CONTENTS

1. Introduction

- Particle Size Distribution.

- Consistancy of Soil.
- Shear Strength of Soil.
- Direct Shear Test.

2. Tests Performed on Various Pits

- Particle Size
- Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit of Soils at Different
Depths
- Differential Free Swelling
- Shear Strength Parameters of Soil (c-ø value)

3. Result

- Settlement of Soils in Different Pits

 INTRODUCTION

1. Particle Size Distribution

For measuring the distribution of particle sizes in a soil sample, it is

necessary to conduct different particle-size tests.

Wet sieving is carried out for separating fine grains from coarse grains by
washing the soil specimen on a 75 micron sieve mesh.

Dry sieve analysis is carried out on particles coarser than 75 micron.

Samples (with fines removed) are dried and shaken through a set of sieves
of descending size. The weight retained in each sieve is measured. The
cumulative percentage quantities finer than the sieve sizes (passing each
given sieve size) are then determined.

The resulting data is presented as a distribution curve with grain size along
x-axis (log scale) and percentage passing along y-axis (arithmetic scale).

Sedimentation analysis is used only for the soil fraction finer than 75
microns. Soil particles are allowed to settle from a suspension. The
decreasing density of the suspension is measured at various time intervals.
The procedure is based on the principle that in a suspension, the terminal
velocity of a spherical particle is governed by the diameter of the particle
and the properties of the suspension.

In this method, the soil is placed as a suspension in a jar filled with distilled
water to which a deflocculating agent is added. The soil particles are then
allowed to settle down. The concentration of particles remaining in the
suspension at a particular level can be determined by using a hydrometer.
Specific gravity readings of the solution at that same level at different time
intervals provide information about the size of particles that have settled
down and the mass of soil remaining in solution.

The results are then plotted between % finer (passing) and log size.
 2. Consistancy Of Soil
The consistency of a fine-grained soil refers to its firmness, and it varies
with the water content of the soil.

A gradual increase in water content causes the soil to change

from solid to semi-solid to plastic to liquid states. The water contents at
which the consistency changes from one state to the other are
called consistency limits (orAtterberg limits).

The three limits are known as the shrinkage limit (WS), plastic limit (WP),
and liquid limit (WL) as shown. The values of these limits can be obtained
from laboratory tests.

Two of these are utilised in the classification of fine soils:

Liquid limit (WL) - change of consistency from plastic to liquid state

Plastic limit (WP) - change of consistency from brittle/crumbly to plastic
state

The difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit is known as
the plasticity index (IP), and it is in this range of water content that the soil
has a plastic consistency. The consistency of most soils in the field will be
plastic or semi-solid.

Soils consist of individual particles that can slide and roll relative to one
another. Shear strength of a soil is equal to the maximum value of shear
stress that can be mobilized within a soil mass without failure taking place.

The shear strength of a soil is a function of the stresses applied to it as well

as the manner in which these stresses are applied. A knowledge of shear
strength of soils is necessary to determine the bearing capacity of
foundations, the lateral pressure exerted on retaining walls, and the
stability of slopes.

Mohr Circle of Stresses

In soil testing, cylindrical samples are commonly used in which radial and
axial stresses act on principal planes. The vertical plane is usually the
minor principal plane whereas the horizontal plane is the major principal
plane. The radial stress (sr) is the minor principal stress (s3), and the axial
stress (sa) is the major principal stress (s1).

To visualise the normal and shear stresses acting on any plane within the
soil sample, a graphical representation of stresses called the Mohr circle is
obtained by plotting the principal stresses. The sign convention in the
construction is to consider compressive stresses as positive and angles
measured counter-clockwise also positive.

Draw a line inclined at angle with the horizontal through the pole of the
Mohr circle so as to intersect the circle. The coordinates of the point of
intersection are the normal and shear stresses acting on the plane, which
is inclined at angle within the soil sample.

Normal stress
Shear stress

The plane inclined at an angle of to the horizontal has acting on it the

maximum shear stress equal to , and the normal stress on this plane

is equal to .
The plane with the maximum ratio of shear stress to normal stress is

inclined at an angle of to the horizontal, where a is the slope of the

line tangent to the Mohr circle and passing through the origin.

Direct Shear Test

The test is carried out on a soil sample confined in a metal box of square
cross-section which is split horizontally at mid-height. A small clearance is
maintained between the two halves of the box.The soil is sheared along a
predetermined plane by moving the top half of the box relative to the
bottom half. The box is usually square in plan of size
60 mm x 60 mm. A typical shear box is shown.

If the soil sample is fully or partially saturated, perforated metal plates and
porous stones are placed below and above the sample to allow free
drainage. If the sample is dry, solid metal plates are used. A load normal to
the plane of shearing can be applied to the soil sample through the lid of
the box.
Tests on sands and gravels can be performed quickly, and are usually
performed dry as it is found that water does not significantly affect the
drained strength. For clays, the rate of shearing must be chosen to prevent
excess pore pressures building up.

As a vertical normal load is applied to the sample, shear stress is gradually

applied horizontally, by causing the two halves of the box to move relative
to each other. The shear load is measured together with the corresponding
shear displacement. The change of thickness of the sample is also
measured.

A number of samples of the soil are tested each under different vertical
loads and the value of shear stress at failure is plotted against the normal
stress for each test. Provided there is no excess pore water pressure in the
soil, the total and effective stresses will be identical. From the stresses at
failure, the failure envelope can be obtained.

The test has several advantages:

• It is easy to test sands and gravels.

• Large samples can be tested in large shear boxes, as small samples can
give misleading results due to imperfections such as fractures and fissures,
or may not be truly representative.

• Samples can be sheared along predetermined planes, when the shear

strength along fissures or other selected planes are needed.

Disadvantages of the test include:

• The failure plane is always horizontal in the test, and this may not be the
weakest plane in the sample. Failure of the soil occurs progressively from
the edges towards the centre of the sample.

• There is no provision for measuring pore water pressure in the shear box
and so it is not possible to determine effective stresses from undrained
tests.

