1

EDUC 12. FACILITATING LEARNER-CENTERED TEACHING

Module 01. Definition of Terms, Principles of Teaching, and Components of Teaching

I. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the ,modules, the learner is bale to:
1. define and memorize the different educational terms;
2. describe the characteristics of the learner, teacher, and factors of learning
environment;
3. explain the nature and concepts of teaching; and
4. Determine pedagogical applications of the components of teaching.

II. LEARNING CONTENTS

Definition of Terms and Components of Teaching

A. Definition of Terms
●Education. A continuous process of acquiring knowledge, skills and attitudes
to make man do better in life. It is not only a preparation for life but it is life
itself.
●Teaching. Refers to the functions of the teacher in the learning process as to:
facilitating, stimulating, guiding, directing, managing, evaluating,
and counselling.
●Learning. A comparatively change in the behavior of a learner as a result of
his/her interaction or experiences with the environment.

●Educational Principles. These are universally acceptable beliefs and practices

as chief guides to make teaching and learning effective and productive.
They are important for the governing of actions and the operation of
techniques in any field of education that serve to determine and evaluate the
goals, activities, practices, and outcomes of the total educational program of the
school.

●Approaches. It pertains to the general teaching-learning process that a teacher

uses when he/she teaches a subject. It includes the various methods, strategies,
techniques, and materials to use.
● Methods/Strategies. Refers to an organized, orderly, systematic, well-planned
procedure. It consists of steps which are logically arranged aimed at achieving
the specific objectives of the lesson. It directs and guides the teachers in all
class activities.

●Learning Activities. These refers to specific activities related to the subject

matter that the learners undergo individually or cooperatively. In here, the
teacher is just a facilitator.

These are teacher -guided activities inside or outside the classroom to meet
the desired objectives of the lesson.

●Techniques. These are tricks, devices used to accomplish an immediate

objective of the lesson. It involves a personalized style of a teacher to carry out
a particular steps of a given learning activity or strategy.
●Learner-Centered Teaching. It involves directly the learners in actual and
purposeful learning experiences for their holistic development (physical,
mental, social, and emotional).
 2

●Outcomes-Based Education (OBE). These are clear learning results that the
school want the learners to demonstrate or do at the end of their learning
experiences.

These are actions and performances that reflect the learners’ competencies in
using concepts, ideas and information learned. (Spady, 1994).

B. COMPONENTS OF TEACHING
B.1. The Learner
Who are the learners?
1. Pupils. Used to call young learners like preschoolers, kindergarteners, and
elementary grades.
2. Students. Used to call older learners like high school, college, Masteral and
doctoral studies.

●The learner is the center of the total educative processes. This would mean that
all schools’programs, learning activities, and practices within the school
campus, and inside and outside the classrooms must be focused on the
learners’ welfare and development.

Learner’s Faculties and Capabilities

The learner is equipped with cognitive powers that enable him/her to learn. This
includes the following:
1. Senses. The senses (touch, sight, hear, taste, feel) should function normally, and should
be utilized for effective and efficient learning. Teaching is good when learners.....
1. Learn by doing through manipulation of concrete objects.
(Basic principle of teaching- learning)
2. When all senses are utilized in the teaching-learning process.
(Basic principle of teaching- learning)

2. Instincts. Instinct mean impulse. All human beings have the innate capacity to
respond to environmental stimuli for survival or self-preservation.
Examples: Looking for food for survival.
Finding a shelter for protection

3. Intellect. The learners have mental capacity to communicate, memorize,

imagine, form ideas, concepts, reasoning, make decision and solve
problems. But learners differ in their capacity to learn depending on their
Intelligence Quotient (IQ).

Categories of Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A. Some are Above Average (AA) or High I.Q/ bright (17% of the total
population in a group) Grades 90 and above
Genius
High Above Average
Middle Above Average
B. Majority are Average I.Q (A) Regular or Normal (66% of the total
population in a group) Grades 80 and above
High Average
Middle Average
Low Average
C. Some are Below Average (BA) I.Q or Slow Learner (17% of the total
population in a group) 79 and below
High Below Average
 3

Middle Below Average

Low Below Average

Analysis and Educational Implication of the above information on IQ.

Majority of the learners are average. Thus, curriculum and instruction

addressed to the majority among the learners. However, the bright and
slow learners must be given special learning sessions to meet their needs for
learning.

Factors that contribute to the differences among learners

1. Ability. Ability determines the learners’ capacity to understand and assimilate
information for their own use and application.

2. Aptitude. Refers to the learners’ innate talents or gifts. It indicates a natural

capacity to learn certain skills like the Multiple Intelligences.

3. Interests. Learners have varied interests depending on their abilities, talents,

skills and dominant Multiple Intelligences.

4. Family and cultural background. Learners come from different socioeconomic,

and psychosocial development background. Because of this, they manifest a
wide range of behavior due to differences in upbringing practices.
5. Psychosocial traits of learners.
Attitude and Values. Positive attitude toward learning is a key to success in
education. Learning becomes enjoyable and not a burden when there is good
attitude in learning. The value of having good education is likewise important
in order to achieve a learner’s goal.

Educational Implication on Factors that Contribute to the

Differences among Learners.
Differentiated instruction should be practiced in class sessions to meet the
various needs, interest, abilities, and skills of the learners. This will likewise
motivate and develop positive attitude towards learning among the learners.

