Standard Operating Procedure

Explosives
Print a copy of this SOP and insert into your Safety on Site (SOS) Binder.

Department:

Date SOP was written:

Date SOP was approved by PI/lab supervisor:

Principal Investigator:

Principal Investigator Signature:

Internal Lab Safety Coordinator/Lab Manager:

Lab Phone:

Office Phone:

Emergency Contact:
(Name and Phone Number)

Location(s) covered by this SOP:

(Building/Room Number)

Type of SOP: ☐ Process ☐Hazardous Chemical X Hazardous Class

Contents

Purpose Medical Emergency

Subject Chemicals Used in this Laboratory Spill & Accident Procedure
Properties & Hazards Decontamination/Waste Disposal Procedure
Administrative Controls Safety Data Sheet (SDS) Location
Engineering Controls Required Training/Approvals
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Additional Notes
Special Handling & Storage Requirements Documentation of Training
First Aid Procedures

APPENDIX A: Lab-Specific Use Procedures

Explosives SOP 1 Revised: 09/12/16 SCH

 Purpose
The purpose of this standard operating procedure is to acquaint you with the proper and safe handling,
use, storage and disposal of the subject chemicals.

Subject Chemicals Used in this Laboratory

Refer to the banded laboratory chemical inventory located in the SOS binder for a listing of all chemicals
in this laboratory that this SOP applies to. In addition, the banded inventory includes chemical-specific
notations that supplements the information provided in this SOP (e.g., special hazards, handling, PPE).

Properties & Hazards

Chemicals in this band can cause a sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, or heat when
subjected to sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature. The band is generally divided into two hazard
levels as follows:

Highly Hazardous
 Mass explosion hazard, projection hazard, or blast hazard.

Generally Hazardous
 Minor hazard contained to package with no projection of fragments of appreciable size or
range.

The GHS and Cal/OSHA definition of the band is described in the table below:

UCI Hazard
GHS Category GHS H-Code Cal/OSHA Definitions
Level
Highly Explosives (Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, H200, H201, H202, H203,
Explosive
Hazardous 1.5 and “unstable explosive”) H205
Generally
Explosives (Division 1.4) H204 Explosive
Hazardous

Explosive compounds can create dangers from lacerations due to shrapnel (metal, glass, ceramic, etc.)
and burns due to fires that might accompany or follow the explosion. An explosion might also lead to
exposure to toxic chemicals.

Administrative Controls
In addition to the practices described below, follow procedures as specified in the lab-specific and special
handling/use sections of this SOP.

General practices:

1. Consult with the EHS Fire Marshall prior to purchasing ATF/DOD explosives and fireworks.
2. Be sure to review the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for all chemicals to be used in the experiment.

3. Never work alone. At least one other person must be present in the same laboratory when any
work involving hazardous chemicals is being done.
4. Eliminate or substitute for a less hazardous material when possible.

5. Design your experiment to use the least amount of material possible to achieve the desired result.

Explosives SOP 2 Revised: 09/12/16 SCH

 6. Verify your experimental set-up and procedure prior to use. Be familiar with the Safety Data
Sheets for all chemicals in use. Assess the hazards to ensure that appropriate controls are in
place to minimize risk and address emergency shut-down procedures as appropriate.

7. Consult with the PI if the work involves procedure scale-up or other large quantities or there are
any questions regarding appropriate safety procedures.

Band-specific practices:

1. Before you work with potentially explosive compounds, discuss alternative strategies with your
PI.

2. All work involving energetic materials (explosives):

a. Must be pre-approved by the PI and the Campus Fire Marshal.
b. Must develop an energetic material / explosives safety plan
c. Must establish a qualification /certification plan for users
d. Must demonstrate proficiency
e. PI must set limits on not to exceed quantity of energetic material
f. Must review the Chemical Safety Board report on explosives safety:
http://www.depts.ttu.edu/vpr/integrity/csb-response/downloads/report.pdf

3. Consult with the PI when scaling up above 50 mmol of potentially explosive compound or
reagent.

4. Federally regulated explosives are strictly controlled. Please refer to the most recent list from the
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms to see if the material you are interested in buying or
making a compound that is on their list:
http://www.atf.gov/regulations-rulings/rulemakings/general-notices.html. There are over 200
compounds and compound classes on the ATF list, including some surprisingly common
reagents like dinitrophenylhydrazine. If you want to purchase or synthesize any of the explosives
on the ATF list you must first contact EH&S.

