 200 ) 200000 ( 300 )
443000  28 . 57 PA  5 PS
88600  5 . 71 PA  PS
P S  88600  5 . 71 PA  EQ . 1

Example No. 5
The composite bar shown in he figure above is
firmly attached to unyielding supports. An axial load
P =60 kN is applied at 25°C. Compute the stress in
each material at 60°C.

Aluminum Steel
A = 200 mm2 A = 300 mm2
E = 70 GPa E = 200 GPa
α=23μm/m0C α =11.7μm/m0C

F 0 x

PA  P  PS  Eq . 2 P S  88600  5.71PA  EQ.1

Solving simultaneously: Aluminum

PA 4292
PA  60000  88600  5 . 71 PA A    21 . 46 MPa
AA 200
6 . 71 PA  88600  60000
PA  4262 . 30 N Steel
PB 64292
PS  4262 .30  60000  64262 .30 N S    214 . 3 MPa
As 300