Science -2nd Summative

Tailed amphibians have long bodies and tails.

 Examples of the tailed amphibians include salarnanders.

 Salamanders feed on fish, snails, insects, worms; and even other smaller

salamanders.

 Some are entirely Aquatic While others take shelter and live under rocks

Tailess Amphibians –have short squat bodies and lack tails. Their large powerful hind legs

are modified for jumping.

Toads - have rough and warty skin. They can live on land and even far away from water.

Toads burrow or take shelter during the day and come out to feed at night when it is

cooler and more humid: Some toads live in the desert but like most amphibians, they need

water for reproduction.

Frogs have thin, moist skin that is loosely attached to their body. They live near ponds,

streams, swamps of bodies of fresh water. Frogs and toads eat insects and worms.

 There is a decline in population in majority of ecosystems. Human activities in this

fasted

world tend to have an impact in relation to their population

Birds are endothermic organisms just like mammals and are able to maintain their body

temperature through the food that they consume. Their most unique characteristic is the

presence of feathers. majority of their kind is capable of flying.

The following are additional characteristics of Birds :

1. Birds have two pairs of limbs. The forelimbs are wings; in most birds, these are used

for flying. The hind limbs are legs that, are used for perching, walking, swimming,

orprey-catching.

2. Birds have strong and lightweight bones that are adapted for flying. The bones

contain cavities and many are filled with air spaces.

3. The mouth of a bird is in the form of a horn-covered beak or bill. The bills and feet

of birds show adaptations to different ways of life.like bill for picking seeds and fee!

For perching on trunk of seeds.

4. Birds lay eggs with shells.

5. Birds such as penguins are capable of swimming. They use their wings as their

flippers when they swim. This ability is essential in their survival since most of their

food are fishes.

Fishes are considered as ectothermic animals. Their body temperatures change when the

temperature of their environments change as well.

 Fishes live in marine and freshwater environments.

 They can breathe in water not in air.

  Water flows through their operculum and to their gills. Oxygen then diffuses on the

gills to

allow them to perform gas exchange.

Characteristics of Fishes

1. Most fishes have vertebral column, jaws, paired fins,scales, gills, and a single-loop

blood circulation. Fishes breathe through gills. They take water in through their

mouths.

2. A fish is usually has tails and paired fins on its back and on its belly that enables it to

swim. Most fishes also have swim bladders.

3. Almost all kinds of fishes are covered with scales. Scales are thin but tough sheets

arranged all over their body.

4. A fish has a lateral line on each side which senses vibrations from their surroundings

5. Fish lay their eggs in water and their young hatched from eggs.

2 Kinds of Fishes

1. Bony Fishes –largest group of fish.

 Have bony skeletons, paired fins and protective overlapping scales.

 They are found in both marine and fresh water habitats

 They swim through side by side movements of the body and tail. The fins

enable the fish to maintain its balance and control the direction of movement.

 Fishes are slightly heavier than water.

  The have swim bladder or air bladder – a gas filled sac in the upper part of

their cavities to keep them floating. The bladder acts as float that regulates

buoyancy.

Cartilaginous Fish- such as sharks, rays and skates have flexible skeletons that are made up

of cartilage tissue.

 Almost all of the members of this group are found in marine waters.

 Stingrays have flattened wing like bodies with whip like tails

 Sharks do not have swim bladders. Sharks swim by moving their trunks and powerful

tail side by side.

 They live on the ocean floor and feed on worms mollusk and crustaceans

 Stingrays have poison stingers in their tails use to sting their prey.

Economic Importance of vertebrates

Mammals play a plethora of importance in human lives. They even serve as our partners

in agriculture and the development of other related acts.

1. Many mammals are sources of food and other products.

2. Some animals are kept as service animals by people.

3. Some mammals are kept as pets such as cits, guard dogs, hamsters, rabbits, and so

much more.

4. Mammals are used in medical and scientific research. However, certain guidelines

rare set to maintain safeguards for mammals concerned with scientific research.
 5. Mammals provide balance in nature. Some mammals are considered as predators

such as lions, tigers, cheetah, and wolves; while others serve as prey and food to

other animals such as rabbits and mice.

Reptiles and Amphibians

1. Some reptiles and amphibians serve as food for some communities

2. Snakes venom is used in the development of medicines, vaccines, and other related

products.

3. Amphibians such as frogs and reptiles such as snakes are used by some farmers to

control the population of locusts, other pest insects and rats that destroy their crops

4. Turtles and even snakes serve as pets.

5. Axolotl is an amphibian which is subject of different research. It has been found out

that it is capable of regenerating its limbs after it is cut several times.