5. Reduce the quantity of potentially explosive compounds that you work with. Buy less; store less;
use less. Minimize the quantity of potentially explosive compounds in the lab by tracking them in
the laboratory’s inventory and disposing of unused compounds.

Engineering Controls
In addition to the practices described below, follow procedures as specified in the lab-specific and special
handling/use sections of this SOP.

General practices:

1. In general, it is preferable to perform all work with hazardous chemicals in a fume hood. Sash
height should be kept as low as possible to avoid the escape of vapors, gases and particulates.

2. Supplemental equipment such as blast shields should be used when working with chemicals or
processes that may result in explosions or pressure releases.

3. Consider the use of a glove box, toxic gas cabinet or other local exhaust in order to further
contain hazards as appropriate.

Explosives SOP 3 Revised: 09/12/16 SCH

 Band-specific practices:

6. All reactions involving potentially explosive reagents, intermediates, or products must be

conducted in a fume hood. The use of the portable blast shield inside the hood is also
recommended, as in the event of a violent explosion the fume hood safety glass may shatter and
blow outward. Don’t linger unnecessarily in front of a hood where explosive compounds are in
use.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

In addition to the practices described below, follow procedures as specified in the lab-specific and special
handling/use sections of this SOP.

Respiratory Protection

Respiratory protection is generally not required for lab research, provided the appropriate engineering
controls are employed. Respirators should be used only under any of the following circumstances:

Lab personnel intending to use/wear a respirator mask must be trained and fit-tested by EH&S. This is a
regulatory requirement. If you think that your process may require respirator use, contact EH&S for
assistance (http://www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/ih/respiratory.html)

Hand Protection

Disposable nitrile gloves provide sufficient protection for most routine lab operations involving small
quantities. They should be changed if liquid is splashed onto them. They are not appropriate for longer
operations or operations using larger quantities.

For longer operations, or operations using larger quantities, use thicker gloves made from a material
appropriate for the specific chemical in use (e.g., natural rubber, butyl, neoprene, nitrile, PVA). When
working chemicals or processes that increase the risk of exposure to fire, use hand protection appropriate
to both the risk of chemical exposure and the risk from fire. Gloves must be inspected prior to use for
signs of wear or damage. Such gloves should be disposed of in accordance with appropriate laboratory
disposal practices.

Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with
any chemical residues on the surface. Wash and dry hands after use.

For additional information on selection of glove material, review the specific chemical Safety Data Sheet.
Consult with your preferred glove manufacturer’s website to ensure that the gloves you plan on using are
compatible with a specific chemical substance. Common manufacturer glove selection guidance can be
found at::

http://www.ansellpro.com/download/Ansell_8thEditionChemicalResistanceGuide.pdf
http://www.allsafetyproducts.biz/page/74172
http://www.showabestglove.com/site/default.aspx
http://www.mapa-pro.com/our-gloves/protections/chemical-protection/b/handled_product.html

Eye Protection

Use safety glasses with side shields or tightly fitting safety goggles whenever working in the laboratory.

Skin and Body Protection

Explosives SOP 4 Revised: 09/12/16 SCH

 Long pants, closed toed-shoes, shirt and a lab coat must be worn whenever working in the laboratory.
Flame resistant Nomex® lab coats should be used when working with chemicals or processes that
increase the risk of fire. Fully extend sleeves to the wrists and keep buttoned at all times. Avoid wearing
synthetic clothing when practicable.

Hygiene Measures

Wash hands immediately and thoroughly after handling chemicals. Any contaminated clothing should be
disposed of or washed before reuse.

Band-specific practices:

7. The use of a face shield in addition to safety glasses is recommended when working with
potentially explosive chemicals. This is true even when working in front of a fume hood sash do
to potential shattering in the event of a violent explosion.

