Answer keys for Problem Set-I

Q1. Current = 1.202∠2.95° p.u., Voltage = 0.9432∠-9.79° p.u.

Q2. (a) 0.995∠4.532° or 13.73∠4.532° kV, (b) 0.995∠4.532° or 7.93∠-25.468° kV

Q3. Reactance diagram of Problem no 3:

Xgen = 0.18 p.u ; XT1 =0.15 p.u ; Rline1=0.0164 p.u; Xline1= 0.1946 p.u;
XT2= 0.1652 p.u; XT3= 0.1785 p.u; Rline2= 0.0765p.u; Xline2=0.8107 p.u;
XT4=0.1714p.u; Xp=0.225 p.u; Rload1=0.937p.u; Xload1=0.703p.u;
Xs=0.575 p.u; Xt=0.775 p.u; XM=3.34 p.u; Rload2= 30 p.u

Q4. Reactance diagram of Problem no 4:

Q5. GMR = 5 mm, Ratio = 0.725

Q6. 0.6167 mH/km

Q7. 0.9035 mH/km

Q8. 0.0188 µF/km

Q9. Without ground effect = 9.74 nF/km, With ground effect = 9.765 nF/km

Q10. (i) Incident voltage at receiving end = 38.105∠0° kV

(ii) Reflected voltage at receiving end = 38.105∠0° kV
(iii) Incident voltage at sending end = 39.358∠8.01° kV,
Reflected voltage at sending end = 36.892∠-8.01° kV
(iv) Electrical length of the line = 8.01°

Q11. Nominal-π model

A = D = 0.9908∠0.2615°, B = 54.55∠63.89° Ω, C = 3.75 x 10-4∠90.1° S
For 250 Hz operation, it is long line. Corresponding parameters are
A = D = 0.7783∠1.54°, B = 227.6∠84.8° Ω, C = 1.742 x 10-3∠90.44° S

Q12. (a) 43.06 MW at power factor 0.9205 (lead)

(b) Line reactive power, QR = -19.66 MVAR,
Reactive power from capacitor, QC = 46.36 MVAR

Q13. 67.05 Ω

Q14. 48.2 MVAR

Q15. (a) Reactance Diagram:

Xgen=0.20 p.u; XT1=0.0857 p.u; Rline=0.0091 p.u; Xline=0.0681p.u; XT2=0.0732 p.u; XM1=
0.2745p.u; XM2= 0.5490 p.u; Xc= 42.701 p.u.

(b) VS = 236.125∠5.3° kV, VR = 227.562∠2.96° kV

(c) A = D = 0.9984∠0.012°, B = 12.106∠82.405° Ω, C = 2.654 x 10-4∠90.01° S
(d) Voltage regulation = 3.93%
Q16. (a)

(b)

Q17. (a) (i)

Bus no Total shunt Line Half line charging
admittance (p.u) admittance (p.u)
1 j0.03 1-2 j0.02
2 j0.035 2-3 j0.015
3 j0.025 3-1 j0.01

(ii)
(iii)

(b) Total no. of elements in Ybus (zero + non-zero elements) = 100 X 100 =10000
Total no. of non-zero elements inYbus= 0.1 X 10000 = 100
Total no. of off-diagonal elements inYbus=(1000-100) =900
900
Since Ybus matrix is symmetric, minimum number of inter-connections = 2
= 450 (ans)

Q18.
Bus No Bus Type
1 Slack bus
2 Load bus
3 Voltage controlled bus

Bus Voltage Magnitude Bus Voltage Angle (in degree)

Iteration (in p.u)
No | V1| | V2| | V3| 𝜃𝜃1 𝜃𝜃2 𝜃𝜃3
(deg) (deg) (deg)
1 1.04 1.0895 1.04 0 -1.3377 -3.7513
2 1.04 1.0806 1.04 0 -1.3911 -3.7625
3 1.04 1.0821 1.04 0 -1.3772 -3.7527

Iteration Mismatch Matrix Values (in p.u) Generation

No at bus 3
Δ𝑃𝑃2 Δ𝑄𝑄2 Δ𝑄𝑄3 𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔3
(in p.u)
1 0.7353 -1.6224 1.9612 1.0678
2 -0.0714 0.0356 -0.1988 0.36
3 0.0123 -0.0036 0.0333 0.4663
4 -0.0022 0.0006 -0.0054 -