• The shear box apparatus cannot give reliable undrained strengths

because it is impossible to prevent localised drainage away from the
shearplane.
PIT NO. 1
 Profile of the pit:

The pit comprises of five soils; black cotton soil, yellow soil, yellow kopra,yellow lime and kopra.
The profile of the soil varying at different depths is depicted in the following figure:

 Properties of soil in the pit:

Following are the properties of the soil that were determined by the soil investigation tests
carried out in the Soil and Geotechnical Engineering laboratory.

1. Particle size.
2. Liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil at different depths.
3. Differential Free Swelling.
4. Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value).

Results from the Soil Investigation test:

 Particle Size Analysis:

The sample was first passed over 75µ sieve and the weight of sample retained in it was noted
as:

PIT 1 – at depth 2m:

Wt taken=200gm

Wt retained=15.31gm

Hence percentage of clay-silt in the sample at 3m depth is the percentage weight of sample
retained, ie

15.31/200

7.655% fine soil

94.345% coarse soil

PIT 1 – at depth 3m:

Wt taken=200gm

Wt retained=18.71gm

Hence percentage of clay-silt in the sample at 3m depth is the percentage weight of sample
retained, ie

18.71/200
9.355% coarse soil

90.645% fine soil

PIT 1 – at depth 4.5m:

Wt taken=200gm

Wt retained=104.18gm

Since the weight of the soil retained in the sample is comparable, further sieve analysis was
done for the soil coarser than 75µ.

sieve no Weight % retained cumulative size of % finer

retained in gm % retained sieve
used
7 31.28 30.3483069 2.3
30.34830698 8 69.65169
14 7.94 38.0518094 1.2
7.703502474 5 61.94819
25 13.08 50.7422140 0.6
12.69040458 3 49.25779
36 5.45 56.0298826 0.425
5.287668575 1 43.97012
35 12.06 67.7306684 0.3
11.70078587 8 32.26933
75 32.32 99.0879984 0.08
31.35732997 5 0.912002
Pan 0.94 0.912001552 100 pan 0

Pit 1-4.5m
80
70
60
50
% finer --->

40
30
20
10
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Size of sieve (in mm) -->
  Liquid and Plastic Limit:

The liquid limit and plastic limit were determined by casa grande apparatus for different soils
present in the pit. The results obtained are as follows:

PIT 1 – at 2m depth:

NUMBE CONTAIN WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF moistur NO. avg

R ER CONTAINER+S CONTAINOR+D e OF moistur
WEIGHT OIL RY SOIL content BLOW e
S content
137 6.74 10.8 9.38 53.787 17
88
1 5.44 10.36 8.63 54.231 54.009
97 93
30 7.58 12.48 10.8 52.173 12
91
64 5 10.92 8.78 56.613 54.393
76 83
A42 6.73 12.45 10.32 59.331 10
48
83 6.93 11.27 9.66 58.974 59.152
36 92
9 7.4 10.92 10.24 PLASTIC LIMIT

Liquid Limit: 47.4%

Plastic Limit: 24.6%

pit 1-2m
60
59
58
Moisture Content (w%) -->

57
56
55
54
53
52
51
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
No of Blows(N)-->

PIT 1 – at 3m depth:

NUMBE CONTAIN WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF moistur NO. avg

 R ER CONTAINER+S CONTAINOR+D e OF moistur
WEIGHT OIL RY SOIL content BLOW e
S content
8 7.59 21.45 15.79 69.024 12
39
7 6.67 16.41 12.46 68.221 68.622
07 73
136 6.7 20.42 14.99 65.500 17
6
23 7.46 22.51 16.55 65.566 65.533
56 58
1 7.74 22.42 16.79 62.209 35
94
19 6.78 21.6 15.92 62.144 62.177
42 18
11 6.73 22.93 16.62 63.801 25
82
9 7.4 26.29 18.95 63.549 63.675
78 8
33 7.46 18.44 15.98 PLASTIC LIMIT

Liquid Limit: 63.5%

Plastic Limit: 28.8%

PIT 1-3M
70

68
Moisture Content (w%) -->

66

64

62

60

58
10 100
No of Blows(N)-->

PIT 1 – at 4m depth

NUMBE CONTAIN WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF moistur NO. avg

R ER CONTAINER+S CONTAINOR+D e OF moistur
WEIGHT OIL RY SOIL content BLOW e
S content
 9 7.41 11.95 10.39 52.348 30
99
66 5.12 11.1 9.05 52.162 52.255
85 92
83 6.95 11.57 9.85 59.310 10
34
C2 6.98 11.28 9.67 59.851 59.580
3 82
13 6.79 12.22 10.22 58.309 15 58.154
04 52
134 6.88 12.41 10.38 58
A42 6.74 12.38 10.28 59.322 14
03
150 7.5 12.97 10.96 58.092 58.707
49 26
23 7.44 10.05 9.29 PLASTI
C
LIMIT

Liquid Limit:
Plastic Limit:

PIT 1-4M
62

60
Moisture Content (w%) -->

58

56

54

52

50

48
10 100
No of Blows(N)-->

 Differential Free Swelling

The Differential free swelling value of the soil is determined as

DFS = (Vw - Vk)/Vk

PIT 1 – at 2m depth:

Vw: 10ml

Vk : 9 ml
 Hence , DFS =0.111

PIT 1 – at 4m depth:

Vw: 12ml

Vk : 10ml

Hence , DFS =0.2

PIT 1 – at 4.5m depth:

Vw: 12ml

Vk : 11ml

Hence , DFS =0.1

 Shear strength parameters of the soil

The value of Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value) of the soil is determined by
carrying out the box shear test on the soil sample. The values as calculated from the
observations are:

PIT 1-4.5 m depth

S.NO. WEIGHT OF NORMAL DIVISIONS WEIGHT OF SHEAR NORMAL

MOULD WEIGHT DRY SOIL STRESS STRESS
AND WET
SOIL
1 283.69 5 48 126.34 0.69 0.42
2 280.26 10 72 124.67 1.385 0.63
3 282.17 15 89 125.4 2.08 0.778
 2

1.6
Shear Sress --->

1.2

0.8

0.4

0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
Normal Stress(σ) --->

Ø= 15˚ c’= 25 KN/m2

Calculation of Safe Bearing capacity is done by Terzaghi’s Equation for square foundation
using the formula:

QU=1.2c’Nc +Df ɣNq +0.4BɣNy

Where,

Nc, Nq,Ny are Bearing capacity factors (Dimensionless numbers) and the depend upon shearing
resistance of the soil, ie, Ø.