8. Choose gloves that provide a balance between protection against lacerations (in case of an
explosion) and the agility needed to work nimbly with potentially explosive compounds.

Special Handling & Storage Requirements

In addition to the practices described below, follow procedures as specified in the lab-specific section of
this SOP.

Band-specific practices:

9. There are a variety of common triggers for chemical explosions:

a. Heat facilitates explosive detonations. See your PI before heating any reaction that
involves potentially explosive compounds.
b. Shock-sensitive materials include metal acetylides, azides, nitrogen triiodide, nitrate
esters, nitro compounds, metal perchlorates, many organic peroxides, and compounds
containing diazo, halamine, nitroso, and ozonide functional groups.
c. Many metal ions, including the iron in rust, can catalyze the violent decomposition of
peroxides.
d. Acids, bases, and other substances catalyze the explosive polymerization of acrolein.
e. Hydrogen and chlorine react explosively in the presence of light.
f. Concentrating chemicals will increase the risk of explosion

10. Running reactions involving potentially explosive compounds (reagents, intermediates, or

products):
a. Consult with your PI the first time you run a reaction.
b. Always follow a published procedure. If the procedure is over 20 years old then find a
recent related procedure that more adequately addresses issues of safety.
c. If this is your first time using or making a potentially explosive compound, then run the
reaction first on a small scale.
d. Wear appropriate PPE (see above).
e. Conduct all work in a fume hood.
f. Place a blast shield in front of the reaction so that you can reach around the sides.
g. Allow for gas evolution. Use glassware with septa and attach a gas outlet of sufficient
diameter to allow for the non-explosive escape of gases. Never seal explosives in a
closed metal vessel.
h. Be cautious when adding potential catalysts to significant amounts of explosive reagents.
Ideally, you should add potential explosives slowly (e.g., dropwise) to solutions of a

Explosives SOP 5 Revised: 09/12/16 SCH

 catalyst – not the other way around.
i. Run reactions at the lowest temperature possible. If heat is needed, increase the
temperature slowly.
j. Keep the hood sash closed while the reaction is in progress. Don’t linger unnecessarily
in front of the hood.
k. If the reaction involves formation of explosive intermediates like peroxides, quench them
behind the blast shield.
l. Do not work up the reaction in a way that will concentrate potentially explosive
compounds. In particular, never put solutions of potentially explosive compounds on the
rotary evaporator.
m. If a solid precipitates or crystallizes and you suspect it is an explosive compound, then
dissolve it in cold methanol or other appropriate solvent (the less flammable the better).
Peroxides and other strong oxidizers can be reduced with aqueous bisulfate. Most non-
oxidizing explosive compounds are rendered safe by dilution.

11. Do not transfer peroxides with metal spatulas or syringe needles; instead use a ceramic or
Teflon-coated spatula for solids, or a micropipettor for liquids. Metal ions, like those in rust, can
catalyze the violent decomposition of peroxides. Contact Your PI if you are unsure how to
measure out a peroxide or other dangerous compound.

12. Compounds like diazomethane (H2C=N2) are so unstable that sharp glass edges, or even ground
glass joints, can initiate detonation. If you need to make and use diazomethane, consult with your
PI and the SOP before making diazomethane for the first time. There are two types of special
apparatus for preparing diazomethane as ethereal solutions—the diazomethane generator has
no ground glass joints; the mini-Diazald apparatus has ClearSeal® fire-polished tapered joints.
Note: In many cases, (trimethylsily)diazomethane performs the same chemical transformations
as diazomethane (eg. Esterification) and provides a far safer and more convenient alternative, as
it is commercially available (Aldrich, ACROS, P&B) as a solution in hexane or ether that may be
safely transferred and metered by syringe techniques.