After iteration 3, maximum of the absolute values of the mismatch matrix becomes less than
the tolerance (=0.01) and hence the load flow converges after the 3rd iteration.
Active power losses in the lines = [0.0071 0.0137 0.0108]
Total active power loss = (0.0071+0.0137+0.0108) = 0.0316 p.u.
Q19.
Y_bus =
[0.9922 - 4.3925i 0 0 -0.5583 + 2.5820i 0 -0.4339 + 1.8275i
0 1.0214 - 1.9545i -0.4449 + 0.6461i 0 -0.5765 + 1.3085i 0
0 -0.4449 + 0.6461i 0.4449 - 8.1649i 0 + 8.2715i 0 0
-0.5583 + 2.5820i 0 0 + 8.2715i 1.1124 -13.9869i 0 -0.5541 + 2.3249i
0 -0.5765 + 1.3085i 0 0 0.5765 - 4.6418i 0 + 3.4153i
-0.4339 + 1.8275i 0 0 -0.5541 + 2.3249i 0 + 3.4153i 0.9880 - 7.6341i]
Jacobian =
[ 1.9936 -0.6590 0 -1.3346 0 -0.4538 0 -0.5881 0
-0.6590 8.9305 -8.2715 0 0 0.4360 0.0000 0 0
0 -8.2715 13.3075 0 -2.3249 0.0000 1.0845 0 -0.5541
-1.3346 0 0 4.7499 -3.4153 0 0 0.5650 0.0000
0 0 -2.3249 -3.4153 7.6591 0 -0.5541 0.0000 0.9663
0.4538 -0.4538 -0.0000 0 0 7.3992 -8.2715 0 0
0 -0.0000 -1.1403 0 0.5541 -8.2715 14.6663 0 -2.3249
0.5881 0 0 -0.5881 -0.0000 0 0 4.5337 -3.4153
0 0 0.5541 -0.0000 -1.0097 0 -2.3249 -3.4153 7.6091]
P_mismatch(1) = [0.3792 -0.5411 0.0279 -0.2885 -0.3783 ]’
Q_mismatch(1) = [0.6356 -0.6794 -0.0119 -0.0250]’
Mismatch(1) = [0.3792 -0.5411 0.0279 -0.2885 -0.3783 0.6356 -0.6794 -0.0119 -
0.0250]’
del_V(1) = [0.0141 -0.0539 -0.072 -0.0638]’
del_theta(1) = [-0.9511 -11.7284 -8.8006 -10.3648 -9.8835]’ (in radian)
Vbus(1) = [ 1.05 1.0199-0.0169i 0.9930-0.2062i 0.9350-0.1447i 0.9129-0.1669i
0.9223-0.1607i ]’
|Vbus|(1) = [1.05 1.02 1.0141 0.9461 0.9280 0.9362]’
Angle (Vbus)(1) = [0 -0.0166 -0.2047 -0.1536 -0.1809 -0.1725 ]’ (in radian)
QG(1) = 0.0999 p.u = (0.0999*50) MVAR = 4.995 MVAR < 6.5 MVAR (so lower limit is hit)
Q20.
Y_bus = [1.5999 -15.2488i -0.6098 + 5.4878i -0.9901 + 9.9010i 0
-0.6098 + 5.4878i 1.2994 -13.6337i -0.6897 + 8.2759i 0
-0.9901 + 9.9010i -0.6897 + 8.2759i 1.6798 -31.0719i 0 +12.7500i
0 0 0 +12.7500i 0 -12.5000i ]

B′ = [ 13.8889 -8.3333 0
-8.3333 30.8333 -12.5000
0 -12.5000 12.5000 ]

B′′ = [ 13.6337 -8.2759

-8.2759 31.0719 ]
Iteration # 1
P_mismatch(1) = [ -2.0000 0.5000 1.3]’; Q_mismatch(1) = [ -0.37 0.11]’
del_V(1) = [ -0.0298 -0.0044]’; del_theta(1) = [ -0.1181 0.0431 0.1450]’ (in radian)
Vbus(1) = [ 1.0000 0.9634 - 0.1144i 0.9947 + 0.0429i 1.0093 + 0.1474i]’
abs(Vbus)(1) = [1.0000 0.9702 0.9956 1.0200]’
angle(Vbus)(1) = [ 0 -0.1181 0.0431 0.1450 ]’ (in radian)

Iteration # 2
P_mismatch(2) = [ -0.0672 0.0873 -0.0179 ]’; Q_mismatch(2) = [ -0.3324 -0.0307 ]’
del_V(2) = [ -0.0307 -0.0092]’; del_theta(2) = [ -0.0037 0.0021 0.0007 ]’ (in radian)
Vbus(2) = [ 1.0000 0.9325 - 0.1142i 0.9854 + 0.0446i 1.0092 + 0.1482i ]’
abs(Vbus)(2) = [ 1.0000 0.9395 0.9864 1.0200 ]’
angle(Vbus)(2) = [ 0 -0.1218 0.0452 0.1457]’ (in radian)

P1inj(2) = 0.2406 p.u = 24.06MW; Q1inj(2) = 0.3493 p.u = 34.93MVAR

Q21. Yes, it is possible to reduce the dimension of the YBUS matrix.