For Ø= 15˚, we have the following values

Nc =12.9

Nq =4.4

Ny =2.5

Since in PIT No.1, yellow kopra and kopra soil starts at the depth of 4m. Hence we adopt a
foundation at a depth of 4 m(Df=4m). And taking a square footing of width 1m

QU=1.2c’Nc +Df ɣNq +0.4BɣNy

=1.2(25x12.9) +( 4x20x4.4) +( 0.4x1x20x2.5)

2
=759 kN/m

For calculation of settlement, Martin’s equation is used which is

S= ( HC ) ln ⁡σ +σ∆ σ
Where,

H = Thickness of layer

C = 1.5(qc/𝞼)

qc = static cone resistance.

𝞼 = overburden pressure.

𝝙𝞼 = increase in pressure at the centre of layer due to the net foundation pressure.

S= ( HC ) ln ⁡σ +σ∆ σ
S =13.8mm

PIT NO. 2

 Profile of the pit:

The pit comprises of five soils; black cotton soil, yellow soil, yellow lime and kopra. The profile of
the soil varying at different depths is depicted in the following figure:

 Properties of soil in the pit:

Following are the properties of the soil that were determined by the soil investigation tests
carried out in the Soil and Geotechnical Engineering laboratory of MANIT, Bhopal:

1. Particle size.
2. Liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil at different depths.
3. Differential Free Swelling.
4. Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value).

Results from the Soil Investigation test:

  Particle Size Analysis:

The sample was first passed over 75µ sieve and the weight of sample retained in it was noted
as:

PIT 2 – at depth 3m:

Wt taken=200gm

Wt retained=50.11gm

Hence percentage of clay-silt in the sample at 3m depth is the percentage weight of sample
retained, ie

50.11/200

25.055% coarse soil

74.945% fine soil

PIT 2 – at depth 4m:

Wt taken=200gm

Wt retained=139.25gm

Since the weight of the soil retained in the sample is comparable, further sieve analysis was
done for the soil coarser than 75µ.

sieve no Weight % retained cumulative size of % finer

retained in gm % retained sieve used
7 5.57 4.02078972 4.02078972 2.3 95.9792
1 1 1
14 5.22 3.76813686 7.78892658 1.2 92.2110
6 7 7
25 29.66 29.1994513 0.6 70.8005
21.4105248 8 5
36 6.91 4.98808922 34.1875406 0.425 65.8124
3 1 6
35 17.31 12.4954883 46.6830289 0.3 53.3169
4 5 7
75 70.75 51.0719699 97.7549989 0.08 2.24500
7 2 1
Pan 3.11 2.24500108 Pan
3 100 0
total=138.53
 Pit 2-4m
120

100

80
% finer --->

60

40

20

0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Size of sieve (in mm) -->

 Liquid and Plastic Limit:

The liquid limit and plastic limit were determined by casa grande apparatus for different soils
present in the pit. The results obtained are as follows:

PIT 2– at 2m depth

NUMBE CONTAIN WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF moistur NO. avg

R ER CONTAINER+S CONTAINOR+D e OF moistur
WEIGHT OIL RY SOIL content BLOW e
S content
13 6.78 11.34 9.49 68.265 4
68
E4/134 6.88 9.99 8.73 68.108 68.186
11 9
21 7.64 13.38 11.13 64.469 7
91
27 7.53 13.48 11.14 64.819 64.644
94 93
14 7.36 12.21 10.38 60.596 20
03
6 7.95 12.85 10.99 61.184 60.890
21 12
26 7.28 11.98 10.18 62.068 29
97
4 8.01 12.12 10.55 61.811 61.939
02 99
 17 7.62 11.94 10.97 PLASTIC LIMIT

Liquid Limit: 61%

Plastic Limit: 28.96%

PIT 2-2M
70

68
Moisture Content (w%) -->

66

64

62

60

58

56
1 10 100
No of Blows(N)-->

 Differential Free Swelling

The Differential free swelling value of the soil is determined as

DFS = (Vw - Vk)/Vk

PIT 2– at 2m depth

Vw: 11.5ml

Vk : 9 ml

Hence, DFS =0.27

 Shear strength parameters of the soil

The value of Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value) of the soil is determined by
carrying out the box shear test on the soil sample. The values as calculated from the
observations are:

PIT N0.2-4 m depth

S.NO. WEIGHT OF NORMAL DIVISIONS WEIGHT OF SHEAR NORMAL

MOULD WEIGHT DRY SOIL STRESS STRESS
 AND WET
SOIL
1 277.24 5 44 120.67 0.69 0.385
2 279.85 10 65 121.86 1.385 0.568
3 276.41 15 79 120.16 2.08 0.691

1.6
Shear Sress --->

1.2

0.8

0.4

0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
Normal Stress(σ) --->

Ø= 13˚ c’= 25 KN/m2

Bearing Capacity Calculation:

Calculation of Safe Bearing capacity is done by Terzaghi’s Equation for square foundation using
the formula:

Nc =11.58

Nq =3.72

Ny = 1.98

Since in PIT No.2, kopra soil starts at the depth of 4m. Hence we adopt a foundation at a depth
of 4 m(Df=4m). And taking a square footing of width 1m

QU=1.2c’Nc +Df ɣNq +0.4BɣNy

= 660.84KN/m2
Settlement Calculation:

S= ( HC ) ln ⁡σ +σ∆ σ
S = 13.86 mm

PIT NO. 3
 Profile of the pit:

The pit comprises of five soils; black cotton soil, yellow soil, yellow lime and kopra. The profile of
the soil varying at different depths is depicted in the following figure:

 Properties of soil in the pit:

Following are the properties of the soil that were determined by the soil investigation tests
carried out in the Soil and Geotechnical Engineering laboratory .