13. Follow the recommendations on the label when storing potentially explosive reagents. Store them
at low temperature in an explosion-proof refrigerator/freezer or in an explosion-proof cabinet that
do not contain flammable solvents. For newly synthesized potentially explosive chemicals with no
manufacturer label, it is always best to store them in an explosion-proof refrigerator/freezer

14. Designated area(s) for use and storage of potentially explosive chemicals must be established.
These designated areas must have a sign that at a minimum states “EXPLOSION RISK”. Keep
and store all potentially explosive chemicals away from all ignition sources such as heat, open
flames, spark sources and direct sunlight

15. Additional information regarding the safe handling and use of oxidizers can be found at:
a. Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards
(section 4.D.3.1 “Explosive Hazards” and also section 6.G., “Working with highly reactive
or explosive chemicals.”) The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2011.
(http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=4911).

First Aid Procedures

In addition to the practices described below, follow procedures as specified in the lab-specific and special
handling/use sections of this SOP.

Consult the Safety Data Sheet for the subject chemical for specific first aid procedures. General first aid
procedures for hazardous chemicals are provided below.

Explosives SOP 6 Revised: 09/12/16 SCH

 If inhaled
Move to fresh air. Have victim rest in half-upright position. Artificial respiration victim is not breathing.
Seek medical attention immediately.

In case of skin contact

In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get
medical attention immediately

In case of eye contact

Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water
from emergency eyewash station for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention immediately.

If swallowed
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything
by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get
medical attention immediately.

Medical Emergency
Be familiar with information in the UC Irvine Injuries & Medical Treatment poster
(http://www.ehs.uci.edu/MedEmergPoster.pdf)

a. Life Threatening Emergency (all times: Business Hours, After Hours, Weekends and Holidays)--
CALL 911 if the condition is LIFE THREATENING or REQUIRES IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION.
Note: All serious injuries must be reported to EH&S at x46200 within 8 hours. Complete online incident
report at https://www.ehs.uci.edu/apps/hr/index.jsp

b. Non-Life Threatening Emergency – Notify your supervisor or faculty staff if condition is not life
threatening or does not require immediate medical attention.

ALL WORK RELATED INJURIES MUST BE REPORTED via the On-line Incident Form
https://www.ehs.uci.edu/apps/hr/index.jsp or call Human Resources, Workers Compensation (949)
824-9152.

Spill & Accident Procedure

In addition to the practices described below, follow procedures as specified in the lab-specific and special
handling/use sections of this SOP.

Evacuate the spill area. Post someone or mark-off the hazardous area with tape and warning signs to
keep other people from entering the area. Keep the appropriate fire extinguisher nearby. Avoid
incompatible extinguishing agents. Use Class A-B-C or B-C for flammable liquids. Fire extinguishers
containing water are not suitable for flammable liquid fires.

Spill – Assess the extent of danger. Help contaminated or injured persons if safe to do so. Evacuate the
spill area. Avoid breathing vapors. If possible, confine the spill to a small area using a spill kit or
absorbent material. Keep others from entering contaminated area (e.g., use caution tape, barriers, etc.).

Explosives SOP 7 Revised: 09/12/16 SCH

 Small (<1 L, <100 g) – If you have training, you may assist in the clean-up effort. Use appropriate
personal protective equipment and clean-up material for chemical spilled. Double bag spill waste in clear
plastic bags, label and take to the next chemical waste pick-up.

Large (>1 L, >100 g) – Dial 911 and EH&S at x46200 for assistance.

Chemical Spill on Body or Clothes – Remove clothing and rinse body thoroughly in emergency shower
for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention. Notify supervisor and EH&S at x46200 immediately.

Chemical Splash Into Eyes – Immediately rinse eyeball and inner surface of eyelid with water from the
emergency eyewash station for 15 minutes by forcibly holding the eye open. Seek medical attention.
Notify supervisor and EH&S at x46200 immediately.

Decontamination/Waste Disposal Procedure

In addition to the practices described below, follow procedures as specified in the lab-specific and special
handling/use sections of this SOP.

All of the subject chemicals must be disposed as a hazardous waste.

Label Waste
 Hazardous waste labels must be placed on the hazardous waste container upon the start of
accumulation. Labels are available online at www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/enviro/.

Store Waste
 Hazardous waste containers must be kept closed, except when adding waste.
 Hazardous waste containers must be stored in secondary containment to adequately contain all
of the contents of the container.
 Hazardous waste containers must be inspected weekly for signs of leaks, corrosion, or
deterioration.