As at bus 4 net current injection is zero, so the network can be reduced by eliminating node 4.
[Ybus_reduced is formed neglecting the off-nominal tap ratio of both the transformers.
Also the Qlimit on generation capacity has not been taken into consideration.]
Ybus_reduced =
[ 0.8078 - 3.8640i 0 -0.1966 + 1.5825i 0 -0.6113 + 2.3026i
0 1.0215 - 1.9545i -0.4449 + 0.6461i -0.5765 + 1.3085i 0
-0.1966 + 1.5825i -0.4449 + 0.6461i 0.8492 - 3.6444i 0 -0.2077 + 1.4277i
0 -0.5765 + 1.3085i 0 0.5765 - 4.6418i 0 + 3.3333i
-0.6113 + 2.3026i 0 -0.2077 + 1.4277i 0 + 3.3333i 0.8190 - 7.0424i ]

From bus To bus Resistance Reactance Half ONR

(r) (x) line_charging
1 3 0.0773 0.6223 0.0058 -
1 5 0.1077 0.4057 0.0153 -
2 3 0.7230 1.0499 0.0 -
2 4 0.2820 0.6400 0.0 -
3 5 0.0998 0.6859 0.0060 -
4 5 0 0.3000 0.0 1

Fast Decoupled Load Flow:

B′ = [ 2.5150 -0.9525 -1.5625 0

-0.9525 4.0174 0 -1.4579
-1.5625 0 4.8958 -3.3333
0 -1.4579 -3.3333 7.2561 ]

B′′ = [ 3.6445 0 -1.4277

0 4.6418 -3.3333
-1.4277 -3.3333 7.0424 ]
Iteration # 1
P_mismatch(1) = [ 0.3791 -0.5313 -0.2885 -0.3694 ]’
Q_mismatch(1) = [ -0.0262 -0.0938 0.0863 ]’
del_V(1) = [ -0.0063 -0.0187 0.0021 ]’
del_theta(1) = [ -0.0642 -0.2166 -0.2091 -0.1905 ]’ (in radian)
Vbus(1) = [ 1.0500 1.0179 - 0.0654i 0.9704 - 0.2135i 0.9599 - 0.2037i 0.9840 –
0.1897i ]’
abs(Vbus)(1) = [ 1.0500 1.0200 0.9937 0.9813 1.0021 ]’
angle(Vbus)(1) = [ 0 -0.0642 -0.2166 -0.2091 -0.1905 ]’ (in radian)
PG(1) = [0.0423 0.1209]’
QG(1) = [ 0.1807 0.0998]’
Iteration # 2
P_mismatch(2) = [ 0.0653 -0.0443 -0.0340 -0.0235 ]’
Q_mismatch(2) = [ -0.1654 -0.0999 -0.1612 ]’
del_V(2) = [ -0.0743 -0.0745 -0.0731 ]’
del_theta(2) = [ 0.0167 -0.0104 -0.0078 -0.0089 ]’ (in radian)
Vbus(2) = [ 1.0500 1.0188 - 0.0484i 0.8957 - 0.2069i 0.8856 - 0.1952i 0.9106 -
0.1840i ]’
abs(Vbus)(2) = [ 1.05 1.02 0.9193 0.9069 0.9290 ]’
angle(Vbus)(2) = [ 0 -0.0475 -0.2270 -0.2169 -0.1994 ]’ (in radian)
PG(2) = [ 0.8722 0.4347 ]’; QG(2) = [ 0.1026 -0.0016]’

Newton-Raphson Load Flow:

Iteration # 1
P_mismatch(1) = [ 0.3791 -0.5313 -0.2885 -0.3694]’
Q_mismatch(1) = [ -0.0262 -0.0938 0.0863]’
del_V(1) = [ -0.0636 -0.0781 -0.0540]’
del_theta(1) = [ -0.0434 -0.2057 -0.1912 -0.17701 ]’ (in radian)
Vbus(1) = [ 1.0500 1.0190 - 0.0442i 0.9166 - 0.1912i 0.9051 - 0.1752i 0.9313 -
0.1666i ]’
abs(Vbus)(1) = [ 1.0500 1.0200 0.9364 0.9219 0.9460]’
angle(Vbus)(1) = [ 0 -0.0434 -0.2057 -0.1912 -0.1770]’ (in radian)
PG(1) = [0.0423 0.1209]’; QG(1) = [ 0.1807 0.0998]’
Iteration # 2
P_mismatch(2) = [ 0.0118 -0.0484 -0.0315 -0.0258 ]’
Q_mismatch(2) = [ -0.0426 -0.0209 -0.0321 ]’
del_V(2) = [ -0.0268 -0.0234 -0.0252 ]’
del_theta(2) = [ -0.0366 -0.0301 -0.0352 -0.0253 ]’ (in radian)
Vbus(2) = [ 1.0500 1.0167 - 0.0815i 0.8844 - 0.2125i 0.8756 - 0.2016i 0.9021 -
0.1851i ]’
abs(Vbus)(2) = [ 1.05 1.02 0.9095 0.8985 0.9209 ]’
angle(Vbus)(2) = [ 0 -0.0800 -0.2358 -0.2263 -0.2023 ]’ (in radian)
PG(2) = [ 0.8243 0.4882 ]’
QG(2) = [ 0.3390 0.1190]’