1. Particle size.
2. Liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil at different depths.
3. Differential Free Swelling.
4. Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value).

Results from the Soil Investigation test:

 Particle Size Analysis:

The sample was first passed over 75µ sieve and the weight of sample retained in it was noted
as:

PIT 3– at depth 4m:

Wt taken=500gm

Wt retained=362.08gm

Since the weight of the soil retained in the sample is comparable, further sieve analysis was
done for the soil coarser than 75µ.

sieve no Weight % retained cumulative size of % finer

retained in gm % retained sieve
 used
7 38.15 10.6034075 2.3
10.60340754 4 89.39659
14 29.47 18.7942966 1.2
8.19088913 7 81.2057
25 44.02 31.0292114 0.6
12.23491481 8 68.97079
36 28.76 39.0227632 0.425
7.993551794 8 60.97724
35 64.68 56.9999166 0.3
17.97715334 1 43.00008
75 146.57 97.7375691 0.08
40.73765252 3 2.262431
Pan 8.14 2.262430862 100 Pan 0

Pit 3-4m
100
90
80
70
% finer --->

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Size of sieve (in mm) -->

PIT 3 – at depth 2m:

Wt taken=200gm

Wt retained=25.64gm

Hence percentage of clay-silt in the sample at 3m depth is the percentage weight of sample
retained, ie

25.64/200

12.82% coarse soil

87.18% fine soil

PIT 3 – at depth 3m:

 Wt taken=200gm

Wt retained=34.54gm

Hence percentage of clay-silt in the sample at 3m depth is the percentage weight of sample
retained, ie

34.54/200

17.27% coarse soil

82.73% fine soil

 Liquid and Plastic Limit:

The liquid limit and plastic limit were determined by casa grande apparatus for different soils
present in the pit. The results obtained are as follows:

PIT 3 – at depth 2m:

NUMBE CONTAIN WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF moistur NO. avg

R ER CONTAINER+S CONTAINOR+D e OF moistur
WEIGHT OIL RY SOIL content BLOW e
S content
P25 6.85 12.92 10.64 60.158 10
31
A8 6.89 11.7 9.88 60.869 60.513
57 94
12 8.04 12.97 11.09 61.639 15
34
36 7.7 13.19 11.07 62.908 62.273
01 68
18 6.82 21.9 16.38 57.740 18
59
E3 6.89 13.92 11.37 56.919 57.330
64 11
3 6.78 15.04 12.09 55.555 29
56
34 6.87 16.18 12.86 55.425 55.490
71 63
30 6.66 11.08 10.03 PLASTIC LIMIT

Liquid Limit: 56.5%

Plastic Limit: 31.16%
 PIT 3-2M
64

62
Moisture Content (w%) -->

60

58

56

54

52
10 100
No of Blows(N)-->

PIT 3 – at depth 3m:

NUMBE CONTAIN WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF moistur NO. avg

R ER CONTAINER+S CONTAINOR+D e OF moistur
WEIGHT OIL RY SOIL content BLOW e
S content
58 4.93 14.79 10.97 63.245 15
03
128 7.55 16.84 13.28 62.129 62.687
14 09
15 7.53 14.98 12.21 59.188 32
03
E2 6.96 16.18 12.7 60.627 59.907
18 61
19 4.97 12.23 9.49 60.619 30
47
300 6.81 12.72 10.48 61.035 60.827
42 45
41 5.18 13.08 9.98 64.583 12
33
72 8.05 17.81 13.95 65.423 65.003
73 53
M-24A 4.95 8.45 7.60 PLASTIC LIMIT

Liquid Limit: 61.2%

Plastic Limit: 32.08%
 PIT 3-3
66
65
64
Moisture Content (w%) -->

63
62
61
60
59
58
57
10 100
No of Blows(N)-->

 Differential Free Swelling

The Differential free swelling value of the soil is determined as

DFS = (Vw - Vk)/Vk

PIT 3– at 2m depth

Vw: 13.5ml

Vk : 9 ml

Hence, DFS =0.5

PIT 3– at 3m depth

Vw: 14ml

Vk : 9 ml

Hence, DFS =0.55

PIT 3– at 4m depth

Vw: 10ml

Vk : 7.5ml

Hence, DFS =0.25

  Shear strength parameters of the soil

The value of Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value) of the soil is determined by
carrying out the box shear test on the soil sample. The values as calculated from the
observations are:

PIT N0.3 at 4 m depth

S.NO. WEIGHT NORMAL DIVISIONS WEIGHT SHEAR NORMAL

OF MOULD WEIGHT OF DRY STRESS STRESS
AND WET SOIL
SOIL
1 281.09 5 109 119.92 0.69 0.953
2 285.22 10 115 126.87 1.385 1.006
3 292.26 15 184 120.17 2.08 1.61

2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
Shear Sress --->

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
Normal Stress(σ) --->

Ø= 15˚ c’= 56 KN/m2

Bearing Capacity Calculation:

Calculation of Safe Bearing capacity is done by Terzaghi’s Equation for square foundation using
the formula:

Nc =12.9

Nq =4.4
Ny =2.5

Since in PIT No.3, kopra soil starts at the depth of 4m. Hence we adopt a foundation at a depth
of 4 m(Df=4m). And taking a square footing of width 1m

QU=1.2c’Nc +Df ɣNq +0.4BɣNy

= 1238.88KN/m2

Settlement Calculation:

S= ( HC ) ln ⁡σ +σ∆ σ
S = 13.86 mm

PIT NO. 4:
 Profile of the pit:

The pit comprises of five soils; black cotton soil, yellow soil, yellow kopra, yellow lime and kopra.
The profile of the soil varying at different depths is depicted in the following figure:

 Properties of soil in the pit:

Following are the properties of the soil that were determined by the soil investigation tests
carried out in the Soil and Geotechnical Engineering laboratory.

5. Particle size.
6. Liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil at different depths.
7. Differential Free Swelling.
8. Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value).