Dispose of Waste
 Hazardous waste must be transferred to EH&S for disposal within 6 months of being generated.
 Empty Containers: At no time should full or partially full containers be placed in the trash. For
more information on empty container management visit www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/enviro/.
 Hazardous Waste Disposal:
o Visit www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/enviro/.
o Fill out the “Chemical Waste Collection” form.
o EH&S will pick up your waste within 1-3 days.
 Do not dispose of chemicals by pouring them down the drain or placing them in the trash.
 Do not use fume hoods to evaporate chemicals.

Band-specific practices:

1. Stabilization of potentially explosive oxidizers (dilute, cool, reduce):

a. Highly reactive intermediates like peroxides should be chemically reduced to make them
non-explosive. Many potential explosives like peroxides, hypochlorite, and chlorate are
strong oxidizers and can be reduced with bisulfite or thiosulfate anion. If you cannot find
a specific procedure for reduction of an oxidizer then do the following:
i. Dilute with chilled methanol. If necessary add other cosolvents to ensure the
compound is dissolved.
ii. Cool in an ice bath
iii. Swirl and add saturated sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) dropwise, keeping the

Explosives SOP 8 Revised: 09/12/16 SCH

 temperature low. Quenching is complete when the solution no longer tests
positive with peroxide test strips.

2. Stabilization of other explosives (dilute):

a. Any formulation that moves explosive molecules farther apart will reduce the potential for
an explosion. The more unstable the molecule, the more dilution is required to render it
safe. Nitroglycerine is shock-sensitive as a pure liquid; but when three parts
nitroglycerine are mixed with one part basic Celite the resulting solid can be safely
handled as sticks of dynamite. Concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide (90% v/v)
are unsafe, yet dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide (3% v/v) are widely sold in
supermarkets and pharmacies as a disinfectant.

3. Decontamination of work area:

a. Decontamination procedures vary depending on the material being handled. Carefully
inspect work areas to make sure no potentially explosive material remains. Peroxide
spills can be absorbed on spill pads and disposed of following the EH&S guidelines. Pure
peroxides (in small quantities like ≤25 g) should be properly diluted before disposal.
Transfer the diluted solution to a polyethylene bottle containing an aqueous solution of a
reducing agent, such as ferrous sulfate or sodium bisulfite. The material can then be
handled as a waste chemical; however, it must not be mixed with other chemicals for
disposal. However, in case of large quantities, immediately seek assistance from EH&S
UCI. All surfaces should be wiped with the appropriate cleaning agent following
dispensing or handling. Waste materials generated should be treated as a hazardous
waste. After each use, wipe down the immediate work area and equipment to prevent
accumulation of chemical residue and thoroughly decontaminate the designated area
before resuming normal laboratory work in the area.

4. Decontamination of equipment:
a. Decontaminate vacuum pumps or other equipment (glassware) before removing them
from the designated area.

5. Decontamination of personnel:
a. Upon leaving the designated area, remove any personal protective equipment worn and
wash hands, forearms, face, and neck. Immediately after working with toxic materials,
remove gloves and wash hands and arms with soap and water.

6. Contaminated packaging:
a. For spent reagent bottles containing explosive compounds rinse out the compound with
enough solvent to render it safe. If you aren’t sure, use 20 mL inflammable solvent for
each mL or g of explosive compound.

7. Waste pick-up:
a. Schedule a hazardous waste pickup with EH&S. The container should be labeled with a
waste tag that is labeled as potentially explosive.

Safety Data Sheet (SDS) Location

Online SDSs can be accessed at http://www.ehs.uci.edu/msds.html

Required Training/Approvals
In addition to the practices described below, follow procedures as specified in the lab-specific and special
handling/use sections of this SOP.

Explosives SOP 9 Revised: 09/12/16 SCH

 All work with the subject chemicals requires the following prior to beginning work:

1. Must be pre-approved by the Principal Investigator prior to use and all training must be well
documented.

2. Must be familiar with the UC Irvine Chemical Hygiene Plan.

http://www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/lsg/CHP2013.pdf

3. Must have documented Laboratory Safety training.

4. Must read the relevant Safety Data Sheet (formerly referenced as Material Safety Data Sheets).

5. Any additional laboratory specific training that is needed is referenced in the 'Laboratory Specific
Use Procedures' section. Signed and dated training documents must be uploaded into each
assigned researchers training records.