Birds and Fishes

1. Birds and fishes serve as sources of food. Examples of birds and fishes that serve as

food

include chicken, duck, milkfish, and tilapia.

2. Some birds and fishes are kept as pets. Examples of birds which are kept as pets

include.Birds, sparrows, parrots, parakeets, cockatoos, pigeons, and doves. On the

other hand, Other fishes that are kept as pets are koi fish, goldfish, gourami,

angelfish, and even larger freshwater such as Catfish and even arapaima.
 3. They help biological control. Birds control the population of insects and pets.Fish

feed on larva of mosquitoes which help stop diseases.

4. Birds assists ln seed dispersal. Some seeds carried by birds can fall over sometime.

5. Birds and fishes also take part in balancing the ecosystem.

Vertebrates are animals with backbone.

 They possess complex body parts with different functions.

 Vertebrate animals include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

 Fishes, amphibians, and reptiles are cold-blooded animals; whereas birds and

mammals are warm- blooded animals.

 Ectothermic animals adjust to the temperature of the environment, whereas

endotherms undergo thermoregulation.

 Each vertebrate class has unique features.

 Birds have feathers, while fishes are equipped with gills for breathing.

 Reptiles have thick scales, while amphibians have moist skin.

 Lastly, mammals are equipped with mammary glands

lnvertebrates are animals without backbone or vertebral column.

 The body parts and function of invertebrates are very simple compared to those of the

vertebrates; hence, they are believed to be first set of animals that lived on Earth

Arthropods (Joint legged Animals)

 Have segmented bodies tough exoskeleton and with jointed appendages.

 They make up the largest group in the animal kingdom.

 ¾ of all known animals are arthropods.

 They are further classified based on the structure of their segments, types of

appendages and mounthparts.

Characteristics and Features of arthropods

1. Segmentation – arthropods have segmented bodies allowing efficient and complex

movements. They have three main body regions head, thorax and abdomen.

2. Exoskeleton – provides framework and support to the body.

3. Jointed appendages - arthropods have jointed and paired appendages for feeding,

sensing ,walking, swimming and mating.

4. Feeding habits and structure – the mouth parts for chewing of most of arthropods

include pair of appendages called mandible.

Classification of Arthropods

1. Insects

2. Arachnids

3. Crustaceans

4. Centipedes

5. Millipedes

Insects

 lnsects have three pairs of legs or are six-legged arthropods in their adult.form.
  The legs are adapted for crawling, collecting pollen, and jumping.

 They have antennae and have three main body sections: the head, thorax; and

abdomen.

 The head contains a pair of antennae, mouthparts that are adapted for sucking

biting, and chewing and a pair compound eyes.

 The thorax is the middle part. Wings and three pairs of walking legs are connected to

thorax.

 The abdomen is the rear part of an insect.

 lnsects undergo metamorphosis. They lay eggs in their specific habitats like water.

 Examples are Ants, butterflies, moths, houseflies, fruit flies, mosquitoes,

grasshoppers, wasps, bees, bugs, earwigs, and beetles.

Arachnids

 Arachnids are arthropods that have four pairs of walking legs.

 Arachnid have two body segments and no antennae. : Most arachnids live on land

and a few live in water.

 Some possess spinnerets with which they spin threads into webs; cocoons, and

nests.

 Some arachnids are equipped with poison glands such as scorpions and some

spiders.

 Examples of arachnids are spiders, scorpions ticks and mites.

Crustaceans include crabs, lobsters and crayfishes.

 Lobsters use their antennae to locate their food. They are marine animals.

 Crustaceans have five pairs of leg for locomotion.

 Crustaceans body is made up of up to 50 segments, but most crustaceans have only

19.

 The body is divided; three regions: head, thorax and the abdomen.

 crustaceans are characterized by the presence of two pairs of antennae located on

the head'

 The antennae are organs that touch, taste, and detect food. They can hunt food in

total darkness using the antennae.

 Most Crustaceans live in marine waters and drift near the ocean bottom but some

live in fresh

water and few live on land.

 Examples of Crustaceans 1. Lobsters 2. Crabs 3. shrimps live in marine water;1.

Crayfishes live in fresh water.2. Sow bugs live on land and in moist places

Centipedes-the next members of phylum arthropoda, are also known as chilopods

 Cqntipede means “hundred feet”,most of these animals' really have less than one

hundred feet but some have more. They have 15 to 173 pairs of legs,a pair of legs is

attached per segment.

  Centipedes have flattened bodies divided into head and trunk.

 The head has a pair of long antennae and a pair of poison craws called maxillepedes.

The

antennae are long and slender with 14 or more than 100 segments.

