COMPACT

6.53
CITY

ANJANA S | SHAJITHA | VARNA

• The compact city or city of short distances is an
urban planning and urban design concept, which
COMPACT CITY
promotes relatively high residential density with
mixed land uses.

• It is based on an efficient public transport system

and has an urban layout which – according to its
advocates – encourages walking and cycling, low
energy consumption and reduced pollution.

• A large resident population provides opportunities

for social interaction as well as a feeling of safety in
numbers and "eyes on the street".

• It is also arguably a more sustainable urban

settlement type than urban sprawl because it is less
dependent on the car, requiring less (and cheaper
per capita) infrastructure provision.

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 IMPLICATIONS OF URBAN FORM
• A compact city is clearly contained from its surroundings , originally as a monocentric city .
Today, clustered deconcentration or polycentric configurations are seen as more beneficial,
with a multitude of variants, such as the Finger, Star, Linear and Satellite city (Frey
Citation1999).
• Polycentrism is also reflected in green structure planning, with urban nature shaped as
interconnected corridors between built-up areas .
• Zooming out to the city or metropolitan scale, polycentrism brings a heterogeneity of densities
due to the presence of less dense urban functions.
• Urban form also links to network connectivity, i.e., the coverage, densities and integration of
different types of urban networks (sidewalks, biking lanes, streets, roads, rail, etc.) , where
networks for walking and biking are of particular interest.

Urban form features Spatial features Social functions

High dense settlements Mixed land use Social fairness

Diversity of life
Less dependence on Self-sufficiency of daily life
automobile
Clear boundary from Clear identity Independence of
surrounding areas government

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IMPLICATIONS OF DENSITY
The self-evident factor of compact cities is their density – or intensity – measured
as the quantity of a specified feature within a certain area, usually km2 or hectare
but can also refer to a lot, parcel, block, neighbourhood, city or metropolitan
region . Intensity can be about e.g., residential population , employment
opportunities , impervious surfaces, green space, building coverage , floor area,
dwellings or units, and building heights or building volume. However, intensity can
also refer to qualitative understandings of how intensely urban space is used .

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 IMPLICATIONS OF LANDUSE
• Mixed land use leading to diversity is another key aspect of compact cities.
• A ‘varied and plentiful supply of facilities and services’ is seen to lead to local self-sufficiency .
• Diversity can also be seen as the complexity arising from the interactions between ‘economic
activities, associations, facilities and institutions’.
• The mix of uses can be both horizontal and vertical , and also involve interweaving or timing
(using the same space for different functions over time) .
• Arguments for increased diversity in already dense urban environments implicitly also tend to
argue for a densification of functions other than just housing, such as shops, businesses, offices,
services, leisure, open space, and green space.
• A particular aspect of diversity is that ‘the same density can be obtained with radically different
building types.
 IMPLICATIONS OF TRANSPORTATION
• Compact cities, characterized by high population density, mixed land use, and a well-connected
urban fabric, require efficient transportation systems to ensure accessibility, reduce congestion,
minimize environmental impact, and promote a high quality of life.
• Key considerations include mass transit systems, integrated networks, cycling infrastructure,
pedestrian-friendly design, mixed land use, transit-oriented development, car-sharing and ride-
sharing, smart mobility solutions, and environmental considerations.
• Mass transit systems like buses, trams, subways, and commuter trains are efficient in moving large
numbers of people quickly, while integrated networks allow for seamless transfers between different
modes.
• Cycling infrastructure, such as dedicated bike lanes and paths, promotes sustainable transportation
and contributes to a healthier urban environment.
• Walkable streets, wider sidewalks, and pedestrian-friendly crossings enhance safety and encourage
walking. Transit-oriented development (TOD) centers around transit hubs, encouraging public
transportation use and minimizing private car dependency.
• Smart mobility solutions, such as real-time traffic monitoring and digital payment systems, enhance
transportation efficiency and empower residents to make informed choices.
• Encouraging electric mobility supports sustainability goals and reduces air pollution in compact urban
areas.
 WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY
CONSUMPTION IN COMPACT CITY
• Waste management strategies include source separation and recycling programs, waste-to-energy
facilities, smart waste collection systems, composting programs, public awareness campaigns, energy
conservation, public transportation, smart grids, green spaces, building retrofit programs, energy
conservation incentives, and water-energy nexus considerations. These strategies aim to reduce
waste, promote renewable energy integration, and promote energy-efficient building designs and
technologies.

• Waste-to-energy facilities convert non-recyclable waste into energy, reducing landfill dependence
and generating electricity. Smart waste collection systems use sensors to optimize waste collection
routes, reducing fuel consumption and emissions. Community composting programs promote organic
waste enrichment in urban gardens or as organic fertilizer.

• Engaging in public transportation and active transport reduces reliance on individual vehicles and
promotes active transport. Smart grids optimize energy distribution and use energy management
systems to monitor and control energy consumption in public buildings and infrastructure.

• Green spaces and urban planning integrate natural shading, reduce the urban heat island effect, and
contribute to energy conservation. Building retrofit programs improve insulation, lighting, and HVAC
systems. Energy conservation incentives, such as energy audits and tax benefits, encourage
businesses and residents to adopt energy-efficient practices.
 Introduction

CASE STUDY -Toyama City faced challenges of urban sprawl and declining
population.
TOYAMA CITY - Overdependence on cars led to deterioration of public transport
services.
- Japan experienced rapid growth from 1950 to 1970, followed by
moderate growth.
- Population growth rate declined and aging population became a
nationwide issue.

Contribution
Creation of Central District Revitalization Plan and Public Transport
Revitalization Plan
- Revision of original plan to obtain national certification
- Development of Downtown Revitalization Plan as basic plan for
Compact City initiative
- Alignment with national "Compact Plus Network" policy
- Close communication with national government for smooth
implementation of policy
- Generous support from government of Japan to TDLC Program

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Practical Implications
Highlights operationalization of QII Principles 2 and 6 in urban infrastructure. - Provides insights into the Compact City
initiative in Toyama City. - Shows the importance of LRT ridership and pedestrian activity in city center. - Does not
include detailed impact evaluation.

Compact City Model of Toyama City LRT Network in Toyama City

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REFERENCE
Toyama-City-Compact-City-Development.pdf
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13574809.2021.1941825
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_19

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