Band-specific practices:

1. All persons performing work involving energetic materials (explosives) must follow the training
and authorization steps described in the Administrative Controls section above.

Additional Notes
Any deviation from this SOP requires approval from PI.

Documentation of Training

 Prior to conducting any work with the subject chemicals, designated personnel must provide
training to his/her laboratory personnel specific to the hazards and procedures involved in
working with these substances.

 The Principal Investigator must provide his/her laboratory personnel with a copy of this SOP and
a copy of the SDS provided by the manufacturer.

 The Principal Investigator must ensure that his/her laboratory personnel have attended
appropriate laboratory safety training or refresher training within the last one year.

I have read and understand the content of this SOP:

Name Signature Identification Date

Explosives SOP 10 Revised: 09/12/16 SCH

Explosives SOP 11 Revised: 09/12/16 SCH
 APPENDIX A:
Lab-Specific Use Procedures

A-1
Lab-Specific Use Procedures

The following describe how the subject chemicals are used in this laboratory beyond the practices
described above.

This section must describe lab-specific procedures to address the safe use of all highly hazardous
chemicals from this band in use in the laboratory. These procedures may be organized around specific
chemicals, specific tasks or the band as a whole. The following minimum requirements must be met:

 Identify designated use areas within the laboratory for highly hazardous chemicals in the following
hazard bands:
o Carcinogens
o Reproductive Toxins
o Toxic Chemicals
 Identify maximum use quantities for which the procedures in this band apply.
 If it is determined that this hazard band SOP is sufficient to address the safe use of all subject
chemicals in this lab, then include the following statement in this section: “Procedures described
in this hazard band SOP are sufficient for addressing the safe use of subject chemicals in this
laboratory within the listed quantity limitations.”
 If it is determined that this hazard band SOP is not sufficient to address the safe use of all
chemicals from that band in the lab, then write lab-specific procedures for to address these high
hazard operations. Such operations are generally indicated by:
o tasks requiring the use of specialized PPE,
o tasks using highly hazardous chemicals outside of the fume hood,
o tasks using larger quantities of hazardous chemicals,
o tasks involving the use of particular chemicals considered by UCI EHS to be extremely
hazardous, and
o tasks considered to present high risk by lab personnel.

A few examples of what lab-specific tasks may look like are provided below:

Task #1: Title of the specific procedure being done.

1) Provide step-by-step instructions in a numbered/lettered format.
2) Include in the procedure any relevant:
a) Locations of “designated areas” as called for in the special handling section of the SOP, or as
otherwise required by regulations. The entire laboratory, fume hood, or a portion of the
laboratory may be considered as a designated area.
b) Use of specific administrative, engineering and PPE controls.
c) Specific quantity use limits/restrictions.
d) Specific storage requirements.
e) Specific first aid and spill procedures (including what should be handled by whom).
f) Specific disposal procedures.
g) Process-specific PI approvals required.

Task #2: Making dilutions of the acids and bases.

1) Consult with PI and obtain approval if quantities greater than 4 L are needed.
2) In a fume hood, add the appropriate amount of concentrated acid or base to the calculated
amount of water.
3) Return the concentrated acids/bases to the proper secondary containment or cabinet.

Task #3: Using the pH meter.

1) Calibrate on the day of pH testing using at least 2 standards.
2) Before use, rinse the electrode with deionized water and blot dry with a kim-wipe.

A-2
 3) Transfer the electrode to the test solution.
4) If using a stir plate, make sure the electrode does not touch the stir bar.
5) Record the pH when the reading is stable (5–20 seconds after insertion of the electrode into the
solution)
6) Add dilute acid or dilute base drop-wise until the correct pH is reached.
7) Rinse the electrode with deionized water and store according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
8) Make sure the acid and base caps are on tightly.

Add as many tasks as necessary.

A-3