Results from the Soil Investigation test:

 Particle Size Analysis:

The sample was first passed over 75µ sieve and the weight of sample retained in it was noted
as:

PIT 4 – at depth 2m:

Wt taken=200gms

Wt retained=20.30gms

Hence percentage of clay-silt in the sample at 2m depth is the percentage weight of sample
retained, ie
(20.30/200)x100 %=10.15%

10.15% coarse soil

89.85% fine soil

PIT 4-at depth 3m:

Wt taken=200gms

Wt retained=136.5gms

68.25% coarse soil

31.75%fine soil

sieve no Weight % retained cumulative size of % finer

retained in gm % retained sieve
used
7 58.58 41.0770633 2.3
41.07706332 2 58.92294
14 13.86 50.7958768 1.2
9.718813547 7 49.20412
25 36.87 76.6496038 0.6
25.85372695 2 23.3504
36 2.37 78.3114788 0.425
1.661875044 6 21.68852
35 6.42 82.8132669 0.3
4.501788093 5 17.18673
75 24.2 99.7826239 0.08
16.96935699 4 0.217376
Pan 0.31 0.217376061 100 pan 0

Pit 4-3
70

60

50
% finer --->

40

30

20

10

0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Size of sieve (in mm) -->
PIT 4-at depth 3.5m:

Wt taken=500gms

Wt retained=373.70gms

Hence % of silt-clay in the sample at 3.5mt depth=29.26%

29.26% fine soil

70.74%coarse soil

Since the weight of the soil retained in the sample is comparable, further sieve analysis was
done for the soil coarser than 75µ.

sieve no Weight % retained cumulative size of % finer

retained in gm % retained sieve
used
7 40.04 11.4465408 2.3
11.44654088 8 88.55346
14 33.3 20.9662664 1.2
9.519725557 4 79.03373
25 49.4 35.0886220 0.6
14.12235563 7 64.91138
36 21.27 41.1692395 0.425
6.080617496 6 58.83076
35 42.4 53.2904516 0.3
12.12121212 9 46.70955
75 158.15 98.5020011 0.08
45.21154946 4 1.497999
Pan 5.24 1.497998856 100 Pan 0

Pit 4-3.5

100
90
80
70
% finer --->

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Size of sieve (in mm) -->
  Liquid and Plastic Limit:

The liquid limit and plastic limit were determined by casa grande apparatus for different soils
present in the pit. The results obtained are as follows:

PIT 4 – at 2m depth:

NUMBE CONTAIN WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF moistur NO. avg

R ER CONTAINER+S CONTAINOR+D e OF moistur
WEIGHT OIL RY SOIL content BLOW e
S content
4 7.9 19 14.73 62.518 10
3
72 8.05 18.55 14.47 63.551 63.034
4 85
P25 6.84 16.55 12.84 61.833 18
33
E1 7.01 14.54 11.67 61.587 61.710
98 66
26 7.28 15.91 12.7 59.225 29
09
17 7.63 19.32 14.94 59.917 59.571
92 51
15 7.53 18.64 14.42 61.248 27 61.248
19 19
3 6.69 19.64 16.89 PLASTIC LIMIT

Liquid Limit: 60.7%

Plastic Limit: 26.96%

PIT 4-2m
64

63
Moisture Content (w%) -->

62

61

60

59

58

57
10 100
No of Blows(N)-->

Hence, plasticity index (PI) = LL-PL = (60.7-26.96)%=33.74%

From the plasticity chart given by the Indian standard classification system, the soil is classified
as CH i.e. it is a soil of high compressibility.

PIT 4 – at 3m depth:

NUMB CONTAI WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF moistu NO. avg

ER NER CONTAINER+ CONTAINOR+ re OF moistu
WEIGHT SOIL DRY SOIL conten BLO re
t WS conten
t
106 4.95 12.42 10.03 47.047 6
24
85 5.34 11.86 9.72 48.858 47.952
45 85
42 4.98 9.77 8.25 46.483 26
18
44 4.96 9.66 8.2 45.061 45.772
73 45
131 5.41 12.52 10.27 46.296 21
3
142 5.26 9.98 8.48 46.583 46.440
85 07
48 5.2 12.93 10.52 45.300 37
75
32 6.68 12.23 10.47 46.437 45.869
99 37
40 4.99 10.83 9.5 PLAS
TIC
LIMIT

Liquid Limit: 46.2%

Plastic Limit: 29.5%

 pit 4-3m
48.5
48
Moisture Content (w%) -->

47.5
47
46.5
46
45.5
45
44.5
1 10 100
No of Blows(N)-->

Plasticity index (PI)= LL-PL=(46.2-29.5)% = 16.2%

From the plasticity chart given by the Indian standard classification system, the soil is classified
as CI i.e. it is a soil of intermediate plasticity.

PIT-4- at 3.5m depth:

Plastic limit and liquid limit tests weren’t carried out.

 Differential Free Swelling

The Differential free swelling value of the soil at depth 3.5m is determined as

DFS = (Vw - Vk)/Vk

Where,

Vw:8 ml

Vk : 7ml

Hence , DFS =0.142

 Shear strength parameters of the soil

The value of Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value) of the soil is determined by
carrying out the box shear test on the soil sample. The values as calculated from the
observations are:

PIT N0.4 at 3.5 m depth

 S.NO. WEIGHT NORMAL DIVISIONS WEIGHT SHEAR NORMAL
OF MOULD WEIGHT OF DRY STRESS STRESS
AND WET SOIL
SOIL
289.90 5 88 126.84 0.69 0.77
283.70 10 105 132.97 1.385 0.918
91.67 15 135 128.16 2.08 1.181

2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Shear Sress --->

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
Normal Stress(σ) --->

Ø= 17˚ c’= 52 KN/m2

 Bearing Capacity Calculation:

Calculation of Safe Bearing capacity is done by Terzaghi’s Equation for square foundation using
the formula:

Nc =14.82

Nq = 5.6

Ny = 3.5

Since in PIT No.4, kopra soil starts at the depth of 3m. Hence we adopt a foundation at a depth
of 3 m(Df=3m). And taking a square footing of width 1m

QU=1.2c’Nc +Df ɣNq +0.4BɣNy

= 1288.77KN/m2

Settlement Calculation:

S= ( HC ) ln ⁡σ +σ∆ σ
S = 11.57 mm

PIT NO. 5:
 Profile of the pit:

The pit comprises of five soils; black cotton soil, yellow soil, yellow kopra, yellow lime and kopra.
The profile of the soil varying at different depths is depicted in the following figure:

 Properties of soil in the pit:

Following are the properties of the soil that were determined by the soil investigation tests
carried out in the Soil and Geotechnical Engineering laboratory.