 Centipedes move quickly to catch and eat insects and worms. At night, the common

house of centepede searches for food, eat cockroaches, bedbugs, and other insects.

 Centipedes live on land, especially in moist places under logs, barks' and stones' and

are

 commonly found in the dark

Millipedes

 The last members of phylum arthropoda are the millipedes. They are referred to as

diplopods since they have two pairs of legs per body segment.

 Millipede means a "thousand feet."

 They have cylindrical bodies consisting of about 20 to more than 100 segments.

 The body is divided into the head,-thorax, and trunk.

 The head contains a single pair of antennae with seven or eight segments.

 Millipedes have two pairs of appendages or legs on each of their abdominal segment

and pair on its thorax segment

 The mouth parts are adapted for chewing plants.

 Millipedes walk in a graceful motion. Unlike centipedes that are equipped with

maxilla millipedes do not have poisonous claws

  They feed primarily on damp and decaying plants.

 Millipedes protect themselves by curling up.

 Millipedes serve as food for other animals.

 They play a role in the environment just like the centipede. They feed on other

smaller arthropods however they are also being hunted by other predators.

Mollusks (soft boiled animals)

 Mollusks are animals which have soft bodies.

 A huge group of them have external shells just like snails and clams. Mollusks can be

classified as being univolves or the gastropods, bivolves, ancepholopods.

 Each of them has unique characteristics; however, it is because of their body plan

that they are all considered as mollusks.

 Univalves are commonly distributed as snails or slugs.

 The bivalves those that are enclosed into hinged shells.

 Lastly, the cephalopods are known as the most motile of the three.

 Cephalopods include the squids, octopuses, and cuttlefishes.

 They tend to fend off their with their swift movements and black ink.

 Mollusks are coelomate animals with bilateral symmetry, soft internal body, a

digestive tract with two openings, a muscular foot, and a mantle.

 Mollusks are found in aquatic (ocean and fresh water) and moist land environment.

 Many mollusks use rasping structure called radulo to scrape food into the mouth.

Carnivorous mollusks use their radula to drill into other mollusk to feed into their
 internal body parts. Other mollusks such as clams are filter feeders and do not have

radula.

 Most mollusks have open circulatory system. ln an open circulatory system, the

blood is pumped out of vessels into open spaces which fuse oxygen and nutrients

into tissues that are bathe in blood. lt also moves carbon dioxide from tissues into

the blood

 Some mollusks like squid and octopuses have closed circulatory systems. The blood

is confined to the vessels as it moves through the body.

 Oysters, scallops, mussels, cuttlefish, clams, snails, squids, and octopuses are

common examples of mollusks

 One-shelled mollusk like snail glides on its foot. lts mouth is on its foot, A rasping

part of its mouth scrapes food from plants as its crawls.

 Mollusks without shell like squid and octopus swim, suck in water, and force it out

through an organ called siphon.

Echinoderms (Spiny-skinned Animats)

 Echinoderms are animals that live in marine water. They are distributed in the

rnarine ecosystem as sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand

dollars.

 Members of the phylum Echinodermata are characterized by their spiny

endoskeleton. They are also known for their tube feet which are essential for their
 locomotion. Some echinoderms like the sea urchins and sea serve as food source for

humans.

 Sea stars are sometimes kept as pets. Sea stars are of fragmentation and

regeneration. They are able to perform asexual reproduction by which a portion of

their body regrows into an entirely new sea star. lt can be noted that the sea star

that emerged portion of the arm of the parent sea star is considered as a clone,

 echinoderms are radially symmetrical marine animals with spiny endoskeleton. They

have vascular system and tube feet.

 The water vascular system of echinoderms work together to enable them to get

strainer-like structure of echinoderm is called modreporite.

 Almost all echinoderms have an internal skeleton that serves both as support and

Food

 The skeleton consists of hard, calcified plates that a.re g4bedded in the body wall.

Spiny projections on the plates stick out of the skin. These projections give

echinoderms their skinned appearance.

 Echinoderm movement varies based on its body shape.

 The movable bony plates in the endoskeleton enable them to move quickly.

 Examples of echinoderms include sea stars, brittle stars, sand dollars, sea lilies, sea

daisies and sea cucumbers

Sponges (Pore-bearing Animals)

 members of the phylum porifera.

  They are named as poriferans due to the presence of their bodies.

 Sponges are considered as one of the simplest invertebrates due to the fact that not

have organ systems or any other sophisticated body parts. Even in their simplicity,

they are still considered as heterotrophs.

 They have no tissues and organs and most have no symmetry.

 All sponges are aquatic. Most of them live in salt water but a few live in fresh water.

