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Unit 5

This document discusses fluid dynamics and laminar flow through pipes and between parallel plates. It covers Reynolds number, Hagen-Poiseuille's equation, and the boundary layer concept. The boundary layer is defined as the region close to a solid boundary where viscosity effects are significant. Within the boundary layer, the velocity profile goes from zero at the wall to 99% of the free stream velocity. Key topics covered include laminar flow in pipes and between parallel plates, Reynolds number, boundary layer thickness, and velocity profiles within the boundary layer.

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106 views26 pages

Unit 5

This document discusses fluid dynamics and laminar flow through pipes and between parallel plates. It covers Reynolds number, Hagen-Poiseuille's equation, and the boundary layer concept. The boundary layer is defined as the region close to a solid boundary where viscosity effects are significant. Within the boundary layer, the velocity profile goes from zero at the wall to 99% of the free stream velocity. Key topics covered include laminar flow in pipes and between parallel plates, Reynolds number, boundary layer thickness, and velocity profiles within the boundary layer.

Uploaded by

ankurparekh2810
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Mechanics

Unit-IV
Fluid Dynamics
Syllabus

• Unit IV:flow through pipe.


Flow through pipes: Minor losses through pipes. Darcy's
and Chery’s equation for loss of
Laminar flow and viscous effects: Reynolds’s number,
critical Reynold’s number
Laminar flow through circular pipe-Hagen Poiseuille’s
equation, laminar flow between parallel and stationary
plates. Boundary layer concept, displacement,
momentum and energy thickness
Laminar Flow through Pipe
Laminar Flow through Pipe
Laminar Flow through Pipe

Thus above equation represents


velocity
distribution as parabolic in nature.
Laminar Flow through Pipe
Laminar Flow through Pipe
Laminar Flow through Pipe
Numericals
Numericals
Numericals
Numericals
Numericals
Numericals
Laminar Flow between Two Fixed Parallel
Plates
Laminar Flow between Two Fixed Parallel
Plates
Laminar Flow between Two Fixed Parallel
Plates
Numericals
Laminar Flow between One fixed and other
Moving Plate- Coutte Flow
BOUNDARY LAYER
Boundary Layer Characteristics The concept of boundary layer was first
introduced by a German scientist, Ludwig Prandtl, in the year 1904.
Although, the complete descriptions of motion of a viscous fluid were
known through NavierStokes equations, the mathematical difficulties in
solving these equations prohibited the theoretical analysis of viscous
flow. Prandtl suggested that the viscous flows can be analyzed by
dividing the flow into two regions; one close to the solid boundaries and
Boundary layer is the regions close to the solid boundary where the effects of viscosity
are experienced by the flow. In the regions outside the boundary layer, the effect of
viscosity is negligible and the fluid is treated as inviscid. So, the boundary layer is a
buffer region between the wall below and the inviscid free-stream above. This approach
allows the complete solution of viscous fluid flows which would have been impossible
through Navier-Stokes equation. The qualitative picture of the boundary-layer growth
over a flat plate is shown in Fig. 1.
A laminar boundary layer is initiated at the leading edge of the plate for a short distance and
extends to downstream. The transition occurs over a region, after certain length in the
downstream followed by fully turbulent boundary layers. For common calculation purposes,
the transition is usually considered to occur at a distance where the Reynolds number is
about 500,000. With air at standard conditions, moving at a velocity of 30m/s, the transition
is expected to occur at a distance of about 250mm. A typical boundary layer flow is
characterized by certain parameters as given below; Boundary layer thickness: It is known
that no-slip conditions have to be satisfied at the solid surface: the fluid must attain the zero
velocity at the wall. Subsequently, above the wall, the effect of viscosity tends to reduce and
the fluid within this layer will try to approach the free stream velocity. Thus, there is a velocity
gradient that develops within the fluid layers inside the small regions near to solid surface.
The boundary layer thickness is defined as the distance from the surface to a point where the
velocity is reaches 99% of the free stream velocity. Thus, the velocity profile merges smoothly
and asymptotically into the free stream as shown in Fig. 2.
Thank
You

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