1. Particle size.
2. Liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil at different depths.
3. Differential Free Swelling.
4. Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value).

Results from the Soil Investigation test:

 Particle Size Analysis:

The sample was first passed over 75µ sieve and the weight of sample retained in it was noted
as:

PIT 5 – at depth 2m:

Wt taken=200gms

Wt retained=139.27gms

Hence percentage of clay-silt in the sample at 2m depth is the percentage weight of sample
retained, ie 60.73/200
30.635% fine soil

69.635% coarse soil

Since the weight of the soil retained in the sample is comparable, further sieve analysis was
done for the soil finer than 75µ.

sieve no. wt retained in % retained cumulative size of % finer

gms % retained sieve used
4.75 62.86 45.2620967 45.2620967
7 7 4.75 54.7379
7 16.63 11.9743663 57.2364631 2.3 42.7635
6 3 4
14 18.76 13.5080645 70.7445276 1.2 29.2554
2 5 7
25 17.83 12.8384216 0.6 16.4170
6 83.5829493 5
36 3.81 2.74337557 86.3263248 0.425 13.6736
6 8 8
35 3.87 2.78657834 89.1129032 0.3
1 2 10.8871
75 14.78 10.6422811 99.7551843 0.08 0.24481
1 3 6
Pan 0.34 0.24481566 Pan
8 100 0
total 138.88

Pit 5-2
60

50

40
% finer --->

30

20

10

0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Size of sieve (in mm) -->

PIT 5 AT DEPTH OF 3m

Wt taken=200gms

Wt retained=126.19gms
Hence percentage of clay-silt in the sample at 3m depth is the percentage weight of sample
passing through, ie 73.81/200

36.9% fine soil

63.1% coarse soil

Since the weight of the soil retained in the sample is comparable, further sieve analysis was
done for the soil finer than 75µ.

sieve no. wt retained in % retained cumulative size of % finer

gms % retained sieve used
1/4" 21.7 17.1976541 17.1976541 6.35 82.8023
4 4 5
4.75 10.55 8.36107148 25.5587256 74.4412
5 3 4.75 7
7 19.73 15.6363924 41.1951180 2.3 58.8048
6 8 8
14 15.18 12.0304327 1.2 46.7744
2 53.2255508 5
25 20.32 16.1039784 69.3295292 0.6 30.6704
4 4 7
36 5.81 4.60453320 73.9340624 0.425 26.0659
7 5 4
35 6.91 5.47630369 79.4103661 0.3 20.5896
3 4 3
75 25.17 19.9476937 99.3580599 0.08
7 1 0.64194
Pan 0.81 0.64194008 Pan
6 100 0
total=126.18

Pit 5-3m
90
80
70
60
% finer --->

50
40
30
20
10
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Size of sieve (in mm) -->
  Liquid and Plastic Limit:

The liquid limit and plastic limit were determined by casa grande apparatus for different soils
present in the pit. The results obtained are as follows:

PIT 5 – at 2m depth:

NUMBE CONTAIN WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF moistur NO. avg

R ER CONTAINER+S CONTAINOR+D e OF moistur
WEIGHT OIL RY SOIL content BLOW e
S content
36 7.62 24.04 18.11 56.530 18
03
B 6.86 24.01 16.46 78.645 67.587
83 93
A7 7.51 26.99 20.12 54.480 26
57
3d 6.77 21.6 17.92 33.004 43.742
48 53
E2 6.92 25.14 18.59 56.126 30
82
D2 5.27 26.28 18.77 55.629 55.878
63 23
137 6.84 27.98 20.46 55.212 42 55.212
92 92

LIQUID LIMIT=53.8%

PLASTIC LIMIT=42.13
 pit 5-2m
80
70
Moisture Content (w%) -->

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10 100
No of Blows(N)-->

Hence, plasticity index (PI) = LL-PL = (53.8-42.13)%=10.67%

From the plasticity chart given by the Indian standard classification system, the soil is classified
as

PIT 5– at 3m depth:

NUMBE CONTAIN WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF moistur NO. avg

R ER CONTAINER+S CONTAINOR+D e OF moistur
WEIGHT OIL RY SOIL content BLOW e
S content
17 7.42 28.15 20.73 55.747 12
56
120 6.98 32.21 23.15 56.029 55.888
68 62
109 7.63 30.5 22.38 55.050 25
85
B50 7.91 32.67 24.09 53.028 54.039
43 64
A42 6.71 28.07 20.75 52.136 32
75
89 5.03 27.74 20.04 51.299 51.717
13 94
11 6.73 32.73 23.94 51.074 39
96
112 5.98 27.95 20.54 50.892 50.983
86 91
40 4.96 17.78 13.96 PLASTIC LIMIT

LIQUID LIMIT=53.7%
 PLASTIC LIMIT=42.4%

Hence, plasticity index (PI) = LL-PL = (53.7-42.4)%=11.3%

PIT 5-3M

57
56
Moisture Content (w%) -->

55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
10 100
No of Blows(N)-->

From the plasticity chart given by the Indian standard classification system, the soil is classified
as MH or OH i.e. the soil is highly compressible inorganic silt.

PIT-5- at 3.5m depth:

No LL and PL test was done.