Sponges differ in color, size, and shape.

 Sponges vary in shape. Some are round, others are shaped like vases, and some

simply follow the shape of the thing where they live.

 Marine sponges vary in color, lts color ranges from bright yellow, orange, purple to

gray or brown. Sponges of the same species may vary in color.

 Sponges have many types of skeletons.

 Their skeleton is made up of tiny, needlelike structures called spicules.

 The spicules may be made of limestone (calcium carbonate) or silica, a glass-like

mineral. Sponges are protected by the spicules from animals that try to eat them.

Cnidarians (Stinging-cell Animals)

 Members of the phylum cnidarian are animals that are capable of stinging through a

cellular structure referred to as nematocysts

 Cnidarians are equipped with stinging cells called nematocysts.

  Cnidarians have one body opening and most have two layer cells. The outer layer

functions in protecting the internal body. The inner layer functions mainly in

digestion.

 Cnidarians have tissue and have radial symmetry. Cnidarians are adapted to aquatic

floating or sessile attachment to surfaces under the water.

 There are two general body forms found among cnidarians: polyp and meduso.

 The polyps body form is cylindrical with mouth and tentacles at the upper open end.

 Corals and hydras are examples of polyps. The other form, the meduso is shaped like

an upside-down bowl, the mouth and tentacles facing downward. Jellyfish is an

example of the medusa body.

 Although the two body forms look different, they possess the same basic structure-a

sac with a single opening or mouth surrounded by rings of tentacles.

 The clown fish, which is a kind of marine vertebrate, lives in mutualism with sea

anemone. Those fishes are immune to the stinging cells of the sea anemone; hence

they use them as a means to protect themselves and their eggs.

Platyhelminthes

 Members of platyhelminthes are also known as flat worms.

 They are either free-living organisms or parasites. Parasites are organism that live on

their host.

 Flatworms are thin, flat, acoelomate animals that can be freely living or parasitic.
 They have thin, flat bodies that resemble a ribbon and have definite head regions

and body organs.

 A layer of outer cells or epidermis covers the animal's body.

 An inner layer of cells forms the intestine.

 A tightly packed mass of cells called parenchyma fills the body between the

epidermis and the intestine.

 Flatworms are hermaphrodites because they produce eggs and sperm cells.

 Most flatworms are parasite living in the body of variety of animals but some are

free living n marine, freshwaters and moist habitats.

Major Groups of Flatworms

Planarian Tapeworm Fluke

Planarians live in Tapeworms are Flukes stay in the liver

streams, parasites of

lakes, seawater, or of the human intestine their host, They can

damp and feed completely on enter the

soil. They have two dark digested food of its human body through

photoreceptors that host. Tapeworms cause the skin.

detect light but cannot lines in the human body They can cause blood

form images. loss,

diarrhea, and body

pain.
 Nematodes (Roundworms)

 Members of this phylum are also known as roundworms. They should not be

confused with earthworms,as earth worms have visible segments and they are

referred to as annelids.

 Unsegmented worms have long, thin, rounded bodies tapered at both ends and

covered by a tough cuticle.

 They found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.

 Examples of roundworms includ6 parasitic hookworm and pinworm.

 Hookworms are small roundworms that enter human bodies through the skin.

 They live as parasites in the intestines, sucking up blood and tissue fluids.

Pinworms are one of the most common parasitic round worms that can infect

children.

Annelids (Segmented Worms)

 Annelids have segmented bodies that allow for specialization of tissues ad for

efficient movement

 Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical having two openings as well as complete

digestive system

 Annelids include three major groups of segmented worms-the hirudineans or

leeches, oligochaetes or earthworms, and the marine polychaetes.

  Leeches have suckers at both ends, whereas earthworms are composed of clitellum

which is essential in reproduction.

 Polychaetes are composed of bristlelike structures for locomotion.

Economic lmportance of lnvertebrates

1. lnsects contribute'to fertility of soil.

2. lnsects help in pollination.

3. Some insects are sources of food and medicine.

4. Crustaceans are used in aquaculture.

5. Many types of mollusks are sources of food for humans

6. Shells from mollusks are used in various industries

Leeches –belong to Phylum annelida.

 They are also known as blood sucking annelids

 They are equipped with suckers at both ends.

 In India they use leeches for medical practice such as Leech therapy

 It is believed to improve blood circulation.

 Can also treat cardiovascular diseases.

Invertebrates are animals without backbone.

 They include arthropods, mollusks, echinoderm, sponges cnidarians, nematodes,

and annelids
 They are good source of food and aids in pollination.

 It is also very important in agriculture.

End

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