B.2. THE TEACHER

Teachers are the primary work force/front liners of the school. They are in charge
of the total teaching-learning processes. Thus, they need to undergo
formal training/schooling to equip them for teaching.

Two Qualities of the Teacher

1. Professional Qualities
1.1. Finished a degree with specialization for mastery of the subject matter.
1.2. Familiar and understands the nature and characteristics of the learners,
especially on the psychological principles of learning.
1.3. Knowledgeable of the various pedagogies of teaching.
1.4. Possesses good written and oral communication skills.

2. Personal Qualities
These are the different good attitude and character, and special traits of a person in
relation to his/her learners, and as a role model in the community like leadership,
kind, sense of humor, compassionate, responsible, industrious, fair and just, honest,
 4

and many more.

Nature and Concepts of Teaching

●Teaching is a process that involves both the learner and the teacher.
●Teaching is both science and an art.
Science in the sense that it is highly organized and systematic in order to
attain the desired goals and objectives of the lesson.

Art. Teaching as an art requires strategies and techniques with varied

instructional materials to come up with a good and learner-centered
teaching.
● Roles of a teacher in the classroom are: facilitating, stimulating, guiding,
directing, managing, evaluating, counselling, and surrogate mother.

B.3. LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

Learning environment refers to the classroom where the learners usually stay
most of the time for formal learning. There are four factors of learning
environment, namely:

1. Physical Climate. This refers to the physical arrangement of the

classroom like set up of furniture and fixtures, technology gadgets in the
classroom, and arrangement of pupils/students’ chairs.
It also includes lightings, ventilation, and aesthetic features of the
classroom.

2. Social Climate. This pertains to the social relationships and interaction

between the teacher and the learners, and learners to learners.
The personality and leadership style of the teacher is usually reflected in
the social climate.

3. Intellectual Climate. This relates to the learning process, and the teacher’s
ability to stimulate and sustain the interest of the learners in the learning
process.

4. Emotional Climate. This refers to the various emotions in the classroom

both by the teacher and learners. These emotions can be discomfort to
comfort, from anger to joy, from fear to trust and empowerment, and from
confusion to excitement, and the like.

REFERENCE:

Corpuz B., and Salandanan, G. (2015). Principles of Teaching 1. Cubao Quezon

City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Principles and Methods of Teaching Books in the College Library.

 5

EDUC 12. FACILITATING LEARNER-CENTERED TEACHING

Module 01. Definition of Terms and Components of Teaching
S.Y. 2023-2024

Complete Name: ________________________________ Course Code:____

Co-Learner, if applicable: ______________________________ Course Code: ____

III. GRADED LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Learning Activity 1. Pedagogies of Teaching-Learning (50 points)

(Major requirement)

1. Go to NC College Library and search for specific examples

of the following Pedagogies used in the teaching-learning process.
2. Get from Text books or References books, not Internet
3. Mention as stated in the matrix.

Write the References Books: __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Specific Examples Brief Description of each Pedagogy

20pts 30pts
1.1. Approaches used in teaching any subject.

1.

2.

3.

1.2 Time-Tested Methods in teaching any Subject area

1.
 6

2.

4.

5.

1.3. Strategies in teaching any Subject area

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.4 Learning Activities by doing for Kindergarten to High School

 7

1. Kindergarten

2. Elementary

3. High school

Learning Activity 2. Essay (10 points)

2.1. How can parents and teachers develop positive attitude towards learning among
their children/ leaners? (10pts.)
Mention at least three (3) situations complete sentences.

Parents role to develop positive attitude towards learning of their children

1.
2.
3.
Teachers role to develop positive attitude towards learning of their children
1.
2.
3.

Learning Activity 3. Teacher’s Interview (10 points)

1. Conduct an interview to a Basic Education teacher.

Make a written report of your interview.

Name of Teacher: ______________________________________________ (Optional)

Grade Level: ______________________________________________
Name of School : ______________________________________________
Question to ask:

How does heterogeneous groupings and cooperative learning cater to the different
mental abilities and aptitude of the learners?

________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
 8

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Learning Activity 4. Viewing of Differentiated Instruction (20 points)

1. View YouTube videos of Differentiated Instruction for Elementary and High

School.
2. Make a written report using the format below:
2.1. Websites of YouTube:
2.2. Contents of YouTube Viewed
A. Elementary Level (10pts)
Subject Area:______________________________
Subject Matter/Topic:_____________________________________
Website: ____________________________________________________________

Describe the Role of the Teacher during Differentiated Instruction

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Description of the Learning Activities of Differentiated Instruction

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

B. High School (10pts)

Subject Area:______________________________
Subject Matter/Topic:_____________________________________
Website: _______________________________________________________________

Describe the Role of the Teacher during Differentiated Instruction

 9

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Description of the Learning Activities of Differentiated Instruction

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Learning Activity 5. Positive Learning Environment (10 pts.)

1. Fill out the needed information/concepts that are ask for.

Learning Give Two Specific Example in Classroom Situations

Environment/Climate
Physical Climate 1.

2.

Social Climate 1.

2.

Intellectual Climate 1.

2.

Emotional Climate 1.

2.

Written and Prepared:

LAINE T. TUMAMANG, PH.D.
 10

Professor, Professional Education Courses

Date Accomplished: __________ Signed: __________________________

LAINE T. TUMAMANG, PH.D.
Professor, Professional Education Courses

Date Submitted: _____________ Signed: __________________________

LAINE T. TUMAMANG, PH.D.