 Differential Free Swelling

The Differential free swelling value of the soil at depth 2m is determined as

DFS = (Vw - Vk)/Vk

Where,

Vw:13 ml

Vk : 10.5ml

Hence , DFS =0.238

At depth 3.5m

VW=9ml

Vk=7ml
Hence ,DFS=0.285

 Shear strength parameters of the soil

The value of Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value) of the soil is determined by
carrying out the box shear test on the soil sample. The values as calculated from the
observations are:

PIT N0 5 at 3.5 m depth

S.NO. WEIGHT NORMAL DIVISIONS WEIGHT SHEAR NORMAL

OF MOULD WEIGHT OF DRY STRESS STRESS
AND WET SOIL
SOIL
297.61 5 46 140.91 0.69 0.402
296.98 10 75 141.34 1.385 0.656
294.96 15 118 138.71 2.08 1.032
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Shear Sress --->

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2

Normal Stress(σ) --->

Ø= 14˚ c’= 8 KN/m2

Bearing Capacity Calculation:

Calculation of Safe Bearing capacity is done by Terzaghi’s Equation for square foundation using
the formula:

Nc =12.24

Nq = 4.06
Ny = 2.24

Since in PIT No.5, kopra soil starts at the depth of 3.5m. Hence we adopt a foundation at a
depth of 3.5 m(Df=3.5m). And taking a square footing of width 1m

QU=1.2c’Nc +Df ɣNq +0.4BɣNy

= 419.624KN/m2

Settlement Calculation:

S= ( HC ) ln ⁡σ +σ∆ σ
S = 12.76 mm

PIT NO. 6:
 Profile of the pit:

The pit comprises of five soils; black cotton soil, yellow soil, yellow kopra, yellow lime and kopra.
The profile of the soil varying at different depths is depicted in the following figure:

 Properties of soil in the pit:

Following are the properties of the soil that were determined by the soil investigation tests
carried out in the Soil and Geotechnical Engineering laboratory.

1. Particle size.
2. Liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil at different depths.
3. Differential Free Swelling.
4. Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value).

Results from the Soil Investigation test:

 Liquid and Plastic Limit:

The liquid limit and plastic limit were determined by casa grande apparatus for different soils
present in the pit. The results obtained are as follows:

PIT 6 AT DEPTH 3m

NUMBE CONTAIN WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF moistur NO. avg

R ER CONTAINER+S CONTAINOR+D e OF moistur
WEIGHT OIL RY SOIL content BLOW e
S content
5 6.91 24 16.94 72.388 13 71.923
23
 109 7.63 19.84 14.8 70.292
89
6 6.77 24.26 16.99 71.135 22
03
A7 7.54 27.82 19.41 70.850 70.992
88 96
28 6.69 22.85 16.46 67.354 30
45
D4 6.75 26.13 18.58 64.545 66.678
46 5
136 6.75 22.6 16.32 65.621 40
73
34 6.86 21.61 15.75 65.916 65.769
76 25
D2 5.29 15.54 12.68
PLASTIC LIMIT

LIQUID LIMIT=68.2%

PLASTIC LIMIT=38.7%

Hence, plasticity index (PI) = LL-PL = (68.2-38.7)%=29.5%

From the plasticity chart given by the Indian standard classification system, the soil is classified
as CH i.e. the soil is highly compressible.

PIT 6-3M
74
Moisture Content (w%) -->

72

70

68

66

64

62
10 100
No of Blows(N)-->

 Differential Free Swelling

The Differential free swelling value of the soil at depth 2m is determined as

DFS = (Vw - Vk)/Vk

Where,

Vw:10 ml

Vk : 7.5ml

Hence , DFS =0.333

PIT NO.7:

 PROFILE OF THE PIT:

The pit comprises of five soils; black cotton soil, yellow soil, yellow kopra, yellow lime and kopra.
The profile of the soil varying at different depths is depicted in the following figure:

 Properties of soil in the pit:

Following are the properties of the soil that were determined by the soil investigation tests
carried out in the Soil and Geotechnical Engineering laboratory.

 Particle size.

 Liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil at different depths.

 Differential Free Swelling.

 Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value).

Results from the Soil Investigation test:

 Particle Size Analysis:

The sample was first passed over 75µ sieve and the weight of sample retained in it was noted
as:

PIT 7 - 3m depth:

Wt taken=500gm

Wt retained=278.92gm

Hence percentage of clay-silt in the sample at 3m depth is the percentage weight of sample
retained, ie

=(278.92/500)

55.78% fine soil.

44.22% coarse soil.

As percentage of fine soil is greater than 50%, hence sieve analysis is then.

sieve no Weight % retained cumulative size of % finer

retained in gm % retained sieve
used
7 97.66 35.2958184 2.3
35.29581842 2 64.70418
14 38.92 49.3621019 1.2
14.06628357 9 50.6379
25 39.67 63.6994470 0.6
14.33734504 3 36.30055
36 13.99 68.7556471 0.425
5.05620008 1 31.24435
35 14.76 74.0901369 0.3
5.334489862 7 25.90986
75 69.88 25.25570133 99.3458383 0.08 0.654162
Pan 1.81 0.654161697 100 Pan 0

Pit 7-3m
70

60

50
% finer --->

40

30

20

10

0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Size of sieve (in mm) -->

PITNO-7-4m depth

Wt taken=500gm

Wt retained=355.60gm

Hence percentage of clay-silt in the sample at 3m depth is the percentage weight of sample
retained, ie

=(355.60/500)

=71.12% fine soil.

=28.88% coarse soil

sieve no Weight % retained cumulative size of % finer

retained in gm % retained sieve
used
7 39.2 10.9390260 2.3
10.93902609 9 89.06097
14 32.73 20.0725547 1.2
9.133528673 6 79.92745
25 67.36 38.8698200 0.6
18.79726524 1 61.13018
36 30.36 47.3419840 0.425
8.472164085 9 52.65802
35 88.68 72.0887400 0.3
24.74675596 6 27.91126
75 81.38 94.7983814 0.08
22.70964141 7 5.201619
Pan 18.64 5.201618529 100 Pan 0

Pit 7-4m
100
90
80
70
% finer --->

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Size of sieve (in mm) -->

 Liquid and Plastic Limit:

The liquid limit and plastic limit were determined by casa grande apparatus for different soils
present in the pit. The results obtained are as follows:

PIT 7 – at 2m depth:

Liquid Limit: 62.5%

Plastic Limit: 23.53%

 PIT 7 – at 3m depth:

Liquid Limit: 55.9%

Plastic Limit: 30.67%

 Differential Free Swelling

The Differential free swelling value of the soil is determined as

DFS = (Vw - Vk)/Vk

Where,for different pits-

PIT NO -7-AT 2M DEPTH

Vw:12ml

Vk : 7.5ml

Hence , DFS =0.6

PITNO-7-AT 3M DEPTH

Vw:12ml

Vk : 8.5ml

Hence , DFS =0.41

PITNO-7-AT 4M DEPTH

Vw:9.5ml

Vk : 8.5ml

Hence , DFS =0.1

 Shear strength parameters of the soil

The value of Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value) of the soil is determined by
carrying out the box shear test on the soil sample. The values as calculated from the
observations are:

PIT N0.7 at 4 m depth

S.NO. WEIGHT NORMAL DIVISION WEIGHT SHEAR NORMAL

OF WEIGHT S OF DRY STRESS STRESS
MOULD SOIL
AND WET
 SOIL
1 270.44 5 114.32 51 0.69 0.446
2 268.31 10 113.25 79 1.385 0.691
3 272.18 15 115.34 110 2.08 0.962

2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
Shear Sress --->

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
Normal Stress(σ) --->

Ø= 20˚ c’= 20 KN/m2

 Bearing Capacity Calculation:

Calculation of Safe Bearing capacity is done by Terzaghi’s Equation for square foundation using
the formula:

Nc =17.7

Nq =7.4

Ny =5

Since in PIT No.9, kopra soil starts at the depth of 4m. Hence we adopt a foundation at a depth
of 4 m(Df=4m). And taking a square footing of width 1m

QU=1.2c’Nc +Df ɣNq +0.4BɣNy

= 1056.8KN/m2

Settlement Calculation:
S= ( HC ) ln ⁡σ +σ∆ σ
S = 13.86 mm

PIT NO. 8:
 Profile of the pit:

The pit comprises of five soils; black cotton soil, yellow soil, yellow kopra, yellow lime and kopra.
The profile of the soil varying at different depths is depicted in the following figure:

 Properties of soil in the pit:

Following are the properties of the soil that were determined by the soil investigation tests
carried out in the Soil and Geotechnical Engineering laboratory.

1. Particle size.
2. Liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil at different depths.
3. Differential Free Swelling.
4. Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value).

Results from the Soil Investigation test:

 Particle Size Analysis:

The sample was first passed over 75µ sieve and the weight of sample retained in it was noted
as:

PIT 8 – at depth 2m:

Wt taken=200gm

Wt retained=28.52gm

Hence percentage of clay-silt in the sample at 3m depth is the percentage weight of sample
retained, ie

28.52/200

14.26% fine soil

85.74% coarse soil

PIT 8 – at depth 3m:

Wt taken=200gm
 Wt retained=139.69gm

Since the weight of the soil retained in the sample is comparable, further sieve analysis was
done for the soil finer than 75µ.

Size of sieve used in micron Wt retained in gm

7 1.30
14 2.85
25 6.00
36 7.58
35 9.87
75 66.17
Pan 45.97

 Liquid and Plastic Limit:

The liquid limit and plastic limit were determined by casa grande apparatus for different soils
present in the pit. The results obtained are as follows:

PIT 8 – at 2m depth:

NUMB CONTAI WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF moistu NO. avg

ER NER CONTAINER+ CONTAINOR+ re OF moistu
WEIGHT SOIL DRY SOIL conten BLO re
t WS conten
t
150 7.49 14.63 12.15 53.218 11
88
300 6.8 12.15 10.27 54.178 53.698
67 78
13 6.74 11.97 10.19 51.594 25
2
23 7.42 15.13 12.54 50.585 51.090
94 07
100 4.94 10.3 7.9 81.081 13
08
17 7.41 13.4 10.84 74.635 77.858
57 32
C2 7.02 14.85 11.93 59.470 10
47
15 4.89 10.11 8.16 59.633 59.551
03 75

Liquid Limit: 59.1%

Plastic Limit: 24.48%
 pit 8-2m
90
80
70
Moisture Content (w%) -->

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
No of Blows(N)-->

 Differential Free Swelling

The Differential free swelling value of the soil is determined as

DFS = (Vw - Vk)/Vk

PIT 8 – at 2m depth:

Vw:12ml

Vk : 10ml

Hence, DFS = 0.2

 Shear strength parameters of the soil

The value of Shear strength parameters of the soil(c-ø value) of the soil is determined by
carrying out the box shear test on the soil sample. The values as calculated from the
observations are:

PIT N0.8 at 3 m depth

S.NO. WEIGHT NORMAL DIVISIONS WEIGHT SHEAR NORMAL

OF MOULD WEIGHT OF DRY STRESS STRESS
AND WET SOIL
SOIL
1 286.14 5 76 124.26 0.69 0.665
2 291.80 10 96 129.64 1.385 0.84
3 283.03 15 115 130.51 2.08 1.006
 2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
Shear Sress --->

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
Normal Stress(σ) --->

Ø= 14˚ c’= 52 KN/m2

 Bearing Capacity Calculation:

Calculation of Safe Bearing capacity is done by Terzaghi’s Equation for square foundation using
the formula:

Nc =12.24

Nq =4.06

Ny =2.24

Since in PIT No.8, kopra soil starts at the depth of 3m. Hence we adopt a foundation at a depth
of 3 m(Df=3m). And taking a square footing of width 1m

QU=1.2c’Nc +Df ɣNq +0.4BɣNy

= 1025.296KN/m2

Settlement Calculation:

S= ( HC ) ln ⁡σ +σ∆ σ
S = 11.57 mm.
Result in terms of Settlement

NO. OF PIT SETTLEMENT OF SOIL

1 13.8mm

2 13.86mm

3 13.86mm

4 11.57mm

5 12.76mm

6 13.86mm

7 13.86mm

8 11.57mm

The Maximum Settlement is Determined as 13.86 mm. & Minimum

Settlement as 11.57 mm.

Result:
The permissible settlement in the most practical structures is
about 5 mm to 20 mm. And the settlement found in the building
foundation is within safe limit.